mosquito net for travel to africa

Travel Mosquito Net: Portable Nets for Bed and Hotel

December 29, 2019

There is nothing worse–or more dangerous in this case than being unprepared when it comes to traveling. A travel mosquito net is just one of those things every traveler needs in order to be prepared and comfortable.

Don’t feel like reading all this? Here are my top recommendations:

• Eco-Keeper Bedbug Tent : Easy to put together, plop it on your bed and get in.
• SansBug Pop-Up Freestanding Mosquito Net : Perfect if you don’t want to spend a single second setting it up (but you will have to spend a bit of time folding it away).

A travel mosquito net is possibly the single most important way to stay healthy when traveling in the tropics – Not to mention you’ll sleep far more soundly and won’t need to spend the night swatting the buzzing wildlife

Remember, 350-500 million people worldwide are infected by female Anopheles mosquitoes (the malaria-carrying mosquito) each year. Not to mention the threat of Zika in some places) too. Now, I don’t want to scare you, but there are many more diseases you can catch from insects:

• Dengue, yellow fever, or West Nile Virus from mosquitoes 
• Lyme disease or typhus from ticks and lice
• plague from fleas
• sleeping sickness from tsetse flies
• Some encounters are just plain revolting, like leeches, or poisonous, like scorpions or snakes. 

Many of these illnesses can debilitate you for life – or worse. So when it comes to travel, it’s always best to be prepared. 

Having slept outside in many countries where these critters are common, I can’t bring myself to travel without serious protection. To me, that means a mosquito net for travel, mosquito spray, or at the very least, some kind of mosquito-repellent clothing .

Portable mosquito net for travel

If you’re already convinced you need to take some kind of bug net on your travels, see my recommendations in the comparison chart below for the best mosquito nets for travel. But if you still need a little more convincing, see the more detailed explanations at the bottom of the comparison chart.

Mosquito net travel comparison chart

What is a mosquito net and why use one.

Bug netting of any kind will help keep you safe by keeping out the mosquitoes that carry malaria (which can kill you). A mosquito net is a mesh material made of tiny holes through which mosquitoes can’t pass; insect netting keeps you separate from potential bites.

A mosquito net also  keeps other critters out , like creepy crawlies or falling geckoes. I wouldn’t dream of traveling without one when heading to warm, humid places.

It’s especially important if you’re  traveling on a budget or off the beaten track . Air conditioning helps keep mosquitoes at bay but if you’re staying in huts or outdoors or with open windows – there’s nothing to protect you.

The most effective and best travel mosquito nets should have a close mesh – and please check the specs to see if they are No See Um-proof . The term No See Um-proof just means it is designed to keep small insects (no-see-ums) out.

While cotton may seem more natural, it collects dampness and weighs more than a synthetic fiber so I’d opt for polyester-type nets .

There are many kinds of nets – a bug net for bed use, a portable mosquito net or a mosquito net tent.

Types of mosquito net for travel

There are  several types of insect nets  and we’ll look at each in turn .  The one you use will depend on how you travel. 

The best travel mosquito net for beds

Let’s start with the standard travel mosquito net – without a frame. A travel mosquito net for a hotel bed is usually a hanging mosquito net, which is often included with your room in places where mosquitoes are prevalent.

Typically, this mosquito sleeping net is a square or rectangular type of insect netting with a ring (or two) that is attached to a wall or ceiling. The travel mosquito net for the bed should be large enough to tuck under the mattress without touching you. If it touches your skin, the mosquito can simply land on it and bite you right through it. And trust me, they will!

This plain foldable and portable mosquito net is an inexpensive product that will do what is required of it: keep mosquitoes out.

It is also the best mosquito net for a bed and a great backup DIY mosquito net; small and light enough to carry with you, and it takes up little room. You might consider bringing one along in case your room doesn’t have one, or worse, there is one, but it has holes in it.

You can easily wash it and hang it out to dry.

As long as you’re not terrified of anything crawling into your bed – something could get in if you’ve been a bit careless when tucking yourself in – then anything made with extra-fine mosquito net material should more than keep you safe from mosquitoes the diseases that they carry.

Mosquito net pros

✓  It’s cheaper and lighter ✓  You’ll usually have more headspace around you ✓  A certain aura of nostalgia ✓  Smaller when folded ✓  Nothing to break ✓  If you’re not traveling solo, there is such a thing as a mosquito net for double bed use

Mosquito net cons

✕  You constantly have to tuck it in – every time you get in and out of bed ✕  No barrier against bedbugs (which can appear even in the poshest establishments) ✕  You need nails or hooks to fasten it to walls or ceilings – and sometimes that’s not possible ✕  If not tucked in properly, creepy crawlies can get in (and I don’t like the idea of spiders or even snakes dropping by for a midnight visit) ✕  An overlapping net entrance can often allow insects in if you’re not careful

So like it or not, while there are some significant advantages to the traditional mosquito net, there are also quite a few downsides.

And that’s why  I travel with a mosquito net  tent . I have not one, but two of these, just in case I lose one. That’s how important it is to me!

The mosquito net tent

The free-standing mosquito net tent for bed use is a brilliant invention, and I would not have made it through three years of backpacking across Africa and Asia without one (two, in my case – I lost mine, got another, and found the first one!)

This is basically a tent, but – with a few notable exceptions like the Kamp-Rite Insect Protection System – it has mosquito netting fabric rather than the waterproof cover you’d usually expect in a normal camping tent. 

The bug net tent is for women willing to spend a bit more for a more insect-proof product – and for those heading off into areas that are more remote or where mosquito tents or nets may not be easily available. While I didn’t have much use for mine on my South Africa vacation , I could not have made it through Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi without this kind of protection (I would have been eaten alive and certainly sleep-deprived).

A good pop-up mosquito tent will also keep out most other creepy crawlies and that, to me, is a huge benefit, especially if you’re in a rural area. If you’re health conscious or even a bit squeamish, this tent is one of the best mosquito nets for traveling.

Mosquito tent pros

✓  It’s free-standing, which means no worries about nails or hooks and once it’s up, it is ready to use ✓  It’s properly sealed, which means mosquitoes can’t get in, under or around it (nor can other critters – or bedbugs) ✓  You can get in and out without having to tuck yourself in each time – just unzip, and zip again ✓  Zippers will also keep errant mosquitoes from getting in ✓  You can leave it set up during the day, no rolling up – and no bugs will get in while you’re out ✓  The netting isn’t touching you and as long as you keep away from the sides (easily done) you won’t get bitten ✓  Many have internal pockets for such things as phones or flashlights or important papers ✓  You can keep your shoes and clothes at the bottom overnight and avoid any surprises in the morning (just check them first – don’t invite critters in!)

Mosquito tent cons

✕  It’s heavier to carry and takes up more space in your luggage ✕  It is more expensive (but also far more robust) ✕  It can be warmer inside, especially if it has a waterproof – plastic – floor (I use a travel towel, silk sleeping bag liner, damp T-shirt or sarong to lie on) ✕  There are more pieces, like poles and zippers, so more can go wrong ✕  I’ve worried sometimes that setting it up on a bed in someone’s house might appear insensitive, as in “I don’t feel safe here” but – I’m afraid that given the potential deadliness of a mosquito bite, I’d rather take that chance; I do explain where I can

Bug nets for camping

If you like to sleep out in the wild, your tent may already have some kind of built-in mosquito protection. If not, make sure you take along a mosquito net for camping. You can keep it simple, for example with this  compact mosquito net for camping , for tent or sleeping bag. You can keep it simple, for example, with this compact mosquito net for camping , for a tent, or sleeping bag.

It’s the best mosquito net for backpacking; you can use it inside your tent or outdoors while enjoying the sunset – it’ll do the trick, and it’s better than being unprotected. It’s also very easily rolled up and won’t take up too much space in your women’s backpack .

That said, if your destination has a serious malaria problem, I’d think twice about sleeping out of doors and opt instead for an enclosed room with a proper bed net.

Mosquito net clothing

Yes, there is absolutely such a thing! You can get everything from a mosquito head net to permethrin-treated clothing – and in some cases, these items might be perfectly appropriate, especially if simple mosquito repellent won’t do the trick.

I find mosquito-repellent clothes to be useful where the threat of malaria is really high or if you don’t want to be eaten alive. They’re particularly useful to pack for tropical regions if you plan to be outdoors all day, say in the rainforest or near a swamp or wetland. Most times, though, repellent products you spray on will be enough and should definitely be added to your first aid kit checklist .

A few other types of mosquito netting

Mosquito nets come in all shapes and sizes – and uses.

• Black mosquito netting vs. white: you can see through the black netting more easily, but the white will keep bugs away better. The same goes for dark clothing – wear lighter colors to keep the bugs away.
• Mosquito net fabric: yes, you can buy the fabric and sew it up yourself any way you want. In fact, you can even buy bulk mosquito netting if you need it in quantities.
• Mosquito net curtains: you can make these yourself – they could be useful if you’re staying in one place and want to build a frame or an enclosure to keep mosquitoes away. You could do the same for mosquito net for windows but again, this is only worth considering if you plan to stay put for weeks. If you’re using a vehicle for camping, these are a must because your indoor lights will attract all sorts of insects.

Treated mosquito net or not?

Before buying a mosquito net or tent, you need to decide whether to go for a permethrin-treated mosquito net or whether to opt for a simple untreated net.

The advantage of permethrin, a strong synthetic chemical, is its effectiveness .

Most mosquitoes won’t survive contact with it so you’ll have fewer chances of being bitten. Permethrin treatment isn’t permanent – you’ll have to re-treat the net (and your clothes, if you spray them) with permethrin spray every so often.

While it’s not known to be toxic to humans (keep it away from your pets – it can kill them with the fumes if it hasn’t dried yet, which is why you have to spray outdoors), many people abhor chemicals and simply refuse to use them if at all avoidable.

If that’s your case – get an untreated net.

My own choice?

A travel mosquito tent. For those who have been writing and asking about mine, the model I’ve been using for years is the Longroads Travel Tent – sadly I don’t think it’s made anymore but my recommendations above would make good substitutes.

A few words of caution…

Even if rooms have their own mosquito nets, check them carefully. Years of wear and tear may have left holes in the net – and if mosquitoes can get in, the net will be useless.

Remember, avoiding malaria, dengue fever, and Zika should be right at the top of your travel health list! And please… don’t leave home without your travel insurance . 

Best mosquito nets for travel: reviews

There are plenty of products on the market and the comparison chart at the top of this page maps out some of the most popular. But if that’s not enough information for you, here are details for four of the best.

• The Kamp-Rite - my personal favorite - is sold by the same people who supply firefighter and emergency management agencies (as well as demanding travelers). I love this thing - when it gets rough out there with critters and bugs, I love having a safe haven into which I can crawl. My travels have taken me to local homes where Ive slept on the grass, earthen floors or on platforms outdoors. Being able to relax without expecting any surprises allowed me to sleep restfully and safely in some unlikely places.
• I also like bringing my shoes into it at night to keep them clear of insect visitors, knowing that if I have to get up and leave the tent, I wont be stepping directly onto a scorpion, spider or snake. I still have a vivid image of a scorpion crawling out of my shoe after a night in the Sahara in the days before I bought my freestanding mosquito net.
• I dont know about you, but my imagination makes up a circus-full of insects as soon as the sun goes down... I dont rest easy in a hanging mosquito net, the kind without a floor or zipper...
• PROS: If youre a bit adventurous or if you havent planned your accommodation, it can be used as a sort of camping mosquito net or basic tent - add the rain cover and sleep outside. | It can also be combined with a camping cot or bed, which is especially useful if youre camping with a car or if youre volunteering outdoors in an emergency situation. | A strong selling point is its fine mesh, so insects wont be able to fight their way in. Bottom line: you get total protection, with floor and sides fully enclose and a zipped entrance down the long side.
• CONS: Heavier than a simple canopy mosquito net but a lot safer wrapped in your own cocoon, away from all manner of bugs, snakes and other creepy crawlies. | The fine mesh will restrict air flow a little so youll have to make a trade off between safety and breathability - much depends on where you plan to travel and the variety of insects you might meet. | Its (obviously) more expensive than your average mozzie net. | Its a tent - so you need to assemble it, not just unfold it, although the process is quick and simple.

• I love this tent - just pop it open but you MUST watch the instructions first. If it is folded into four, it is so tightly sprung that when you open it it could fly up and hit you so you need to do it right. Folding it to make it small may seem difficult but again, with instructions its a breeze.
• This is a great option to the Kamp-Rite above, and it is less expensive. The challenge is to fold it properly so it fits in your bag but the flip side is that you can set it up in seconds.
• If you dont need the extra tent cover option for outdoor sleeping or the heavier duty Kamp-Rite design, I think youll be happy with the SansBug.
• PROS: This pop-up mosquito net is almost instantly ready. Just pop out, unzip and crawl in. | Also quick to pack, although youll need to do it right. | Fun colors and fun concepts. | It has pockets for your flashlights and space for books and phones and tablets, as well as your shoes. | Like the Kamp-Rite, its a safe haven from the outside world. | It is also slightly lighter. | Its very fine mesh should stop all insects youre likely to encounter, including bedbugs - yes, apparently even found in some upmarket hotels!
• CONS: You MUST learn to fold it properly - do it wrong and it will shatter. The good news though - is that its easy to learn and quick to do. | You need to fold it in the four-way method to bring down the diameter so itll fit in your bag (20/50cm ∅). That said, it does take up a little more space than the Kamp-Rite but youll be fine if your airline has a generous carry-on policy - or put it into your checked luggage.
• TIP: Set it up at home before you travel to make sure you know how to do it and that nothing is missin

• If youre going to get a plain hanging mosquito net, get this one. Its simple, no-frills and does the job.
• PROS: Its cheap, period. If youre going to a developing country, take along an extra one or two and donate them to a family in need. | It comes with 4 lengths of twine, 4 screw hooks, 4 wall anchors and 4 one-inch nails (though Id pack a few spares, just in case). | Its light and easy to pack. You can squeeze it into a small space (although Id pack it in a bag to avoid damaging the netting). | Theres no overlapping netting and you have to lift up the bottom to get in - this makes it more secure than ordinary bed net with a long, floor-to-ceiling doorway. | It is high enough and as wide as the the much smaller pyramid style mosquito net. The problem with the pyramid style is that it is easier to lean against the sides, which means bugs can still bite you since your skin is accessible because it is touching the net.
• CONS: There is no floor, just a tucked-in valence so its not bedbug-proof - and you need to make sure you keep it tucked in. | The mesh isnt as fine as it could be. Even the 240 mesh wont keep out anything smaller than a mosquito. If theres a problem with No See Ums or other tiny insects, then you might be better off with the Sea and Summit bednet below.

Personally speaking, I would rather leave clothes behind than travel without my mosquito tent. It’s not the sexiest travel item I have but it most certainly is one of the best bits of travel gear I’ve ever bought, and I’m a relatively adventurous traveler.

How you can help

It’s not just about us, either. Malaria is Africa’s biggest killer: a child dies of it every minute, deaths that are preventable. While we sleep comfortably under our nets, millions of people, especially the poorest, can’t afford them.  United to Beat Malaria  is a great grassroots campaign that raises money for bed nets. To keep up with developments, read up at RBM End Malaria , the global partnership that fights the disease.

— Originally published on 03 January 2011

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Mosquito Netting Tips

There is nothing more irritating on safari than having a mosquito buzzing around your head while you are trying to sleep. Mosquito netting not only keeps them away so that you can get a peaceful nights sleep but also protects you from the threat of malaria.

They should be used in conjunction with mosquito repellents and anti malaria tablets to form an effective deterrent against the insects on safari.

Most safari companies do have mosquito nets installed in the accommodation they provide for their guests so make sure you check with them first if you are planning on buying one for your trip.

But not all accommodation in Africa has them and if you are going to be spending time before or after your safari it might be a good idea to have one handy.

Here are some tips to help you choose the best available

Types of Mosquito Netting

They generally come in four different shapes and sizes.

• Dome net - Smallest and self supporting so excellent for backpackers.
• Wedge net - Very space efficient and requires between one and three support points. Suitable for people changing location often.
• Bell net - Makes use of a single support and spreader to increase space inside. Reasonably heavy and often used in permanent locations.
• Rectangular or Box net - The heaviest but also has the largest volume for improved air circulation and coolness. Multiple support points and not portable.

Chemical Treatment

Permethrin treated nets stop the mosquitoes from biting through the material, protects against damaged or poorly erected netting and decreases the amount of insects in the room.

Permethrin has been used on mosquito netting for decades and is a safe , naturally occurring insecticide which is recommended by the World Health Organization and one treatment is enough to last for approximately six months depending on the use and storage of the net.

Fabrics And Mesh Sizes

Mosquito netting is normally constructed from nylon, polyester or less commonly cotton because it has a low resistance to damp and mould and less tear strength.

Nylon and polyester is ideal because it is light, damp resistant, has a high tear strength and holds Permethrin treatment well so make sure your choice is of one of these fabrics.

hole sizes and that determines the size of the insects that can be kept out and the airflow inside the net and therefore the temperature. Larger mesh sizes will mean cooler sleeping but will possibly let it more insects.

The space inside will also affect your level of comfort and the temperature. More space in the box and bell nets mean lower temperatures and improved airflow.

The Top Three Africa Trips Safari Companies

Wouldn't it be great to have a list of all the best safari operators in the top African safari destinations so that you can effectively and confidently choose between all the hundreds that are available?

Well, there is such a list and I've compiled it by using all the Africa trips reviews and journal diaries that I have seen and been sent over the years at my African Safari Journals website.

It's very much like you being able to ask a large group of people what their safari trip was like with the company they went with and then ranking the results in a top three list. A big advantage is that the views are independent and based on first hand experience .

Here's what the top three list contains:

So to get the Top Three safari companies list for Africa trips simply complete the form below...

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Bruce Whittaker African Safari Journals and Top Safari Guides Founder 'Better Safari Photography', 'Safari Journal Diary' and 'Guide Your Own Safari' eBooks Author

Related Pages

Free Safari Diary

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Best Travel Mosquito Net: Your Ultimate Guide for 2023

• Blog › 
• Reviews › 
• Best Travel Mosquito Net

Imagine you’re on a dream vacation in a tropical paradise, only to be constantly harassed by mosquitoes and other insects. This is where the best travel mosquito net comes to your rescue!

These nets are essential in maintaining your health and well-being when traveling in regions with a high risk of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue fever, or West Nile virus.

In this guide, we’ll compare the best travel mosquito nets available in 2023, helping you choose the perfect one for your needs.

Snapshot: Top-Rated Travel Mosquito Nets

Each mosquito net in our list excels in a specific area, catering to various preferences and needs. Get ready to explore:

Coghlans Mosquito Net , known for its versatility

Kamp-Rite (IPS) Insect Protection System for outdoor adventures

AMMER Pop-Up Mosquito Net Tent with its folding design

Mekkapro Ultra-Large Mosquito Net , perfect for large beds.

Coghlans Mosquito Net: Best for Versatility

Price: $14.31

Check Latest Price for Coghlans Mosquito Net

Specifications:

Material: Durable polyester mesh

Size: Fits over a single bed or sleeping bag

Lightweight and breathable

Spacious and bug-free sleeping area

Effective in keeping out small insects

Compact and portable design

May not provide enough coverage for larger beds or multiple sleepers

Coghlans Camping Mosquito Net stands out as a versatile solution, ideal for outdoor enthusiasts seeking a dependable way to fend off insects. The net is made from durable polyester mesh, which is not only lightweight and breathable but also spacious enough to fit over a single bed or sleeping bag.

One potential downside is that it might not provide enough coverage for larger beds or multiple sleepers. However, bug nets like this one are still an effective option for those who need protection from mosquitoes and can be supplemented with insect repellent for added defense.

Design: 4.5/5

Functionality: 4.5/5

Durability: 4/5

Portability: 5/5

Overall: 4.5/5

Kamp-Rite (IPS) Insect Protection System: Best for Outdoor Adventures

Price: $129.99

Check Latest Price for Kamp-Rite

Dimensions: 84” L x 28” W x 40” H

Weight: 7 lbs

Material: Polyester

Color: Green

Easy to set up

Provides excellent insect protection

Compact and lightweight design

May not provide enough space for taller individuals

For outdoor adventurers in search of a comfortable, bug-free sleeping space, the Kamp-Rite (IPS) Insect Protection System is the ideal choice. This free-standing tent with mosquito netting fabric and a single hanging point ensures easy setup, and its fine mesh netting keeps out even the smallest insects while allowing for plenty of airflow. However, taller individuals may find the tent a bit cramped.

Design: 4/5

Functionality: 5/5

Durability: 4.5/5

Portability: 4.5/5

AMMER Pop-Up Mosquito Net Tent: Best Folding Design

Price: $42.19

Check Latest Price for AMMER Pop-Up

Material: Polyester mesh

Size: L79 x W71 x H59 inches

Convenient folding design

Portable and easy to use

Spacious for two adults

May not fit over larger beds

With its convenient folding design, the AMMER Pop-Up Mosquito Net Tent offers a portable mosquito net and user-friendly option for those who want to sleep without bugs while traveling.

Functionality: 4/5

Mekkapro Ultra-Large Mosquito Net: Best for Large Beds

Price: $17.99

Check Latest Price for Mekkapro

Compatibility: Fits over king or queen size bed

Features: Reinforced top and bottom, zippered entrance

Large size fits over king or queen size bed

Durable and tear-resistant polyester mesh

Reinforced top and bottom for added stability

Zippered entrance for easy access

May not be as portable as other options

For individuals requiring a mosquito net for larger beds, like king or queen size, the Mekkapro Ultra-Large Mosquito Net ensures a comfortable slumber. The net is made from durable and tear-resistant polyester mesh, with a reinforced top and bottom, and a zippered entrance for easy access. However, due to its size, it may not be as portable as other options.

Portability: 3.5/5

Choosing Your Travel Mosquito Net: Key Considerations

In the hunt for the ideal travel mosquito net, consider several factors. Begin by identifying the net’s intended use - indoors, outdoors, or both - to determine the appropriate net type.

Material is another important factor, as it affects the durability and breathability of the net. Polyester mesh is a popular choice due to its tear resistance and lightweight properties. Size and weight are also crucial, especially if you plan on carrying the net with you during your travels.

Breathability plays a significant role in ensuring a comfortable sleeping environment.

Look for nets with the following features:

A higher number of holes per square inch (the recommended minimum is 156, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to allow for adequate airflow while still protecting against insects

Insecticide treatment

Zippered entrances

Reinforced tops and bottoms

These features can influence your decision when choosing the best mosquito net to protect against bug bites, the discomfort of a mosquito bite, and mosquito borne diseases, including West Nile virus and yellow fever, in addition to the already mentioned mosquito borne disease.

In conclusion, the perfect travel mosquito net for you depends on your specific needs and preferences. Whether it’s the versatile Coghlans Mosquito Net , the outdoor-friendly Kamp-Rite (IPS) Insect Protection System , the folding AMMER Pop-Up Mosquito Net Tent , or the spacious Mekkapro Ultra-Large Mosquito Net , there’s a mosquito net out there that will suit your needs.

Remember to consider factors such as intended use, material, size, weight, breathability, and additional features when choosing your ideal mosquito net. By doing so, you can ensure a peaceful and bug-free sleeping experience, no matter where your adventures take you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is black or white mosquito netting better.

Given the qualities of both Black and White Mesh, it is best to make a decision based on your needs as they each have advantages for different applications. Black mesh provides better clarity while white mesh offers more privacy.

How do you use a mosquito net in a hotel room?

To use a mosquito net in a hotel room, pull your net out of its stuff sack and spread it out on your bed. Look for good suspension points such as hooks, beams or light fittings in the ceiling or walls. Attach the cord to these points using the screw hooks and wall or ceiling plugs included in the suspension set.

What is the best mosquito netting for Africa?

For trips to Africa, impregnated mosquito nets are essential for protection against diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika.

Will a mosquito net stop flies?

Mosquito nets provide effective protection against insects and flies, making them suitable for indoor and outdoor use in spaces like beds, cribs, and playgrounds. They come with a conical design and a free carry bag for portability.

What can I use instead of a mosquito net?

You can drive away mosquitoes by using natural repellents like camphor, or by increasing air flow with a fan. You may also apply an insect repellent to your skin or use indoor residual spraying of insecticides as an alternative to mosquito nets.

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Buying Guide: 4 Best Travel Mosquito Net

by Melissa Giroux | Last updated Feb 25, 2023 | Camping , Travel Gear , Travel Tips

Summer is here, and all around the country, people are planning to travel and spend quality time outdoors.

But along with the sweltering heat comes bugs of various kinds, which makes it important to find the best mosquito net for travel.

Mosquitos actually serve essential functions in many ecosystems.

But they also carry diseases and can cause a great deal of discomfort to hapless travelers, campers, and outdoor enthusiasts.

If you prefer not to use bug spray, you might consider getting a mosquito net for your next trip or outdoor adventure.

Here we review some of the best travel mosquito nets on the market, all of which can make your trip more enjoyable.

Check them out if you plan to spend a lot of time on the road or outdoors this summer!

What To Look For When Buying A Mosquito Net

So what is the best mosquito net for travel? Simply put, it is the one that keeps mosquitos out and provides sufficient coverage.

Depending on your needs, it could be mosquito net headgear, a mosquito net tent, or anything in between.

Apart from these primary considerations, a mosquito net for travel should also fulfill the following requirements:

• Portability
• Ease of use  
• Effectiveness 

A travel mosquito net will be subjected to pretty rugged conditions, so it should be durable enough to hold up against wear and tear. 

You wouldn’t want to wake up in the middle of the night with a tear in your mosquito net, would you? 

Size is another important consideration. The mosquito net you buy should fit you comfortably, with your entire body protected. 

Even just having your feet or elbows sticking out could result in a sleepless night fighting off mosquitos. 

The best mosquito nets for backpacking are light and easy to fold into a compact form. The bigger and bulkier an accessory is, the less likely you will want to bring it with you on a trip. 

When folded, it should be small enough to fit into your backpack without taking up too much space.

Don’t neglect ease of use either. Ideally, you should be able to set up your mosquito net within a few minutes. 

Any longer, and you risk having to deal with a couple of mosquitos having their way with you, which is no fun under any circumstances. 

This goes for teardown as well. As with many types of camping equipment, the ability to pack away your mosquito net is just as important as being able to set it up quickly. 

A travel mosquito net for bed should be easy to take down and pack up without too much trouble. 

4 Best Mosquito Nets For Travel

Ultimately, the true test of a mosquito net is its effectiveness. All the 5 models reviewed here do an excellent job of keeping mosquitos outside. 

But one, in particular, has a mosquito-repellent feature built-in, which makes it better suited for places with a large mosquito population. 

Coghlan’s Mosquito Net

It is large enough to cover chairs, mattresses, and even your entire bed, ensuring a good night’s sleep, whether indoors or outdoors. 

And if you need protection from mosquitos while on a camping trip, the Coghlan’s Mosquito Net will even fit over a couple of sleeping bags and cots laid side-by-side.

The Coghlan’s Net features a single-point suspension system coupled with a 6” sheeting border. When tucked under your bed, mat, or sleeping bag, there is no way that mosquitos will be able to enter and disturb your slumber. 

Coghlan’s netting can be set up and anchored in a few minutes with poles or rope that you provide. Its design lets you anchor it from the bottom corners, so it remains secure all night. 

Runnzer Pop-Up Single Mosquito Tent

The aptly named Runnzer Pop-Up Single Mosquito Tent literally pops up almost instantly, making it the perfect choice for harried travelers and campers. 

It doesn’t even require a complicated install procedure, as it automatically sets itself up when you pull off the elastic strap.

Furthermore, it is just as easy to tear down and pack up, making it an even better choice for camping and traveling. 

When folded, the net fits into a small bag measuring only 15” in diameter and 1.18” thick. Plus, it weighs only 3 lbs., so it won’t add too much weight to your luggage or backpack. 

The Runnzer Pop-Up Single Mosquito Tent is made of polyester. This material makes the net remarkably resistant to stains as well as wear and tear.

Kamp-Rite Insect Protection System

The Kamp-Rite Insect Protection System is a one-person model, but it has an innovative system for keeping out mosquitoes that might make it a better option for you than other mosquito nets. 

Called the “Insect Protection System (IPS)”, this feature utilizes an inner layer made with extremely fine mesh material.

This system is proven to be remarkably effective at keeping out all mosquitos and other flying insects. 

The Kamp-Rite is primarily intended for outdoor use, although you can use it indoors as well. 

If you do have to use it outside, the addition of a rain fly that attaches to the inner layer ensures that you remain dry and snug even if it rains at night.

Atwater Carey Sleep Screen Pop-Up Mosquito Net

The Atwater Carey Sleep Screen Pop-Up Mosquito Net is an advanced anti-mosquito protection system that comes with its own bug repellent. 

It combines a convenient pop-up design with permethrin-treated nets, providing a powerful and highly effective deterrent against pesky mosquitos and other insects. 

The system is so effective that it even keeps out flies and ticks, so you can look forward to a peaceful night’s sleep wherever you are. 

You don’t have to worry about harmful chemicals or unpleasant odors either. The permethrin in the nets is unscented and safe to use and will last for years without further treatment.

The Atwater Carey Sleep Screen Pop-Up Mosquito Net utilizes a self-erecting pole for support. 

As a result, setup and teardown are quick and easy, even if you’ve never assembled a mosquito net before. 

Final Thoughts On Mosquito Net For Travelers

Mosquitos are found almost everywhere on the planet, and getting rid of them entirely is often next to impossible. 

Spending time outdoors or on the road usually means sharing space with them. Therefore, it is up to us to find ways to prevent them from bothering us. 

Mosquito nets are essential equipment for those who spend long periods in mosquito habitats.  Alternatively, you can also use mosquito repellent .

Get any one of the examples reviewed in this article, and you should be able to enjoy your time on the road or outdoors without worry.

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The Most Effective Bug Repellents for African Safaris

Going on an African Safari is a trip of a lifetime. You’ll see and do things that you’ll remember for the rest of your life. Whether you’re going as a couple, taking the whole family or enjoying a solo trip, you’re sure to enjoy yourself.

However, there’s one thing that can get in the way of your enjoyment- bugs. You’ll likely already know that Africa is known for mosquitos and other pesky bugs that can bite. Here are some tips on finding the best bug repellent for your trip.

What is Malaria?

Female Anopheles mosquitos spread malaria. These mosquitos will most often bite during the night, so it’s essential to sleep with a mosquito net during your trip. The Malaria parasite enters the bloodstream and then travels to the liver. 

Once the infection develops, it re-enters the bloodstream and attacks red blood cells. Some of the symptoms of Malaria include:

• Muscle Pain

There are lots of things you can do to repel these mosquitos and other bugs you may encounter on your trip.

When choosing which bug repellent to take with you, you may be faced with an extensive choice. Remember that cheap repellents may not work as well and you’ll be putting yourself at risk using them.

The main ingredient in any good bug repellent is DEET. The higher the concentration of DEET in your repellent, the more protected you’ll be from bugs. You can find out the concentration by looking at the ingredients list.

In addition, the higher the concentration of DEET, the longer your repellent will last. For example, a repellent with 80% DEET could last up to ten hours if you’re out exploring for the day.

Always read the instructions on your repellent carefully as some should not be applied directly to your skin.

Which Repellents Should I Buy?

It’s often better to buy your repellents before you go on your trip. It could be difficult to find them while you’re traveling. Here are some repellents you can rely on while you’re away.

• RID Tropical Insect Repellent- This Australian produced repellent is considered one of the best on the market. It’s safe to spray directly onto your skin and clothing and it repels all flying insects. It comes in both spray and roll-on form.
• Natrapel 8-hour insect repellent- This is another repellent that’s safe to use on your skin. That’s because the product is totally DEET free and uses a Picaridin formula instead.
• Mosi Guard- This is a popular insect repellent choice because the ingredients are more natural. The active ingredient is OLE (Oil of lemon eucalyptus) which is known to successfully repel mosquitos. 
• Jungle Formula- This repellent contains 50% DEET and it comes in a handy spray that’s easy to carry around as you explore. This is also a great option for children above the age of six-years-old. You can pick this up on Amazon for quick delivery.

Mosquito Repellent and Young Children

The ingredient DEET is not recommended for young children’s skin. The highest percentage that can safely be applied is 7%. It is also unwise to apply any bug repellent to children’s hands as they have a habit of rubbing their eyes or putting their fingers in their mouths.

RID Tropical Insect Repellent is one of the safest options on the market. They make a child-safe version of their repellent called KIDs RID. 

Electronic Repellents

Many people wonder whether electronic repellents work as well as sprays or roll on’s. After all, it would save you the hassle of remembering to apply your repellent. However, it is not recommended that you use an electronic repellent alone.

Electronic repellents need to be plugged in at an electronic point, so they’re most useful in hotel rooms as you sleep. The repellent releases vapor into the room that will discourage bugs from entering.

You should still reapply your spray or lotion before sleeping each night to make sure you’re fully protected, especially when visiting areas like Nigeria.

Have you ever wondered why people on safari wear light-colored clothes? You’ve probably seen the light-colored shirts and cargo pants before. In fact, it’s often referred to as ‘ going on safari ‘. 

There’s a good reason why people on safari wear these light colors. While traveling around, you’re more susceptible to bug bites but bugs are far more attracted to darker colors. 

So, bare that in mind while you’re packing your suitcase. White, cream and beige colors are all great if you’ve got a lot of sight-seeing to do. 

It’s also important to make sure you pack long sleeve tops and pants. Cotton is a fantastic fabric for staying cool in the heat. You should aim to wear long sleeves and pants first thing in the morning and last thing at night when the mosquitos tend to be out in force.

When you’re out exploring and enjoying yourself, it can be difficult to remember to reapply your mosquito repellent. A great way of reminding yourself is to set a timer on your watch or phone so you get an alert when you’re busy.

Choosing The Best Bug Repellent For You

If you’re headed on an African safari, bug repellent is a must for your travel kit. Since many areas of Africa are known for malaria mosquitos, it’s important to choose a repellent that is reliable.

Look at the reviews and avoid buying cheap replications. Here are some more facts  to know about your African safari. 

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Tips for dealing with mosquitoes while on a safari

4th April 2018

Whilst a hazard at the best of times, mosquitoes are particularly dangerous when encountered on an African safari . Malaria is one of the most deadly diseases in the world, and the mosquitoes inhabiting this region of our planet are one of the major carriers of it. When travelling through such at-risk areas of the world, be sure therefore to take anti-malarial medications before you go. To be on the extra safe side, there are also a number of things you can do to protect yourself from mosquitoes whilst on your holiday. Here are a few tips.

Use repellent

Number one rule when out on safari, is to be wearing a good mosquito repellent at all times. Which are the best mosquito repellents to use? The most powerful and effective repellents contain at least 20 per cent DEET as their active ingredient. However, according to some research, this substance is toxic to humans – and the environment – so if you don’t want to expose yourself or loved ones to DEET, there are also many natural, eco-friendly alternatives now on the market, containing active ingredients such as citronella and eucalyptus oil, picaridin, pyrethrins, etc. These formulae may not be as effective at warding off mosquitoes, however, so it is up to you to decide if the trade off in protection from bugs is truly worth it.

Use a mosquito net when you sleep

This one is self-explanatory. Protect yourself from insects when you are your most vulnerable by placing a mosquito net over your tent, hammock etc. For extra good results, you can spray the net itself with mosquito repellant

Wear the right clothing

To minimize your exposure to mosquitoes, be sure to wear thick long-sleeved shirts and pants, and tucks your pants into your socks. Also wear thick, sturdy shoes. Another tip is to wear light-colored clothes, as darker shades attract more insects.

Pay attention to your diet

You may not have realized, but mosquitoes have a real sweet tooth – sugar is a major energy booster for them. This means that the higher your intake of sugar, the more at risk you are of mosquito bites. Try therefore not to give in to your cravings for sugary treats whilst out on safari! Also avoid too many wheat products, as mosquitoes can pick up the smell of yeast from a mile away, and are drawn to it like moths to a flame.

Mosquitoes are also drawn to light and flame, so avoid switching on unnecessary lighting during the evening hours. Use the bear minimum of lighting that you need!

Another means of repelling mosquitoes is to use mosquito coils. Place them underneath your bed, sleeping bag or other equipment in order to ward off the blood sucking pests. Despite their rather unwelcoming odour, these devices are highly effective at repelling bugs, and are quite long lasting as well – they can last as long as 8 hours in the best of cases.

If you are using deodorant, after-shave or perfume in order to attract a certain someone, then be aware that you will be attracting mosquitoes as well! Mosquitoes are heavily drawn to the sweet-smelling aroma of these accessories, so avoid laying them on too thick!

main image ©Azura Selous Camp

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Mosquito Nets – Do You Need One And Which Ones Are Best?

Posted by Cora Harrison | Dec 12, 2020 | Packing Tips

Your list of travel necessities is long, your baggage allowance is small and so is your budget. So should you invest in mosquito nets before setting out on your travels? Well, it essentially depends where you are going. But if you are visiting a country where mosquito-borne disease, or any illness carried by insects, is prevalent, the short answer is yes, you need one.

Mosquito nets provide a protective barrier around you as you sleep, which is when you are often most vulnerable. The biggest threat that comes with mosquitoes is malaria , and the mosquito that carries it – the Anopheles mosquito – is most active at dusk and dawn. One of the most deadly diseases in the world, malaria is caused by a blood parasite that multiplies within the host, destroying red blood cells.

Sound nasty? It is. This is why purchasing a mosquito net is vital if you are travelling to any country where malaria is a risk. But it could also protect you against other diseases, including dengue fever , yellow fever , Zika virus and different forms of the encephalitis virus.

So what should you look for when purchasing mosquito nets? It depends on the nature of your trip. If you are backpacking around and moving locations frequently, a lightweight, compact net is worth considering. If you are going to be residing long-term somewhere, maybe think about getting a net that will offer more space, air circulation and comfort.

Also, many nets are pre-treated with an insecticide, such as Permethrin or Deltamethrin , which are much more efficient than normal nets. The insecticide kills the mosquitoes as soon as they come into contact, or simply repels them. In fact, the repellent effect of the chemical can also protect people in the room who aren't using the net – so you are protecting others while also protecting yourself – extra bonus points!

So what options do you have?

1 – Self-supporting Nets

Self-supporting mosquito nets come with hoops or wands to create a frame that suspends the net over the sleeper like a tent. They often come with a base so you are completely enclosed and protected from anything crawling around on the ground or on your bed. The advantage of a net-like this is not having to stress about strings and hooks, which can be a nightmare, especially in hostel bunk-beds. It can also be used on a bed, in a tent, and even outside. However, these nets are often more expensive, bulkier, and heavier. The space inside is also slightly cramped, so there is less air circulation.

We recommend: Lifesystems GeoNet Free Standing Mosquito Net

This net is made of a fine mesh, and has a simple dome-shaped design, providing maximum headroom. It is constructed using two lightweight aluminum poles which are easily collapsed and packed away. There is also a waterproof groundsheet and zip-up entrance.

Price: £62.99

2 – Pop-up Nets

Similar to the self-supporting nets, pop-ups are the quickest nets to assemble – you just take it out of the bag, and boom, there you have it! You can use also use it inside a tent or outside under the stars, making it ideal for campers.

We recommend: Pyramid Mosinet Single Bed Pop-Up Mosquito Net

This pop-up net is large and airy, with a side zip for easy entry and exit. It comes pre-treated with Permethrin, effective for 2 years, and there is also a double-bed version. While it couldn't be easier to put up, reviews suggest taking it down is another matter. Worth watching a YouTube tutorial before you set out on your travels!

Price: £49.95

3 – Wedge Mosquito Nets

These nets get their name from their wedge-like shape, similar to a doorstop.  They are designed to provide maximum space over the sleeper's head, while the lower end drapes over your bedding. They are some of the cheapest nets around and are relatively simple to put up, requiring only one or two supporting points. Lightweight and compact, they are ideal for backpackers who are moving around a lot. However, like the self-supporting net, they are also are fairly small and can feel a bit cramped.

We recommend: Lifesystems Superlight Micro Mosquito Net

This net weighs only 180g and is the size of a hand towel when folded – ideal for those travelling light. It requires only one support, above your head. It is a great choice for a single person backpacking around: easy to put up, and unpack, and is also treated with insecticide formula for extra protection.

Price: £19.99

4 – Bell Mosquito Nets

Bell nets are shaped like a bell – surprise, surprise – with one single suspension point above the centre of the bed from which the net hangs. Although they are quite bulky and heavy, they are easy to erect, with only one hanging point, and provide plenty of air circulation – perfect for hot, tropical nights. Plus, they look glamorous and stylish, for added interior design points!

We recommend: Lifesystems BellNet Double Mosquito Net

This net has been designed for extra strength and tear resistance – making it a great long-term investment. It fits both double and single beds, and has a single hanging point over the centre, providing plenty of height and space. Airy and comfortable, this is the perfect option for those who have more space in their luggage and who are worried about it getting a little bit stuffy.

Price: £26.99

5 – Box Nets

Box nets are rectangular, mimicking the shape of the bed. They provide lots of space and air circulation, with the largest enclosed volume of any style of net. However, they are trickier to assemble and take down, with 4 different points of suspension. It may be difficult to find suitable places to attach them from in more basic accommodation, and they can also be quite heavy.

We recommend: Lifesystems BoxNet Double Mosquito Net

This net is for two people, but could also be used as an extra spacious net for one. Again, it is pre-treated with Lifesystems EX8 formula. Although ideal for those who are keen on comfort and concerned about being too hot, it is less good if you a moving around on a regular basis.

Price: £29.99

So once you've decided on the best net for your trip, what else can you do to protect against bites?

• Of course, the first step should be to talk to your healthcare provider about antimalarials. Although no anti-malarial is 100% effective, they will do a great deal to reduce your risk of contracting the disease, especially if combined with nets and repellants.
• Place a fan near your bed to provide a gentle breeze that will keep mosquitoes from landing on your skin. According to the American Mosquito Control Association, mosquitoes are weak fliers, and the fan also disperses your scent so mosquitoes are less attracted to you.
• Avoid getting too hot at night as the odours released with sweat attract mosquitoes. But you don't want to be naked either! Wear long, loose clothing that is comfortable but also keeps you covered.

With all this in mind, you can sleep easy knowing that any creepy-crawly bedfellows stand no chance of staging an attack!

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About The Author

Cora Harrison

I am a Nomad Girl who is a freelance writer whose interests include travel, food, drink, arts and culture. And yes, Netflix counts as culture.

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11 BEST Mosquito Nets [2023 Guide!]

It’s 2am and there’s a sudden droning sound right in your ear, which means only one thing – mosquito! And we guarantee they won’t leave you alone until long after they’ve had their fill – of you.

Avoiding this situation is easy. Have a mosquito net in place and sleep like a baby!

Mosquitos and other biting insects are not only troublesome sleep disturbers, but they are disease-carrying in many of the world’s most exciting destinations too. Everything from malaria to Japanese encephalitis is transmitted by mosquitos, so as your physician will tell you, a mosquito net is a health must-have!

But which one should you buy? A head net, a box net or bell-shaped net? Read on and you’ll discover which sort of mosquito net is best for you and your needs!

Quick Summary: The Best Mosquito Nets

#1 –  Coghlan’s Mosquito Head Net

Best mosquito head net.

Being fully protected from mosquitos and other biting insects doesn’t mean you have to be cocooned away inside vast sheets of white netting! If you’re out and about, hiking or bird watching, for example, you really just need something to protect your head and neck.

The Coghlan’s Mosquito Head Net does just that, and at a price that makes its worth the purchase even if it ends up sitting in a cupboard.

It fits easily over most pieces of headwear, which will help keep the mesh away from your eyes, but has an elasticated neck to bar entry to bugs from that direction.

• Great price point
• Can use out and about
• Fits over most headwear
• Elasticated neck
• Only protects head and neck
• Finer meshes are available
• Elasticated neck may be uncomfortable to some
• Difficult for spectacles wearers to use

Is the Coghlan’s Mosquito Head Net for you?

Weighing next to nothing, costing a similar amount, and taking up no time in your bag, the Coghlan’s Mosquito Head Net is a good alternative to a full-blown bed net for those who find themselves needing protection from mosquitos while on the move.

Check this out! Our complete guide to the most underrated travel vests!

#2 –  Dimples Excel

Best mosquito nets for camping.

The Dimples Excel mosquito net is a single-person net which is one of our preferred options for camping because it is so light. Its slimline pyramidal shape means there’s no excess mesh to be carrying around as would be the case with a bulkier box style net.

Designing the net to be hung from a single central point also helps reduce the weight compared to a net with two or four hanging points. Even so, the design manages to incorporate a limited bottom section which can be placed beneath a camping mattress for extra security from mosquitos and ground-dwelling insects gaining entry that way.

Overall, its clever design means the Dimples Excel weighs only six ounces, and fits into its own carry bag and compression sack of 4 x 5 inches!

• Streamlined design
• Just 6 ounces
• Pyramidal shape
• Bottom shield
• Single-person net
• Less headroom than a box net
• Single, near central hanging point
• No pegs included

Is the Dimples Excel for you?

If you enjoy getting outside in the wild but hate the bites and irritation that come with the accompanying mosquitos and other biting insects, the Dimples Excel provides a well-constructed answer. A design that minimizes excess mesh means this net weights just six ounces, perfect for anyone carrying their own kit.

Recommended – Like kayaks? We made a list of the coolest inflatable kayaks on the market!

#3 – Kamp-Rite Insect Protection System

For a mosquito net that’s a little more hardcore in nature, try the Insect Protection System created by Kamp-Rite. It takes the form, and a lot of the functions, of an all-in-one single person tent.

The major difference is that the inner lining fully comprises a mosquito proof ultrafine mesh. In hotter dryer destinations you can simply use the Insect Protection System as is, while if rain is in the air, there’s also an integrated rain fly to keep you dry and bite free both at the same time.

It packs down into a carry bag that’s easy to handle, and the whole lot has a total weight of just six pounds.

• Ultrafine mesh
• Inner layer fully mosquito proof
• Close to being a tent
• Single-person design
• 6 lb weight
• Small dimensions, like all smaller tents

Is the Kamp-Rite Insect Protection System for you?

Spend a lot of time out doors? Maybe you already have a tent with an inner layer, but you’re always finding mosquitos find a way in? The Insect Protection System by Kamp-Rite could be the answer for you. The ultrafine mesh will keep even the smallest of mosquitos out, while the tent-like structure means you’re fully protected for a good night’s sleep

#4 – Krazy Outdoors Night Guardian Hammock

Another interesting alternative as a mosquito net for camping is the Night Guardian Hammock by Krazy Outdoors. As you may have already guessed, this number comes in the form of a hammock camping bed, hanging between a couple of trees, and having the added benefit of avoiding any interaction with ground-dwelling bugs.

Surprisingly simple to set up even for those without any experience of sailing knots, the result is a ‘bed’ space of nine feet long by four and a half feet wide, an incredibly good sized space compared to other mosquito net options.

Far from being too weighty to use, the Night Guardian Hammock weighs just 1.6 lbs, and fits into a provided carry bag.

• Avoids ground insects too
• Easy to set up
• Good sized bed space
• Straps not included
• Larger than a standard net

Is the Krazy Outdoors Night Guardian Hammock for you?

The Krazy Outdoors Night Guardian Hammock kills two birds (or should that be mosquitos?) with one stone – preventing mosquitos biting thanks to the net while preventing ground-dwelling bugs from having a chance of attack too. Simple to put up and take down, this is a great mosquito net for anyone into camping and the wilderness as well as those who just want a mosquito-free siesta in the back yard.

Recommended Article – Great packing cubes are one of our favorite travel hack!

#5 –  Atwater Carey

Best pop up mosquito net.

Heading into a camping and outdoor store can be an intimidating experience if you weren’t brought up around the camping world. Words and phrases can mean absolutely nothing.

But here’s a phrase you’ll definitely understand, even if you’ve never thought about using a mosquito net before – pop-up! That’s right, the Alwater Carey is a pop-up mosquito net! You need do absolutely nothing!

There’s no assembly of any type required for you to have a snug, freestanding mosquito proof dome net around you. What’s more, the Atwater Carey has been pre-treated with an insect repellent that will keep bugs from crawling on the net as well as entering.

• It’s a pop-up!
• No experience or assembly required
• Treated with insect repellent
• Freestanding
• Dome-shaped design
• Just over 14 oz in weight
• A little tricky to fold back up

Is the Atwater Carey for you?

If you want all the mosquito-free benefits of a mosquito net without the hassle or stress of assembly, then you should grab the Atwater Carey pop-up mosquito net with both hands! The freestanding dome net that results is also treated with insect repellent, to keep those bugs as far away from you while you sleep as possible!

We are obsessed with backpacks – we’ve tried them all! And our favourite carry on backpack in the WORLD is the Nomatic Travel Backpack.  This backpack has revolutionized the backpack industry and will change the way you travel forever :) Check it out here!

#6 –  Universal Backpackers Net

Best travel mosquito net.

You don’t have to be out amid trees, lakes, and bears to need protection from mosquitos. With malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases rife in many destinations, in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, a mosquito net you can use inside while traveling is just as important.

The Universal Backpackers Net fulfills this demand. Its traditional bell-shaped structure requires just one hanging point – on a ceiling or wall. The loose ends at the bottom of the netting are tucked beneath the mattress or similar to make the net secure. A carry bag comes as part of the package, which weighs just 0.8 lbs in total!

• Designed for travel
• Requires just one hanging point
• Just 0.8 lbs
• Intended for indoor use
• two-person net
• Bell-shaped design
• Max height of 7.5 feet for hanging

Is the Universal Backpacker Nets for you?

If you’re heading traveling and after a mosquito net that is relatively small, lightweight, but universal, you can’t do much better than the Universal Backpackers Net. It has all you need for a quiet night abroad without spending half your day setting the net up!

Pro Travel Tip – Travel money belts are the safest and surest way to protect your money while traveling.

#7 –  Pro-Tec Protective Mosquito Net Clothing

Best mosquito net clothing.

If the mozzies are seriously bad and a head net alone simply isn’t enough protection – your hands are still being attacked mercilessly for example – but you still need the flexibility and movement that a head net brings, then how about investing in mosquito net clothing?

It may not win you any fashion awards, but it might well save you from a lot of irritating bites and let you get on with what you went there to do.

Basically, the Pro-Tec Protective Mosquito Net Clothing acts as a mesh cape or anorak that slips over your clothes. With your arms inside, it gives you the possibility to continue working, or even eat a meal.

• Simple solution to a difficult problem
• Provides flexibility and movement
• Arms and hands are also protected
• Weighs 3 oz
• Not intended as a sleep aide
• Awkward for spectacle wearers
• Basic design
• No repellent pre-treatment

Is the Pro-Tec Protective Mosquito Net Clothing for you?

Those who work in, or enjoy being in, areas with high levels of mosquitos or other biting insects will understand entirely the reasons Pro-Tec development the Protective Mosquito Net Clothing. Simply slip the net smock over your clothes, and away you go, bite free!

#8 – Sea to Summit Mosquito Box Net

Best of the rest.

There’s actually a lot to be said for the box style of mosquito net. They provide enough protected space inside them that you can not only sleep but also sit up, which can be a real savior if you find yourself trapped in a mozzy-infested room.

Having a hanging point in each corner may sound like a difficulty, but in fact, they provide a degree of flexibility too, since using just a couple – even linked together at one hanging point – will give you enough room to sleep soundly. But alongside this, box nets such as the Sea to Summit Mosquito Box Net remain a lighter weight and relatively small option for those on the move!

• Simple yet effective
• Provides space for sitting up
• Single- and double-person versions available
• Weight of 1.5 lbs
• Box style not for everyone
• Ideally requires 4 hanging points
• Lighter box nets available

Is the Sea to Summit Mosquito Box Net for you?

Coming in both single- and double-person versions, the Mosquito Box Net by Sea to Summit provides easy-to-use protection against mosquitos and other biting insects. Offering more headroom than a pyramidal or bell-shaped net, this is a functional net that won’t let you down.

#9 – Coghlan’s Circular Net

Requiring just a single hanging point, the Coghlan’s Circular Net has a metal ring close to its hanging point to help the mesh spread out evenly. It can be used indoors above a bed, when the loose ends can be tucked beneath a mattress, or outside, with the ends pegged close to the ground.

With a maximum height capacity of eight feet and two inches its perfectly possible to sit inside the Coghlan’s Circular Net, and its 41 feet circumference means you can either allow it to drape vertically down, or be pegged tight instead. This net comes with its own carry bag, making it super easy to transport, too!

• Single hanging point required
• Circular net style
• 8 feet 2 inch maximum height
• Integrated metal ring makes it larger to transport
• Pegging into ground doesn’t fully prevent mosquito ingress
• 41 feet circumference
• Not large enough to stand inside

Is the Coghlan’s Circular Net for you?

The great advantage of the Coghlan’s Circular Net is its ability to be hung with just a single hanging point required. But on top of that, it can be used both inside and out, and despite the integrated metal ring, is still really quite easy to transport!

#10 – Mekkapro Ultra Large Mosquito Net

If plenty of space within a mosquito net is important to you, then you can’t do any better than the Mekkapro Ultra Large Mosquito Net. Needless to say, this mosquito net by Mekkapro is pretty large, capable of comfortably covering a king-sized bed for instance.

The design incorporates generous additions of mesh so you won’t have to fight to get it to fit either! Made from ecologically-minded ultrafine polyester, it is fully machine washable. It comes with its own carry case for easy transport, several fittings for hanging, and an additional length of chord as well!

• Fits over king-sized bed
• Ecologically-friendly
• Machine washable
• Requires more than one hanging point
• Too large for use when traveling
• 8 lb in weight
• No floor base

Is the Mekkapro Ultra Large Mosquito Net for you?

Not only is the this Ultra Large Mosquito Net by Mekkapro the largest you’ll find around, but it is also very usefully totally machine washable. And whether you decide to use it in the house or in the garden, the Mekkapro comes with everything you need to set it up out of the packet.

Further Reading – Save a bit of cash while hiking – Check out our guide to the best baby carriers for hiking !

#11 – Gloryfire Camping Mosquito Net

Weighing in at a middling 12.3 ounces our list ends with the Gloryfire Camping Mosquito Net. A true camping net, it comprises a high-density breathable mesh to help with the circulation of air inside the netting as you sleep.

The four reinforced corners give you ample versatility for ways to hang the net so long as there’s a tree or bush nearby, while the Gloryfire also comes pre-treated with mosquito repellent that shouldn’t need topping up for a whole 12 months. To top things off, the Gloryfire Camping Mosquito Net comes with a two year warranty!

• Specifically designed for camping
• Made with breathable netting
• Reinforced corners
• Pre-treated with mosquito repellent
• Not the lightest net at 12.3 oz
• Not a pop-up
• A little small perhaps
• Box style net

Is the Gloryfire Camping Mosquito Net for you?

We end with another great mosquito net. The Gloryfire Camping Mosquito Net is designed to be as breathable as possible without limiting its anti-mosquito properties. On top of that, this net comes pre-treated with mosquito repellent to further enhance its protection, while you’re also protected by the two year warranty!

Goodbye mosquitos!

Mosquitos and other biting insects will never be a problem for you again now you’ve read our guide to the best mosquito nets available! Whatever type you decide is the one for you – box style, bell-shaped, pop-up or ultra large – the peaceful sleep you get from them means you’ll never regret this purchase!

Editor’s Note  – No matter where you are traveling, you NEED to have  great travel insurance . We have personally tested TONS of travel insurance companies, and can say without a doubt that World Nomads is the absolute best (and most affordable!). Fill out the form below to get a quote.

***Disclaimer*** Some of the links in this post are affiliate links. This means that if you book your accommodation through the site, One Weird Globe will earn a small commission at no extra cost to you . Your support helps me keep the site going :)

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A Guide to Mosquito Nets for Travelling

Mosquitoes present a whole host of problems for travellers, from painful and itchy bites to much more serious, life-threatening diseases. So whether you’re visiting a country with a high risk of Malaria or often find yourself the main course on an insect’s menu, ensuring you have taken steps to prevent bites and insect-borne disease is essential to keeping you healthy during your trip.

Prior to departure, you should discuss vaccinations you may need as well as antimalarial medication with your GP or local travel clinic. They will be able to advise you on whether or not you will require vaccinations for diseases such as Yellow Fever and Japanese Encephalitis , as well as which antimalarial medication would be best suited to you if you’re travelling to an area with a high Malaria risk.

As well as vaccinations, medication and mosquito repellent , you should also consider a mosquito net for your trip. When you’re sleeping, you’re pretty much a sitting duck, just waiting for the mosquitoes and other insects to come and make a meal out of you. Mosquito nets provide a protective barrier to keep mosquitoes and other insects away from you while you sleep and come in a range of styles to suit all types of accommodation, from hostels to camp sites.

Introduction to Mosquito Nets

The type of mosquito net you will require all depends on your accommodation, for hostels and hotels you would be able to use most styles of net but if you’re camping you will find ridge and freestanding options will be the best option for you.

Mosquito nets are available in both treated and untreated options, with treated options often impregnated with an insecticide such as Permethrin or Deltamethrin to repel mosquitoes and stop them from landing on your net and trying to find their way inside.

Most mosquito nets will specify how many holes they have per square inch of fabric, this usually ranges from 156 through to 400, with 400 commonly being used for midge protection. You’ll find that nets with a higher hole count will not be as breathable as nets with a lower hole count, this is because the holes are much smaller and will not allow as much air to pass through and circulate inside the net – great for keeping even the smallest of insects out but not so great for keeping you cool while you sleep! The World Health Organisation states that mosquito nets should not be less than 156 holes per square inch.

Types of Mosquito Nets

We’ve listed the different styles of mosquito net available, with pros and cons for each type.

Wedge nets tend to be the most common and popular choice due to them being easier to hang and their compact and lightweight design, these features make this style of net a great choice for backpacking, where pack size and weight are of paramount importance.

If you’re travelling as a couple, you may want to opt for a box or bell net as these are easy to find in a double bed sized option.

Many mosquito nets will come with hanging kits, which usually include items such as screw in ceiling hooks and cord for attaching your net to suspension points in the ceiling or wall. If your net doesn’t come with hanging accessories, Lifesystems have a special mosquito net hanging pack that has everything you need to make hanging your net a less stressful affair.

How to Hang a Mosquito Net

Many travellers often ask the question, “how do I hang a mosquito net?” and worry about how they will manage to do this when they arrive at their hostel or other accommodation.

The truth is, most hostels and hotels in tropical countries and mosquito infested areas will be equipped with suspension points for you to hang your net from, be it a wooden beam in the ceiling or hooks that have already been installed. If you are concerned about this, it’s worth taking some screw in or suction hooks with you, as well as some cord or string to attach your net to the hanging points.

Here are some tips on how to hang your net…

1) Pull your net out of it’s stuff sack or case and spread it out on your bed, this way you can easily locate the hanging point(s).

2) Check the ceiling or walls for good suspension points, this could be a hook, beam or light fitting in the ceiling or wall. If you’re outdoors, your suspension point will most likely be a tree or tree branch!

3) It’s a safer option to attach your net’s hanging points to hooks and pins by using cord or string, that way the net’s material won’t snag and allow insects inside.

4) Tuck the bottom of your mosquito net under your mattress or sleeping mat, making sure there are no gaps that insects could climb through.

These simple steps should help you create a safer sleeping space for the night and keep mosquitoes and other insects at bay. A good mosquito repellent with DEET should be used in addition to your mosquito net for the highest level of protection!

View our range of travel mosquito nets here .

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Preventing Mosquito Bites While Traveling

• Plan ahead before traveling.
• Pack insect repellent and protective clothing.
• Look for lodging with screens or air conditioning or pack a mosquito net.
• If traveling abroad, find out if vaccines for mosquito-borne diseases are available.
• After your trip, watch for symptoms and prevent mosquito bites for 3 weeks.

Overseas travelers should learn about current risks and how to prevent mosquito bites during their trip . Mosquitoes spread viruses and parasites not common or present in the continental United States, such as:

• Chikungunya —Vaccine available for travelers
• Dirofilariasis (dog heartworm)
• Japanese encephalitis —Vaccine available for travelers
• Lymphatic filariasis
• Malaria —If traveling to an area where malaria is found , talk to your healthcare provider about malaria prevention medication.
• Rift Valley fever
• Yellow fever —Vaccine available for travelers

Prevention tips

The best way to prevent mosquito bites is to use an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellent with one of the active ingredients listed below. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

• Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the United States)
• Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE)—A plant-derived ingredient
• Para-menthane-diol (PMD)
• 2-undecanone—A plant-derived ingredient

Find an EPA-registered insect repellent‎

Making a plan

Before your trip.

Make a checklist of everything you'll need for an enjoyable vacation and use the following resources to help you prepare.

• Review country-specific travel recommendations , health notices, and warnings.
• Visit a travel clinic or your healthcare provider 4 to 6 weeks before your trip.
• Choose lodging with window and door screens or air conditioning, when possible.
• Pack a travel health kit .

Learn about vaccines for travelers

For most viruses spread by mosquitoes, no vaccines or medicines are available. However, vaccines are available for chikungunya , Japanese encephalitis , and yellow fever viruses. Travelers to areas with risk of those viruses should discuss vaccination with their healthcare provider.

Pack the following items

• EPA-registered insect repellent
• Loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts and pants. Mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing.
• Clothing and gear (such as boots, socks, tents) treated with 0.5% permethrin .
• Mosquito net if you will be sleeping outside or when screened rooms are not available.

Use mosquito nets‎

After your trip, what to do if you have symptoms.

• If you have a fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, or rash, see your healthcare provider immediately.
• Tell your provider about your symptoms and your travel history.

What to do even if you are not sick

• Prevent mosquito bites for 3 weeks after your trip.
• This ensures that you do not spread viruses like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika to uninfected mosquitoes.

Fact sheets

• Protect Against Mosquito Bites When Traveling
• Protect Yourself from Mosquito Bites Outside

Infographic

Mosquito Bites Can Make You Sick

Mosquitoes can spread germs. Prevent mosquito bites to protect yourself from dengue, malaria, West Nile, and other infections. Take steps to control mosquitoes.

For Everyone

Public health.

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• Open access
• Published: 11 June 2021

Maps and metrics of insecticide-treated net access, use, and nets-per-capita in Africa from 2000-2020

• Amelia Bertozzi-Villa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-0028 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Caitlin A. Bever 2 ,
• Hannah Koenker 4 ,
• Daniel J. Weiss   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6175-5648 1 , 5 ,
• Camilo Vargas-Ruiz 1 ,
• Anita K. Nandi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-2494 3 ,
• Harry S. Gibson   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-3250 3 ,
• Joseph Harris 1 ,
• Katherine E. Battle   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2401-2615 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Susan F. Rumisha 1 , 6 ,
• Suzanne Keddie 1 ,
• Punam Amratia 1 ,
• Rohan Arambepola 3 ,
• Ewan Cameron 1 , 5 ,
• Elisabeth G. Chestnutt 3 ,
• Emma L. Collins 3 ,
• Justin Millar 3 ,
• Swapnil Mishra   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8759-5902 7 ,
• Jennifer Rozier 1 ,
• Tasmin Symons 1 ,
• Katherine A. Twohig 3 ,
• T. Deirdre Hollingsworth   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5962-4238 3 ,
• Peter W. Gething   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6759-5449 1 , 5   na1 &
• Samir Bhatt 7 , 8   na1  

Nature Communications volume  12 , Article number:  3589 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Metrics details

• Computational models
• Epidemiology
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Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most widespread and impactful malaria interventions in Africa, yet a spatially-resolved time series of ITN coverage has never been published. Using data from multiple sources, we generate high-resolution maps of ITN access, use, and nets-per-capita annually from 2000 to 2020 across the 40 highest-burden African countries. Our findings support several existing hypotheses: that use is high among those with access, that nets are discarded more quickly than official policy presumes, and that effectively distributing nets grows more difficult as coverage increases. The primary driving factors behind these findings are most likely strong cultural and social messaging around the importance of net use, low physical net durability, and a mixture of inherent commodity distribution challenges and less-than-optimal net allocation policies, respectively. These results can inform both policy decisions and downstream malaria analyses.

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Introduction.

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most widespread, impactful, and cost-effective tools for combating malaria transmission in Africa, averting an estimated 450 million cases from 2000 to 2015 1 , 2 , 3 . Mass ITN distributions have been a core component of malaria control for almost two decades, over which period billions of dollars of aid have flowed into ITN production and distribution, resulting in the delivery of more than two billion nets to households across the continent. While the broad importance of ITNs is generally uncontested, many questions remain regarding optimal net allocation strategies, net owners’ decisions on when to use and discard nets, and how to position ITN campaigns within a complex landscape of risk, cost, and impact. While others have addressed these questions locally and specifically, this analysis aggregates data and fills gaps across space and time to provide context and detect patterns in ITN distribution, utilization, and retention for 40 malaria-endemic countries in Africa from 2000 to 2020.

In summarizing the coverage of ITN distributions, two indicators are generally used: access, which measures what proportion of the population could sleep under a net assuming two people per net 4 ; and use, which measures what proportion of the population does sleep under a net. These two metrics are often combined to calculate the use rate, defined as use among those with access. A final indicator, nets-per-capita (NPC), tracks net volume among the population and is primarily used for procurement purposes 5 , 6 . Throughout this paper, we will refer to metrics specifically by name, or use the term “coverage” to indicate any combination of metrics. All results in this analysis are reported among the population at risk of malaria, defined here as anyone living in a zone with stable Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission 7 .

Initially, ITN interventions were targeted at children under five and pregnant women 8 . However, targets for ITN coverage have since expanded to include the entire population at risk 9 , though “universal coverage” targets are commonly set to 80% for both access and use 5 , 10 . In recent years, language around coverage targets has softened to acknowledge the heterogeneous intervention needs of different settings, though universal coverage remains the official policy 11 .

Together, these coverage metrics encapsulate three key challenges to optimal ITN performance: distribution, utilization, and retention. Distributing nets from manufacturers to homes across Africa presents a massive supply-chain and commodity challenge that hinders sufficient net acquisition for many households. At higher coverage levels, there is some evidence of ITNs being overallocated to more accessible households that already have sufficient nets, leaving coverage gaps for less protected households 4 , 12 . While ITN utilization is often high among those with access 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , heterogeneities have been observed across space 14 , seasons 16 , age groups 17 , 18 , and genders 19 . There is some evidence of a small proportion of nets being misused for fishing 20 , 21 , 22 and older nets being repurposed 23 , but these activities do not occur at a sufficient scale to cause concern from a malaria control perspective. Finally, many studies have suggested that median net retention times may be dramatically shorter than the 3-year duration presumed by mass campaign schedules 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , though others have estimated longer survival times 28 , 29 , 30 . Understanding the history and spatial distribution of ITN access, use, and NPC is crucial for effective ITN policy planning.

This analysis utilizes a Bayesian mixed modeling framework built upon data from net manufacturers, national programs, and cross-sectional household surveys over the past 20 years to estimate the history of ITN coverage metrics in 40 sub-Saharan African countries. This approach includes two main steps (Fig.  1 ). First, a national-level “stock-and-flow” mechanistic model tracks the distribution, acquisition, and loss of ITNs by triangulating data from the three sources listed above. This step estimates both ITN retention times and ITN crop, the total number of nets in the community. Second, a series of geospatial models disaggregates this national time trend down to 5-by-5-km pixel resolution by estimating ITN access deviation, the local variation from national mean access, and use gap, the local difference between access and use. From access and use, the ITN use rate or use among those with access can be determined. NPC is calculated similar to access via a NPC deviation model.

a Mechanistic “stock-and-flow” model. For each country (Burkina Faso shown for reference), the number of nets distributed must be no less than the reported distribution count and no more than the available stock (solid bars, left). Net loss follows an S-shaped curve whose steepness is fitted according to survey data (right). If nets were never discarded, net crop would increase cumulatively with every distribution (red line), whereas if nets were discarded immediately, net crop would equal net distribution (purple line). The fitted curve (blue line and 95% confidence interval) balances these two extremes. b Geostatistical regression model. After net crop time series are converted to net access time series, geospatial regression models are run on the difference metrics of “access deviation” and “use gap.” Final maps of ITN access are calculated by adding national access and access deviation, while final maps of ITN use are calculated by adding access and use gap. Maps of nets-per-capita are calculated similarly to access. BFA Burkina Faso, GHA Ghana, TGO Togo, SSD South Sudan. These four access time series are shown as examples, but 40 countries are included in the analysis.

Previous publications have reported on ITN coverage metrics over time 12 , 31 or space 1 , 14 , 32 , 33 . This analysis presents high-resolution maps of ITN access, use, and NPC from 2000 to 2020. Our findings support the evidence that ITN use is high among those with access, but that insufficient access continues to hinder progress toward coverage targets. We show that universal ITN access is difficult to achieve due to the volume of nets needed and is subsequently difficult to maintain due to shorter-than-expected median net retention times. As an additional challenge, the relationship between NPC and access shows saturation effects, which make high levels of access extremely costly to achieve. Resolving these allocative inefficiencies could dramatically increase ITN access in countries with high per-capita net coverage. In addition to reporting access, use, and use rate independently, we report the results of a relative gain analysis to quantify the improvements in ITN use that could be achieved by improving access versus improving the use rate. These maps and national estimates may be useful for benchmarking and comparison exercises, and are publicly available for use as covariates in other malaria-related analyses.

Access and use

Aggregating across all countries in this analysis, after over a decade of steady increases, all ITN coverage metrics have plateaued since 2016 (Fig.  2 , bottom left, all rates are reported among the population at risk of malaria). In 2018 and 2019, continent-level coverage metrics declined for the first time since mass ITN distributions began, with net crop decreasing from a peak of 360 million (95% confidence interval 345–376) in 2017 to 337 million (317–357) in 2019 and access decreasing from 56.3% (54.1–58.8) to 51.0% (48.5–53.6) over the same time period. Mass campaigns in 2020 are estimated to have set a net crop record of 364 million (341–383), but access has continued to plateau at 51.8% (48.8–54.8). The use rate has increased with small fluctuations across the time series examined, from a low of 71.3% (67.6–75.1) in 2004 to a 2020 estimate of 87.1% (83.1–90.3).

National-level mean estimates of access (red curves) and use (blue curves) among the population at risk are shown at a monthly time scale. The dotted lime indicates 80%, commonly used as a benchmark for universal coverage. Squares and triangles indicate nationally representative survey values of access and use, respectively. Only surveys that include spatial information are shown here; surveys included in the stock-and-flow model but not the geospatial model can be found in Supplementary Table  1.l . Shaded areas represent 95% conrfidence intervals. Spikes in coverage indicate mass net distribution campaigns, with coverage subsequently declining due to attrition. The seasonality of use is evident in the curvature of the blue lines. Centr. Afr. Rep. Central African Republic, Rep. of Congo Republic of Congo, DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Nationally, while most countries have made extensive progress in ITN access and use since 2000, coverage levels remain below the WHO targets. Figure  2 shows estimates of ITN access and use at a monthly time scale across all countries in this analysis. The dotted horizontal line represents 80% access or use to indicate the current normative WHO benchmark for universal coverage. Fourteen of 40 countries have ever achieved this coverage, and in 2020, Benin, Mali, Niger, Togo, and Uganda were the only countries estimated to achieve over 80% use (though in some cases lower confidence bounds were below 80%, and Niger has no survey data to support its estimates). Burundi, Gambia, and Ghana have seen particularly steep coverage declines in recent years, while Mali, Mozambique, Togo, and Uganda have sustained higher coverage. Use aligns closely with access in almost all countries. Madagascar, which has a strong culture of net use despite limited access, shows slightly higher use than access in many years, suggesting the widespread practice of more than two people sharing a net. Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe experienced a considerable use gap beginning in 2010, but only Ghana has maintained that gap to the present day, with a use rate of 61.8% in the most recent 2019 survey. This corresponds to a use gap of 25.2 percentage points. The modeled estimate of use gap in Ghana for 2019 was 22.8 (19.5, 25.8) percentage points, while the aggregated all-country estimates for use rate and use gap were 87.1% (83.3, 90.1) and 5.69 percentage points (4.53, 7.02), respectively.

A number of studies 16 , 17 , 34 , 35 have established that the ITN use rate often tracks seasonal changes in climate and malaria transmission. While the present analysis was not designed to explore these subannual trends, our results show stronger seasonality in use than access even though both models include the same covariates. This finding supports the importance of considering season, climate, and perceived risk when interpreting net use data.

Figure  3 highlights subnational heterogeneity in every ITN coverage metric in 2020. Some of this variation is clearly associated with risk-based distribution strategies, such as the stark north-to-south gradients of access and NPC in Mali, Chad, and Sudan. Other subnational heterogeneity may instead suggest areas experiencing challenges to distribution campaigns, such as much of central and northeast Nigeria. Some countries are more homogeneous in their access and NPC estimates, most notably Angola, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Somalia, Gabon, Benin, and Togo. Estimated spatial patterns of the ITN use rate differ substantially from those of access and NPC, with higher values overall and notably heterogeneous patterns in Ghana. Western Tanzania stands out as an area of concern, but this may be an artifact of data collection. For both the 2015–16 Demographic and Health Survey and 2017 Malaria Indicator Survey, nets were distributed in western Tanzania over the same time period as survey data collection. Surveys conducted just before large net distributions might explain some of the effect observed in this region.

Access is defined as the proportion of the population that could sleep under a net, assuming one net per two people. The use rate is defined as use among those with access. The uncertainty maps use a bivariate scale to convey information about both mean estimates and magnitude of uncertainty. Quantiles of 95% confidence interval width are represented by saturation level, with the most uncertain values having the lowest saturation. Quantiles of mean values are represented by hue, with low values in pink and high values in dark blue. For example, access estimates are most uncertain in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe in 2020, but there is considerable certainty that much of northern Mozambique is in the third quartile of use rate.

The uncertainty plots in Fig.  3 present population-binned mean values and 95% confidence interval width for each metric. More saturated colors represent narrower uncertainty, while the pink-to-blue spectrum indicates mean values. For example, in Saharan regions such as Mauritania and northern Mali we are confident that net access was in the lowest quartile in 2020, while in eastern Tanzania we are moderately certain that it was in the highest quartile. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, and Kenya, which have not conducted household surveys in several years, estimates are highly uncertain. Full time-series maps of all metrics and associated uncertainty are available at the Malaria Atlas Project website ( https://malariaatlas.org/research-project/metrics-of-insecticide-treated-nets-distribution ). This website also hosts an interactive visualization of results and uncertainty, which features an option to plot uncertainty in terms of exceedance probabilities (Supplementary Fig.  2.8 ) as a complement to the relative uncertainty shown here.

Access versus NPC

NPC and access are highly correlated metrics, but their relationship features important nonlinearities that pose challenges for net allocation (Fig.  4 ). When planning mass campaigns, WHO recommends that countries procure one net per 1.8 people at risk (0.56 NPC) to ensure universal access while accounting for households with an odd number of residents 6 , 36 . The tacit assumption is that ITN access will scale linearly with the number of nets distributed. Our analysis demonstrates that this assumption holds at low coverage levels. However, at NPC levels above ~0.25, the relationship between NPC and access begins to plateau, such that attaining coverage levels of 0.5 NPC corresponds to ITN access well below 0.75, instead of the predicted value of 0.9. This pattern suggests substantial misallocation of nets at higher coverage levels, such that some households are left with insufficient protection despite the total number of nets in a country continuing to increase (Supplementary Fig.  2.7 ). The results shown here represent modeled estimates, but this relationship is also evident in the survey data alone (Supplementary Fig.  2.6 ).

Each dot represents a modeled country-month, with black dots indicating mean values and gray bars indicating 95% confidence intervals for each metric. The solid line has a slope of 1.8, showing the relationship between NPC and access presumed by population-based net procurement decisions. The blue curve shows a Loess fit through the estimated points. The expected linear relationship between NPC and access holds well at low coverage levels, but the true relationship tapers off at NPC values greater than 0.25 and access over 0.5. This plateauing of access despite high numbers of nets distributed per capita suggests inefficiencies or redundancies in net distribution at these coverage levels, such that those who should be receiving nets are still left without access.

Net retention time

The model generates separate national estimates of median retention time for long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and conventional ITNs (cITNs). Because LLINs have been the primary net distributed in Africa for many years, we focus on LLIN retention here. Our models estimate shorter LLIN lifespans than the 3-year retention time assumed on an average by WHO and other policy-making bodies (Fig.  5 and Supplementary Table  1.7 ) 37 . Of the 40 countries in this analysis, 35 show LLIN median retention times of under 3 years, with an overall median value of 1.64 years (IQR 1.33–2.37). Many of the countries with the most extreme retention times are also those with the fewest surveys available for fitting, and thus these values may not be reliable (see sensitivity analysis in Supplementary Note  1.6 ). Among countries with stable model fits, Cameroon is the only country with a median retention time over 3 years (3.49 years, 95% CI 3.24–3.78). Thirteen countries have median retention times whose mean and upper confidence bound are below 1.5 years, from Mozambique (1.34 years, 1.21–1.50) to South Sudan (1.02 years, 1.01–1.04). The model prior on retention time was bounded at 1 year, suggesting that some countries might show even shorter median retention times in an unbounded setting. However, given the small number of surveys in these countries, such results might indicate underspecified models rather than truly short retention times. See Supplementary Note  3.3 for caterpillar plots of the retention time parameter for all countries.

Stock-and-flow estimates of median LLIN retention time by country, ordered from highest to lowest . Countries are labeled by IS03 code. Country labels are positioned at mean parameter values, while vertical bars indicate 95% confidence interval width. Countries with fewer surveys have less stable model fits (see Supplementary Section  1.6 ); those having fewer than three surveys are indicated in red. The lower bound of LLIN retention time was capped at 1 year during model fitting. Supplementary Table  1.7 shows all data for this figure in numerical format and maps ISO3 codes to country names.

Relative gain: optimizing access or use?

The relative gain analysis supports other evidence that lack of access is the primary barrier to universal coverage. The top row of Fig.  6 shows the estimated use map for 2020. The second row shows what the use map would look like if access was held constant and the use rate was 100% (left), versus if the use rate was held constant but access was 100% (right). The bottom row represents these two plots in terms of the percentage point increase in use that could be achieved by increasing the use rate as opposed to increasing access.

The top row shows estimated ITN use in 2020. The second row shows what use could be if access remained unchanged and the use rate were set to 100% (left), compared to if the use rate remained unchanged and access was set to 100% (right). The final row shows the magnitude gain in use from each of these two scenarios. With few exceptions, increasing access has a larger impact than increasing the use rate.

In 2020, with the exception of western Tanzania and scattered areas of the Sahel, lack of access to a net was a far greater barrier to coverage than deficiencies in use. While the overall impact of increasing access is greater than the impact of increasing use rate for all years, the spatial patterning of this relative gain varies substantially from year to year. For example, in 2015, it is not Tanzania but Zimbabwe and Chad where use rate is a larger barrier than access 14 (Supplementary Fig.  2.12 ). The season in which surveys are conducted may play a substantial role in the volatility of use rate estimates.

The goal of this analysis was to fully characterize ITN access, use, and NPC over space and time for 40 sub-Saharan African countries. We found that ITN distributions have increased enormously since the year 2000 and those who own nets tend to use them, but a combination of insufficient net volume, distribution inefficiency, and short retention times keep ITN access and use below the WHO targets of 80% coverage.

Despite prodigious effort on the part of national malaria programs, mass net distributions have rarely been able to distribute sufficient nets to all those in need to attain universal coverage. Historically large campaigns completed in 2020 despite COVID-related disruptions pushed several countries over the 80% threshold for access and use. These include Benin, Mali, Niger, Togo, and Uganda. If current trends continue, some countries, such as Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi, and Mozambique, may distribute sufficient nets for universal coverage within one or two mass campaigns, whereas other countries such as Cote d’Ivoire, Liberia, and Tanzania have lost ground or stalled progress. However, official policy is now shifting away from mandates of universal ITN coverage and toward recommendations for more holistic and locally tailored strategies that utilize a range of tools to provide universal malaria protection 11 , 38 . This would reduce the relevance of the 80% target in favor of a more nuanced national and subnational approach.

Our analysis adds to the evidence 4 , 12 of net misallocation at higher coverage levels, leading to lower-than-expected ITN access for a given number of NPC. Some amount of misallocation is likely unavoidable as a corollary to well-established econometric relationships that show dramatically increasing intervention costs at high coverage levels 39 , but considerations of how to mitigate this effect are still worthwhile. One known source of net misallocation is the mass campaign practice of capping the number of nets any single household can obtain, disadvantaging large households 5 , but logistical, geographic, or cultural factors may also play a role. Such misallocation may have an immense negative effect on ITN impact and cost-efficacy as a malaria intervention.

While some studies have observed median net lifespans longer than 3 years 28 , 29 , 40 , 41 , the bulk of existing evidence supports the notion that median net retention is commonly lower than 3 years 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 42 . The primary motivation for discarding a net in these studies was the perception that it was too torn, with even a modest amount of net damage often regarded as unseemly or untidy 43 . The ITN literature upon which the 3-year timeline is founded focuses on nets’ anti-mosquito properties, not attrition 44 . This raises a crucial distinction between the technical lifespan of nets based upon their ability to repel and kill mosquitoes despite tearing and other damage, and the effective lifespan of nets, which in many locations seems to be shorter due to lack of physical integrity (Smith et al., in preparation). Policy solutions to this discrepancy could include more frequent net distributions, shifting to the production and distribution of more physically durable nets 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , or using community engagement to change cultural notions about the acceptability of owning and using a torn net. The optimal combination of these strategies will depend heavily on local context and culture.

We find little evidence of low use among those who own ITNs, especially in areas of high malaria transmission, implying that in most settings there are strong social and cultural norms around the importance of net use when possible. This is consistent with a large body of literature on ITN use rates 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 . In this literature, lower use rates are commonly reported in times and geographies of lower actual and perceived risk, such as during the dry season or in highland areas. Use rates in these studies are also highest among children and women, and lowest among teenagers. Our analysis supports these seasonal and geographic trends, but does not disaggregate by sex or age. Data from a recent study of net durability across five years and seven countries support our findings that use of available nets remains steady even as net retention declines 51 , though the modeling accompanying this analysis suggests a large benefit to increasing the use rate.

Both our estimates and national survey data show surprisingly low use rates in Nigeria in the early 2010s and in Ghana from 2005 to the present. The 2013 Nigeria DHS report suggests that this large use gap may have been due to conducting the survey in a season of low malaria transmission, though an independent study also found low rates of net use in Nigeria in the mid-2010s 13 . The 2019 Ghana MIS report cites three primary reasons for lack of net use: that the net was an “extra” or being saved for later, that it was too hot to sleep under a net, or that other anti-mosquito methods were preferred. In both countries, use rates are lowest in coastal and urban areas, suggesting correlations with increased wealth, improved housing, lower perceived risk, and access to malaria treatment and alternative malaria prevention strategies.

The combined mechanistic and geospatial modeling framework presented here was necessary to accurately capture spatiotemporal trends in the data, but also lends itself well to the exploration of different distribution scenarios. This feature proved valuable for policy planning in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, in which it was necessary to consider counterfactual scenarios of reduced malaria intervention coverage 52 . With this framework, we were able to mechanistically assign unique scenarios to each country to understand how different campaign strategies would affect overall coverage.

This analysis has several limitations. As a continent-level analysis conducted by and for stakeholders based in Europe and North America, this work perpetuates both the “foreign pose” and the “foreign gaze” of global health 53 and should not override the expertise of local researchers and policymakers. Causation is complicated in the relationship between net coverage and malaria—while increased net access and use are known to reduce malaria burden, net distributions are also often targeted to areas where burden is highest. This analysis estimates ITN coverage without incorporating information about malaria transmission in order to allow these estimates to be used as predictors for burden estimation 52 , 54 . The coverage metrics reported here do not capture the waning of net efficacy over time due to insecticide decay and physical deterioration, meaning that estimates of ITN use are not fully capturing ITN effectiveness. In the stock-and-flow model, we assume that all nets reported as distributed by NMCPs are successfully provided to households. If, in reality, the net distribution pipeline is leaky and a fraction of nets are not successfully provided, net crop will be overestimated in some years, leading to an underestimate of net retention times. This analysis does not capture differences in net brand or private sector acquisition and distribution of nets 27 .

Large data gaps in both space and time impact these results in a number of ways. Conducting the nationally representative surveys upon which this analysis relies is a Herculean effort, requiring many thousands of work hours from thousands of people. The cost of such an effort prohibits many countries from conducting these surveys more than once every few years. As such, each year of this analysis includes geospatial information for only a handful of countries and each country has geospatial information for a median of 4 years. In addition to increasing the overall uncertainty of our results, data sparsity may bias the results in a number of ways. First, our geospatial model assumes that the outcome variables (access deviation, NPC deviation, and use gap) vary smoothly over space, allowing neighboring countries to inform each other’s estimates. While this smoothness assumption has some face validity (Supplementary Fig.  2.1 ), there is no mechanistic reason why this relationship must hold. Second, several countries only have one or two nationally representative surveys capturing ITN access, and we are unlikely to accurately estimate the ITN time series or LLIN retention times in these cases (see sensitivity analysis in Supplementary Note  1.6 ). Third, in countries with multiple surveys, data collection commonly occurs in the same season every survey. Since net use is often seasonal, estimates of use rate may be consistently biased toward the use rate of a single season in these countries. Fourth, in this model framework surveys conducted just before large net distributions would lead to predictions of incorrectly low access and use rates, as may have occurred in western Tanzania from 2016 onward. Conducting additional surveys in future years, especially in countries with sparse data at present, would dramatically improve estimates. While net distribution data are far more complete than survey data, it is only provided at the annual and national scale for most countries. Since mass distribution campaigns are typically conducted over several months on a region-by-region schedule, this analysis could gain much precision by incorporating finer-scale space and time data around distributions.

When transforming these estimates into policy decisions, a local understanding of at-risk populations is crucial for effective net distribution. This continental-level analysis defines population at risk simplistically as the total population in any pixel with the potential to sustain malaria transmission, when in fact the relative risk of any individual varies based on urbanicity, wealth, housing type, use of other interventions, and local transmission pathways, to name just a few. In addition, population estimates themselves are often uncertain and may impact our results. For example, the 2020 mass net campaign in Benin found a 13.5% discrepancy between expected and true population 55 .

In future iterations of this model framework, we hope to incorporate waning net efficacy, take a more nuanced view of populations-at-risk, and incorporate data (where available) on subnational and subannual net distributions. As policy recommendations shift from a focus on universal coverage with ITNs to universal coverage with an appropriate mix of interventions 11 , we plan to use this infrastructure in combination with other mechanistic modeling to advise on optimal intervention packages at national and local scales.

In combination with locally collected data and the strategic expertise of campaign organizers, we hope that these estimates can provide useful context for country programs planning ITN distributions. The evidence provided here of short net retention times implies a potential immense benefit to procuring more durable nets as they reach the market in coming years 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 50 , and may suggest the utility of informational campaigns encouraging people to retain slightly torn nets. Countries that are successfully distributing large numbers of nets but experiencing limited gains in access might consider strategy changes to ensure that nets are reaching their intended users. Researchers who may want to adapt this framework to their context can find all code and documentation on GitHub ( https://github.com/bertozzivill/map-itn-cube/tree/publication-2021 ), and we welcome collaboration on such projects.

In malaria policy, understanding the past is a crucial component of planning for the future. We present maps of ITN access, use, and NPC from 2000 to 2020 at 5-by-5-km spatial resolution. We show that ITN distribution campaigns have contributed enormously to coverage in the last two decades, and that the large majority of people who own nets use them. We also show, however, that current net distribution volume is insufficient to maintain high coverage in a landscape of low retention rates and inefficient distribution modalities. This flexible and robust modeling framework for net coverage estimation is appropriate for both long-term planning and emergency strategizing in times of crisis, and we hope that this tool can continue to play a valuable role in informing ITN policy in years to come.

The goal of this analysis is the creation of high-resolution maps of ITN access, use, and NPC. Typically, such maps are generated via geospatial regression techniques alone, whereas this analysis first uses a mechanistic model to calculate mean national-level trends of access and NPC before regressing on access deviation, use gap, and NPC deviation (Fig.  1 ). The extra step of mechanistic modeling is necessary for two reasons. First, to incorporate non-survey data on net delivery and distribution that are crucial to constructing an accurate time series but would be challenging to incorporate into the traditional geospatial framework where time is handled via covariance structures. Second, because the primary outcome variables are often discontinuous in space or time, while regression techniques assume a smoothly varying output metric. By detrending the data, we were able to generate outcome variables with the appropriate mathematical properties.

Definitions

Pre-treated nets with an effective insecticidal lifespan of at least 3 years are defined as “LLINs”. Treated nets obtained or retreated within the past 12 months are defined as conventional ITNs, or “cITNs”. LLINs and cITNs collectively comprise “ITNs”, or simply “nets”, as this analysis does not consider untreated nets.

Net movement

ITN “delivery” refers to manufacturer shipment of nets to national programs or other distributing bodies, while ITN “distribution” refers to the provision of nets to end users. Most countries have continuous ITN distribution channels through antenatal clinics and child immunization programs, which are supplemented every 3–4 years with mass distribution campaigns directly to households. Some countries distribute ITNs through schools or community-level systems in addition to or in place of mass campaigns. ITN “stock” refers to the number of nets available to distribute at a given time. Because programs may not immediately distribute all of the nets delivered to them, stock in a given year is not necessarily equal to reported manufacturer delivery counts.

ITN “crop” refers to the total number of nets in homes at a given time point. Crop depends upon both ITN distribution and “retention”, the length of time for which nets are owned before being discarded or repurposed. Most countries plan mass net distributions every 3 years, under the assumption that average retention times are not much shorter than this 6 , 56 . “NPC” is ITN crop divided by population at risk.

Net coverage

A person is defined to have “access” to an ITN if they live in a household where they could sleep under an ITN, assuming two people per net 5 . Population-level access is the proportion of people with access. To avoid underestimating this metric, access is calculated at the individual level—i.e., in a household of ten people and three nets, six people will be defined as “having access” even though the household as a unit does not have sufficient nets for all its inhabitants. This is in contrast to “household-level access”, which captures the proportion of households that own at least one ITN for every two people 5 . Access and NPC are calculated from household net counts and household sizes in nationally representative surveys. ITN “use” is the proportion of people who sleep under a net, measured in surveys by listing which people in a household slept under each net the night prior to the survey. For all survey-based metrics, the population denominator is calculated from “de facto household size”, defined as the number of people who slept in the household the night prior to the survey. The “use rate”, calculated as use divided by access, is the proportion of people with access to a net who slept under it. When calculated at the population level, all of these metrics use population at risk as a denominator, defined as anyone living in a zone with stable Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission 7 .

“Access deviation” is the difference between access in a specific location within a country and the national mean access. Access deviation is positive when local access is greater than the national mean, and negative when local access is below the national mean. The “use gap” is the difference between access and use in a given location. The use gap is positive when not everyone with access to a net sleeps under it, negative when more than two people sleep under a single net, and zero when everyone who has access to a net sleeps under it respecting the “two people per net” guideline. Similar to access deviation, NPC deviation is the difference between NPC in a specific location within a country and the national mean NPC.

Stock and flow

The “stock-and-flow” model is a discrete compartmental mechanistic model with a quarterly time step (Fig.  1 , top). This model generates a net crop time series from three data sources: annual LLIN delivery data, annual distribution data, and sparse net crop data from nationally representative surveys. The main parameters estimated are quarterly ITN crop and median ITN lifespan for each country. For full methodological details, see Supplementary Note  1.4 .

National, annual LLIN delivery data from 2000 to 2019 were compiled by the Alliance for Malaria Prevention’s Net Mapping Project ( https://netmappingproject.allianceformalariaprevention.com/ ). No such data are available for cITNs. For cITNs over the full time period and for LLINs in 2020, net delivery was assumed to equal net distribution.

Complete national time series of cITN and LLIN distribution by year from 2000 to 2020 were compiled from three partially complete sources: net distribution reports from NMCPs to WHO (personal communication), data collected by the African Leaders Malaria Alliance ( https://alma2030.org/ ), and prospective malaria operational plans from countries receiving PMI funding ( https://www.pmi.gov/resource-library/mops/fy-2020 ). For complete details, see Supplementary Note  1.3 .

Net crop data were extracted from 161 nationally representative household surveys conducted in sub-Saharan Africa since the year 2000. Ninety-five of these surveys included geolocated microdata at the household level and were additionally used to fit the spatiotemporal regression model (Supplementary Fig.  1.2 and Supplementary Table  1.1 ). All surveys include data on both cITNs and LLINs, except for some surveys conducted in the past 3 years in which all nets are assumed to be LLINs.

Model details

To estimate net crop at a given time point, the model enforces two rules:

The number of nets distributed must be bounded by the available stock (upper) and the reported distribution counts (lower).

Net loss must follow an S-shaped “smooth compact” curve as described in refs. 12 , 57 . This functional form was developed specifically to track net retention and is widely used in net durability studies 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 41 , 42 , 58 . A separate median retention time for this curve is estimated for every country based on the available survey data.

National net crop is converted to access via a household-size-based regression analysis. The stock-and-flow model was written in JAGS and run in R version 3.6.3 using the rjags package version 4.3.0. For full methodological details, see Supplementary Note  1.4 .

Spatiotemporal regression

Having determined mean national time trends, geolocated values of access deviation, use gap, and NPC deviation were calculated from survey data and used to fit a series of spatiotemporal regressions (Fig.  1 , bottom). These deviation metrics are smoother than the full metrics and fulfill the stationarity requirements of this statistical technique (Supplementary Fig.  2.1 ). For full details of the regression model see Supplementary Note  2.3 .

Household-level data on net metrics were extracted from the 95 geolocated surveys as described in “Stock and flow” above, Supplementary Note  1.3.3 , and Supplementary Fig.  1.2 . Data were aggregated to the 5-by-5-km pixel level for analysis. The final dataset contained 34,352 data points covering 28 countries and 17 years.

Stochastic Partial Differential Equation (SPDE) regression models are widely used tools in geostatistical modeling 59 . Environmental and socioeconomic covariates at monthly, annual, and static temporal resolution were included to inform model fit (Supplementary Table  2.1 ). For more details on covariate selection, see Supplementary Note  2.5 .

Regression model

For all three outcome metrics, Gaussian SPDE models were fitted in R using the R-INLA package version 20.03.17 ( https://www.r-inla.org/ ). Access deviation and use gap were transformed via the empirical logit function to expand their domain from [−1, 1] to [− ∞ , ∞ ], and all outcome variables were transformed via the inverse hyperbolic sine function to facilitate fitting using a Gaussian likelihood. In addition to the fixed effects described in Supplementary Table  2.1 , all models included a spatial random field with a Matérn covariance function and a first order autoregressive time component. After model fitting and prediction of access deviation and use gap, ITN access was calculated as the sum of national access and access deviation, ITN use was calculated as the sum of access and use gap, and NPC was calculated as the sum of national NPC and NPC deviation.

Relative gain

On the question of barriers to reaching coverage targets, there is ongoing debate in the malaria policy community about the relative importance of lacking access to a net versus not using a net to which one has access. This question was addressed by determining how much improvement in ITN use could be gained by maximizing ITN access versus maximizing the use rate (Supplementary Note  2.7 ).

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the  Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Data availability

Input data : The household-level survey data used in this analysis is publicly available from the DHS ( https://dhsprogram.com/ ) and MICS ( https://mics.unicef.org/ ) websites. The national-level-aggregated survey data were gleaned from reports available at the MIS website ( https://www.malariasurveys.org/ , see Supplementary Table  3.1 for links to specific reports). Data on manufacturer delivery of nets are available from the AMP Net Mapping Project ( https://allianceformalariaprevention.com/working-groups/net-mapping/ ). Data on NMCP distribution of nets will be available via WHO and from ALMA in the coming months. Prospective distribution estimates from PMI reports are available at https://www.pmi.gov/resource-library/mops/fy-2020 . All covariate data are available from the sources listed in Supplementary Table  2.1 , and the specific versions used in this analysis can be found at https://malariaatlas.org/research-project/metrics-of-insecticide-treated-nets-distribution . Results : All results, including annual rasters of ITN access, use, use rate, and nets-per-capita with upper and lower bounds, are available at https://malariaatlas.org/research-project/metrics-of-insecticide-treated-nets-distribution . This page also contains an interactive uncertainty visualization, access to the covariate data used in this analysis, and other helpful links. Data used in the figures of this publication can be found, along with plotting code, at the GitHub repository in the “Code availability.”

Code availability

Data collection : Data from DHS were downloaded from https://dhsprogram.com/ using the code in https://github.com/harry-gibson/DHS-To-Database , and the ITN-relevant variables selected using the SQL queries available at https://github.com/harry-gibson/DHS-Data-Extractions/tree/main/ITN_Access_and_Use/SQL . Data from MICS surveys, MIS reports, net manufacturer deliveries, and NMCP distributions of nets were collected manually and cleaned using the code described in the "Data analysis.” No additional software was used for data collection. Data analysis : All code used for data analysis and modeling is publicly available in the publication-2021 branch of https://github.com/bertozzivill/map-itn-cube/tree/publication-2021 , and in the corresponding release labeled nat-comms-submission . This repository also contains the data and code used to generate the figures in this paper. For analyses run on Google Cloud, Dockerfiles can be shared upon request. This analysis was run using R version 3.6.3, INLA version 20.03.17, rjags version 4.3.0, and rstan version 2.19.3.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our deepest gratitude first and foremost to the data collectors and coordinators of the household-level surveys upon which this analysis relies. We also thank national country programs for sharing their net distribution data, Melanie Renshaw and the African Leaders Malaria Alliance for supplementary distribution data, and John Milliner and the Alliance for Malaria Prevention’s Net Mapping Project for net manufacturer data. We thank Thomas Smith and his team for kindly sharing their manuscript and insights on net durability and retention. We thank Abdisalan Noor and Beatriz Galatas of WHO for collating and delivering this programmatic data, as well as for their extensive insights, suggestions, and patience.

This publication is based on research conducted by the Malaria Atlas Project and funded in whole or in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, including models and data analysis performed by the Institute for Disease Modeling at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

This work was supported, in whole or in part, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1197730). Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. This work was also supported by the Telethon Trust, Western Australia.

Author information

These authors jointly supervised the work: Peter W. Gething, Samir Bhatt.

Authors and Affiliations

Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia

Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Daniel J. Weiss, Camilo Vargas-Ruiz, Joseph Harris, Katherine E. Battle, Susan F. Rumisha, Suzanne Keddie, Punam Amratia, Ewan Cameron, Jennifer Rozier, Tasmin Symons & Peter W. Gething

Institute for Disease Modeling, Seattle, WA, USA

Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Caitlin A. Bever & Katherine E. Battle

Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Anita K. Nandi, Harry S. Gibson, Katherine E. Battle, Rohan Arambepola, Elisabeth G. Chestnutt, Emma L. Collins, Justin Millar, Katherine A. Twohig & T. Deirdre Hollingsworth

Tropical Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

Hannah Koenker

Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia

Daniel J. Weiss, Ewan Cameron & Peter W. Gething

National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Susan F. Rumisha

MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Swapnil Mishra & Samir Bhatt

Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Samir Bhatt

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Contributions

A.B.-V., S.B., and P.W.G. conceived the study. A.B.-V. and S.B. designed the models. C.A.B., H.K., D.J.W., K.E.B., S.F.R., and T.D.H. contributed domain knowledge and methodological improvements. C.V.-R., A.K.N., H.S.G., and J.H. processed the data and developed computational infrastructure. A.B.-V. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and created all visualizations. A.B.-V., C.A.B., H.K., D.J.W., C.V.-R., A.K.N., H.S.G., J.H., K.E.B., S.F.R., S.K., P.A., R.A., E.C., E.G.C., E.L.C., J.M., S.M., J.R., T.S., K.A.T., T.D.H., P.W.G., and S.B. interpreted the results, contributed to writing, and approved the final version for submission.

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Correspondence to Amelia Bertozzi-Villa .

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Bertozzi-Villa, A., Bever, C.A., Koenker, H. et al. Maps and metrics of insecticide-treated net access, use, and nets-per-capita in Africa from 2000-2020. Nat Commun 12 , 3589 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23707-7

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Most effective mosquito repellents for traveling to tropical places

Using mosquito repellents for traveling is essential in places where diseases like Zika, malaria or Dengue fever mean high risk. Although most popular tourist destinations work actively against these annoying insects and try to reduce the mosquito population in order to provide visitors with a safe and enjoyable holiday experience, it is better if you take responsibility for your own safety. Read our tips on what repellents work the best against mosquitoes and how to use them!

Table of Contents

Most dangerous mosquito-borne diseases

Natural vs synthetic mosquito repellents, oil of lemon eucalyptus, mosquito repellent spray, lotion against insects, thermacell mosquito repellent portable device, ultrasonic pest repeller, mosquito bracelet, insect repellent wipes, mosquito repellent patches, incense sticks, natural repellent candles, essential oils soap, mosquito net for traveling, how to make a natural mosquito repellent, how to apply mosquito repellents correctly, mosquito disease symptoms and what to do, why mosquito repellents are important.

Mosquito bites are not only painful and uncomfortable but can cause serious, in worst cases deadly illnesses. Parasites or viruses can get into your blood system with the saliva of the mosquito that bites you.

Dangerous mosquito species can be found in almost all countries, but mosquito-borne diseases typically affect tropical countries where we spend our well-deserved beach and snorkeling vacations. Using mosquito repellents for traveling in order to minimize the risk of mosquito-related tropical illnesses is as important as learning how to stay safe in the ocean (I recommend reading about snorkeling safety too).

Avoiding bites is the most important for children and pregnant women. Combining physical and chemical solutions works best against mosquitoes. Installing mosquito screens and using a net over your bed are basic yet important steps when fighting against biting insects. When outside, wearing long-sleeved clothing is crucial, but using effective mosquito repellents ensures the highest protection.

• Dengue fever
• Yellow fever
• Chikungunya
• West Nile Fever
• Sindbis virus
• Leishmaniasis

Mosquitoes find their victims following smells and heat. The carbon dioxide we exhale, and the molecules we create when sweating are signals for them where the food is. Synthetic mosquito repellents perform better on tests regarding effectiveness and provide longer protection, almost 100% in the first 2 hours. When visiting countries where mosquito-borne diseases mean high risk, DEET repellents are the most reliable.

But for summer night walks or garden parties at home, you might go for non-chemical products. Some people are skeptical about the effectiveness of essential oils, but certain natural elements are proven to be effective in keeping mosquitoes at bay. Natural products are less likely causing skin irritation but require frequent re-application because they are effective in the first 30-60 minutes only.

More travel tips: – Beach vacation packing list – How to reduce plastic when traveling?

What repellents work the best

The US Center for Disease Control recommends DEET, Picaridin, IR3535 and OLE (oil of eucalyptus) containing mosquito repellents. These ingredients are considered safe to use for adults including pregnant women, kids and babies too if consumers follow the actual product’s instructions.

Diethyltoluamide (DEET) is the first commonly used repellent that was developed by US Army over 70 years ago. Repellents that contain 15-30 % DEET provide reliable protection. Despite safety concerns, according to EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency DEET containing products are safe if used as directed both for adults and children.

A synthetic mosquito repellent that models the compound of black pepper plants. Products containing 20% Picaridin are effective and considered safe to use even on infants. Many manufacturers prefer to use Picaridin over DEET because it is not oily, doesn’t have a strong smell but features similar effectiveness. Picaridin enjoys World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for malaria prophylaxis.

A synthetic amino acid that is structurally similar to the natural amino acid B-alanine. It was developed by Merck as an alternative to DEET. IR3535-containing items are recommended if there is a Chikungunya outbreak and are considered to work well against Zika virus mosquitos. The manufacturer recommends using products with 10 to 30 % IR3535.

Tip: babies have very sensitive skin, so despite that synthetic repellents are stated safe to use, the best way is to skip using chemicals on children younger than 2 years and protect them by using a net for strollers .

This natural gum eucalyptus tree extract wards off insects if the product contains at least 30 %. OLE is a biochemical pesticide, an effective alternative to DEET and safe to use on adults but not recommended on young kids under 3 years.

The best mosquito repellents

To minimize the number of mosquito bites, the best is to practice physical protection (wearing long-sleeved clothing, installing mosquito nets) and using effective mosquito repellents that contain DEET, Picaridin, IR3535, Oil of lemon eucalyptus or other natural repellents.

Both chemical and natural repellents work by masking odors and/or blocking mosquito’s smell receptors. From classical sprays, and lotions to bracelets and ultrasound plug-in devices, the selection is wide and now we investigate what are the best ones.

Effective mosquito repellents to buy:

• Thermacell device
• Ultrasonic repeller
• Citronella candle
• Incense stick
• Essential oil soap
• Mosquito net

Tip: The US Center of Disease Control doesn’t recommend sunscreen-mosquito repellent combination products. The repellent might decrease the sunscreen’s UV radiation feature, while the UV blocking ingredient might increase the repellent’s toxicity. If you need sun protection too, apply the sunblock first then the repellent. Make sure you use a coral-friendly sunscreen for snorkeling !

No matter whether you choose a natural or DEET or Picaridin mosquito spray, make sure that it provides you with high-level protection. You can spray your clothes or skin, but the ingredients remain effective longer on the skin. We all have different skin types and the ingredients might work differently for each of us. Therefore, it is good to test various products until you find one that works for you the best. Natural mosquito sprays contain a mix of citronella, geraniol, lemongrass and peppermint oils.

On top of a pleasant scent, you will enjoy natural protection so you can enjoy your outdoor activities carefreely. Synthetic sprays with DEET or Picaridin perform the best on repellent tests against Zika, malaria, dengue or West Nile virus mosquitoes. They give long protection up to 8-10 hours without re-application.

This fragrance-free, 20% Picaridin-containing lotion provides you a 14-hour long protection against chikungunya, Zika, West Nile Virus and Dengue mosquitoes. The handy small packets are perfect for traveling, while the pump dispensers are good to keep at home or in your beach house where the whole family can use it. Lotions are effective a little longer than sprays because of slower evaporation.

• easy to apply lotion form
• contains 20% Picaridin
• long-lasting effect up to 14 hours
• fragrance free and safe to use on the whole family

An absolute customers’ favorite, the Thermacell is the best lightweight, portable device that is DEET free and fragrance-free. It creates a 15ft bug-free zone no matter it is your patio or a camping area. The Thermacell mosquito repellent operates with a fuel cartridge and mats that are easily changeable and available in different colors to match the environment.

No products found.

Devices working with ultrasound offer a chemical-free alternative to keep away not only bugs but also mice, cockroaches, spiders and rats. The device creates electromagnetic frequency, which is not audible to humans, and doesn’t bother cats or dogs but pests so they will stay away. Use it in your house, garage or backyard, the area will be free of pests!

• newest technology pest repeller
• effective against insects, spiders, cockroaches but rats and mice too
• ultrasonic technology, no harmful chemicals

The fashionable natural oil-infused bracelets look cool and keep mosquitoes and other annoying insects like flies and gnats effectively off. Just simply put one on the wrist or ankle and enjoy your outdoor activity. The bracelets are available in different versions such as soft microfiber bracelets that are infused with essential oils, one-size-fits-all adjustable plastic ones or silicone models with replaceable oil pellets.

• adjustable bracelets with citronella, geraniol and lemongrass essential oils
• individually packed spiral bands
• perfect for traveling
• DEET-free, safe for kids too

Mosquito wipes are faster and more convenient to use than sprays. Easy to re-apply if needed. The special formula is water and sweat-resistant and gives you long-lasting protection against several kind of biting insects including flies, gnats, ticks, etc…

• individually packed easy-to-use towelettes
• 25% active DEET
• non-greasy, water and sweat resistant formula

The convenient, DEET-free patches provide you with long protection. No harmful effects, safe for kids too. Easy to use, perfect for any outdoor activity like camping, boating, walking or when traveling to tropical places.

• all natural formula containing Citronella, Lemongrass, Geraniol
• concentrated formula for faster absorption
• safe for babies too

Another natural way to drive unwanted bugs and insects away is burning natural oil incense sticks that are perfect for indoor/outdoor. These non-toxic chemical-free sticks contain natural repellents such as citronella, lemongrass and lavender oil. For the best result, place multiple sticks on the ground to get the most concentration of oil in the air!

• DEET-free eco-friendly sticks
• contain natural repellent oils (lemongrass, citronella)
• each stick is good for 90 minutes

Burning natural oil-containing candles is a great natural way to keep mosquitoes at bay. The candle fills the air with repellent oil creating a scented cloud where biting insects won’t be able to detect humans. Soy oil based, no paraffin, 100% essential oil candles are environment and eco-friendly!

• 100% eco-friendly soy candle
• high essential oil concentration to keep biting insects off
• burning time 80 hours
• handmade in the USA

Ensuring reliable bug protection simply while taking a shower using only natural elements sounds heavenly. This no-bite mosquito soap contains a special blend of quality essential oils but doesn’t have DEET or other chemicals. It leaves a pleasant smell on your skin that helps to drive away flying insects.

• best quality soap with pure essential oils
• preventive and after bite treatment
• package includes 2 oz. tube of cream plus 5 oz. soap bar
• American handmade products

Using screens and nets is definitely the most effective chemical-free way keeping unwanted visitors off, but of course, you cannot install mosquito screens in your hotel room or rental apartment when traveling. Buying a travel size mosquito net that you can take everywhere is such a brilliant idea! A lightweight mosquito tent is very easy to set up thanks to the self-supporting frame. No hook needed, just simply pop it up and enjoy peaceful nights!

• high quality net made with breathable material
• with zippers for easy going in and out
• self supporting system, no assembly kit required
• easy-to-carry, fits into luggage bigger than 18inch

Mosquito repellent essential oils

The best natural solution to keep mosquitoes at bay is using essential oils. Certain essential oils are very effective against mosquitoes and they are often among the ingredients of commercial mosquito repellents as well.

Compared to chemical-containing products, essential oils are safer to use and less likely to cause skin irritation. Although they are highly volatile, meaning that are effective only for a short time, therefore you need frequently re-apply them.

Best essential oils to keep mosquitoes  away

If you prefer natural solutions over DEET-containing bug sprays, you can easily create your own natural mosquito repellent spray!

What you need:

• mixing jar, spray container
• 1 bottle natural witch hazel
• essential oils (citronella, lemongrass, peppermint, tea tree)

To prepare the spray, pour witch hazel into the clean glass mixing jar and add the essential oils. A good combination is 15 drops of citronella oil and 15 drops of lemongrass oil. You can add 10 drops of peppermint oil to give the mixture a refreshing scent and increase the repellent effect.

Moreover, you can also add 10 drops of tea tree oil to the mixture which is an excellent antiseptic. Mix everything well and pour it into the spray bottle and your homemade, natural mosquito repellent spray is ready to use!

Shake the mixture before each use since the ingredients might separate. Be careful when spraying it on clothes because the oils might leave a stain.

• always read and follow the directions on product label
• if possible, do a skin allergy test on a small area before using on the whole body
• use repellent on exposed skin areas, on clothing but not under clothing
• don’t spray directly on your face, spray the palm of your hand first then apply to the face
• avoid the mouth and eyes, use it carefully around the ears
• don’t let kids use repellents alone
• don’t use it on sunburned, irritated skin or on cuts
• do not use repellents near food or in enclosed areas
• the ingredients may harm materials like spandex, wood, leather, synthetics, therefore keeping them away from furniture and surfaces and such clothes. See directions on the product label!
• wash the repellent off the skin with soap and warm water when returning home
• wash the treated clothes before wearing them again, the best is separately

If you are in a place where mosquitoes are common, no matter in your home country or at a tropical location, if you experience symptoms like high fever, muscle/bone/joint pain, headache, fatigue, vomiting, severe rash, or itching on yourself, family members or kids, seek medical assistance immediately!

When traveling, make research on what diseases pose a risk in your destination and take necessary precautions such as buying a travel mosquito net and effective repellents.

Always travel with travel insurance to avoid high hospital costs if you have to visit a doctor. Symptoms might begin days or weeks after infection. If you are not feeling well after arriving home from a tropical vacation, visit the nearest tropical diseases center!

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The Transformation Agenda »

Treated mosquito nets are safe and effective

For many decades Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) have been used to protect people against malaria. Due to their effectiveness, the use of ITNs has increased substantially across the African region. WHO recommends that all people at risk of malaria sleep under ITNs particularly long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) every night [1]

All Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) contain pyrethroids - the only group of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for use on mosquito nets. Pyrethroids are widely used in public health because of their safety for humans and ability to kill mosquitoes at low doses on contact.

Pyrethrins, an extract of the African flower Chrysanthemum cineriaefolium and synthetic Pyrethroids used in mosquito nets are very similar in their chemical structure and mode of action [2] .

Before insecticides are recommended by WHO, they undergo extensive laboratory testing to check if their use can cause acute and chronic toxicity. These tests help scientists judge how these chemicals might affect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife in the case of exposure.

Occasional side reactions that have been reported by bednet users include: headache, skin irritation, burning sensation in the eyes and nausea. However these effects, if they ever occur at all, are transient and mild. Studies have revealed neither asthma nor cancer in infants and young children as a result of the use of bednets [3]

Pyrethroids do not pose any significant health risk when they are used in mosquito nets and in-door house spraying. It is recommended that Member States continue to procure and scale up the use of WHO-approved LLLNs [4] for universal access. This will further consolidate the significant gains already made through their use in malaria control.

How Do Mosquito Nets Work, and Are They Effective in South Africa?

Hey there, mosquito haters. Today we’re talking about a crucial weapon in the fight against those pesky, disease-carrying critters: mosquito nets. They’re popular in the northern provinces of South Africa, and their use is widespread, but are they all they’re purported to be? Let’s dive into how mosquito nets work, their effectiveness in South Africa, and if they can really keep you safe from malaria and other mosquito-borne illnesses.

What Are Mosquito Nets?

Mosquito nets are mesh barriers that people drape over beds or other sleeping areas to protect from mosquito bites. Nets for mosquito control come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from individual nets that cover just one person, to larger nets that can cover entire beds. You can even find colourful hand-dyed mosquito nets.

Often, they can be made of different materials, such as cotton or polyester. People also sometimes have them treated with insecticide to further enhance the mosquito protection they offer.

How Do Mosquito Nets Work?

Mosquito nets work by creating a physical barrier between individuals and mosquitoes. The mozzies can’t get past the net, which has holes too tiny for them to squeeze through. If you use them properly, they can prevent mosquitoes from biting you and transmitting diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.

What About Insecticide-Treated Nets?

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are mosquito nets that have been treated with insecticide. The treatment of mosquito nets can be either long-lasting or short-term, and can greatly enhance the effectiveness of the net in preventing mosquito bites and reducing malaria transmission. Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets can remain effective for up to three years, even with regular use.

The Efficacy of Mosquito Nets in South Africa

Insecticide-treated bed nets are not an infallible solution to stopping mosquito bites. Talk to any South African with experience, and they can attest to the persistence of mosquitoes in their attempts to pierce the barrier. Strands that separate the holes in the nets can, over time, snap, making holes that, however tiny, can allow a mosquito to squeeze through.

They also try to find ways to enter, perhaps when you yourself enter the net. They can also live in hidden spaces within the space covered by the net for periods of time if they find a way in. This is why nets alone are not infallible, and the reason why long-lasting insecticide-treated nets are most often used in anti-malarial efforts.

Mosquito Nets and the Fight Against Malaria

Mosquito nets have played a critical role in malaria control efforts in South Africa. A cross-sectional study published in the Malaria Journal found that the use of mosquito nets was associated with a reduced risk of malaria infection in vulnerable populations, particularly African children under the age of five.

Mass distribution campaigns of ITNs have been carried out in many countries, including South Africa, to increase levels of coverage and make nets more accessible to the poorest households. According to household-level health surveys, ITN coverage rates in South Africa have increased significantly in recent years, with an estimated 74% of households owning at least one ITN in 2018.

Are Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Safe for Children?

When it comes to protecting our little ones from the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, safety is a top concern. But are Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) really safe for children?

The good news is that LLINs are generally considered safe for kids. The insecticides used to treat the nets are applied at low concentrations, so they’re only effective against pesky mosquitoes. And you know what else? The World Health Organization (WHO) regularly evaluates the safety and efficacy of these nets, giving its stamp of approval only to those that meet its safety and quality standards.

That being said, there are some health concerns to keep in mind. For instance, LLINs can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some people, especially if the net isn’t washed properly or if the insecticide has worn off. And there have been some rare reports of respiratory problems associated with LLIN use.

But don’t let that scare you away! Following the instructions for proper use can minimize these risks. That means using the nets only for their intended purpose, washing them regularly, and replacing them if they become damaged or ineffective. Plus, it’s important to remember that LLINs aren’t the only solution for controlling malaria. Combining them with other measures, like Mozzie Patches, can help protect your family even more.

What Other Malaria Control Strategies Are Being Used?

In addition to mosquito nets, other malaria control strategies include residual spraying of insecticide indoors and outdoors, chemoprophylaxis (preventive medication), and environmental management to reduce mosquito breeding sites. While these strategies can be effective, no solution is infallible, so an approach using multiple methods is advised. It’s also important to consider how chemicals can affect your environment and family when choosing a solution.

Can Mozzie Skin Patches be an Alternative

For those who may be allergic to insecticides or have concerns about using mosquito nets, Mozzie Skin Patches are a natural alternative you can consider. Our patches use only Vitamin B1 to repel mosquitoes without the need for harsh chemicals.

Plus, our patches can be worn on the skin, making them a portable and convenient solution for outdoor activities. You can shop for patches to protect you and your loved ones for up to 36 hours at our online store. We deliver nationwide!

Related posts

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The Surprising Benefits of Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

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• The mesh size ensures that the person under the net does not feel claustrophobic as it is airy. Breaking strength is 405 Kpa and fire safety 16 CFR, all according to World Health Organization standards.
• We treat the mosquito nets on demand with Fendona , effective for 3 years or 20 washes (also approved by the World Health Organization).
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• In the event you wish us to attend a Site Visit, we will be more than accommodating – we will come and meet with you, measure up and offer our specialized advice on the style and/or size net which will be suitable for your décor requirements.
• This, however, will depend on the quantity nets required and distance needed to travel (for obvious cost reasons, should travel and personal attendance not be an option, we will happily arrange a Zoom meeting to discuss your requirements).

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• Section 5 - Helminths, Soil-Transmitted
• Section 5 - Leishmaniasis, Visceral

Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous

Cdc yellow book 2024.

Author(s): Mary Kamb, Sharon Roy, Paul Cantey

Infectious Agent

Transmission, epidemiology, clinical presentation.

INFECTIOUS AGENTS: >20  Leishmania spp.

Eastern Hemisphere: Africa, Asia, southern Europe, Middle EastWestern Hemisphere: Central and South America

TRAVELER CATEGORIES AT GREATEST RISK FOR EXPOSURE & INFECTION

PREVENTION METHODS

Avoid insect bites

DIAGNOSTIC SUPPORT

Leishmania sis is caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites; >20 Leishmania species cause cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Leishmania sis has different forms, including visceral leishmaniasis (the most severe form), but CL is the most common form. An aggressive form of CL, mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), affects mucosal areas.

Leishmania parasites that cause CL are transmitted through the bites of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. CL also can occur after accidental occupational (laboratory) exposures to Leishmania parasites. Transmission risk is greatest from dusk to dawn because sand flies typically feed (bite) at night and during twilight hours. Although sand flies are less active during the hottest part of the day, they can bite if they are disturbed, for instance when people brush against tree trunks or other sites where sand flies are resting. Vector activity might easily be overlooked because sand flies are small and silent, and their bites can go unnoticed. Travelers with potentially increased risk for CL include adventure travelers, bird watchers, construction workers, ecotourists, military personnel, missionaries, Peace Corps volunteers, and people doing research or humanitarian work outdoors at night or twilight. Even short-term travelers in leishmaniasis-endemic areas have developed CL, however. Immigrants and refugees from endemic areas also might present with CL.

As of 2017, CL was reported to be endemic in 87 countries on 6 continents, with an estimated annual prevalence of 4.13 million, including 700,000 new cases globally. The ecologic settings for leishmaniasis transmission range from rainforests to arid regions.

In the Eastern Hemisphere, CL is found in Africa, particularly the tropical region and North Africa; Asia, particularly central and southwest Asia; southern Europe, including southern France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands; and some countries of the Middle East. In the Western Hemisphere, CL is found in parts of Mexico, all countries of Central America, and most of South America. Endemic transmission in the United States has been identified in Texas, especially among people living in areas bordering northeastern Mexico, and in neighboring Oklahoma. CL is not found in Canada, Chile, or Uruguay.

GeoSentinel Surveillance from 1997–2017 indicated that among patients examined at specialized travel or tropical medicine clinics on 6 continents, including North America, and who had laboratory-confirmed diagnoses, common source countries for travel-associated CL were Bolivia; countries in the Amazon Basin, including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; Costa Rica; El Salvador; and Israel. Among immigrants, common source countries were Afghanistan and Syria. Cases of CL in US service personnel have reflected military activities (e.g., in Afghanistan and Iraq). CL is usually more common in rural than urban areas but is found in some peri-urban and urban areas (e.g., in Kabul, Afghanistan).

CL can present with a broad variety of dermatologic manifestations ranging from small and localized skin lesions to large nodules or plaques covering multiple body surfaces; ≈10% of infections are asymptomatic. The clinical spectrum can mimic other skin conditions (e.g., leprosy, squamous cell cancer, fungal or other skin infections).

CL is characterized by skin lesions, which can be closed or open sores, that typically develop on exposed areas of the skin within several weeks or months after infection. In some people, however, the sores first appear months or years later, often in the context of trauma (e.g., skin wounds, surgery). The sores can change in appearance and size over time. Sores typically progress from small, erythematous papules or nodular plaques to open sores with a raised border and central crater (ulcer), which can be covered with crust or scales. Lesions usually are painless but can be painful if superinfected with bacteria. Satellite lesions, regional lymphadenopathy, and nodular lymphangitis can occur. Even without treatment, most sores eventually heal; they can last for months or years, however, and typically result in scarring.

Mucosal Leishmania sis

Some Leishmania species in Central and South America are a potential concern because parasites might spread from the skin to the mucosal surfaces of the nose or mouth and cause sores in these areas. ML might not be apparent until years after the original skin sores appear to have healed. Although ML is uncommon, it has occurred in travelers and expatriates, including in people whose cases of CL were not treated or were treated inadequately. The initial clinical manifestations typically involve the nose, with bleeding, chronic stuffiness, and inflamed mucosa or sores; less often the mouth or larynx are involved, manifesting as a brassy cough or hoarseness.

In advanced cases, ulcerative destruction of the mouth, nose, larynx, and pharynx (e.g., perforation of the nasal septum, or laryngeal or tracheal damage) can occur. Thus, any patient with CL caused by a Viannia subgenus from the Western Hemisphere, regardless of symptoms, should undergo a careful examination of mucosal surfaces, including the vocal cords and oronasal pharynx, along with biopsy of any abnormal-appearing tissue, to avoid missing ML cases. Although most commonly associated with species of Leishmania found in the Western Hemisphere, ML has been documented on rare occasions with species of Leishmania found in various countries of the Eastern Hemisphere.

Consider CL in people with chronic, nonhealing skin lesions who have been in areas where leishmaniasis is found. Clinical signs and symptoms are not sufficiently specific to differentiate CL from other conditions. Obtain an explicit travel history, including, if possible, questioning fellow travelers about similar lesions. Obtain information about duration and progression of symptoms, whether the lesions are painful, prior treatment, and current medications (e.g., immunosuppressive agents); photographs are helpful to assess lesions over time. Conduct a careful physical examination including evaluation of skin, lymph nodes, and mucosal surfaces; referral to a specialist able to conduct an endoscopic laryngeal examination might be warranted if ML is suspected.

Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis is achieved by detecting Leishmania parasites or DNA in infected tissue through light-microscopic examination of stained specimens, culture techniques, or molecular methods (e.g., PCR); conducting all 3 tests maximizes diagnostic yield. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) can assist in all aspects of the diagnostic evaluation. Because different Leishmania species have different management implications, species identification through molecular testing is important, particularly if >1 species is endemic to areas where the patient traveled.

Serologic testing generally is not useful for CL because the assays are insensitive and cannot distinguish between active and past infection. For consultative services, including collection and packaging of samples for molecular testing, contact CDC Parasitic Diseases Inquiries (404-718-4745; [email protected]).

The primary goal of treatment is to prevent morbidity. Individualize decisions about whether and how to treat CL, including whether to use a systemic (oral or parenteral) medication rather than a local or topical approach. Treat all cases of ML with systemic therapy. Clinicians can consult with CDC staff about the relative merits of various approaches to treat CL and ML (see the Diagnosis section for contact information). The response to a particular regimen can vary not only among Leishmania species but also for the same species in different geographic regions.

The oral agent miltefosine is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat CL caused by 3 Western Hemisphere species of the Viannia subgenus: Leishmania (V.) braziliensis , L. (V.) guyanensis , and L. (V.) panamensis , as well as for ML caused by L. (V.) braziliensis , in adults and adolescents ≥12 years old who weigh ≥30 kg and are not pregnant or breastfeeding during therapy or for 5 months after treatment. Various parenteral options, including liposomal amphotericin B, are commercially available, although not FDA-approved to treat CL or ML. The pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) is no longer available through the CDC Drug Service.

No vaccines or drugs to prevent infection are available. Travelers can reduce the risk for CL by using personal protective measures to avoid sand fly contact and sand fly bites (see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ). Advise travelers to avoid outdoor activities, to the extent possible, especially from dusk to dawn when sand flies are the most active; wear protective clothing and apply insect repellent to exposed skin and under the edges of clothing (e.g., shirt sleeves, pant legs) according to the manufacturer’s instructions; and sleep in air-conditioned or well-screened areas. Spraying sleeping quarters with insecticide might provide some protection, and fans or ventilators might inhibit the movement of sand flies, which are weak fliers.

Sand flies are small (≈2–3 mm, <1/8 inch) and can pass through the holes in ordinary mosquito nets. Although fine mesh nets are available, these can be uncomfortable in hot climates. The effectiveness of mosquito nets can be enhanced by treating with a pyrethroid-containing (i.e., permethrin) insecticide. The same treatment can be applied to bed sheets and clothing, curtains, and window screens.

CDC website: Leishmaniasis

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Barbara L. Herwaldt, Christine Dubray, Sharon L. Roy

Bibliography

Aronson N, Herwaldt BL, Libman M, Pearson R, Lopez-Velez R, Weina P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(12):e202–64.

Blum J, Buffet P, Visser L, Harms G, Bailey MS, Caumes E, et al. LeishMan recommendations for treatment of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in travelers, 2014. J Travel Med. 2014;21(2):116–29.

Blum J, Lockwood DN, Visser L, Harms G, Bailey MS, Caumes E, et al. Local or systemic treatment for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis? Re-evaluating the evidence for the risk of mucosal leishmaniasis. Int Health. 2012;4(3):153–63.

Boggild AK, Caumes E, Grobusch MP, Schwartz E, Hynes NA, Libman M, et al. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 20-year GeoSentinel Surveillance Network analysis. J Travel Med. 2019; 26(8):taz055.

GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–858.

Hodiamont CJ, Kager PA, Bart A, de Vries HJC, van Thiel PPAM, Leenstra T, et al. Species-directed therapy for leishmaniasis in returning travelers: a comprehensive guide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(5):e2832.

Karimkhani C, Wanga V, Coffeng LE, Naghavi P, Dellavalle RP, Naghavi M. Global burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(5):584–91.

Kipp EJ, de Almeida M, Marcet PL, Bradbury RS, Benedict TK, Lin W, et al. An atypical case of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with naturally infected phlebotomine sand flies in Texas, United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1496–501.

Pan American Health Organization. Leishmania sis in the Americas: treatment recommendations. Washington, DC: The Organization; 2018. World Health Organization. Global leishmaniasis update, 2006–2015: a turning point in leishmaniasis surveillance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92(38):557–65.

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Unexplained fever? Malaria might be a possible diagnosis regardless of travel history, says CDC

Don’t rule out malaria just because you haven’t traveled anywhere.

In light of recent locally acquired cases in the U.S., the lack of international travel should not exclude a diagnosis of malaria when Americans have unexplained fever — especially if they develop new anemia.

That’s according to a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Health Alert Network update.

"While malaria contraction is most commonly associated with travel abroad , there have been recent cases of locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria," Dr. Obinna Nnedu, infectious diseases specialist and medical director of the travel medicine clinic at Ochsner Health in New Orleans, Louisiana, told Fox News Digital. 

MARYLAND HEALTH OFFICIALS REPORT POSITIVE CASE OF ‘LOCALLY ACQUIRED’ MALARIA

"These cases are rare," he added. 

READ ON THE FOX NEWS APP

"However, it's important to understand that Anopheles mosquitoes breed in still containers and puddles of water outdoors and they prefer to bite humans in the evenings and at nighttime."

Four different species of the genus Plasmodium mainly cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale.

Here's a breakdown.

The CDC health alert highlights the species that causes the most severe form of malaria — P. falciparum, which was reported to cause a single case of malaria in Maryland in the National Capital Region on Aug. 18, 2023.

"P. falciparum malaria can rapidly cause severe illness and even death if not quickly diagnosed, therefore rapid diagnosis and treatment is imperative," the report said.

YET ANOTHER COVID VACCINE? AS BIDEN CALLS FOR NEW FUNDING, HEALTH EXPERTS SOUND OFF: ‘A SLIPPERY SLOPE'

A previous health alert on June 26, 2023, described seven cases of malaria in Florida and one case in Texas that were acquired locally without  international travel . 

These cases were unrelated to the Maryland case and were secondary to a different species known as P. vivax, which generally causes a milder form of the disease. 

"CDC’s national malaria system works quickly and effectively to identify cases of malaria and connect patients to treatment," a CDC spokesperson told Fox News Digital. 

The last report of local transmission of malaria was in mid-July in Florida; before that, it was in June in Texas. All patients are improving after receiving treatment. 

Before this year, the last cases of local transmission of malaria in the U.S. occurred in 2003, when eight cases were reported in Palm Beach County, Florida, due to P. vivax malaria, according to the report.

"The current risk of malaria in the U.S. is very low," a CDC spokesperson emphasized to Fox News Digital. 

Malaria is caused by a parasite — most often by the bite of a female mosquito of the genus Anopheles that is infected with the disease.  

The  Anopheles mosquitoes are found throughout many parts of the country, according to the CDC.

After these mosquitoes feed on someone infected with malaria, they transmit the parasite by biting another person who’s not infected. 

Although rare, the illness can also be transmitted during pregnancy from the mother to the fetus, as well as through a blood transfusion, organ transplantation or unsafe needle sharing, according to the CDC.

PIG KIDNEY STILL FUNCTIONING IN BRAIN-DEAD MAN 6 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANT SURGERY: ‘EXTREMELY ENCOURAGING’

It is a global disease, causing over 240 million cases a year, but the vast majority — 95% — come from Africa, per the CDC.

Almost all malaria cases in the U.S. occur in international travelers — often from  sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia — mostly during the summer and early fall.  

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic , approximately 2,000 cases were diagnosed annually in the U.S., with 300 people having severe disease mostly due to P. falciparum; only five to 10 people typically die every year in the U.S. from malaria. 

"Once a mosquito is infected with a malaria parasite, it takes between two and three weeks for the parasite to develop into a form that is infectious to humans," Nnedu told Fox News Digital.

Certain species, like P. vivax and P. ovale, remain "dormant" in the liver in a form called hypnozoites. They are considered "hypnotized" until they leave the liver, so it can take a year or more to develop symptoms after an infection, according to experts.

"Malaria in humans usually presents with fevers," Nnedu said. "Other symptoms may include body aches, headaches and shortness of breath."

Although rarely observed, one classic clue of infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax is a fever that arrives like clockwork every other day, the CDC says.

"The gold standard for malaria diagnosis is microscopy," Nnedu noted.

After a drop of blood is placed on a glass slide, it’s then smudged to spread the blood, creating a "blood smear," per the CDC.

The slide is then given a special stain that will help identify any malaria species that may exist under the microscope .

"To effectively rule out malaria, one must have three negative blood smears on microscopy spaced out by 12 hours," Nnedu added.

There are also rapid diagnostic tests, which are "equally effective at diagnosing malaria," he added.

"To help lower your risk of contact with potentially infected mosquitoes, emptying standing containers of water outside of homes is important," Nnedu recommended.

"You can also consider getting mosquito nets for windows and doors of homes and using mosquito repellant that contains 20% DEET when outdoors," he said.

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He reminded people to apply mosquito repellant after using sunscreen. 

Mosquito repellant is effective for six hours — but sweating or perspiration will decrease the amount of time the mosquito repellant is effective, Nnedu said.

"The best way to protect yourself from malaria, and other diseases spread by mosquitos like West Nile Virus, is to prevent mosquito bites by using insect repellant, wearing loose-fitting shirts and pants, and taking steps to control mosquitoes indoors and outdoors," a CDC spokesperson told Fox News Digital.

Original article source: Unexplained fever? Malaria might be a possible diagnosis regardless of travel history, says CDC

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Global mosquito repellent market is projected to grow us$ 11,474.5 million by 2032, at a 6.0% cagr from 2024 to 2032 | polaris market research (pmr).

Growing instances of contagious illnesses such as zika, dengue, and yellow fever due to mosquito are pushing the market growth.

New York, USA, July 19, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Market Overview:

The Mosquito Repellent Market was estimated at USD 6,992.9 million in 2023. The market valuation is expected to be USD 11,474.5 million by 2032, registering a staggering CAGR of 6.0% during the forecast period of 2024-2032.

What is Mosquito Repellent?

A mosquito repellent is a matter smeared on skin, clothing, or other surfaces that prevents mosquitos from landing or crawling on that aspect. Mosquitos can roll out viruses that generate grave illnesses. They can curtail the possibility of being gnawed by a mosquito, which can decrease the probability that one will acquire one of these illnesses. A mosquito repellent can be utilized when one is in the exterior and subjected to mosquitos. They are normally most agile between dusk and dawn albeit some types can also be out in the daytime. Mosquitos normally commence to become agile in the course of pre-mature or mid-spring and stay agile until the initial hard frost when the ground freezes.

Key Market Stats:

Mosquito repellent market size was valued at USD 6,992.9 million in 2023.

The market is anticipated to grow from USD 7,204.1 million in 2024 to USD 11,474.5 million by 2032.

The market is expected to exhibit at a CAGR of 6.0% during the forecast period.

Download Free Sample PDF Copy of the Report:

https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/mosquito-repellent-market/request-for-sample

Major Findings from the Report:

The market for mosquito repellent is expected to increase significantly due to growing housing debris and inappropriate litter management.

The mosquito repellent market segmentation is mainly based on type, distribution channel, and region.

Asia Pacific registered the largest market share.

Mosquito Repellent Market Drivers and Trends

Growing media prevalence : Lately, the global demand for mosquito repellent is surging notably due to a rise in consciousness about mosquito-sustained illnesses pushed by escalated public well-being worries, growing prevalence rates, and elevated media participation. Furthermore, media channels involving radio, television, social media, and online platforms play a notable part in circulating particulars about mosquito-sustained illnesses.

Growing governmental initiatives : Governments and public health firms globally are accomplishing inventiveness and endeavors to fight mosquito-sustained illnesses. These endeavors frequently involve dispensation initiatives for mosquito nets, repellents, and pedagogic substances to susceptible populations.

Escalating travel activities : With globalization and escalated travel ventures, persons are more subjected to mosquito-sustained illnesses in regions where they have not been formerly prevalent. Travelers look for safeguarding against mosquito bites to intercept picking up illnesses while befalling areas with endemic mosquito populations. This elevated consciousness of travel linked probabilities drives up the mosquito repellent market demand.

Changing environmental conditions : Altering environmental conditions such as substantial downpours, wobbling temperatures, and so on are also causing the probability of breeding, which further behaves as a prompting factor for industry augmentation globally.

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Market Challenges:

The demand for mosquito repellent market growth is anticipated to be constrained by ongoing subjection to chemical insecticides and repellents that assist in the advancement of aversion to mosquito populations, providing specific commodities inefficient over time.

Industry’s Prominent Players :

AoGrand Intl Group Inc.

Coghlan’s Ltd.

Enesis Group

Henkel AG & Co. KGaA

Herbal Strategi

Jyothy Laboratories Ltd.

Geographical Landscape:

Asia Pacific accounted for the most mosquito repellent market share. This is an outcome of the infliction of the strict administrative strategy for population well-being and cleanliness, and growing healthcare disbursement is generating a gainful demand for the market. Additionally, the improved residing levels, growing population, and sensible assessment of repellents have also propelled the market reach in household goods.

Moreover, due to the existence of a massive consumer base, escalating consciousness about the obtainability of mosquito repellent, as well as surging cash flow, the Europe region is anticipated to grow at the quickest rate over the forecast period, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR).

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https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/mosquito-repellent-market/inquire-before-buying

Market Segmentation :

By Type Outlook

Cream & Oil

Other Types

By Distribution Channel Outlook

Hypermarket & Supermarket

Independent Stores

By Region Outlook

North America (U.S., Canada)

Europe (France, Germany, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Russia)

Asia Pacific (Japan, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia. South Korea, Australia)

Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, South Africa)

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The 75 Best Hiking and Camping Gear Deals for Amazon Prime Day — Starting at Just $7

Save up to 64 percent on must-have products from Merrell hiking boots to Coleman tents.

Travel + Leisure / Reese Herrington

This summer, get outside for some fun in the sun. Whether you’re exploring a local hiking trail or heading off on a backcountry adventure, you’ll find the high-quality gear you need to ensure a fun and safe day in the outdoors at Amazon. And, thanks to Prime Day , you can now stock up on hiking and camping gear essentials for as little as $7. With deals on camping tents including the Coleman Skydome , protective clothing like the Baleaf Women's UPF 50+ Sun Shirt , and more, you won’t want to miss this sale event.

We searched Amazon for the can’t-miss deals to enhance your outdoor experience and found top products like the Osprey Salida 12L Hydration Backpack , GCI Outdoor Freeform Zero Gravity Chair , Merrell Women’s Moab 3 Hiking Shoes up to 33 percent off. But the savings don’t stop there — we rounded up the 75 best hiking and camping deals during Prime Day to make the most of your summer adventures. Shoppers do not need to be Amazon Prime members to enjoy the sale, but you can sign up now for a free Amazon account to access the best deals throughout this two-day sale. 

Best Overall Deals

• Baleaf Women's UPF 50+ Sun Shirts , $14 (originally $36)
• Yeti Lowlands Blanket , $130 (originally $200)
• Coleman Skydome Camping Tent , $145 (originally $290)
• Merrell Women’s Moab 3 Hiking Shoe , $80 (originally $120)
• Osprey Salida 12L Hydration Backpack , $78 (originally $130)
• Trekology Trekking Poles , $36 (originally $66)
• Columbia Men’s Silver Ridge Convertible Hiking Pants , $33 (originally $65)
• Darn Tough Merino Wool Boot Socks , $28 (originally $38)
• Waterfly Crossbody Sling Pack , $22 (originally $35)
• Celestron Nature DX ED 8x42 Premium Binoculars , $160 (originally $210)
• Murphy’s Naturals Mosquito Repellent Wipes , $9 (originally $11)

Best Hiking Gear Deals

You don’t need much equipment to get out and go hiking, but certain items can enhance your experience. The Osprey Salida 12L Hydration Backpack , now just $78, will keep your items safe and secure while providing you with much needed hydration. Meanwhile, high-quality trekking poles like the Trekology Trekking Poles (which are 45 percent off) will help support you even on rocky terrain.

• Repel Windproof Travel Umbrella, $22 (originally $30)
• LifeStraw Home – Water Filter Pitcher, 7-Cup, $32 (originally $40)
• LifeStraw Go Series – BPA-Free Water Filter Bottle, $40 (originally $50)
• Osprey Ultralight Raincover for Backpack , $32 (originally $36)
• Cherainti Hydration Bladder, 2L , $12 (originally $20)
• Nathan Men’s Pinnacle Hydration Vest , $90 (originally $180)
• Yuoto Waist Pack With Water Bottle Holder , $16 (originally $25)
• Venture Pal 40L Packable Hiking Backpack , $24 (originally $34)
• Lowoko 50L Hiking Backpack , $40 (originally $66)

Trekology Trekking Poles

Trekking poles can provide some much-needed support to a long day on the trail. Consider these collapsible poles from Trekology that come with four interchangeable tips to help keep you steady on all terrain types, from snow to mud.

Cherainti Hydration Bladder, 2L

Stay hydrated on the trail without stopping for a water bottle, thanks to this two-liter hydration bladder. It’s easy to clean and refill, so you can add to it using outdoor water fountains. Plus, it’s compatible with any hiking pack that has a hydration sleeve, so you can fit it into the pack you already have at home.

Best Hiking Accessory Deals

In addition to essential gear, accessories like bug-repellent and sunscreen can help ensure a fun day outside. Columbia Men’s Silver Ridge Convertible Hiking Pants , now just $33, and Murphy’s Naturals Mosquito Repellent Wipes , now just $9, are great options to keep handy so you can reapply throughout the day. And the much-loved Nalgene Sustain Tritan BPA-free Water Bottle is a perfect addition to any pack and is 35 percent off (so be sure to snag a matching set for you and your favorite hiking partner). 

• I GO 85 Pieces Hard Shell Mini Compact First Aid Kit, $12 (originally $17)
• Amacool Portable Camping Fan with LED Lantern, $21 (originally $36)
• Durecopow Solar Charger, $19 (originally $23)
• Sabre Frontiersman 9.2-ounce Bear Spray , $36 (originally $43)
• Jisulife Handheld Mini Fan , $14 (originally $25)
• Off! FamilyCare Insect & Mosquito Repellent , $7 (originally $8)
• Lifestraw Personal Water Filter , $10 (originally $20)
• General Medi Mini First Aid Kit , $10 (originally $20)
• Cob Keychain Work Light , $8 (originally $22)
• Nalgene Sustain Tritan BPA-free Water Bottle , $12 (originally $17)
• Kastking UPF 50 Boonie Hat With Removable Neck Flap , $18 (originally $25)

Celestron Nature DX ED 8x42 Premium Binoculars

We love a good pair of binoculars for daily hiking trips and safaris alike. This pair from Celestron is backed by a lifetime warranty, weatherproof, and provides ultra-sharp viewing. They also weigh less than two pounds, so they won’t take up too much space in your pack.

Murphy’s Naturals Mosquito Repellent Wipes

No one wants to suffer a bug bite while on the trail, but bug spray can spill in your bag or take up too much space. These mosquito repellent wipes are the perfect solution as they’re lightweight and don’t cause any messes. Plus, they’re just as effective as bug spray or even more so, because you can easily wipe down forgotten areas like the back of your knees and elbows.

Best Hiking Clothing Deals

You can wear just about anything that is comfortable and protective when you head out on the trail, but certain fabrics and styles will up your hiking game. We love sun-protective clothing like the Baleaf Women's UPF 50+ Sun Shirts , now up to 61 percent off. And don’t forget rain protection: grab the $18 Pteromy Hooded Rain Poncho for those unexpected summer showers or cushy hiking socks like the Darn Tough Merino Wool Boot Socks , now up to 26 percent off.

• Alvada Mens Merino Wool Crew Socks, $14 (originally $27)
• Baleaf Women’s Hiking Pants , $30 (originally $56)
• Pteromy Hooded Rain Poncho , $18 (originally $30)
• Under Armour Men’s Tech 2.0 Short Sleeve T-shirt , $19 (originally $25)
• Under Armour Women’s Tech Twist Quarter Zip , $29 (originally $45)
• Columbia Women’s Switchback III Jacket , $38 (originally $60)
• Willit Women's Hiking Shorts , $18 (originally $34)

Baleaf Women’s UPF 50+ Sun Shirts

Sun-protective clothing is a great choice for every hiker, especially those who may forget to reapply sunscreen regularly. This shirt from Baleaf provides 50+ UPF sun protection, so you can go longer without reapplying while staying cool and comfortable. And it comes in a whopping 29 colors, so you can stock up for your next camping trip.

Columbia Men’s Silver Ridge Convertible Hiking Pants

High-quality hiking pants are absolutely essential whether you’re enjoying a casual day hike or backcountry camping. This lightweight pair from Columbia is now 50 percent off and conveniently unzips at the knee so you can convert them into shorts if you get a bit too warm on the trail.

Best Hiking Shoe Deals

Your hiking shoes and boots should provide plenty of traction and comfort. For instance, consider the ankle-supportive Columbia Women’s Newton Ridge Plus Waterproof Amped Hiking Boots , which are now 24 percent off, or the 33 percent off Merrell Women’s Moab 3 Hiking Shoe . Both are great options for backcountry hiking — and look good enough to wear for a bite after your hike. There are plenty of men’s hiking shoe deals, too, like the Nortiv 8 Men’s Hiking Boots that come in seven different colors and sport an impressive six-inch ankle support — get them for 52 percent off.

• Merrell Hydro Next Gen Hiker , $66 (originally $110)
• Hoka One Clifton 9 , $230 (originally $250)
• Merrell Men’s Speed Eco , $84 (originally $120)
• Columbia Women’s Newton Ridge Plus Waterproof Amped Hiking Boot , $76 (originally $100)
• Columbia Men’s Crestwood Mid Waterproof Hiking Shoe , $52 (originally $90)
• New Balance Men's Fresh Foam X More Trail V3 , $102 (originally $160)
• Nortiv 8 Men’s Hiking Boots , $44 (originally $90)
• Keen Men’s Targhee 2 Low Height Waterproof Hiking Shoes , $92 (originally $145)
• Keen Women’s Voyageur Low Height Breathable Hiking Shoes , $86 (originally $135)

Hoka One Clifton 9

Beloved running brand Hoka is known for sneakers that provide plenty of arch support to enhance your movements. And, they’re just as comfortable when you’re out hiking. The Hoka One Clifton 9s are now $20 off and sure to add some bounce to your step on your next long hike. 

Keen Men’s Targhee 2 Low Height Waterproof Hiking Shoes

We love Keen’s Targhee hiking line ; these shoes are great for hikers with wide feet thanks to its tapered toe box that leaves plenty of space at the ball of your foot for optimal comfort. Now, you can get the durable Men’s Targhee 2 Low Height Hiking Shoes for just $81 and the Women's Targhee 3 Mid Height Waterproof Hiking Boots for $69. 

Best Camping Gear Deals

When it comes to camping, a durable tent like the Coleman Skydome Camping Tent is essential, and is now just $145. You’ll also want comfortable bedding, like the classic Rumpl Original Puffy Blanket , now 40 percent off, and the Yuzonc Double Sleeping Pad , now 36 percent off, to ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Depending on your campsite, you may also want to invest in cookware like the Coleman Bottletop Propane Camping Stove , now just $29, or even a cooler like the Igloo BMX Hard Cooler , now for $75.

• Clostnature Polaris Lightweight Backpacking Tent , $68 (originally $100)
• RTIC Soft Cooler , $99 (originally $115)
• Igloo BMX Hard Cooler , $75 (originally $100)
• GCI Outdoor Freeform Zero Gravity Chair , $55 (originally $100)
• Kijaro Dual Lock Camping Chair , $55 (originally $62)
• Rumpl Original Puffy Blanket , $75 (originally $125)
• Yuzonc Double Sleeping Pad , $51 (originally $80)
• GGOV Store Camping Sleeping Pad , $40 (originally $70)
• Qevooon Camping Hammock With Net , $22 (originally $33)
• Farland Sleeping Bag , $30 (originally $50)
• Frelaxy Dry Bag 5-pack , $23 (originally $38)
• Coleman Bottletop Propane Camping Stove , $29 (originally $40)

Rumpl Original Puffy Blanket

The ever-popular Rumpl blanket is now on sale in its classic prints like Teton Fade . For hikers and campers who may not like the confining feel of a sleeping bag, the Rumpl blanket is a great alternative. Plus, you can curl up next to the campfire or share it while watching the sunset. 

RTIC Soft Cooler

No camping trip is complete without snacks, and a softside cooler is a great way to keep your food and drinks cold without the added weight of a hardside cooler. This RTIC cooler can fit up to 20 cans and keeps items cold for up to 24 hours, perfect for an overnight trip.

Best Camping Accessory Deals

To guarantee you have a great camping trip, you may want to pack some extra accessories to add to your comfort and safety. The Klymit Drift Camping Pillow is a great option for a soft spot to rest your head and is now just $32. For those who want to stay plugged in on the trail, a waterproof charger like the Durecopow Solar Charger , now just $19, is also a great device to have on hand.

• Dream Master 2 Pack LED Flashlights , $16 (originally $19)
• GearLight 2Pack LED Headlamp , $14 (originally $20)
• Alstu Rechargeable Flashlights, $32 (originally $40)
• LHKNL Headlamp Flashlight , $14 (originally $25)
• Durecopow Solar Charger , $19 (originally $30)
• LSFFM Lightweight Camping Pillow , $20 (originally $27)
• Klymit Drift Camping Pillow , $32 (originally $40)
• Gerber Gear Suspension Multi-tool , $30 (originally $36)
• Kseibi Wood Axe, Small Camp Hatchet , $15 (originally $25)
• EWOVUV Camping Mess Kit , $17 (originally $26)
• Consciot LED Camping Lantern , $22 (originally $35)
• CJRB Cutlery Folding Knife , $34 (originally $90)
• Rainleaf Microfiber Towel , $9 (originally $14)
• Rexbeti Folding Saw , $18 (originally $23)
• Jackery Explorer 1000 Portable Power Station , $479 (originally $999)

LHKNL Headlamp Flashlight

When you’re out in the wilderness overnight, it’s essential to have a camping lantern or headlamp to light your way in the dark. This LHKNL Headlamp comes in packs of two for just $14 — or $7 each — so you and your camping partner can stay safe without having to share.

Camping Mess Kit

If you’re going camping, odds are you will have at least one meal at the site. Unless your campgrounds feature a canteen where you can buy meals, a durable mess kit is a must-have. This $17 kit is perfect for one camper and features cups, utensils, and nesting plates so you have everything you need without sacrificing too much packing space.

Be sure to check out these deals during the Prime Day Sale from July 16-17.  

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