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APPLYING TO VILLANOVA

Applying to Villanova University means you are committed to a deeply engaging approach to learning and discovery. Each of our colleges offers challenging coursework, along with intimate and innovative learning environments where students work alongside renowned faculty and a supportive network of peers.

GETTING STARTED

This is where it all begins. More than 150 degrees and programs. Countless paths to success. Find out what’s required for your application, and start your journey towards a learning experience that’s rigorous, eye-opening and life-changing – an experience that’s uniquely Villanovan.

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

Second degree accelerated bsn, graduate arts & sciences, graduate business, graduate engineering, graduate nursing, professional studies, graduate tax, financial assistance.

Villanova is committed to making a world-class education affordable. We offer grants, scholarships, loans and student employment through federal, state, private and University sources, as well as payment options to assist in meeting educational expenses.

SUMMER SESSIONS

About villanova summer sessions.

Whether you live close to Villanova or across the country, you can make the most of your summer by taking a class. Summer classes are accelerated and can help you get ahead on your degree plan. Summer courses are also excellent ways to spend focused time on one or two classes, boost your resume, or simply stay in the habit of studying. Villanova welcomes current Villanova undergraduate and graduate students, as well as visiting students from other Universities, to join the Villanova community for Summer Sessions. Choose the summer class(es) you need from a wide array of disciplines, connect with our exceptional faculty and engage with your classmates. You may also apply to a in a specialized program like the Villanova School of Business Summer Business Institute (SBI) , or the Engineering Entrepreneurship Summer Institute (E2SI) , or complete a minor fully online in Philosophy.

Many Summer courses are offered fully online; some in-person and hybrid options are available. Online classes are offered in either synchronous or asynchronous formats. Synchronous classes “meet” virtually at a scheduled time. Students log into the class together to participate, in addition to completing work outside of class time. Asynchronous courses allow for a flexible time frame for students to complete their work and readings for the class. Both provide content to student like an on-campus course; they pursue the same learning objectives and award the same academic credit.

Housing options also available through the Office of Residence Life .

View Tuition and Fees

Who Can Attend Summer Sessions?

Current villanova students.

Students already enrolled at Villanova in full or part-time undergraduate or graduate programs do not need to apply to take Summer Session courses. They should discuss their course plans with their advisor and register via MyNova .

Students may drop or add courses in MyNova  up until the drop/add deadline.  Students who wish to withdraw from a course should fill out the withdrawal form .  Please visit the Academic Calendar for important dates. Tuition rates for Summer Sessions are available here .

Incoming Villanova Freshmen

Incoming Villanova freshmen may be eligible to take courses over the summer. Please reach out to CPS Admissions for more information.

Visiting Undergraduate Students from Other Universities

Villanova welcomes students enrolled full time at other Universities for Summer Sessions. Each summer we welcome hundreds of visiting students to our learning community. APPLY AS A VISITING STUDENT

Visiting Graduate Students from Other Universities

Only certain graduate programs in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing permit summer visitor enrollment. Students should contact the respective graduate offices for additional information and application details

High School Students

High school students interested in enrolling in a summer course have two options, depending on the type of course they want to take and whether they want to earn academic credit.

For high school students desiring to take a Villanova course with college-aged students to earn academic credit, use the link below and select "High School Scholar/ Diocesan Scholar Program." APPLY AS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT

For high school students interested in the Pre-College Summer Academy , an innovative, engaging pre-college academic experience, apply using the link below. Designed and taught by Villanova faculty, the courses are open to students age 13 and above - typically rising 10th, 11th and 12th graders. The program includes professional and personal development opportunities through interactive workshops delivered by individuals from across Villanova.  

APPLY TO THE PRE-COLLEGE SUMMER ACADEMY

Individual Course Registrations (Not a full or part-time student elsewhere)

Students who are not currently enrolled in an undergraduate or graduate program may also enroll in Summer courses at Villanova.  

APPLY HERE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL COURSE

2024 Session Dates and Deadlines

Session i  , application deadline: may 22.

Class Dates: May 29 - June 26 Add/Drop: May 31 Last Day for Withdrawal: June 18

SESSION II 

Application deadline: june 24.

Class Dates: July 1 - July 29 Add/Drop: July 3 Last Day for Withdrawal: July 22

SESSION III

Class Dates: May 29 - July 29 Add/Drop: June 4 Last Day for Withdrawal: July 9

DATES AND DEADLINES ABOVE MAY VARY FOR PRE-COLLEGE SUMMER ACADEMY FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND CERTAIN GRADUATE PROGRAMS.

Visit the pre-college program page for specific information..

Villanova School of Business: Summer Business Institute

Pre-College Summer Academy

Athletics Leadership Summit

College of Engineering: Engineering Entrepreneurship Summer Institute (E2SI)

Professional Education Programs

Important notices for online prospective and current students.

The following includes important information regarding the University’s authorization status, students’ responsibilities related to relocation and programs leading to professional licensures, and the complaint process for online students.

Read the Notices for Distance Education Programs

• College of Liberal Arts and Sciences /
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• Department of Global Interdisciplinary Studies /
• Cultural Studies

CULTURAL STUDIES

Open your mind to cultures from all around the world and feel empowered to jumpstart the conversations we should all be having about the importance of representation in everyday narratives, everywhere.

Villanova’s Cultural Studies Program encourages undergraduates to understand, critique and take a lead in transforming the ideas behind cultural phenomena around the world. By emphasizing a hybrid of academic disciplines such as social sciences and the humanities, we learn to scrutinize questions of identity, race, gender, class, and community as well as examine how these questions manifest themselves in different cultural practices. For students driven by a strong desire to understand other cultures, we offer exposure to diverse, multicultural and multiracial narratives and provide an environment for discovering the theoretical and cultural knowledge needed to do your part for social equality at home and abroad.

WHY CULTURAL STUDIES?

Community insights.

Representation in the form of identity, race, gender, class, and community is the catalyst to helping us understand, respect and embrace cultures other than our own.

Cultural Understanding

Cultural Studies integrates monolithic, ethnocentric, and gendered approaches to knowledge, exposing students to diverse, multicultural and multiracial narratives and world views. 

Global Applications

Rather than just focusing on a specific geographical area, Cultural Studies empowers you with a set of theoretical tools to properly study and understand global cultural phenomena.

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• GUIDING PRINCIPLES
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Director: Karyn Hollis, PhD   Office:  SAC 458 Phone:  (610) 519-7872

GLOBAL INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

• GIS Department
• Africana Studies
• Arab and Islamic Studies
• Asian Studies
• Irish Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Russian Area Studies
• Critical Language Minors
• Gender and Women's Studies
• Peace and Justice Studies

NEWS & EVENTS

Cultural diversity.

“Majoring in Cultural Studies provided me with the academic rigor and cultural diversity to achieve my goals both inside and outside the United States. Cultural Studies will continue to be a foundation that I can draw upon as I strive to ignite change in a global healthcare setting." - Grace Lassiter ’16 CLAS

DIVERSE COURSES

“The major in Cultural Studies is great for students with multiple interests. I love that I was able to take courses in political science, sociology, and even art history—the interdisciplinary approach helped me on my post-graduate studies path in international environmental and agricultural policy." - Alina Guido ’16 CLAS

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Philadelphia Archbishop Nelson J. Pérez, D.D. to Deliver Villanova University’s 2024 Commencement Address

Archbishop Pérez will be awarded an honorary degree at the May 17 Commencement Ceremony

VILLANOVA, Pa. (April 25, 2024) –   The Rev. Peter M. Donohue, OSA, PhD, Villanova University President, announced that Philadelphia Archbishop the Most Revered Nelson J. Pérez, D.D., will address the Class of 2024 as the University’s commencement speaker. Archbishop Pérez will also receive the degree of Doctor of Sacred Letters, honoris causa. The University’s 181 st commencement will be held Friday, May 17, at 2:30 p.m., in Villanova Stadium. In the event of severe weather, the ceremony will be held indoors in the Finneran Pavilion.

Note: For the livestream of Commencement, click here .

About Most Reverend Nelson J. Pérez, D.D.

Most Reverend Nelson J. Pérez, D.D., was appointed as the 14th Bishop and 10th Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia by Pope Francis in January 2020. Archbishop Pérez's pastoral vision, rooted in Pope Francis' Apostolic Exhortation "The Joy of the Gospel," can be summarized as, "Church on Mission: Proactive, Involved, Supportive, Fruitful, and Joyful."

Archbishop Pérez has strong ties to the Philadelphia area, with over two decades of experience and work in the region. He earned two master's degrees at Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood and was ordained as a priest for the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in 1989. His first assignment after ordination to the priesthood was as parochial vicar of Saint Ambrose Parish in Philadelphia. He later served as Pastor of Saint William Parish in Philadelphia and Saint Agnes Parish in West Chester. Committed to education, Archbishop Pérez has taught courses at LaSalle University and Saint Charles Seminary.

Archbishop Pérez was born in Miami, Fla., and grew up in a Cuban neighborhood in West New York, N.J. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Montclair State University in 1983.

During his time in the priesthood, Archbishop Pérez has strengthened relations with Latino communities across the region. He served as the Episcopal Vicar for Hispanic Ministry, overseeing 54 parishes with pastoral ministry to Hispanics, as well as Formation Programs and Ecclesial Movements.

Archbishop Pérez has also served in various positions within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. He was the Chair of the Bishops' Standing Committee on Cultural Diversity, chaired the Bishops' Sub-Committee for Hispanic Affairs, and served as the lead Bishop for the V Encuentro process for the USCCB. He also served as a member of the Bishops' Sub-Committee for the Catholic Campaign for Human Development and on the Administrative and the Religious Liberty Committees for the USCCB.

In 1998, Archbishop Pérez was named Chaplain to His Holiness, Pope John Paul II, with the title of Monsignor. In 2009, he was named a Prelate of Honor by Pope Benedict XVI. Three years later, he was appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre, N.Y., and was ordained as a Bishop. As the Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre, Bishop Pérez served as Episcopal Vicar for the Eastern Vicariate, representing the Diocesan Ordinary. In 2017, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Pérez as the 11th Bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland.

Currently, Archbishop Pérez serves as the bishop liaison for the National Federation for Catholic Youth Ministry (NFCYM) and he was appointed to the Pontifical Commission for Latin America. He also presently serves as the Chair of the Board of Catholic Relief Services.

About Villanova University: Since 1842, Villanova University’s Augustinian Catholic intellectual tradition has been the cornerstone of an academic community in which students learn to think critically, act compassionately and succeed while serving others. There are more than 10,000 undergraduate, graduate and law students in the University's six colleges—the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Villanova School of Business, the College of Engineering, the M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, the College of Professional Studies and the Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law. Ranked among the nation’s top universities, Villanova supports its students’ intellectual growth and prepares them to become ethical leaders who create positive change everywhere life takes them. For more, visit  www.villanova.edu .

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• Graduate Liberal Arts and Sciences

GRADUATE LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES

The  College of Liberal Arts and Sciences  at  Villanova University  is an ideal place to pursue your graduate education.  Program offerings  in the humanities, social sciences, mathematics and sciences include more than 20 master's degrees, more than 40 graduate certificates, and PhD programs in Philosophy and Theology. While many of our programs are fully on-campus, online and hybrid options are available in some programs. Take the next step in your career with a graduate degree or certificate from Villanova!

YOUR PASSION. YOUR FUTURE.

Our graduate programs.

• Applied Statistics and Data Science
• Classical Studies
• Communication
• Computer Science
• Environmental Science
• Gender and Women's Studies
• Health Informatics
• Human Resource Development
• Liberal Studies
• Mathematics
• Political Science
• Public Administration
• Software Engineering

Why Villanova Graduate Studies?

• Competitive  tuition rates  
• Graduate assistantships and research funding . In fact, last year, nearly 300 graduate students in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences received financial support totaling more than $6.5 million in the form of tuition remission and stipends.
• Flexible courses of study, including online options in HRD , MPA , and  Classical Studies .
• Evening classes that meet once per week
• Study full-time or part-time
• Personal attention from a  faculty of internationally recognized teacher-scholars
• All the cultural and intellectual assets of the  Philadelphia region , including nearly  90 higher-education institutions
• A learning experience you design to meet your intellectual passions and educational goals

Visit Villanova to learn more about what Graduate Liberal Arts and Sciences has to offer you!  Schedule a campus tour , attend an open house or join us for an  online information session .

Our Academic Mission

The graduate programs seek to integrate general education, cultural improvement, and professional excellence. The aims of these programs are:

• To extend and deepen knowledge by scholarly research;
• To assist those who wish to secure specialized training in order to improve their occupational competency;
• To supply the need of advanced training for special purposes, especially in the fields of teaching and other human services;
• To offer the graduate students the opportunity to join with the faculty of the University in the common pursuit of learning wherein the students are encouraged to develop according to their individual capacities and to learn to live and work together in a community of scholars.

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Office of Graduate Studies College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Villanova University Vasey Hall - Suite 109

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PLAN YOUR VISIT!

The Office of Graduate Studies offers a multitude of ways to get acquainted with Villanova! From personal tours to events such as Open House and virtual information sessions, we have options to fit your schedule. Plan your visit today !

Prestigious Oxford Summer Program Lays Groundwork for Villanova Theatre Graduate’s Acting Career

This past summer, Villanova Theatre alumna Taahira Davis ’23 MA participated in the prestigious British American Drama Academy (BADA) Midsummer Program at the historic Magdalen College at the University of Oxford. The BADA program runs in association with the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University. The program is designed for committed actors and focuses on classical theatre craft with an emphasis on Shakespeare. Its faculty consists of leading British theatre practitioners and faculty from top American graduate programs.

MARCH 8, 2024

Faculty Mentors, Collaborative Experiences Shape Master’s Student Path to Public History Career

Villanova History master’s student Jenna Cholowinski’s experience at Villanova has been shaped by faculty who have challenged her perspectives, provided relevant hands-on learning opportunities and shared insight into careers that fit with her skills and passion. “Villanova History faculty are mentors who help guide you from the very beginning of the admissions process. They provide invaluable research experiences and expose you to many options for future career paths,” Cholowinski says.

FEBRUARY 12, 2024

Psychology Master's Student Earns Grant to Support International Student Research

Villanova University Psychology master’s student Maria Gabriela Molina Funes ’21 CLAS drew on her own experiences as an international student to develop her research interests, which focus on international students’ sense of identity safety and how professors can ensure social identities are welcomed and valued. Her work was recognized by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, which awarded Molina its Clara Mayo Grant to fund her thesis.

FEBRUARY 2, 2024

Villanova Wildcat and NFL Player Uses MPA Skills to Give Back

Austin Calitro ’17 CLAS, ’21 MPA pursued a Master of Public Administration (MPA) from Villanova while also competing at the highest level of football, the NFL. Villanova’s MPA program was a great opportunity for Calitro to demonstrate his knowledge and expertise in public service and gain the skills and knowledge necessary to positively impact his community. Villanova’s flexible, online program allowed Calitro to earn his master’s degree even while working through the rigors and demanding schedule of the NFL.

JANUARY 15, 2024

AT A GLANCE

PHD PROGRAMS IN PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY

MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS

GRADUATE CERTIFICATE PROGRAMS

SUMMER RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED EACH YEAR

STUDENTS PRESENT AT ACADEMIC CONFERENCES EACH YEAR

GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE COLLEGE

GRADUATE RESOURCES

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

ACADEMIC CALENDAR

STUDENT SERVICES, RESEARCH SUPPORT, ACADEMIC POLICIES

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VISIT VILLANOVA

Explore our campus.

Welcome to Villanova University. We invite you to explore our suburban 260-acre campus located just 12 miles from Philadelphia on the historic Main Line. Take a campus tour, meet our students and discover our beautiful architecture and relaxing open space. We’re easily accessible by car, train and plane, and our location offers everything from culture to dining to the arts to professional sports.

MAPS & DIRECTIONS

800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 Villanova University is minutes from Philadelphia and a short trip from New York City and Washington DC. Located near the intersection of two interstate highways, I-76 and I-476, Villanova is easy to access. There are three train stops on campus that offer convenient transportation to almost anywhere on the East Coast, including nearby Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).

CAMPUS TOURS

Villanova offers student-guided tours throughout the year for prospective undergraduate students. Start with a 30-minute information session led by one of our admissions counselors and continue to a student-guided 60-minute tour.

Visitors may park in the I-1 Garage on the southeast corner of Ithan and Lancaster Aves. The entrance to the lot is on Ithan Ave.

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• Travel Forum

A trip to Moscow

I'm going to organize a trip this summer. I want to plan everything. I’ll fly from London to Moscow, and I also want to visit St. Petersburg. Could you, please, advise me what places I should visit? I’ll stay in Moscow for about 10 days before going to St. Petersburg. Thank you!

Not a country I’d be spending my money in at the moment.

Ditto. Ditto!

I don't really see the point of shunning a country because you don't agree with its leader and/or its government. Would you go to Italy? China? Tourist dollars are more likely to get into the hands of the people rather than any corrupt bureaucracy and meeting friendly tourists might just change the locals opinions of foreigners and even give them some information they don't get from local news media.

Hopefully , I won't be starting a war here , but I must say I agree with Chani's comments . Having taken three year visas in 2015 , we have been to Moscow and St; Petersburg ( once to Moscow , and twice to St Petersburg ) . The History , Art , Music ( I am a classically trained musician ) and Culture , fascinate us . Much to experience there and advance preparation is essential , To get a good grounding for your visit , read this lavish and detailed book by Suzanne Massie , it's one of the best ways to immerse yourself in what you will experience - https://www.amazon.com/Land-Firebird-Beauty-Old-Russia/dp/096441841X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1521652009&sr=8-1&keywords=land+of+the+firebird+massie&dpID=51CPK13XKGL&preST=_SX218_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch

And while leaders of such countries can point to foreign visitor numbers as a sign of support ? I also believe that personal safety for certain travellers, especially obvious minorities, cannot be guaranteed, as fervent nationalism increases, and tolerance levels evaporate. Just as I may decide against a purchase at the supermarket because of a company’s behaviour, ethics will always be a consideration.

Well, I'd argue supermarket ethics does not readily translate to travel ethics - the latter is far more complex. Personally, I see the whole "vote with my hard-earned travel dollar" approach as overly simplistic, but if it's your position - I totally respect it.

What I don't understand is members volunteering ethical guidance in response to what seems an innocuous request for travel-related information.

Note a discussion on ethics hosted a year ago by the Webmaster of this very forum.

https://community.ricksteves.com/travel-forum/general-europe/travel-ethics-612334a0-0ca1-4128-b088-c13d1d8a91c3

I appreciate Rick Steves' point of view in his "Travel As A Political Act". That said, Putin's Russia is not a place I would support. But, to each his or her own....

From a practical point of view, travel between the two countries can be difficult. I understand the Russians who traveled in the US this past winter had to go to the US Embassy in the country of Georgia to get visas because the Russians expelled American embassy personnel. If you do travel to Russia, you may be on your own. See the American travel advisory: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/russia-travel-advisory.html

Travel Advisory January 10, 2018 Russia – Level 3: Reconsider travel Reconsider travel to Russia due to terrorism and harassment. Some areas have increased risk. Read the entire Travel Advisory U.S. citizens are often victims of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion by law-enforcement and other officials. U.S. consular assistance to detained individuals is often unreasonably delayed by Russian officials. Russia also enforces special restrictions on dual U.S.-Russian nationals. Due to the Russian government-imposed reduction on U.S. diplomatic personnel in Russia, the U.S. government has reduced ability to provide services to U.S. citizens.

We have traveled to Moscow and St. Petersburg over the past few years. As in the US, most of the people we encountered helpful and not particularly political. In Moscow, we stayed at The Garden Ring Hotel which was a close walk to the metro. The hotel was very comfortable and quiet for being in the city. We loved the art museums and the Georgian restaurants. In St. Petersburg, we stayed at both The 3Mosta hotel near the Hermitage and the Art Hotel Demetra.. In St. Petersburg, we especially liked the Hermitage and Russian museum. Learning the Cyrillic alphabet and having a good map is a must.

As I think the point about ethical considerations has been made, please keep future replies more specific to the question at hand. Thanks.

Either read a good travel book or book a guide who can personally take you to the best places that interest you and tell about the sights you're seeing. We used Dan Petrov on 2 different trips to Moscow and found him to be wonderfully friendly and witty not to mention super knowledgeable.

Latest advice, Australian Governmemt, 1 April 2018. “Due to heightened political tensions, you should be aware of the possibility of anti-Western sentiment or harassment. While the Australian Government is not aware of any increased difficulties for Australians travelling in Russia at this time, you should follow the security and political situation closely and keep up to date with this travel advice. Remain vigilant, avoid any protests or demonstrations and avoid commenting publicly on political developments.”

We very much enjoyed our group trip to Moscow and St Petersburg last year. excellent guides and accommodations. While Steven who has replied here has excellent advice, ( and we took advantage of it), we felt an organized tour really facilitated our enjoyment of the country. You may want to consider a combination of an organized tour and than adding independent days . Some of the Australians on the tour had arrived a couple of days earlier than the tour stated and then some stayed later. If we were to go again (which I would), that"s how I would do it. And I must say , it was enlightening to have conversations with the Russian tour guides and the non Americans about the current world situation. Not that we went into any great depth, but I think we all went away with a little more understanding. Top places: allow lots of time in St Petersburg at the Hermitage- take a separate day for the Impressionist building. In Moscow, the Russian Art Museum was amazing.

Solid advice from Australian government quoted above, especially the keeping up to date part.

I checked the current version (Sep 18) of that advisory - and it hasn't been updated much. In fact, some sections don't seem to have changed since 2005 - their recommendations for importing/exporting currency and financial instruments, for example, are at least five years behind.

I do like reading governmental travel advisories for entertainment purposes - for instance, up until very recently the US one sternly advised potential travelers that Moscow was largely a cash-based economy (couldn't be further from the truth) and warned about intrinsic dangers of gypsy cabs (which had all but disappeared by 2015).

This topic has been automatically closed due to a period of inactivity.

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Here's why you must visit the Gulag Museum in Moscow

Children who were once labeled "enemies of the people" are now advanced in their years, but they can still recall the most terrible moments of their lives, when people in uniforms came for their parents late at night - the last time they ever saw them. Today, a young woman watches these video interviews in a room at the Gulag Museum. She starts to cry. A group of high school students hang on the guide's every word, dismay written on their faces. It seems they find it difficult to imagine that in the 1930s kids their own age found themselves behind barbed wire. Meanwhile, a group of foreigners sit in the museum cafe, trying to digest what they have just seen and unable to say a word.

In a prisoner's shoes

The Gulag History Museum  used to be based in a tiny building, but it recently moved to new premises and, with its huge archive, it now has a home of its own. The designers tried to make it look like a prison camp: intimidating steel gates, brickwork, dim light and lots of sullen and drab black color. From the very first minute, a visitor is immersed in the atmosphere of the darkest side of Soviet power - the terrible years of the Great Terror and repressions.

In the first room, you're greeted by numerous doors – a door from a camp barracks, a door from a cell in a remand prison in Magadan, a door from one of the Seven Sisters buildings in Moscow, from where people were taken away forever – it is a metaphor of moving to another, terrible world .

In the execution chamber, the floor is strewn with empty casings, while portraits of the murdered are projected onto a brick wall, one replacing another to the sound of cocking the gun. Archival footage shows prisoners working at a logging camp. There are personal items, including those found in mass graves. Once you're surrounded by all this, it is difficult to recover.

A system of reprisals from 1917 to Stalin's death

The purpose of the museum is to trace not only the history of the camps themselves, but of the entire system of political repressions. In order to show how executions without trial and investigation became part of the legal practice of the USSR, the museum displays documents, NKVD resolutions and quotes from leaders of the Revolution .

The Soviet authorities believed that in order to build a new world, it was necessary to exterminate people who, in one way or another, allegedly sabotaged it. The list of these categories of people was forever expanding. “Repression for the attainment of economic ends is a necessary weapon of the socialist dictatorship,” said one of the main ideologists of the revolution, Leon Trotsky .

The first political prisoners in the USSR were put into existing prisons and monasteries, from where monks were being expelled. A separate section of the exhibition is devoted to the Solovki Special-Purpose Camp, the first of its kind. Later, in the 1930s, during the years of the Great Terror, camps were built across the country and convict labor became one of the pillars of the Soviet economy.

For the first time, Gulag is presented through multimedia

The museum also offers audio versions of memoirs of people who went through the camps: the author of The Kolyma Tales , Varlam Shalamov; Alexander Solzhenitsyn (who has a separate room dedicated to his life); Leo Tolstoy’s daughter Alexandra; and many others .

An interactive map of the Gulag shows the chronology, location, number of prisoners and types of camps (corrective labor, special, screening and filtration) throughout the country. It is available online, so you can see it without visiting the museum - gulagmap.ru .

With the help of a VR helmet, you can take a virtual tour with museum director Roman Romanov around what remains of the Butugychag camp in the Russian Far East, where inmates worked in uranium mines without wearing any radiation protection. The museum plans to develop more virtual tours like this .

All information in the museum is translated into English; same as all the audio materials, and the videos have English subtitles. The museum has a documents center, where one can get information about victims of repressions.

In the last room, a voice on the speaker system reads out the names of people who were wrongfully convicted and killed. A young couple, holding hands and motionless, listen to the seemingly endless list. As part of the finale, there are horrifying figures displayed on the black wall: during the Great Terror, more than 20 million people were sent to prison camps; two million died there, and 700,000 were executed.

Watch Russia Beyond documentary: The memory of the Solovetsky islands  

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• Memorials and victory monuments

The Moscow Triumphal Arch

The Moscow Triumphal Gates (1834-38) were erected in the memory of the Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish war of 1828. At first, city leaders planned to place the triumphal gates by Obvodny Canal but as the city limits expanded further to the south the site for the gates was moved to the intersection of the Moscow highway and the Ligovsky Canal. In this way, the gates not only became a triumphal structure but also an impressive gateway into the Imperial capital.

Two guard posts, which served as posts for century guards were also erected on both sides of the highway at the entrance to the city.

Famous Russian classical architect Vasily Stasov designed the Moscow Triumphal Gates. In fact, he originally developed two different designs for the gates before a life-size model of one of the designs was erected, and the project was confirmed on September 14, 1834. In the following year, Russian classical sculptor Boris Orlovskiy who also created the Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly monuments in St. Petersburg between 1828-36, developed models of the sculpture details of the gates including war trophies and figures of geniuses.

Cast iron was selected as the chief material to be used in building the gates. The castings for the ends of the columns and walls located above the cornices, the forging from the sheets of copper sculpture details including the figures of geniuses, trophies and upper parts of the columns were produced at a local factory. The cast iron blocks for the columns were also cast in another local factory.

Each column was comprised of nine separate blocks together with the trunks and upper units of the columns. In fact, all 12 columns weighed approximately a combined 450 tons. The first column was erected on July 14, 1836. The gates were opened two years later on October 16, 1838. At that time, the Moscow Gates were the largest structure in the world made of cast iron.

The monumental portico made of powerful columns symbolized the greatness and glory of the Russian army. The war victory theme was further underlined with the sculpture compositions of war trophies of signs and weapons.

Moreover, the use of a frieze of 30 sculptural figures of genius made from copper sheets according to seven different models in the Moscow Triumphal Gates was considered an architectural innovation of the day.

Perhaps echoing the essence of the Russian army victory itself, the main concept behind the gates was raw and simple power. This concept is also inherent in most of Stasov's designs in St. Petersburg including the Lenenergo building (1817-21), the Trinity (1827-29) and Troitsky (1828-35) cathedrals and the Narva Triumphal Gates (1827-34).

Due in part to the artificially raised foundation, the Moscow Triumphal Gates tower over the immediate surrounding area, and their strict and concise silhouette can be seen from a great distance.

On a par with the high art meaning of the architectural concept, one can also see the great talent of Stasov in the monument. Indeed, he managed a very difficult task in creating the unique memorial, which also bore witness to the high level of Russian construction techniques and casting at the time.

The Moscow Triumphal Gates fate has been uniquely tied to the history of the city. In the period of Stalin's concentration of power over the Leningrad leadership, the historic and symbolic gates were dismantled in 1936. And in 1941 when the Nazi's approached the outskirts of Leningrad, in a testament to the city's great resourcefulness the cast iron blocks of the gates were used in creating an anti-tank defensive structure near the southern border of the city which would help repel the Nazi's during the blockade. Finally, after the war had been won and the city was rebuilding, the gates were restored to their previous grandeur in the period 1958-60. A group of restorers led by architect I. Kaptsyug managed to replace most of the lost sculptural details of the monument. Moreover, the new columns, friezes and cornices were cast anew at the local Kirov factory.

Location: Ploshchad Moskovskie Vorota.

Accommodation near the Moscow Triumphal Arch

Holiday inn moskovskye vorota, superior hotel conveniently located for the airport and the downtown, staybridge suites st. petersburg, superior apartment hotel with excellent business and leisure facilities, veles hotel, low-cost standard accommodation with convenient transport links.

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