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In Hawaii, the Search for Sustainable Tourism

John De Fries, the first native Hawaiian to lead the state’s tourism authority, discusses the delicate balance of tourism, culture and the environment — and why he got hooked on the TV show “The White Lotus.”

By Paige McClanahan

When John De Fries’s mother was in high school in the 1940s, she was forbidden from dancing the hula and speaking Hawaiian, the language of her ancestors. The school she attended was for children of Hawaiian descent, but instead of encouraging students to embrace that heritage, it tried to erase it.

“That whole generation was the byproduct of this sweeping Americanization, Westernization,” Mr. De Fries recalled recently. “What’s ironic is that, 51 years later, my mother’s great-granddaughter graduated from the same school. And by then, fluency in native Hawaiian had become a requirement — but it took half a century to get there.”

In September 2020, when Hawaii’s tourism industry was in pandemic-induced free fall, Mr. De Fries took over the top tourism role in his home state, becoming the first native Hawaiian to hold the position. As the president and chief executive of the Hawaii Tourism Authority, he is now responsible for supporting the industry that, before the pandemic, brought in $2 billion in state tax revenue and employed more than 200,000 people.

The position he holds has recently been in flux, Mr. De Fries told me when I reached him on a video call at his home on the Big Island. A few years ago, H.T.A.’s main job was to brand Hawaii and market the islands to potential visitors. The agency still does those things, but these days its official remit has expanded to include natural resources, community — and Hawaiian culture.

Over the course of our conversation, Mr. De Fries, 71, described how the lessons he learned as a child in Waikiki inform his work, what it felt like when Hawaii was empty of tourists and why he got hooked on the television show “The White Lotus,” which takes place in Hawaii.

Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.

You grew up in Waikiki in the 1950s. How does that experience inform your work?

I was born and raised two blocks from Waikiki Beach, a half-block from Honolulu Zoo, so literally about 2,000 yards from the foot of Diamond Head. The waters there had been my family’s fishing grounds for a century before I was born, and when I was growing up, we would fish them every week. What I learned as a kid was that Waikiki was first a source of food, then it was a source of medicine — from seaweeds and sea urchins and other things — and then it was a place of recreation and well-being. There was a hierarchical order there: food, medicine, recreation. But in the development of Waikiki, we inverted that order, and we put recreation on top.

So as we think about creating a regenerative model for tourism, we have to go back to lessons that we were learning back in the day. Native Hawaiians always understood that their ability to sustain life in the middle of the Pacific had to do with living inside the boundaries of the natural environment. So when I look at the future and the opportunities we have for tourism, I don’t see how we do it at scale unless we start to evolve a 21st-century version of that kind of thinking. Not everybody in the industry is ready for that, but I don’t think we have a choice.

Did the pandemic shift local attitudes toward Hawaii’s tourists?

We ended 2019 with a record number of visitor arrivals: 10.4 million. And six months later, in July 2020, visitor arrivals were hovering around zero. I remember I was standing on Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki one night at 9 p.m., and there was not a single moving vehicle in either direction. It felt like a film set, frankly — it was eerie. An economic collapse of that scale is like a large building collapsing in on itself, and people are trapped underneath. People are getting hurt.

But at the same time, for the local community, it was euphoric, right? No traffic. No crowds at the beach. The beach parks were open. The forest trails were open. And local residents felt like we got our islands back. I experienced the euphoria, too. But I also knew it was like the equivalent of a sugar high, because there was this whole massive body of work that we would have to do to get this system re-erected.

So how do you rebuild tourism in a way that works for everyone?

Each island has developed its own action plan, so the answer to that question is going to be very island specific. The committees that developed those plans were very diverse — you might have had a restaurant owner, a schoolteacher, a hotel owner. The whole intent of that planning process was to give the community the chance to codesign and co-define what a sustainable model of tourism might look like. But in general, you’re going to have people who think 6 million visitors a year is enough. And you’re going to have others saying we can do 10 million again. So there’s that kind of tension in that debate, but there’s also an agreement to be open-minded and civil in the discussion.

“The White Lotus,” a television show set in a fictional Hawaiian resort, has attracted a lot of attention recently. Have you seen the show?

I watched the first episode and I thought to myself, “This is completely ludicrous.” And then I couldn’t stop watching it. My wife and I just became kind of hooked on it, because boy was it close to some experiences I’ve had. Knowing full well that there’s creative license taken in it, I thought they did a great job. In particular, when the young woman is having a discussion with the local guy who’s in the luau show and she recognizes that the culture is being marginalized and she’s asking, “How can this happen?” Those are alarm bells that have been going off on the ground here for quite some time. There’s a whole conversation about how to build people’s capacity to deliver authentic cultural experiences and derive financial benefit for themselves and their families — but without making people feel like they’re having to surrender their own power.

How do you create cultural experiences for tourists that don’t feel exploitative?

People need to feel their cultural identity and way of living is in fact being valued. And I’m optimistic about it because I believe the market is going to help drive this change. You cannot counterfeit culture; you can attempt to, but you’re not going to be successful. So when the market starts calling for more authentic cultural experiences, it will begin to make commercial sense. Because in order to shift a system of this scale, the commercial drivers become really important.

What message would you like to share with visitors to Hawaii?

You know, local residents have a responsibility to host visitors in a way that is appropriate. Conversely, visitors have a responsibility to be aware that their destination is someone’s home, someone’s neighborhood, someone’s community. Approaching travel in that way will produce better experiences for both the visitor and the local resident, so I would encourage everyone to keep that in mind. And enjoy your mai tai at sunset! Don’t forget that.

Paige McClanahan , a regular contributor to the Travel section, is also the host of The Better Travel Podcast .

Follow New York Times Travel on Instagram , Twitter and Facebook . And sign up for our weekly Travel Dispatch newsletter to receive expert tips on traveling smarter and inspiration for your next vacation. Dreaming up a future getaway or just armchair traveling? Check out our 52 Places list for 2022 .

Open Up Your World

Considering a trip, or just some armchair traveling here are some ideas..

52 Places:  Why do we travel? For food, culture, adventure, natural beauty? Our 2024 list has all those elements, and more .

Mumbai:  Spend 36 hours in this fast-changing Indian city  by exploring ancient caves, catching a concert in a former textile mill and feasting on mangoes.

Kyoto:  The Japanese city’s dry gardens offer spots for quiet contemplation  in an increasingly overtouristed destination.

Iceland:  The country markets itself as a destination to see the northern lights. But they can be elusive, as one writer recently found .

Texas:  Canoeing the Rio Grande near Big Bend National Park can be magical. But as the river dries, it’s getting harder to find where a boat will actually float .

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Chapter I: Chained and Carved

Trouble in Paradise: The Effects of Tourism on the Culture of the Hawaiian Islands

Darragh Clayton

The Hawaiian Islands are a diverse archipelago full of various cultures and traditions. It is this, combined with its tropical beaches and luscious landscapes, that has made Hawaii such a popular tourist destination. In fact, it receives over seven million visitors annually and the tourism industry contributes 12 billion dollars to the economy each year (Agrusa et al., 2010). Although this may seem like an advantage for Hawaii, the influx of tourists actually has several negative effects on both the land and its residents. With that many visitors annually, the islands are forced to build infrastructure to house them, which means damaging the natural environment and wildlife. The tourism industry also affects the life of Hawaiian residents because their country is put on display and their culture is used as a marketing tool. With less opportunities and less space for their traditions, the native population is forced to forget their important roots and adjust to living in a highly-visited area. Sadly, this has caused the disappearance of a large portion of native Hawaiians, along with their language and traditions. Due to the fact that Hawaii is an archipelago, its remote islands are especially susceptible to the effects of the state’s industries. However, traveling to Hawaii does not have to be so harmful. If we can shift the tourism industry to focus on authentic experiences that honour the beautiful Hawaiian culture—rather than exploit it—visitors can still enjoy these islands without actively damaging them.

Native Hawaiian Culture

Hawaiian culture is unique, intricate, and heavily connected to nature. It is made up largely of traditional clothing, storytelling, legends, music, dance, and the native language (Emerson, 2000). There are certain stereotypical aspects of it that many are familiar with, but the reality is that there is much more to the culture of Hawaii than what we perceive. In fact, there are more ethnic and cultural groups located in Hawaii than any other state (Agrusa et al., 2010). Unfortunately, their culture is exploited and used as a symbol to attract visitors. For example, the popular aloha slogan is derived from the early Polynesian language and literally means “breath of life” or “love,” but it signifies much more than that. For Hawaiians, aloha is a way of living with positive energy, peace, and connection to one another (Trask, 1991). Language is a large part of Hawaiian culture, as are oral traditions and stories passed down through generations (Schutz, 1994). Mele , or “vocal music” is also shared between cultures and generations throughout history (McDermott, 1980). However, it has been claimed and transformed by Western cultures to satisfy their view of Hawaii and what it means, which is why this word is so often a tagline to symbolize a tropical escape and a worry-free mindset. In the year 1900, when Hawaii became a part of the United States, the American-imposed government banned the Hawaiian language. This caused the near-extinction of their language altogether, since schools and all government operations were conducted in English. Fortunately, we are seeing the slow rise of the native language once again, although much fewer people speak it now (Trask, 1991).

Family is extremely important to the native culture, which is the meaning of their word ohana. Although it loosely translates as family, it encompasses a greater meaning to the native people. Ohana is “a group of closely and distantly-related people who share nearly everything, from land and food to children and status” (Trask, 1991). This avoids poverty by ensuring all resources are shared equally. Hawaiians also live as one with their land, honouring it and making sure to only harvest as much as they need while still keeping the natural world healthy. They are careful not to overexploit, and they share all foods that are harvested.

Another aspect of Hawaiian culture is dance, including the familiarized ancient hula kahiko . Hawaiian dance is considered one of the finest Polynesian art forms, and it was traditional to have dance competitions lasting three or four days (Trask, 1991). Resorts often host white-washed luaus, which make guests feel like they are being integrated into a part of authentic culture but have no respect or appreciation of native Hawaiians. This is another example of culture being “sold” to draw in tourists who want to become “Hawaiians at heart.”  It is crucial to understand the true meanings of the native Hawaiian culture because these aspects are easily lost and forgotten over the years.

The Effects of Modern Tourism

While tourism can certainly be a key factor for a successful economy, it can also be a downfall. Beginning just after World War II, when airplane flights finally connected the islands, people started visiting in high capacities (Agrusa et al., 2010). In fact, during the 1950s, there was a 22% annual increase in the number of tourists visiting the islands (Farrell, 1982). However, the sheer amount of tourism in Hawaii has surpassed a sustainable level and is causing more harm than good to the islands. Unfortunately, the native population has only been decreasing since the first English missionaries arrived in 1820, and tourists currently outnumber residents by 6 to 1, and native Hawaiians by 30:1 (Schmitt, 1968; Trask, 1991). The tourism industry is taking over the islands, having widespread impacts.

Firstly, the tourism industry greatly affects the native residents of Hawaii. With nature being such an integral part of their culture and traditions, it is more difficult for them to practice them when their land is being torn up to build hotels, pools, and shopping malls. These buildings are being put up over acres of “taro land,” where crops have fed native Hawaiians for thousands of years (Trask, 1991). Growing and harvesting food is a significant part of the native culture, as is working closely with the land to live sustainably. The land is being torn up in order to accommodate the millions of annual tourists, and in turn, traditional burial sites and heiau (temples) are being destroyed (Trask, 1991). With less space to keep their culture alive, native Hawaiians are being forced to suppress aspects of their traditional lifestyles (Darowski et al., 2006). As Darowski (2006) states in his article on the negative impacts of tourism in Hawaii, “almost every major resort development has been on some culturally significant site”. One example of this is the Keoneloa development site in Kauai. Here, 22 acres of traditional burial grounds were relocated to just one acre of property. Rather than being respected, this site was then used as a feature to draw tourists into the resort. This is one of countless instances where Hawaiian culture has been exploited in order to sell vacations with no consideration of the native population.

The tourism industry does not only affect individuals native to Hawaii, but the wildlife too, serving as a clear example of ecodynamics, where the environment cannot be detached from human behaviour and activities (Kirch, 2007). The state’s luscious landscape makes it home to many of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet; however, 60% of plant and animal species in Hawaii are endangered (Darowski et al., 2006). This is largely to do with deforestation and habitat loss due to the construction of infrastructure for tourists. Increased pollution, especially in popular areas like beaches and hiking trails, causes further harm to animals as well as local residents. Since fishing is a key part of native Hawaiian culture, pollution in the seas causing decline in fish population reduces their ability to practice cultural activities (Titcomb, 1972). Interacting with marine species in their natural habitats is also a popular tourist attraction and one that can be harmful to ecosystems. This can include dolphin viewings and swims, snorkel and dive tours, whale watching, charter fishing, and other marine activities. The dolphin swim business alone in Hawaii made $102 million in 2013, and there was an average of 14, 235 boat trips off Kailua-Kona each year (Wiener et al., 2010). These marine excursions place stress on the animals, who have tour boats and crowds disrupting their natural habitats. Additionally, many boat operators and clients have been seen conducting harmful practices like dumping food scraps, feeding wild fish, trampling coral, and harassing marine life (Wiener & Needham, 2009). As a result of these tourist-related activities, more plants and animal species are endangered or extinct in Hawaii than anywhere else in the United States (Trask, 1991).

A Shift Towards Sustainable Tourism

Evidently, it would be catastrophic to halt tourism to Hawaii altogether, since it is their top industry and a crucial part of their economy. Rather, there are ways to modify the tourism industry so it becomes more sustainable and respectful towards Hawaiian culture. A recent trend of “eco-tourism” is emerging: “’Nature and culture-based tourism that is ecologically sustainable and supports the well being of local communities” (Darowski et al., 2006). This would incorporate education about the land and how to ensure all activities are conducted with the environment in mind. Of course, to achieve this would require a massive transformation in the mainstream tourism industry, which may not be prepared for such a change. However, educated travellers are already placing pressure on the industry to create more sustainable travel options and experiences. Eventually, businesses will have to adapt to the new standards that tourists are looking for. This will require resorts and travel companies to learn about native Hawaiian culture, as well as collaborate with locals and residents of Hawaii in order to discover which current practices are harming them and adjust to a more respectful approach.

Another increasingly popular type of tourism is called “cultural tourism,” which refers to “a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination” (Andrade et al., 2021). In this case, tourists would be visiting Hawaii to educate themselves on the native culture and traditions without harming any locals or land. Cultural tourism would incorporate truly authentic experiences, rather than the Western world’s versions of them.

Research has been done to determine whether or not tourists would be interested in experiencing travel and vacations this way, as well as whether or not they would pay more to ensure that their trip is ecologically and culturally sustainable. One study involved a questionnaire given to a random sample of 455 US residents above the age of 18 who had travelled on vacation on a plane in the last year (Andrade et al., 2021). These surveys included questions about what the participants picture when they think about Hawaii, the top reasons they would visit, and how important it is for them to understand and incorporate Hawaiian culture. According to one of the surveys, a total of 63.96% of participants had never visited Hawaii before, while 36.04% had been there. When asked to select the top three characteristics that came to mind when thinking of Hawaii, the top answer was beaches, followed by Hawaiian culture, outdoor activities, and cultural activities (Andrade et al., 2021). The next section asked about participants’ interest and knowledge of Hawaiian culture. When asked if they would be interested in tourism experiences led by native Hawaiians, the average of the answers was moderately high. Additionally, more than 50% of respondents claimed it is important for them to understand and respect Hawaiian culture when visiting Hawaii. Most people also agreed that it is the responsibility of the tourism industry to ensure that trips are not harmful to the environment or the local culture and communities (Andrade et al., 2021). Another study asked Hawaiian residents about how tourism affects them. The findings presented that most people agreed that the environment is more important than the economic benefits of the tourism industry, but that tourism does provide the state with many benefits, proving that there is interest in transforming Hawaiian tourism to incorporate a more authentic culture and respect for the environment (Liu & Var, 1986).

The public is becoming more aware of the harm that this level of tourism is causing to Hawaii. Deforestation and construction for tourism destroy sacred ecosystems and the habitats of thousands of wildlife species. Furthermore, a large tourist population reduces native Hawaiians’ ability to practice their own cultural traditions without stereotypes being used as a tagline to draw visitors to the islands. If not enough is done to allow the native culture to flourish, it will be completely forgotten in a few generations’ time. There is a balance that needs to be found between allowing Hawaiian residents to live freely and practice their cultures, and still offering visitors an unforgettable experience that will keep the tourism industry flourishing. As such, a complete reform of the tourism industry in Hawaii is necessary to ensure that no further damage is done to Hawaiian land, culture, or residents.

Works Cited 

Agrusa, Wendy, Joseph Lema, John Tanner, Tanya Host, and Jerome Agrusa. “Integrating sustainability and Hawaiian culture into the tourism experience of the Hawaiian Islands.” PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 8.2 (2010): 247-264.

Andrade, Gabriella, Holly Itoga, Cathrine Linnes, Jerome Agrusa, and Joseph Lema. “The Economic Sustainability of Culture in Hawai’i: Tourists’ Willingness to Pay for Hawaiian Cultural Experiences.” MDPI , Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 3 Sept. 2021.

Darowski, Lukasz, Jordan Strilchuk, Jason Sorochuk, and Casey Provost. “Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment”. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal . 2006. Vol. 1, No. 2.

Emerson, Nathaniel B. “Pele and Hiiaka: A Myth from Hawaii.” Charles E. Tuttle Company Inc , 2000.

Farrell, Bryan H. “Hawaii, the Legend that Sells.” University of Hawaii Press , 1982.

Kirch, Patrick V. “Hawaii as a model system for Ecodynamics.” American Anthropologist , March 2007.

Liu, Juanita C. and Var, Turgar. “Resident attitudes towards tourism impacts in Hawaii.” Annals of Tourism Research , 1986. vol. 13, no. 2.

McDermott, John F, Wen-Shing Tseng,  and Thomas W. Maretzki. “People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile.” John A. Burns School of Medicine and University of Hawaii Press , 1980.

Schmitt, Robert C. “Demographic Statistics of Hawaii.” University of Hawaii Press , 1968.

Schutz, Albert J. “The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies.” University of Hawaii Press , 1994.

Titcomb, Margaret. “Native Use of Fish in Hawaii.” University of Hawaii Press , 1972. Vol. 2.

Trask, Haunani-Kay. “Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture. ” 1991. PDF.

Wiener, Carlie S., and Mark D. Needham. “Hawaii’s real life marine park: interpretation and impacts of commercial marine tourism in the Hawaiian Islands.” Current Issues in Tourism 12.5-6 (2009): 489-504.

Wiener, Carlie, Lars Bedjer, David Johnston, Leesa Fawcett, and Paul Wilkinson. “Cashing in on Spinners: Revenue Estimates of Wild Dolphin-Swim Tourism in the Hawaiian Islands.” Frontiers , December 2010.

The Last Time We Watered the Plants: UPEI Arts Review Volume XI Copyright © by Darragh Clayton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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The Impact Of Tourism On Hawaii’s Environment And Culture

Hawaii, a tropical paradise known for its breathtaking landscapes, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality, attracts millions of tourists yearly. While tourism has brought significant economic benefits to the islands, it has also raised concerns about its impact on Hawaii’s delicate environment and rich cultural heritage. This article will explore the effects of tourism on Hawaii’s environment and culture, examining both the positive and negative aspects.

Exploring the Effects of Tourism on Hawaii’s Environment

Tourism has undeniably had a profound impact on Hawaii’s environment. On the one hand, it has contributed to preserving natural resources and supported conservation efforts. On the other hand, it has put immense strain on these resources, leading to detrimental consequences for local ecosystems and wildlife. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing strategies to minimize the negative effects while maximizing the positive contributions of tourism.

Unraveling the Impact of Tourism on Hawaiian Culture

Tourism has influenced Hawaiian culture in myriad ways. It has played a crucial role in preserving and promoting traditional customs and practices while exposing them to the risk of commercialization and erosion. As we delve deeper into these topics, we must consider the role of tourism in fostering cultural exchange and understanding, as well as the potential consequences of unchecked commercialization and globalization.

Positive Contributions of Tourism to the Environment

Tourism has significantly contributed to environmental preservation in Hawaii. For example, the revenue generated from ecotourism is often invested in conservation efforts, helping protect endangered species and restore damaged ecosystems. Furthermore, tourism has been instrumental in promoting environmental awareness and responsible travel. Visitors to Hawaii often learn about the importance of preserving the islands’ natural resources, encouraging them to adopt sustainable practices during their stay.

Additionally, the growth of ecotourism has spurred the creation of environmentally friendly accommodations and attractions. These establishments prioritize sustainability, reducing their carbon footprint and encouraging responsible tourism. As a result, the demand for eco-conscious travel options has grown, creating a positive feedback loop that drives the development of even more sustainable tourism initiatives in Hawaii.

The Threat Of Overtourism On Hawaii’s Fragile Ecosystems

Despite its positive contributions, tourism also poses a significant threat to Hawaii’s fragile ecosystems. Overtourism has led to the degradation of precious natural resources, such as coral reefs and native forests. Increased foot traffic in sensitive areas can result in habitat destruction, pollution, and the displacement of native species.

Large resorts consume vast amounts of water and energy, exacerbating environmental challenges like scarcity and climate change. Moreover, the excessive use of water and energy by tourist facilities puts additional strain on Hawaii’s resources. The resulting consequences of over-tourism are difficult to ignore, and they necessitate a renewed focus on finding sustainable solutions.

Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability

Tourism is vital to Hawaii’s economy, providing jobs and revenue for the islands. However, the need for economic growth must be balanced with the imperative to protect the environment. Sustainable development is essential to ensure that Hawaii remains a thriving destination for future generations.

Collaboration between the government, local communities, and the tourism industry is crucial to achieving this balance. Implementing policies that promote sustainable practices, such as limiting visitor numbers in fragile areas and encouraging eco-friendly accommodations, can help mitigate the negative effects of tourism. Investing in renewable energy sources and public transportation systems can reduce the industry’s environmental footprint.

Tourism As A Catalyst For Cultural Exchange

Tourism has played a significant role in fostering cultural exchange and understanding between Hawaiians and visitors. As tourists explore the islands, they learn about Hawaii’s rich history, customs, and traditions, leading to a deeper appreciation of its unique culture. This cultural exchange can revitalize traditional Hawaiian practices, such as hula dancing, lei making, and native language revitalization, as they are showcased to a global audience.

Tourists interacting with local communities develop a deeper respect for Hawaii’s customs and traditions, leading to a more meaningful and enriching travel experience. Hawaiians can share their stories and values, fostering a greater sense of cultural pride. Moreover, exposure to different cultures and perspectives can foster a sense of global unity and understanding.

The Commercialization Of Hawaiian Culture

While tourism has helped to preserve and promote Hawaiian culture, it has also led to some negative consequences, such as commodification and cultural appropriation. Commercializing cultural elements, such as luaus and traditional crafts, can result in the loss of authenticity and the erosion of cultural identity. This commodification can also perpetuate stereotypes and misrepresentations of Hawaiian culture, further contributing to losing its unique character.

Preserving the integrity of Hawaiian culture while embracing the opportunities tourism offers is a delicate balancing act that requires ongoing attention and effort. Furthermore, the influx of tourists can lead to the erosion of local traditions and values as global influences overshadow indigenous practices. This cultural dilution can be particularly harmful to Hawaii’s younger generations, who may struggle to maintain a connection to their heritage in the face of rapidly changing cultural norms.

Promoting Sustainable and Culturally Respectful Tourism in Hawaii

To minimize the negative impacts of tourism on Hawaii’s environment and culture, it is essential to promote sustainable and culturally respectful tourism practices. Visitors should be encouraged to engage with local communities, learn about the islands’ unique history and customs, and respect the natural environment by practicing responsible travel habits.

Collaboration between the government, local communities, and the tourism industry is crucial for implementing sustainable practices. By working together, stakeholders can ensure that tourism remains a positive force for Hawaii’s environment and culture. This collaboration can include developing educational programs for tourists, supporting eco-friendly accommodations and attractions, and creating policies that protect cultural heritage sites and natural resources.

Tourism Has Had Quite The Impact On Hawaii!

The impact of tourism on Hawaii’s environment and culture is a complex issue that presents both opportunities and challenges. While tourism has undoubtedly contributed to preserving and promoting Hawaiian culture and the environment, it has also put significant strain on these resources. As travelers, you must strive to be conscious and responsible visitors, positively impacting the places you visit. By embracing sustainable and culturally respectful tourism practices, you can help preserve Hawaii’s beauty and cultural richness for future generations.

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Cultural Tourism

According to our  2019 Visitor Satisfaction & Activity Report , at least 55% of survey respondents took part in activities that pertain to history, culture, and fine arts.  Cultural tourism is tourism related to Hawai‘i’s multi-ethnic cultures that provide residents and visitors with enriching experiences and insights into the history, customs, arts, and traditions of our islands.  Below are examples past projects and events that HTA has supported.

Kaua‘i :  Waimea Town Celebration ,  Koloa Plantation Days ,  E Kanikapila Ka Kou ,  Heiva I Kauai

O‘ahu:  Ukulele Festival Hawaii ,  Honolulu Festival ,  2020 Hawaii’s Woodshow, Na Laau o Hawaii ,  Haleiwa Interpretative Signage Project and Walking Tour Map

Lāna‘i:  Lanai Culture & Heritage Center's App

Maui:  Maui Matsuri ,  Hana Arts Presents! - A Workshops & Events Program in East Maui ,  Maui Whale Festival ,  Jazz Maui Festival

Hawai‘i Island:  Kahilu Theater ,  Hawaii Island Festival of Birds ,  Hawaii Kuauli Pacific and Asia Cultural Festival ,  HawaiiCon

Statewide:  Hawaii Food & Wine Festival ,  Hawaii International Film Festival ,  Annual Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar Festivals

Tourism in Hawaii 

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Tourism in Hawaii is big business. But why is this industry so important and what does it all mean? Read on to find out…

Tourism in Hawaii

The geography of hawaii , the tourism industry in hawaii , statistics about tourism in hawaii , the most popular tourist attractions in hawaii , the most popular types of tourism in hawaii , the economic impacts of tourism in hawaii , the social impacts of tourism in hawaii , the environmental impacts of tourism in hawaii , faqs about tourism in hawaii, to conclude: tourism in hawaii.

Hawaii, an archipelago of unparalleled beauty in the central Pacific, stands as a testament to the harmonious blend of nature and culture. This article explores the intricacies of Hawaii’s tourism sector, discussing its profound impact on the state’s economy and its interplay with the islands’ rich heritage and traditions.

Hawaii is an archipelago located in the Pacific Ocean and is the only U.S. state composed entirely of islands. It is located about 2,400 miles southwest of California. Here is an overview of the geography of Hawaii:

1. Islands: The Hawaiian Islands consist of eight main islands: Hawaii (also known as the Big Island), Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe. Each island has its own unique geography and characteristics.

2. Volcanoes: Hawaii is famous for its volcanic activity, and it is home to some of the most active volcanoes in the world. The Big Island of Hawaii is dominated by five volcanoes, including Mauna Loa, the largest shield volcano on Earth, and Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes.

3. Mountains and Ranges: The islands of Hawaii feature dramatic mountain ranges and peaks. Mauna Kea, located on the Big Island, is the highest point in the state, rising to an elevation of 13,796 feet (4,205 metres) above sea level. Other prominent mountain ranges include the West Maui Mountains on Maui and the Koʻolau Range on Oahu.

4. Coastline: Hawaii has a diverse coastline with beautiful sandy beaches, rugged cliffs, and rocky shores. The islands are known for their stunning coastal landscapes, including iconic spots like the Na Pali Coast on Kauai and the Road to Hana on Maui.

5. Rainforests: The islands of Hawaii are home to lush rainforests that thrive in the tropical climate. These rainforests are characterised by dense vegetation, including a variety of endemic plant species, vibrant flowers, and cascading waterfalls.

6. Coral Reefs: Hawaii is surrounded by extensive coral reef ecosystems that support a diverse array of marine life. The reefs are popular for snorkelling and scuba diving, offering opportunities to explore colourful coral formations and encounter marine species like sea turtles and tropical fish.

7. Climate: Hawaii has a tropical climate, with warm temperatures throughout the year. The coastal areas experience mild temperatures, while higher elevations can be cooler. The islands also experience trade winds, which help keep the climate pleasant.

8. Agriculture: Agriculture plays a significant role in Hawaii’s economy and landscape. The islands are known for their agricultural products such as pineapples, macadamia nuts, coffee, and tropical fruits. You can find plantations and farms cultivating these crops across various islands.

9. National Parks: Hawaii is home to several national parks, including Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island, Haleakala National Park on Maui, and Pu’uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park on the Big Island. These parks offer opportunities for outdoor recreation, scenic views, and cultural exploration.

10. Marine Life: Hawaii’s waters are teeming with diverse marine life. Whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and a wide variety of fish species can be found in the surrounding ocean. The islands are popular for activities such as whale watching, swimming with dolphins, and exploring marine sanctuaries.

The geography of Hawaii is incredibly diverse and offers a wide range of natural wonders and outdoor experiences. From volcanoes and rainforests to stunning coastlines and marine ecosystems, Hawaii is a paradise for nature enthusiasts and visitors seeking adventure and relaxation.

The tourism industry in Hawaii is a significant contributor to the state’s economy and plays a vital role in its overall development. Here is an overview of the tourism industry in Hawaii:

1. Economic Importance: Tourism is one of the primary industries in Hawaii, contributing significantly to the state’s economy. It generates billions of dollars in revenue each year, provides employment opportunities, and supports various sectors such as accommodations, food and beverage services, transportation, and retail.

2. Natural and Cultural Attractions: Hawaii’s natural beauty, including its stunning beaches, volcanic landscapes, lush rainforests, and diverse marine life, attracts visitors from around the world. The state also boasts a rich cultural heritage with its indigenous Hawaiian traditions, music, hula, and historical sites, which add to the tourism appeal.

3. Beaches and Water Activities: Hawaii’s world-renowned beaches are a major draw for tourists. Visitors come to enjoy activities such as swimming, snorkelling, surfing, paddleboarding, and sunbathing. The islands offer a variety of beach experiences, from bustling coastal areas to secluded and pristine stretches of sand.

4. Outdoor Recreation: Hawaii’s diverse geography provides ample opportunities for outdoor activities. Visitors can hike through lush valleys, explore volcanic craters, go ziplining, take helicopter tours, go whale watching (during the winter months), and participate in eco-tours to experience the islands’ natural wonders.

5. Cultural Tourism: Hawaii’s unique cultural heritage is an important aspect of its tourism industry. Visitors can engage in cultural activities such as attending luau celebrations, visiting cultural and historical sites, learning about traditional arts and crafts, and experiencing traditional Hawaiian music and dance performances.

6. Hospitality Industry: The hospitality sector in Hawaii is well-developed, offering a wide range of accommodations, including luxury resorts, hotels, vacation rentals, and bed and breakfasts. These establishments cater to various budgets and preferences, ensuring that tourists have options for their stay.

7. Cruise Tourism: Hawaii is a popular destination for cruise ships, with many major cruise lines offering itineraries that include the Hawaiian Islands. Cruise tourists can enjoy island hopping and experience multiple destinations during their trip.

8. Sustainable Tourism: Hawaii places a strong emphasis on sustainable tourism practices to protect its natural and cultural resources. Efforts are made to promote responsible tourism, conservation, and the preservation of the delicate ecosystems found across the islands.

9. Events and Festivals: Hawaii hosts numerous events and festivals throughout the year, attracting visitors with cultural celebrations, music festivals, sporting events, and more. Examples include the Merrie Monarch Festival (celebrating hula), the Honolulu Marathon, and the Hawaii Food and Wine Festival.

10. Economic Challenges: While tourism provides significant economic benefits, it also poses challenges. The industry’s heavy reliance on tourism revenue leaves the state vulnerable to fluctuations in the global economy, natural disasters, and external factors such as geopolitical events or travel restrictions.

Overall, tourism in Hawaii is a vital component of the state’s economy, offering visitors a chance to experience the unique natural beauty, rich culture, and warm hospitality that the islands have to offer. It continues to play a central role in shaping Hawaii’s identity as a premier tourist destination.

Now lets put things into perspective. Here are some statistics about tourism in Hawaii:

1. Visitor Arrivals: In 2019, Hawaii welcomed approximately 10.4 million visitors, comprising both domestic and international travellers.

2. Visitor Expenditures: Visitor spending in Hawaii totaled $17.75 billion in 2019, contributing significantly to the state’s economy.

3. Economic Impact: The tourism industry in Hawaii directly and indirectly supported over 200,000 jobs in 2019, accounting for a substantial portion of the state’s employment.

4. International Visitors: The majority of visitors to Hawaii come from the United States. However, international travellers, primarily from Japan, Canada, and Australia, also contribute significantly to the tourism market.

5. Visitor Origin: The main source markets for Hawaii’s international visitors are Japan, Canada, Australia, China, South Korea, and New Zealand.

6. Accommodation Statistics: In 2019, Hawaii had over 80,000 lodging units available, including hotels, resorts, vacation rentals, and bed and breakfast establishments.

7. Length of Stay: The average length of stay for visitors in Hawaii varies by market. In 2019, the average length of stay for international visitors was around nine days, while domestic visitors stayed for about seven days on average.

8. Popular Activities: Some of the most popular activities for tourists in Hawaii include visiting beaches, exploring natural attractions like volcanoes and waterfalls, snorkelling, surfing, attending cultural events and festivals, and enjoying outdoor activities such as hiking and zip-lining.

9. Cruise Ship Passengers: Hawaii is a favoured destination for cruise ships. In 2019, over 1.2 million cruise ship passengers visited the state.

10. Repeat Visitors: Hawaii has a high rate of repeat visitors, with many tourists returning to the islands multiple times. Repeat visitors contribute to the sustained popularity of Hawaii as a travel destination.

These statistics provide insights into the scale and significance of tourism in Hawaii, showcasing its economic impact, visitor demographics, popular activities, and the importance of both domestic and international markets.

Hawaii is renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty, diverse landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. Here are some of the most popular tourist attractions in Hawaii:

1. Pearl Harbor and USS Arizona Memorial (Oahu): This historic site honours the memory of those who lost their lives during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Visitors can explore the USS Arizona Memorial and the accompanying museum to learn about the events of December 7, 1941.

2. Waikiki Beach (Oahu): Located in Honolulu, Waikiki Beach is one of the most famous and iconic beaches in Hawaii. It offers golden sands, crystal-clear waters, and a vibrant atmosphere with numerous hotels, restaurants, and shopping opportunities.

3. Haleakala National Park (Maui): This national park is home to the Haleakala volcano, which offers stunning panoramic views from its summit. Visitors can go hiking, cycling, or simply witness the awe-inspiring sunrise or sunset from the summit.

4. Road to Hana (Maui): This scenic drive along the northeastern coast of Maui is famous for its breathtaking views of waterfalls, lush rainforests, and rugged coastal landscapes. The journey includes numerous stops at viewpoints, gardens, and natural attractions.

5. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Big Island): This park is home to two active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Visitors can explore volcanic landscapes, walk through lava tubes, and witness the incredible power of nature.

6. Na Pali Coast (Kauai): The Na Pali Coast is renowned for its dramatic cliffs, emerald-green valleys, and pristine beaches. Visitors can hike along the Kalalau Trail, take a boat tour, or even view the coast from a helicopter.

7. Waimea Canyon (Kauai): Known as the “Grand Canyon of the Pacific,” Waimea Canyon offers breathtaking vistas with its colourful cliffs and lush vegetation. Hiking trails and scenic viewpoints provide opportunities for exploration and photography.

8. Akaka Falls State Park (Big Island): This park features the stunning 442-foot Akaka Falls, along with lush tropical vegetation and cascading streams. A short loop trail takes visitors through the rainforest, offering glimpses of other waterfalls as well.

9. Molokini Crater (Maui): A popular snorkelling and diving destination, Molokini Crater is a partially submerged volcanic crater that offers crystal-clear waters, vibrant coral reefs, and diverse marine life.

10. Polynesian Cultural Center (Oahu): Located in Laie, the Polynesian Cultural Center offers visitors a chance to experience the diverse Polynesian cultures through traditional performances, demonstrations, and exhibits.

These attractions showcase the natural wonders, historical sites, and cultural richness that make Hawaii such a popular tourist destination. However, Hawaii has much more to offer, and each island has its own unique attractions worth exploring.

Hawaii offers a diverse range of tourism experiences, catering to various interests and preferences. Here are some of the most popular types of tourism in Hawaii:

1. Beach Tourism: Hawaii is renowned for its stunning beaches with pristine sands and turquoise waters. Beach tourism is one of the primary attractions, offering opportunities for swimming, sunbathing, snorkelling, surfing, and other water activities.

2. Nature and Adventure Tourism: Hawaii’s natural landscapes provide ample opportunities for outdoor adventures. Visitors can hike through lush rainforests, explore volcanic craters, zipline across canyons, go horseback riding, and experience thrilling activities like helicopter tours and lava boat tours.

3. Cultural Tourism: Hawaii has a rich indigenous culture and a strong Polynesian heritage. Cultural tourism allows visitors to explore Hawaiian traditions, attend traditional ceremonies, participate in hula lessons, and learn about ancient Hawaiian arts and crafts.

4. Volcano Tourism: The active volcanoes in Hawaii, particularly Kilauea on the Big Island, attract visitors interested in experiencing the raw power of nature. Volcano tourism includes guided tours to volcanic sites, lava viewing, and educational exhibits at the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

5. Marine and Water Sports Tourism: Hawaii’s crystal-clear waters offer fantastic opportunities for water sports and marine activities. Snorkelling, scuba diving, kayaking, paddleboarding, sailing, and whale watching (during the winter months) are popular activities among tourists.

6. Golf Tourism: Hawaii is home to world-class golf courses, attracting golf enthusiasts from around the globe. The islands offer stunning views and challenging courses, making it an ideal destination for golf tourism.

7. Wellness and Spa Tourism: Hawaii’s tranquil and serene environment lends itself well to wellness and relaxation. Many resorts and spas offer luxurious treatments, yoga retreats, meditation sessions, and holistic wellness experiences.

8. Culinary Tourism: Hawaii’s cuisine is a blend of diverse influences, including traditional Hawaiian, Asian, and Polynesian flavours. Culinary tourism allows visitors to indulge in unique dishes, attend food festivals, explore local markets, and even take cooking classes to learn the art of Hawaiian cuisine.

9. Eco-Tourism: With its diverse ecosystems and commitment to conservation, Hawaii is a great destination for eco-tourism. Visitors can engage in sustainable activities such as hiking in nature reserves, wildlife spotting, exploring botanical gardens, and supporting eco-friendly initiatives.

10. Wedding and Honeymoon Tourism: Hawaii’s romantic ambiance, beautiful landscapes, and luxurious resorts make it a sought-after destination for weddings and honeymoons. Many couples choose Hawaii for its stunning beachfront ceremonies and unforgettable romantic experiences.

These types of tourism highlight the various attractions and experiences that draw visitors to Hawaii. Each island offers a unique blend of these tourism types, allowing travellers to tailor their experience based on their interests and desires.

The tourism industry in Hawaii has a significant economic impact on the state. Here are some key economic impacts of tourism in Hawaii:

1. Job Creation: Tourism in Hawaii is a major source of employment in Hawaii. The industry directly supports a wide range of jobs, including hotel and resort staff, restaurant and food service workers, tour guides, transportation providers, and retail employees. Additionally, there are indirect jobs created in industries that support tourism, such as construction, agriculture, and manufacturing.

2. Revenue Generation: Tourism in Hawaii generates substantial revenue for the state of Hawaii. Visitor expenditures, including accommodation, dining, transportation, shopping, and recreational activities, contribute to the local economy. This revenue helps fund public services, infrastructure development, and community projects.

3. Small Business Support: The tourism industry in Hawaii provides opportunities for small businesses to thrive. Local entrepreneurs can establish businesses such as boutique hotels, tour operators, restaurants, souvenir shops, and artisanal products, benefiting from the influx of visitors.

4. Tax Revenue: Tourism in Hawaii contributes to tax revenue in Hawaii. Visitor-related taxes, such as hotel room taxes, rental car taxes, and general excise taxes on tourism-related goods and services, help fund government programs, services, and public infrastructure.

5. Investment and Development: The tourism industry attracts investment and promotes development in Hawaii. Hotel and resort construction, renovation projects, infrastructure upgrades, and the expansion of tourism-related services create employment opportunities and stimulate economic growth.

6. Ancillary Industries: The tourism industry in Hawaii supports various ancillary industries. These include transportation services, such as airlines, rental car agencies, and taxi companies, as well as suppliers of goods and services to the tourism sector, such as food producers, wholesalers, and equipment providers.

7. Economic Diversification: Tourism in Hawaii plays a role in diversifying Hawaii’s economy. While the state has other important industries like agriculture and technology, tourism provides a stable source of revenue and employment, reducing dependence on a single sector.

8. Community Development: Tourism in Hawaii contributes to community development in Hawaii. Local communities benefit from the economic opportunities created by tourism, including job creation, increased consumer spending, and support for community initiatives, events, and cultural preservation.

9. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The tourism industry in Hawaii helps preserve and promote the state’s rich cultural heritage. Cultural tourism provides opportunities for indigenous Hawaiian communities to share their traditions, arts, and history with visitors, fostering cultural understanding and appreciation.

10. Economic Resilience: Tourism in Hawaii can contribute to economic resilience in Hawaii. Despite challenges such as natural disasters or economic downturns, the tourism industry has shown resilience in bouncing back and driving the state’s economic recovery.

Overall, tourism is a vital economic driver in Hawaii, providing employment, revenue, and opportunities for businesses and communities. However, it is important to balance the positive economic impacts with sustainability and the preservation of Hawaii’s natural and cultural resources.

The tourism industry in Hawaii has significant social impacts on the state and its local communities. Here are some key social impacts of tourism in Hawaii:

1. Cultural Exchange: Tourism in Hawaii provides opportunities for cultural exchange between visitors and local communities in Hawaii. Visitors have the chance to learn about and appreciate the unique Hawaiian culture, traditions, and way of life. This exchange of ideas and perspectives fosters cultural understanding and appreciation.

2. Community Pride: The tourism industry in Hawaii helps instil a sense of pride and identity in local communities. It allows residents to showcase their culture, history, and natural beauty, reinforcing a sense of pride and appreciation for their homeland.

3. Preservation of Culture: Tourism in Hawaii can play a role in preserving and revitalising Hawaiian cultural traditions. Cultural tourism activities, such as hula performances, lei making workshops, and storytelling sessions, help preserve indigenous practices and provide economic opportunities for cultural practitioners.

4. Employment Opportunities: Tourism in Hawaii provides employment opportunities for local residents, including those in rural and remote areas. The industry offers diverse job prospects across various sectors, allowing individuals to develop skills and contribute to the local economy.

5. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development: Tourism in Hawaii encourages entrepreneurship and supports the growth of small businesses in Hawaii. Local residents can establish their own enterprises, such as tour operations, restaurants, souvenir shops, and bed and breakfast accommodations, benefiting from the tourist demand.

6. Community Development: The tourism industry can contribute to community development in Hawaii. Revenue generated from tourism can be reinvested in local infrastructure, public services, and community projects, improving the quality of life for residents.

7. Enhanced Infrastructure: The presence of tourists necessitates the development and improvement of infrastructure in Hawaii. This includes transportation networks, roads, airports, utilities, and recreational facilities. These upgrades benefit both residents and visitors, improving accessibility and enhancing the overall quality of infrastructure in the state.

8. Environmental Awareness and Conservation: Tourism in Hawaii can promote environmental awareness and conservation efforts. Visitors often seek out nature-based experiences, leading to a greater appreciation for the state’s fragile ecosystems. Tourism can support conservation initiatives and encourage sustainable practices to preserve Hawaii’s natural beauty.

9. Education and Cultural Revitalization: The tourism industry provides educational opportunities for residents. It can promote the teaching of local history, cultural traditions, and environmental conservation in schools, museums, and cultural centres, fostering a sense of identity and cultural pride among young people.

10. Social Connections and Networking: Tourism in Hawaii creates opportunities for social connections and networking among residents and visitors. It allows for interactions and friendships to form, fostering social cohesion and multicultural understanding.

While tourism brings positive social impacts, it is essential to manage the industry sustainably, respect local communities, and mitigate any negative social effects such as overcrowding, cultural appropriation, or displacement of local residents.

Tourism in Hawaii has both positive and negative environmental impacts. While the industry promotes appreciation for Hawaii’s natural beauty and can contribute to conservation efforts, it also places strain on fragile ecosystems. Here are some key environmental impacts of tourism in Hawaii:

1. Land Degradation: The development of hotels, resorts, and infrastructure for tourism can result in the conversion of natural land and habitats into built-up areas. This can lead to habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity, particularly in coastal and sensitive ecosystems.

2. Water Consumption and Pollution: Tourism in Hawaii places increased demands on water resources for hotels, resorts, golf courses, and other recreational facilities. This can strain local water supplies, especially in regions with limited freshwater availability. Additionally, improper waste management and pollution from tourism activities can negatively impact water quality in coastal areas.

3. Marine Ecosystem Impact: Activities such as snorkelling, scuba diving, and boating can have direct impacts on marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and marine life. Damage to coral reefs through improper anchoring, physical contact, or chemical pollution can lead to reef degradation and loss of habitat for marine species.

4. Waste Generation: The tourism industry generates significant amounts of waste, including solid waste, wastewater, and plastic pollution. Proper waste management and recycling practices are essential to minimise the environmental impact and preserve Hawaii’s natural beauty.

5. Energy Consumption: Hotels, resorts, and other tourism-related facilities require substantial energy for operations. High energy consumption contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbates climate change. Efforts to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources can help mitigate this impact.

6. Transportation-related Emissions: Tourism in Hawaii involves transportation of visitors to and within Hawaii, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions from air travel, cruise ships, rental cars, and other modes of transportation. These emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution.

7. Ecotourism Pressure: The popularity of ecotourism activities, such as hiking, wildlife viewing, and nature tours, can put pressure on fragile ecosystems and sensitive species. Overcrowding and unregulated access to natural areas can disrupt wildlife habitats and negatively impact their behaviour.

8. Invasive Species: Tourism in Hawaii can inadvertently introduce invasive plant and animal species to Hawaii’s delicate ecosystems. These invasive species can outcompete native species, disrupt natural habitats, and pose threats to biodiversity.

9. Cultural Impact on Indigenous Communities: As tourism in Hawaii brings more visitors, there is a risk of cultural impact on indigenous communities. Traditional practices and cultural sites may face pressures due to increased visitation, leading to erosion of cultural heritage and loss of sacred spaces.

10. Climate Change Vulnerability: Hawaii is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, increased storm events, and changes in rainfall patterns. Tourism activities can contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the vulnerability of the islands and affecting natural ecosystems and coastal communities.

To mitigate these environmental impacts, sustainable tourism practices, conservation efforts, and responsible visitor behaviour are crucial. This includes promoting eco-friendly accommodations, encouraging sustainable transportation options, supporting local conservation initiatives, practising responsible waste management, and raising awareness among tourists about the importance of environmental stewardship.

Now that we know a bit more about tourism in Hawaii, lets answer some of the most common questions on this topic:

1. Q: What is the best time to visit Hawaii?

   A: Hawaii’s weather is pleasant year-round. However, the months of April to June and September to November are considered the shoulder seasons with fewer crowds and lower prices.

2. Q: Is a passport required to travel to Hawaii?

   A: No, if you are a U.S. citizen travelling from within the United States, a passport is not required. Hawaii is a part of the United States.

3. Q: What are the major airports in Hawaii?

   A: The major airports in Hawaii are Honolulu International Airport (HNL) on Oahu, Kahului Airport (OGG) on Maui, Kona International Airport (KOA) on the Big Island, and Lihue Airport (LIH) on Kauai.

4. Q: How many islands are there in Hawaii and which ones are popular for tourists?

   A: Hawaii is composed of eight main islands, and the most popular islands for tourists are Oahu, Maui, Hawaii (the Big Island), and Kauai.

5. Q: What are some must-visit attractions in Hawaii?

   A: Some popular attractions include Waikiki Beach and Diamond Head in Honolulu, the Road to Hana and Haleakala National Park in Maui, Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island, and the Na Pali Coast in Kauai.

6. Q: Are there any cultural protocols or etiquette visitors should be aware of in Hawaii?

   A: Yes, it is respectful to learn and observe some Hawaiian cultural protocols. For example, removing your shoes before entering someone’s home, respecting sacred sites, and asking for permission before taking photos of people or cultural events.

7. Q: Can you swim with dolphins or sea turtles in Hawaii?

   A: While you can encounter dolphins and sea turtles in the waters around Hawaii, it is important to practise responsible wildlife viewing. Do not touch or chase marine life, and maintain a safe distance to avoid disturbing their natural behaviour.

8. Q: Are there any hiking trails in Hawaii?

   A: Yes, Hawaii offers numerous hiking trails for all levels of experience. Some popular hikes include Diamond Head in Oahu, the Pipiwai Trail in Maui, the Koko Crater Trail in Oahu, and the Kalalau Trail in Kauai.

9. Q: Are there any safety concerns for tourists in Hawaii?

   A: Overall, Hawaii is considered safe for tourists. However, it is important to exercise caution, secure your belongings, be aware of ocean safety, and follow any local advisories or warnings related to natural hazards or weather conditions.

10. Q: Are there any local customs or words visitors should know?

    A: Learning a few basic Hawaiian words like “Aloha” (hello/goodbye), “Mahalo” (thank you), and “Ohana” (family) can show respect and appreciation for the local culture. It is also customary to remove your shoes before entering someone’s home.

Hawaii, a stunning archipelago in the central Pacific, is synonymous with idyllic beaches, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes. The tourism industry in Hawaii plays a significant role in its economy, driving growth and creating job opportunities. Yet, with its prosperity comes the responsibility of mitigating the environmental and cultural impacts. At the close of this examination, it’s evident that careful management and conscious efforts are essential to ensure that Hawaii’s tourism sector remains sustainable, safeguarding its natural beauty and cultural heritage for the future.

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April 26, 2024

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After The Fire: Rethinking Tourism Impacts On Hawaii

In the aftermath of a deadly wildfire resulting in over 100 lives lost, Lahaina–a historical whaling town in Maui that was once the centerpiece of the Hawaiian monarchy–begins the difficult task of rebuilding. 

While the island grieves what was lost and begins to pick up the pieces, native Hawaiians are urging local governments and individuals to address the systemic issue of tourism that has shaped the indigenous communities’ way of life in Hawaii. While the future of Maui is uncertain following the fires, a revitalization of the effort to preserve and rebuild the culture, land, and history of Hawaii offers a hopeful future to native communities. 

In August, a series of high winds from Hurricane Dora, along with low humidity and a drought spell, put Hawaii under warning for conditions that foster wildfires. Shortly afterward, on the morning of August 8th, a devastating fire broke out and forced the evacuation of thousands, displacing the community and ripping through Lahaina. The land was a tinderbox set ablaze–hundreds of acres incinerated from the fires, and a multitude of churches, temples, and cultural sites that represented the history and culture of Hawaii were destroyed. Generations of native Hawaiians watched as their land was stripped from them again, with little to recollect. Lahaina’s 150-year-old Banyan tree , a generational symbol of prosperity and hope, was engulfed in flames as the town burned. 

Wildfires on the island, though not uncommon, have never reached such catastrophic levels in the past–but Maui has changed both economically and environmentally . Though the cause of the wildfire is considered unknown, both residents and local officials raised concerns regarding the increased impact of climate change, as what was once a wetland has been struggling with severe drought. Native plants are no longer able to retain nutrients that create a damp and humid environment, where wildfires struggle to spread as quickly. Coupled with the drought is the introduction of non-native plants brought by colonizers that are highly flammable . These concerns about climate change have been brought alongside claims that Hawaiian Electric, the operating company of Maui Electric, did not ensure that proper safety measures and emergency procedures were established ahead of the storm and risk of wildfire. Together, these factors brought about a condition in which the wildfires were able to prosper, devastating the land and the people.  

As the Banyan tree begins to sprout again and turn over a new leaf in the conversation of who owns Hawaii, the entirety of Lahaina faces the deadly consequences caused by destruction from the fires. The aftermath has spread roots of uncertainty all throughout the island, with natives struggling to conceptualize the loss and the local government pleading with visitors to reconsider their vacation plans . Hotels were converted to shelters for residents who were evacuated and displaced, with an estimated 46,000 individuals flying out of Maui on the day the fires broke out. Maui halted most visitors from entering, with many local Hawaiians stating that the island needs time to recover and grieve the lives and communities that were lost. The road to repair is lighting a spark in natives emboldened by the loss to regain control over the land. Maui’s wildfires and the devastation that impacted Lahaina are reigniting the conversation about the exploitative nature that Hawaii’s tourism industry has fostered.

Since the establishment of Hawaii as a state in 1959, the land has been used to support its tourism industry, which has grown exponentially. Since then, the impacts of the human footprint and climate change have in turn exploited its natural environment. Visitors to the island reach numbers in the millions every year. As hotels, resorts, and businesses owned by large-scale corporations continue to drive up housing prices and pay poor wages, residents have become unable to afford their homes and are forced to abandon their land, which is then often bought by billionaires like Oprah Winfrey and Jeff Bezos . These issues didn’t arise overnight–they stem from the structured gentrification of Hawaii that financially and physically displaced the native population while portraying it as a way to economically benefit the island’s communities.

When Hawaii was harvested for its rich agricultural resources, particularly sugar, the island and its natives began to lose independence as a nation. The result was a drift towards a for-profit economy bolstered by white settlers that profited from colonialism enacted against native peoples and their land. After the overthrow of the monarchy and annexation of the island, the result was a series of political and economic leverages used against the native community, backed by powerful sugar lobbyists who were instrumental in taking control of the land. As indigenous communities were regarded with suspicion and tasked with proving loyalty to the United States during World War II, colonialism flourished and grew exponentially. The result was stripping away indigenous communities’ self-determination and capitalizing off the obstacles natives faced in order to develop and maintain Hawaii’s economic advantage through the tourism industry.

Maui, in particular, has been a hotspot for tourism–its economy relies on the tourism industry for more than 80% of its wealth, and resorts welcome as many as 8,000 individuals per day. Taxes and revenue from the hotel industry are fed right back to supporting the expanding service industry. This creates a repetitive and vicious cycle of consumption culture , where the indigenous society is buried under the weight of tourism. Following the relaxation of pandemic restrictions, local infrastructure has suffered from the surge in visitors that heavily burden public services, including roads, businesses, and the natural landscape. Streets are closed because of overcrowding, natives face egregious fines for basic water consumption, and profit-driven pollution has compromised the environment.

Visitors often leave long-lasting impacts on the land through extreme water usage at hotels and luxury golf courses built by distant investors. Investment in Hawaii would be better aimed at environmental impact mitigation and housing solutions, such as the Hawaii Tourism Authority’s hope to reinvest 2.7 million dollars into the culture and community.

Decades of colonialism in partnership with tourism and over-development have marginalized and disregarded the indigenous communities in Maui, promoting an unethical economy that is detrimental to Hawaii’s future in the aftermath of the fires. As described by Kaniela Ing , a seventh-generation Native Hawaiian from Maui, “black, brown, and low-income communities. . . have contributed the least to climate change, but have suffered the most”. As demonstrated by this longstanding exploitation, the balance between the ethical enjoyment of Hawaii and the preservation of its history has become increasingly hard to manage. While Maui relies on its tourism infrastructure and the use of natural resources to generate revenue, native Hawaiians are begging for the island to shift in a direction Ing describes as “redefining what Hawaii stands for”.

Visiting Hawaii should be more than just an aesthetic experience treated like a “paradise” when the people and communities do not share these benefits. A continuous effort has been made to educate tourists and individuals about the tangible impacts of the tourism industry. Groups like DeTours have been operating since 2004, allowing visitors to tour the island through the perspective of local Hawaiians and their communities. The group is part of a larger movement in acknowledging the turbulent relationship between the tourism industry and Hawaii, allowing people to visit old neighborhoods, the Hawaiian royal residence, and Pearl Harbor. By visiting these locations, people are able to understand the larger context of historical colonialism and its abuses while learning about the significance of their impact as tourists. 

Repeated exploitation has fostered a reliance on tourism throughout the island. Hawaiian businesses, employment opportunities, housing, and infrastructure are all aimed at the preservation of tourism. Lahaina and its community, in the days following the fires, have begun to imagine a life outside of the realm of an industry that has shackled Hawaii to its colonialist history. To some, the fires provided a wake-up call to the direction that non-native Hawaiian opportunists have been running in–favoring the island’s profit over its people.

Investors and the service industry should no longer be building the framework of Hawaii. Rather than investing in golf courses, resorts, and attractions that ruin the land and foster consumption culture, we should encourage a new sense of leadership and drive in the restoration of Maui. Despite the imminent need for resident housing, Hawaii continues to favor short-term rentals designed for vacation-goers. The burden of this is placed entirely on natives, who spend an average of 23 years waiting for housing through the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. As a result, natives are twice as likely to be homeless, forcing many to leave the state and abandon their land. Housing should be developed for long-term residents and have immediate results for locals whose land has been taken from them. The wildlife and island should be protected and preserved, with indigenous communities at the forefront of this conversation, receiving help and support from both federal and local governments. The same concerns were raised when the development of a telescope on Mauna Kea sparked criticism from local Hawaiians. Through advocacy and engagement with organizations like the Hawaii Land Trust (HILT), individuals and communities are able to participate in reducing the impact of climate change through wildlife conservation, coastline protection, and outreach in educating people about the land. Since the beginning of HILT, the organization has conserved thousands of acres of land, all through their volunteer program which is aimed at engaging and assisting the native population in their effort to reclaim land. Community-oriented spaces and projects like HILT promote the construction of public services and preserve culture, allowing Maui to be restored to what it once was before–a home. 

As the island begins to heal and the leaves of the sacred Banyan tree flush out the ash created through decades of occupation and colonialism, now more than ever individuals should acknowledge and educate themselves on the impact that tourism has had on Hawaii.

There’s hope that in the aftermath of the fires, tourists and locals will embrace collective responsibility. After the detrimental effects of an unethical economy, Hawaii is beginning to break free from historical exploitation, sprouting hope and opportunity for the natives. A future in which Hawaii is constructed by indigenous culture and history can uproot the deep-seated issues of colonialism that have followed the natives and their land, allowing indigenous communities to grow and flourish after decades of economic and social suffocation caused by tourism. It’s evident that tourism has negatively impacted Hawaii both socially and environmentally, and the fires are a pivotal point in restoring and reclaiming native lands. While the future of Maui is uncertain following the fires, a revitalization of the effort to preserve and rebuild the culture, land, and history of Hawaii offers a hopeful future to native communities.

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Studied To Death? Some Say Hawaii Doesn’t Need More Data Before Acting On Overtourism

Experts say an understanding of the tourist capacity limits for local communities in the islands would help inform policies.

As Hawaii tourism rebounds three years after being effectively shut down during the pandemic, political, community and business leaders are reprising a question central to policy discussions about the state’s most prominent industry: How many tourists is too many?

Rep. Natalia Hussey-Burdick, vice chair of the state’s House Tourism Committee, has sponsored a bill calling for a study of the state’s tourism carrying capacity.

“We know we’ve been at over capacity,” the first-term lawmaker said. “But it’s hard to say what a sustainable carrying capacity would be.”

The effort comes amid growing concerns about illegal vacation rentals, traffic, threats to sea life and environmental degradation.

“This is actually something that the community on all the islands has been asking for for a long time,” Hussey-Burdick said.

Not everyone agrees Hawaii needs a study quantifying what they say is obvious – that the  10.4 million tourists who came to Hawaii in 2019  were too many. Some say action is needed, not more studies.

Still, there’s a consensus that carrying capacity matters. In broad terms, carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of visitors a destination can host without irreparably damaging the environment, infrastructure or community. 

Community and environmental groups point to it as a critical issue. So do hotel executives, who say tourism is at risk if the stress of hosting too many people erodes Hawaii’s natural and cultural resources and aloha spirit to a point that tourists don’t want to return or recommend Hawaii.

“The tourism spending that results from these return visits and recommendations, in turn, affects the economic viability of the destination’s visitor industry,” Hussey-Burdick’s bill says .

Dan Spencer, a professor at the University of Hawaii Manoa’s School of Travel Industry Management , said an understanding of capacity limits is important in making policy decisions.

“To a certain extent, we have lost sight of it,” Spencer said. “But it’s a basic question that needs to be answered to inform the discussion we’re having about tourism management.”

Kailua Study Finds Widespread Dissatisfaction

Policymakers in Hawaii have long grappled with concerns about overtourism, especially as visitors began venturing outside the usual hot spots such as Waikiki. It’s not all about numbers.

Before the coronavirus pandemic, city officials sought to understand limits for the once-sleepy, beachside neighborhoods of Kailua and Lanikai as they became tourist meccas, recalls Dolan Eversole, the principal investigator for two studies conducted under the auspices of the UH Center for Sustainable Coastal Tourism.

One of those, titled “ Socioeconomic Impacts of Tourism in Kailua and Waimānalo, Hawai’i ” morphed from looking strictly at carrying capacity to studying resident sentiment toward tourism. At the time, an average of about 15,161 visitors were present on any given day in Kailua/Lanikai and residents had overwhelmingly negative feelings about that.

“It’s a basic question that needs to be answered to inform the discussion we’re having about tourism management.” UH Professor Dan Spencer

More than 65% of residents surveyed in the second half of 2019 agreed or strongly agreed that tourism had increased traffic, increased the cost of living and “destroyed the small town feel,” according to the study. In addition, the same percentage said “vacation rentals have reduced the availability of housing for locals” and “government decisions on tourism issues tend to favor tourists over locals.”

The report got little attention when it was released in June 2020. That was during the peak of the pandemic, when Hawaii was virtually shut down to tourism, and tens of thousands of hospitality industry workers were out of work with the unemployment rate hovering around 17%. 

But much has changed since then. Hawaii hosted 9.2 million visitors in 2022, a recovery of nearly 90% of the 2019 numbers. With those numbers, resident sentiment also could be returning to 2019, Eversole said.

“We’re maybe actually going to back to where we were in 2019 now,” he said.

Hard To Put A Number On it

A confounding aspect about determining carrying capacity is that it varies depending on factors like location and the type of tourist, experts say. Kailua might have trouble hosting 15,000 leisure tourists per day without angering residents, for example, while Waikiki might have no trouble hosting the same number of conventioneers meeting at the Hawaii Convention Center.

“Traditionally, we’ve been able to carry the capacity with no problems for a number of years,” said Jerry Gibson, a longtime Hawaii hotel executive who is now chief executive of the Hawaii Hotel Alliance, a trade association.

Echoing observations of other tourism executives , Gibson pointed to the growth of vacation rentals, particularly on Oahu, as a main factor allowing visitor numbers to rise above 10 million per year when there were few new hotel rooms.

“Tolerance for hotels is much different,” he said. “Homes were never made to be hotels.”

Such a comment by a hotel executive might seem self-serving, but Eversole agreed with Gibson, as did Spencer, the UH professor.

“Just counting heads is very simplistic,” Spencer said. “You have to look at what people do as well as how long they stay to understand the touristic pressure of a visitor.”

Others say it’s not resident sentiment that matters most, but the health of the ecosystems at risk from excessive tourism. In 2022, residents of Oahu’s North Shore faced what they described as an environmental crisis concerning the Pupukea Marine Life Conservation District. In response, they pushed for a program looking not at social capacity but environmental capacity.

A bill that became law last year noted threats to popular North Shore snorkeling spots Shark’s Cove and the adjacent Kapoo Tidepools, which it described as a rich nursery for over 50 species of marine life that replenish the entire Pupukea marine life conservation district and adjacent areas.

The Legislature acknowledged that “unabated levels of human use in certain areas of the Pupukea marine life conservation district, including Shark’s Cove and the Kapoo Tidepools, are threatening the health and abundance of the marine life in these sensitive areas, as well as limiting the use and enjoyment of the area by residents.”

The resulting Pupukea Marine Life Conservation District Carrying Capacity Pilot Program goes beyond merely assessing carrying capacity for Pupukea. It also requires the state to test various management measures. These include mandatory kapu, or closures, of high-traffic areas in the Pupukea marine life conservation district and other long-term management options.

Denise Antolini, a lawyer and North Shore resident who worked on the bill, said it’s time for more such carrying capacity programs, not just studies.

“Do we really need a whole other study on this?” she said. “The answer is no.”

Antolini commended the Hawaii Tourism Authority for developing Destination Management Action Plans for each island, written with input from community members. But she said the authority has done little to implement the plans. 

Among other things, Oahu community members wanted to “reduce visitor impacts by improving infrastructure, actively managing sites, and decreasing the number of visitors” and to “manage the visitor experience with capacity limits at hotspots, promoting or allowing only selected experiences, and offering alternatives to move visitors away from hotspots.”

She said the plans were “nicely written” but asked, “Where’s the blanking action?”

“We have to try,” she said. “We have to do things.”

“ Hawaii’s Changing Economy ” is supported by a grant from the Hawaii Community Foundation as part of its CHANGE Framework project.

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Tourism and The prostitution Of Hawaiian Culture

Haunani-kay.

Thanks to American imperialism, the ideology that the United States has no overseas colonies and is, in fact, the champion of self-determination the world over, holds no greater sway than in the United States itself. To most Americans, then, Hawai'i is theirs: to use, to take, and, above all, to fantasize about long after the experience.

Just five hours away by plane from California, Hawai'i is a thousand light years away in fantasy. Hawai'i, as an image of escape from the rawness and violence of daily American life, is mostly a state of mind. Above all, Hawai'i is "she," the Western image of the Native "female" in her magical allure.

To Hawaiians, daily life is neither soft nor kind. In fact, the political, economic and cultural reality for most Hawaiians is hard, ugly, and cruel.

In Hawai'i, the destruction of our land and the prostitution of our culture is planned and executed by multi-national corporations, by huge landowners, and by collaborationist state and county governments. The ideological gloss that claims tourism to be our economic savior and the "natural" result of Hawaiian culture is manufactured by ad agencies, tour companies, and the state of Hawai'i which allocates some $60 million dollars a year to the tourism advertising budget. As for the local labor unions, both rank and file and management clamor for more tourists, while the construction industry lobbies for larger resorts.

Despite our similarities with other major tourist destinations, the statistical picture of the effects of corporate tourism in Hawai'i is shocking.

Fact: Nearly 40 years ago, at statehood, Hawai'i residents outnumbered tourists by more than 2 to 1. Today, tourists outnumber residents by 6 to 1; they outnumber Native Hawaiians by 30 to 1.(1)

Fact: Tourism has been the single most powerful factor in crime rate, including crimes against people and property.(2)

Fact: Tourism is the major source of population growth. Moreover, that growth ensures the trend toward a rapidly expanded population that receives lower per capita income.(3)

Fact: Tourism drives up the cost of single family housing. As a result, families spend a large share of their income on housing.

Fact: A tourism economy encourages foreign investment, which drives up inflation, and thus the cost of living.

Fact: Nearly one-fifth of Hawai'i's resident population is classified as near-homeless, which explains the concomitant rise in beach villages and other homeless enclaves in Hawai'i.(4)

Fact: The very high cost of living in Hawai'i has encouraged the Native people to leave their island home in search of better economic conditions on the American continent. As a result, diaspora increases while new immigrants arrive from Asia.

The mass nature of corporately-controlled tourism results in megaresort complexes on thousands of acres with demands for water and services that far surpass the needs of Hawai'i residents. These tourist complexes boast several hotels, golf courses, restaurants, and other entertainments. Infrastructure is usually built by the developer in exchange for approval of more units. The island of O'ahu, with the major resort of Waik...k..., is the site of four major tourist destinations, over 800,000 residents, military installations that control 30% of the island, and the center of Hawai'i business in the capital of Honolulu. Currently, the island, which has an area of only 607 square miles, is visited by some 5 million tourists annually.

In this context of mass-based tourism, a new kind of exploitation has been visited upon our Native people. I call it "cultural prostitution."

Prostitution here refers to the entire institution that defines a woman as an object of degraded and victimized sexual value for use and exchange through the medium of money. The prostitute is a woman who sells her sexual capacities and is seen, thereby, to possess and reproduce them at will, that is, by her very "nature." The prostitute and the institution that creates and maintains her are, of course, of patriarchal origin. The pimp is the conduit of exchange, managing the commodity that is the prostitute while acting as the guard at the entry and exit gates, making sure the prostitute behaves as a prostitute by fulfilling her sexual-economic functions. The victims participate in their victimization with enormous ranges of feeling, from resistance to complicity, but the force and continuity of the institution are shaped by men.

Hawai'i, our ancient and erotic land, is the female object of degraded and victimized value. Our '...ina, or lands, are no longer the source of food and shelter, but the source of money. Land is now called "real estate," rather than Papahanaumoku, "she who gives birth to islands."

Beautiful areas, once sacred to our people, are now the sites of expensive resorts; shorelines where net fishing, seaweed gathering, and crabbing occurred are more and more the exclusive domain of recreational activities such as sunbathing, windsurfing, and jet skiing. Even access to beaches near hotels is strictly regulated or denied to the local public altogether.

The Native phrase, m...lama `...ina - "to care for the land" - is used by government officials to convince locals that hotels can be built without damage to the environment. Hotel historians, like hotel doctors, are stationed in-house to soothe the visitors stay with the pablum of invented myths and tales of the "primitive."

High schools and hotels adopt each other and funnel teenagers through major resorts for guided tours from kitchens to gardens to honeymoon suites in preparation for post-secondary jobs in the lowest-paid industry in the state. In the meantime, tourist appreciation kits are distributed through the State Department of Education to all elementary schools. One film, unashamedly titled "What's in it for Me?," was devised to convince locals that tourism is, as the newspapers never tire of saying, "the only game in town."

While this propaganda is churned out to local residents, the commercialization of Hawaiian culture proceeds with calls for more sensitive marketing of our Native values and practices. After all, a prostitute is only as good as her income-producing talents. These talents, in Hawaiian terms, are the hula, our dance; our generosity, or aloha; the u'i or youthful beauty of our women and men; and the continuing allure of our lands and waters, that is, of our place, Hawai'i.

The selling of these talents must produce income. And the function of tourism and the state of Hawai'i is to convert these attributes into profit.

The first requirement is the transformation of the product, or the cultural attribute, much as a woman must be transformed to look like a prostitute, i.e. someone who is complicit in her own commodification. Thus hula dancers wear clown-like makeup, don costumes from a mix of Polynesian cultures, and behave in a manner that is smutty and salacious rather than powerfully erotic. In the hotel version of the hula, the sacredness of the dance has completely evaporated while the athleticism and sexual expression have been packaged like ornaments. The purpose is entertainment for profit rather than a joyful and truly Hawaiian celebration of human and divine nature.

The point, of course, is that everything in Hawai'i can be yours, that is, you the tourist, the non-Native, the visitor. The place, the people, the culture, even our identity as a "Native" people are for sale. Thus the word "aloha" is employed as an aid in the constant hawking of things Hawaiian. In truth, this use of aloha is so far removed from any Hawaiian cultural context that it is, literally, meaningless.

Thus, Hawai'i, like a lovely woman, is there for the taking. Those with only a little money get a brief encounter, those with a lot of money get more. The state and counties will give tax breaks, build infrastructure, and have the governor personally welcome tourists to ensure they keep coming. Just as the pimp regulates prices and guards the commodity of the prostitute, so the state bargains with developers for access to Hawaiian land and culture. Who builds the biggest resorts to attract the most affluent tourists gets the best deal: more hotel rooms, golf courses and restaurants approved. Permits are fast-tracked, height and density limits are suspended, new ground water sources are miraculously found.

Hawaiians, meanwhile, have little choice in all this. We can fill up the unemployment lines, enter the military, work in the tourist industry, or leave Hawai'i. Increasingly, Hawaiians are leaving, not by choice but out of economic necessity.

Our people who work in the industry -- dancers, waiters, singers, valets, gardeners, housekeepers, bartenders, and even a few managers -- are very poorly paid, considering the high cost of living in Hawai'i. Indeed, tourism is considered a low-paying service industry that, no matter the huge numbers of tourists, always generates low-income jobs.

Psychologically, our young people have begun to think of tourism as the only employment opportunity, trapped as they are by the lack of alternatives. For our young women, modeling is a "cleaner" job when compared to waiting on tables, or dancing in a weekly revue. But modeling feeds on tourism and the ever-present commodification of Hawaiian women. In the end, the entire employment scene is shaped by and depends upon tourists, and the selling of Hawai'i through the tourism industry.

Of course, many Hawaiians do not see tourism as part of their colonization. Thus tourism is viewed as providing jobs, not as a form of cultural prostitution. Even those who have some glimmer of critical consciousness don't generally agree that the tourist industry prostitutes Hawaiian culture. This is a measure of the depth of our mental oppression: we can't understand our own cultural ghettoization because we are living it. As colonized people, we are colonized to the extent that we are unaware of our oppression. When awareness begins, then so too does de-colonization. Judging by the growing resistance to new hotels, to geothermal energy and manganese nodule mining, which would supplement the tourist industry, and to increases in the sheer number of tourists, de-colonization has begun.

(1) Eleanor C. Nordyke, The Peopling of Hawai'i (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2 ed., 1989) pp. 134-172

(2) Meda Chesney-Lind, "Salient Factors in Hawai'i's Crime Rate," University of Hawai'i School of Social Work.

(3) Nordyke, Ibid.

(4) This is the estimate of a state-contracted firm that surveyed the islands for homeless and near-homeless families. Testimony was delivered to the state legislature, 1990 session.

Article copyright Cultural Survival, Inc.

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The Case for Caps: Overtourism in Hawaii

In January 2022, the Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA) marked the first time Native Hawaiians— kanaka maoli —comprised a majority of its 12-member board of directors. As tourism represents the largest industry in Hawaii, around 21 percent of the state’s economy, this situation provided an opportunity for much greater influence and input from kanaka maoli on the policies that effectively determine the fate of their islands. In particular, the Board was exploring changes in fees, reservations, and education policy. At the heart of these changes, the Board discussed the fundamental issue of their mission : Their primary focus shifted from “marketing and brand management” to “destination management.” Through their Destination Management Action Plans (DMAPs), they aim to “rebuild, redefine and reset tourism’s direction,” with a “ focus [on] stabilization, recovery, and rebuilding. ” Unfortunately, these goals still fail to address the fundamental problem of tourism in Hawaii: The islands, their environment, and infrastructure cannot support the sheer number of tourists visiting the islands. To address this, the State of Hawaii must cap the number of visitors it allows into the islands.

Within the United States, Hawaii is one of the most popular tourist destinations. Despite its relatively modest population, Honolulu is the seventh most-visited city in the United States, with a record 2.75 million tourists in 2019. At the time, around 216,000 jobs were directly involved in or depended on the tourism industry. The surplus of tourists in 2019 allowed the State of Hawaii to raise over two billion dollars in taxes, but these benefits aren’t without their consequences.

While tourism is the largest sector of the state’s economy, it is also the root cause of many of Hawaii’s fundamental problems. Tourists, who outnumber locals seven to one, severely strain the infrastructure designed for Hawaii’s small population. Perhaps the lack of water best illustrates this phenomenon. Currently, tourism accounts for 44.7 percent of total water consumption. While local residents suffer from droughts and face restrictions on watering their lawns or washing their cars, the tourism industry enjoys seemingly unfettered access to Hawaii’s water supply. The tourism industry also consumes a significant amount of energy. Researchers from the University of Hawaii at Mānoa found that at one point, hotels and their guests consumed around 60 percent of Hawaii’s fuel and electricity. Even facing the challenges to the tourism sector during the coronavirus pandemic, in 2020, hotels alone were responsible for 8.7 percent of electricity consumption on the island of Oahu. Tourists are also responsible for propagating an already dire affordable housing crisis. For decades, tourists have participated in illegal short-term vacation rentals, eager to capitalize on the islands’ popularity. Expensive rentals on Airbnb and VRBO, and rising prices of homes, condos and apartments make housing practically unaffordable for local communities. Even with surplus taxation from the tourism sector, most of the money from tourism unfortunately leaves the islands in the hands of shareholders of the Hilton, Marriott, and other multinational hospitality companies.

These issues led resident sentiment to turn on tourism in recent years. During Hawaii’s strict Covid-19 policies, some residents claimed that they “got their islands back” on account of the lack of tourists. But when the islands reopened, many called for continued controls on tourism. In July 2021, the Mayor of Maui, for example, asked airlines to pause their post-lockdown frenzy of flights. An additional 2022 survey found that 67 percent of Hawaii residents believed that their island was “being run for tourists at the expense of local people,” and 66 percent supported halting approval of new hotels, condos, and timeshares. This shift in attitude served as an inspiration for the HTA’s new destination management vision. 

One of HTA’s new destination management policies is educating tourists on the concepts of traveling pono (exploring with care) and mālama (to take care of). This change, however, arguably does nothing substantial to curb tourism’s greater effects. A recent effort by Hawaiian Airlines, for example, displayed a five minute video on being a “good tourist,” full of seemingly obvious reminders such as not approaching endangered species. But recent air incidents (such as Southwest Flight 1380, where passengers didn’t know how to use oxygen masks properly) illustrate that many people likely do not pay attention to the in-flight safety briefings. Most importantly, these “crash courses” fail to consider that even educated tourists are still tourists. 

Education isn’t the only nonanswer being propagated in discussions surrounding tourism  in Hawaii. One popular policy pushed by activists and politicians is the instatement of a tourist “green fee,” a $50 per visitor fee that would fund environmental conservation. This policy has already been implemented in other destinations in the Pacific, but their success is questionable. In the Micronesian nation of Palau, for example, a $100 “Pristine Paradise Environmental Fee” added to the cost of flights had little observable effect on the trend of tourism in Palau. In Hawaii, a territory that receives an average of 195 percent more (or an average of 7.45 million more) tourists a year than Palau, a green fee would certainly bring in revenue –about $400 million based on 2019 numbers–but would not do much to address the sheer number of tourists the islands see every year. 

Ultimately, the problem lies in the proximity that the mainland United States has to the island, facilitating the massive influx of tourists. Even amid a pandemic, visits to Hawaii skyrocketed when tourism reopened . Faced with a lack of hotel rooms and rental cars, tourists even resorted to renting out U-Hauls and camping on the beach, while local residents were ordered to decrease their water usage to provide for the resorts. No matter the barriers, economic or otherwise, tourists will flock to Hawaii. Ultimately, the solution to Hawaii’s tourism problem is for the government to step in and limit the amount of tourists allowed to travel to the islands. 

The most straightforward way for the government to limit tourists would be supplementing the proposed “green fee” with a “green cap” on tourists, a policy that has already been implemented  in Bhutan . The HTA and private organizations are already pursuing some similar policies on a smaller scale by enforcing a reservations policy for beaches and state parks in the islands, limiting the number of visitors to popular sites like Diamond Head. According to the CEO of HTA John De Fries, limiting visits to state parks reduces the daily tourist strain on these locations, “ protecting its natural environment and cultural sites.” A similar statewide implementation would reduce the strain on the existing infrastructure. Limiting visitors to Hawaii, however, does raise a cause for concern. As the largest single sector of Hawaii’s economy, a downsizing of tourism would have consequences for the state’s 242,000 employees in tourism, and could send a ripple effect through its connected industries.

Hawaii’s current relationship with tourism is unsustainable for the islands and their residents. But despite the well-intentioned efforts, policies, and proposals of the Tourism Authority and activist groups, these fail to address the root of the problem: tourists put immense pressure on Hawaii’s modest infrastructure–whether it be roads, water, or energy–and educating them or making them pay a fee does not change this. Ultimately, Hawaii must be seen through the words of Maui Mayor Michael Victorino: “a community first and a vacation destination second.” The State of Hawaii must put heavier emphasis on its community, even at the detriment of tourism. Until then, maybe rethink your vacation.

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I’ve Lived in Hawaii Nearly All My Life — and These Are the Most Underrated Destinations in the Aloha State

From one of the only green-sand beaches in the world to the southernmost point in the U.S., these are the top places to visit in Hawaii, according to a local.

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Hawaii has beckoned tourists away from their daily routines to experience paradise for years. Nearly 10 million people made the trek to the archipelago last year, a destination with a population of around 1.5 million. The Hawaiian islands offer accessible natural beauty throughout the year — from the mountains (known as mauka ) to the sea (called makai ). Think sun-drenched beaches with warm water, waterfalls hidden in rain forests, and sand in hues of white, black, and red. Perhaps what makes Hawaii so special to visitors is the spirit of aloha — a warm hospitality not found anywhere else — and a rich cultural heritage dating back centuries. 

Hawaii is one of the most coveted destinations in the world, but travelers often merely scratch the surface of what the state has to offer. As someone who grew up in Honolulu — a popular tourist stop — and resides there currently, I see it all the time, but I don’t blame them. Tourism has been significant in Hawaii for so long, it seems like everything has been touched by visitors. It can be hard to distinguish what’s worth the crowds and early mornings (to beat traffic) and what’s truly Hawaiian or local. 

Hawaii is more than meets the eye, and there’s a transformative experience awaiting visitors who want to go beyond the beaten path. If you’re looking to experience the spiritual power of the Aloha State's natural beauty and history, or see where the locals like to go , here are 10 underrated places to visit in Hawaii.

Waialae Avenue, Kaimuki

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Located a short drive from Waikiki, Waialae Avenue is the artery of Honolulu’s quaint Kaimuki neighborhood. The stores, restaurants, and coffee shops lining the street pulsate with energy. If you’re looking to purchase locally crafted goods, Waialae Avenue has you covered. In fact, there’s an entire movement dedicated to supporting the small businesses of the area, known as Keep It Kaimuki . I’ll typically start my day with a shaken iced latte concocted with locally sourced coconut syrup from Bean About Town before hitting some of my favorite stores like Da Shop , which carries books from Hawaii-connected authors, and browsing the creations of local fashion designers at Ten Tomorrow .

Stargazing Along East Oahu

Hawaii Tourism Authority/Dana Edmunds

If the skies are clear, you should make time for a nighttime adventure. My suggestion is to drive east out of Honolulu and into Hawaii Kai. Take the windy Kalanianaole Highway (carefully) to the Halona Blowhole parking lot, or all the way past Sandy Beach Park and stop along the beach. Away from the city lights, the stars and moon glow brightly across the vast sky. Aside from the beautiful view, stars hold cultural significance to Hawaiians — for centuries, they’ve been used for storytelling, ceremonies, and wayfinding by voyagers.

Yokohama Bay

David Carr/Getty Images

People come to Hawaii for the beach , and while Waikiki may technically have one, it often feels too crowded to relax. For a true beach day, pack up some snacks and gear and head all the way west to Yokohama Bay. (Or, stop by Aloha Poke and grab a bowl of fresh rice and cubed ahi tuna to enjoy on the beach.) It’s the furthest west you can go on Oahu, and about a 1.-5-hour drive from Honolulu. Upon arriving, you'll be met with a wide stretch of golden sand that's surrounded by mountains. As long as there’s no northwest swell wrapping around the island, the turquoise waters are inviting. And since you’re facing the west, be sure to stay for the stunning sunset.

Lyon Arboretum

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The flora of Hawaii is part of the state's allure: vibrant flowers like the plumeria and hibiscus; big, green, Jurassic Park-like foliage; and tropical fruits like mangoes and papayas that flourish naturally. The islands' distinctive geography and diverse climates give rise to a rich array of plant life, including unique endemic species that are exclusive to Hawaii, like the spiky, silver ʻāhinahina. You can spend some time learning about Hawaii's flora by visiting Lyon Arboretum in Honolulu’s Manoa neighborhood. Comprising 194 acres and more than 6,000 taxa of tropical and subtropical plants, Lyon Arboretum is a research center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and an outdoor museum of living plants with a mission to conserve Hawaii’s rare and native plants. Guests can meander the hiking trails or check out the botanical gardens on their own or with a guided tour.

Nakalele Blowhole

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The majestic power of Mother Nature can be seen throughout the islands, but Maui’s Nakalele Blowhole is one of the best places to witness that force up close. Getting to the blowhole, located on the northern part of the island, requires a windy and scenic drive along Honoapiʻilani Highway. The parking area offers a good vantage point for seeing the blowhole and its surrounding dramatic lava rock coastline — and humpback whales in the wintertime. The more adventurous can take a 20-minute hike down steep and rocky terrain to some tide pools, making sure to heed any warning signs along the way. Before embarking, make sure to check the tide is high; otherwise, there isn't enough water for the blowhole to erupt. If you’re lucky, there will be a local stand selling banana bread.

Petroglyphs at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Hawaii Tourism Authority/Tor Johnson

Perhaps one of the top attractions throughout the islands, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a dynamic, ever-changing landscape thanks to its active volcanoes. While the volcanoes may steal the show, there are other parts of the park that are worth visiting, too. One of those lesser-known spots is the Pu‘uloa Petroglyphs , with pu‘uloa meaning “long hill.” Considered a sacred place, this archaeological site has more than 23,000 petroglyph images, including geometric shapes, canoe sails, and other motifs representing the life of ancient Native Hawaiians. Visitors can take a short hike through a 500-year-old lava field and view the fragile petroglyphs from a boardwalk.

Wailua River State Park

Taylor McIntyre/Travel + Leisure

Nestled into the lush rain forests of the aptly named Garden Isle, the Iraivan Temple is remarkable for a few reasons: The South Asian temple design features ornate white granite intricately carved without power tools in Bangalore and India and assembled together on Kauai. Having the Hindu temple in Hawaii is also unique, as it gives visitors and locals a rare chance to experience Hindu philosophies. The backdrop of the Wailua River Valley, where an adjacent waterfall flows and there are many shades of green, adds to the tranquility. Visitors to the temple must book a reservation for personal meditation and worship. Once you've tapped into your serenity, spend some time in Wailua River State Park , less crowded than Waimea Canyon. The free state park is full of hiking trails to waterfalls and stunning views. For an immersive experience, take a two-mile river cruise filled with Hawaiian songs and stories by the family-owned Smith’s Kauai .

Hamakua Coast

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While the Kohala Coast gets lots of attention for its sunshine, pristine beaches, and array of resorts, the Hamakua Coast is Hawaii Island’s more rugged, verdant counterpart, with vibrant valleys and majestic waterfalls in a magical, rainy setting. Start your drive from Hilo via the Hamakua Heritage Corridor. Along the way, you’ll have the opportunity to stop at botanical gardens, waterfalls, and scenic outlooks. You’ll likely hit some crowds at the more popular spots like Rainbow Falls and Waipio Valley Lookout, but if it’s your first time to the island, these locations are still worth a visit. I recommend stopping for lunch and a tour at Hawaiian Vanilla Co. , a small, family-owned farm that offers vanilla-themed dishes and a tasting tour. The drive ends in the agricultural town of Waimea, and if you don't stop for lunch at the vanilla farm, grab a burger at Village Burger Waimea, where the beef is as fresh and local as possible.

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Hawaii Island offers travelers the chance to visit Ka Lae , the southernmost point in the U.S. Holding much cultural significance, Ka Lae (or “the point” in Hawaiian) is believed to be where the first Polynesian voyagers landed in Hawaii and one of the earliest settlements on the islands. Evidence of the ancient Hawaiians remains there to this day, including an ancient fishing shrine, marked by stone walls and a platform where fish was once prepared. To get there, drive to the end of South Point Road in Naʻalehu on Hawaii Island until you reach the 69 and 90 mile markers. You’ll be perched atop high cliffs where the ocean crashes below. Once you finish reveling in this sacred space, head over to Papakolea Beach, one of just four green-sand beaches in the world.

Hanalei Pier

Hanalei Pier is a must-visit spot on Kauai . Walk out onto the pier, where local kids like to jump off, and soak in the sweeping vistas of the bay, veiled in rain clouds and teeming with vibrant greenery. Hanalei is my favorite surf spot, where the cold river water meets the warm, salty sea. If you’re not experienced, you can always sit and watch people ride the waves, called heʻe nalu in Hawaiian. While in Hanalei, combine your visit with some responsible tourism and leave Hawaii better than when you arrived.

You can volunteer at the Waipā Foundation , a living learning center that perpetuates Hawaiian values and stewards more than 1,600 acres of land. Every fourth Saturday of the month, the public is welcomed to help take care of the land — whether reforesting native plants or restoring a fishpond — in an action called malama 'aina .

Hawaii Considers Banning Short-Term Vacation Rentals

H awaii is considering a new ban to help locals with the housing crisis. The housing crisis has been an incessant issue for years. Hawaii’s community has varying viewpoints about the thriving tourism industry on the islands . Some locals think that Hawaii needs the economic stimuli from tourism. Others consider tourists to be a nuisance to the islands and think the Hawaii ban on rentals to be a good idea.

While split views on tourism still exist in Hawaii, there is a general consensus that housing conditions have reached a boiling point. So the recent talk about a ban on short-term housing in Hawaii is one of the newest solutions to the problem . Learn more about Hawaii’s ban on rentals. 

Why Is the Ban Being Proposed?

A lot of the issues contributing to the Hawaii housing crisis are related to tourism. The popular destination has had swarms of tourists visit and move to Hawaii. So, since a significant number of residents are now non-native people, the island has unbalanced housing.  

To remedy this, legislators proposed two bills after the August 8th, 2023 wildfires. The devastating fires took over one hundred people’s lives and destroyed thousands of homes. The displacement of thousands of people worsened the island’s housing crisis. 

Many Native Hawaiian residents have moved to the mainland as a result of the housing crisis. So, the bills are a last ditch effort to recover the community. At least 1,000 residents have left the island (Maui). Which suggests that locals are not reaping the benefits of the space that is available. In fact, Hawaii residents have one of the highest housing costs in the nation. It is nearly three times higher than the national average.

Sustainability is a big factor to the Hawaii ban on rentals. Both environmental and cultural sustainability are reasons why the ban may be restorative. With less home rentals filled with tourists, residents will be able to get some relief from the impact of tourism.

The bills will limit short term vacation rentals in housing built for long term or permanent housing. This would apply to condos and single family homes that are outside of the resort areas of Hawaii. But places like commercial vacation rental communities and condo hotels that are commercial properties would not be impacted. 

The potential changes to traveler’s experiences in Hawaii may alarm some visitors. But in the long run, the ban would contribute to Hawaii’s overall wellbeing. Both bills need to come to final agreements by May 3rd to get sent to the governor, for the Hawaii ban for rentals to go into effect. 

Ban’s Impact on Tourism and Locals

The potential Hawaii ban for rentals may alarm some visitors. Yet in the long run, the ban would contribute to Hawaii’s overall wellbeing. To avoid further consequences of having a dense tourism population, they may be necessary. But both bills need to come to final agreements by May 3rd to get sent to the governor. 

The housing crisis has led to a decline in the Native Hawaiian population, so the bans are an attempt to preserve the valuable local community. With tourists moving in and Hawaiians unable to afford the rising prices of living on the islands, a change is needed.

The bans should kickstart a new age where locals are prioritized. The lack of affordable housing options in Hawaii has eroded the thriving Hawaiian culture that tourists travel to enjoy. If the bills are passed, a more sustainable future is in the cards for Hawaii. 

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Alaska Native Heritage Center ready to rouse ‘sleeping giant’ of cultural tourism

Research shows cultural tourism is on the rise in Indian Country, because travelers crave authenticity and want deeper experiences with Indigenous peoples — a trend that could help Alaska tribes develop their own tourism businesses.

The Alaska Native Heritage Center is one of five Indigenous groups that will receive federal money to expand cultural tourism. The Heritage Center’s director, Emily Edenshaw, predicts it will benefit the state’s entire travel industry.

“It’s a sleeping giant,” Edenshaw said. “It’s untapped.”

Edenshaw says it’s an opportunity to re-think tourism in Alaska, which she believes has come to rely too much on wildlife and scenery to draw tourists.

“Come and see the mountains and the brown bears — and come explore and discover and go on the glaciers and look at the berries,” says Edenshaw, reciting the typical travel industry pitch that she says needs to be updated. “What about the Indigenous experience? Our people have been here for 10,000 years, in some cases even longer than that.”

The Heritage Center will receive about $50,000 to boost tourism. The money comes from the Office of Indian Economic Development, under the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which has partnered with the American Indian Alaska Native Tourism Association to oversee the grants.

The association’s director, Sherry Rupert, says it’s a good time to invest in Indigenous tourism.

“Visitation to our communities is increasing. That’s why we’re so interested in supporting efforts up in Alaska,” Rupert said. “Alaska has the largest number of federally recognized tribes than in any other state. There is so much potential there for these small communities.”

Rupert says cultural tourism not only creates jobs and economic opportunity, but also helps tribes hold on to their heritage.

“I think it really sparks a light and really sparks that pride in who they are, so it helps us to preserve our cultural identity.”

Edenshaw says the AIANTA grant will be used to create a new position, a cultural tourism navigator, who will work with other communities to develop their own visitor experiences.

The grant will also be leveraged with other public and private funds — and will augment ongoing efforts at the Heritage Center to study on the impacts of cultural tourism.

“We need to get the data. We need to know how many jobs it creates. We need to know the economic impact through a cultural tourism lens,” said Edenshaw. “And the truth is, this has never happened in Alaska.”

As the Heritage Center approaches its 25th anniversary, Edenshaw says tourism is not just about how Alaska Native cultures lived in the past. She says it’s also about their future.

Edenshaw hopes that as Indigenous tourism grows, it will help to bridge cultural divides within the state by giving Alaskans an appreciation for Native cultures, as well as generate empathy and understanding for some of the struggles and historical trauma Native peoples have faced.

Other organizations to receive AIANTA funding for cultural tourism are: the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in New York, the Pine Ridge Area Chamber of Commerce in South Dakota, the Shonto Economic Development Corporation in Arizona and the Native Hawaiian Hospitality Association in Hawaii.

Rhonda McBride, KNBA - Anchorage

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