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cruising speed

Definition of cruising speed

Examples of cruising speed in a sentence.

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“Cruising speed.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cruising%20speed. Accessed 8 Apr. 2024.

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Cruise Ship Cruising Speed

How fast is a cruise ship, which is the fastest cruise ship in the world? Read all about the cruise ship speed (average/top cruising speed) which is generally measured in knots, but also in mph/kph. This page is integrated with our surveys on ship dimensions , ship propulsion/engines, power and our cruise tracker (current positions).

How fast is the fastest cruise ship in the world?

Cunard Line 's Transatlantic liner RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2) weighs almost 151,500 tons, with a cruising speed of 29 knots (33,5 mph / 54 kph). This unique vessel is the only currently operational Atlantic Ocean liner crossing weekly the huge distance between Southampton (Great Britain's maritime capital) and NYC New York USA (world's financial capital). The below photo shows an engine room telegraph (aka engine order telegraph or Chadburn). This device was used on older ships and submarines for communication between Navigation Bridge and Engine Room, where crew powered the vessel at certain (fixed) speeds.

QM2's Transatlantic crossing distance is almost 3,000 nautical miles, or ~3,400 statutes/normal miles (5,500 km), and this is done in less than 7 days. The world's most famous ocean liner (maybe after RMS Titanic ) has an exterior deck space of 14,200 m2 for passengers to enjoy the "fastest sea ride" ever, and, of course, transparent windscreens to shield them at the high speeds.

The world's second-fastest cruise ship is MS Voyager (last named Costa Voyager ), now owned and operated by a Chinese company. Liner's service speed is 28 Kn (32 mph - 51,5 kph). But there's a trick - this vessel weights just 24,400 tons. In comparison, the world's largest cruise ships - Royal Caribbean's Oasis-Class (nearly 225,300 tons each) cruise with an average speed of 20 knots (23 mph / 37 kph) and can go with "top speed" 22,5 Kn (26 mph / 42 kph).

The world's third-fastest cruise ship is P&O Oriana (now Piano Land) . In 1997, it won the "Golden Cockerel" award for being the company's fastest vessel - accomplishing a maximum cruising speed of 26,2 Kn (31 mph / 50 kph).

Cruising Speed

By definition, the term "cruising speed" signifies the speed for any vehicle (could be cars, ships, aircraft) and it's usually about a speed somewhat below the maximum (as specified by the manufacturer) that is comfortable, but also economical.

Generally, modern cruise ships don't have to be fast - it's not necessary at all. Instead, the new cruisers' demand is for big vessels (as tonnage and passenger capacity), stable and safe (related to propulsion and generators), comfortable, regular as departures, excitingly thrilling as to onboard activities and amenities, and also alluringly tempting as itineraries. And the latest trend is cruise ships also must be more and more fuel-efficient.

For bigger ships, the optimum cruising speed is 20-22 Kn (23 mph / 37 kph). Bigger passenger ships have a large draft (the "invisible" part of the vessel, beneath the waterline), which causes huge resistance and hampers "fast and furious at sea" performances. In return for it, drafts of 23-30 ft (7-9 m) allow smooth rides when traveling even with 25-27 mph (over 40 kph). The vessel's close to top speed cruising is generally used when avoiding storms (especially during the Caribbean summers), during tests, and sometimes when assisting other vessels.

The speed of cruise ships is measured in knots (Kn), 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour. Cruise help - for the "normal" speed values, multiply knots by 1,15  (mph), or 1,852 (kph). Below, you may compare the average passenger ship speed in the huge fleets of several big cruise ship companies and lines.

The knot is a nautical term, meaning cruising one hour the distance of one nautical mile. And one nautical mile (by the contemporary world standards) equals 1,15 statue (or "land") miles (6,080 "modern" feet) or 1,852 kilometers. So, to convert the speed values of ships (and riverboats, and of whatever floats) simply multiply knots by the above constants. Worldwide, the knot speed measuring is also used in meteorology and air navigation.

Cruise ship speed (knots to mph/kph conversion)

Speed of cruise ships in knots (kn), miles per hour (mph) and kilometres per hour (kph).

The cruise ship top speed is 2-3 knots higher than its service speed, and it's required rarely - in cases of emergencies (to avoid storms or on rescue operations) and during tests. The average speed of cruise ships is about 20-24 knots. But if you really need the details - well, enjoy the data from our table!

Definition of 'cruising speed'

Cruising speed in british english.

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What is cruise speed.

As the saying goes, time is of the essence. This holds particularly true in the field of aviation. Being a frequent flyer, I’ve always been intrigued by the technicalities involved in keeping a precise speed while in the air. What does cruise speed refer to, and how does it play a vital role in making air travel efficient?

Cruise speed, simply put, is the speed at which an aircraft maintains a steady and level flight during its journey. It plays a crucial role in determining the fuel efficiency, range, and overall performance of the aircraft. As a passenger, it may seem like a minor detail, but the choice of cruise speed can have a significant impact on the duration of your flight and the amount of fuel consumed.

In this article, we will delve into the factors that affect cruise speed, the importance of fuel efficiency, and how altitude comes into play. We will also explore the safety considerations and the variations in cruise speed among different aircraft. Lastly, we’ll look at the technological advances that continue to shape the future of cruise speed and air travel efficiency.

So buckle up and join me on this technical journey to unravel the mysteries of cruise speed in air travel.

Table of Contents

Key Takeaways

• Cruise speed is influenced by factors such as air traffic, weather patterns, and safety considerations.
• Altitude and temperature variations can impact cruise speed due to changes in air density and engine efficiency.
• Technological advances, such as more efficient engines and aerodynamic designs, have improved cruise speed and fuel efficiency.
• Future trends in cruise speed and air travel efficiency include advancements in technology, fuel-efficient engines, optimized flight routes, and a focus on sustainability.

Definition of Cruise Speed in Air Travel

Cruise speed is the sweet spot where an airplane glides gracefully through the sky, effortlessly slicing through the clouds like a sleek silver arrow. It is the optimal speed at which an aircraft operates during the majority of its flight, striking a balance between efficiency and performance.

Several factors affect cruise speed, with fuel consumption being a critical consideration. To maximize fuel efficiency, pilots must carefully calculate and adjust their aircraft’s speed based on various factors, such as weight, altitude, and wind conditions.

Additionally, weather conditions play a significant role in determining the ideal cruise speed. Strong headwinds can slow down an aircraft, increasing fuel consumption, while tailwinds can provide a boost, reducing fuel usage.

Understanding these factors and their impact on cruise speed is essential for pilots to ensure a smooth and efficient flight.

Factors Affecting Cruise Speed

Sailing through the skies, the velocity at which an aircraft glides towards its destination is influenced by a myriad of factors. These factors affecting aircraft performance play a crucial role in determining the cruise speed of an aircraft. Here are some key factors to consider:

Aerodynamics: The shape and design of the aircraft greatly affect its performance. A streamlined shape reduces drag and improves fuel efficiency.

Weight: The weight of the aircraft, including passengers, cargo, and fuel, impacts its ability to maintain a desired speed.

Engine Power: The thrust generated by the engines plays a significant role in the aircraft’s ability to maintain cruise speed.

Altitude and Temperature: Higher altitudes and lower temperatures affect air density, which in turn affects the aircraft’s performance.

Understanding these factors and their impact on cruise speed is crucial for pilots and engineers to optimize aircraft performance. Fuel efficiency, as we will explore in the next section, is one of the key aspects influenced by cruise speed.

Importance of Fuel Efficiency

To maximize your flying experience and save money on fuel costs, it is crucial to understand the importance of fuel efficiency in your aircraft. Fuel consumption plays a significant role in determining the overall efficiency of your aircraft, as it directly affects the range and endurance of your flight. By optimizing fuel efficiency, you can extend your aircraft’s range and reduce the need for frequent refueling stops, which can save both time and money. Moreover, fuel efficiency has a positive environmental impact by reducing carbon emissions and minimizing the aircraft’s ecological footprint. Understanding how different factors, such as aircraft weight, altitude, and airspeed, affect fuel consumption is essential in achieving optimal fuel efficiency. By optimizing fuel efficiency, you can determine the optimal cruise speed for your aircraft, ensuring a smooth and efficient flight.

Determining the Optimal Cruise Speed

Finding the perfect speed to soar through the skies can make your flight more enjoyable and save you money on fuel costs. Determining the optimal cruise speed involves considering various factors that affect fuel consumption.

One of the key factors is the aircraft’s aerodynamic efficiency, which is influenced by its design and shape. The weight of the aircraft also plays a crucial role, as heavier planes require more fuel to maintain speed. Additionally, weather conditions such as wind speed and direction can impact fuel efficiency, as flying against strong headwinds can increase fuel consumption.

By carefully analyzing these determining factors, pilots can calculate the most fuel-efficient cruise speed for their aircraft. This knowledge allows them to fly economically and minimize their environmental impact.

Transitioning to the next section, the altitude at which the aircraft cruises also affects its speed.

Impact of Altitude on Cruise Speed

Soaring through the sky at higher altitudes is like being on top of the world, where the air is thinner and the aircraft effortlessly glides through the atmosphere. The impact of altitude on cruise speed is significant, affecting both fuel consumption and engine performance. Here are four key factors to consider:

Reduced air density: As you climb higher, the air becomes less dense, leading to decreased drag on the aircraft. This allows for higher cruise speeds without requiring excessive engine power.

Improved fuel efficiency: With reduced drag, the engine doesn’t have to work as hard to maintain the desired speed. This results in lower fuel consumption, making higher altitudes more fuel-efficient.

Enhanced engine performance: At higher altitudes, the engine’s efficiency improves due to the lower air density. This results in better overall engine performance, allowing for higher cruise speeds.

Longer flight range: The combination of reduced drag, improved fuel efficiency, and enhanced engine performance at higher altitudes leads to a longer flight range, enabling aircraft to cover more distance in less time.

Understanding the impact of altitude on cruise speed is crucial for optimizing flight operations. This knowledge sets the stage for exploring the relationship between cruise speed and time of flight.

SUBSEQUENT SECTION: ‘Relationship Between Cruise Speed and Time of Flight’

Relationship between cruise speed and time of flight.

Get ready to discover how your choice of cruising velocity can impact the duration of your flight!

The relationship between cruise speed and time of flight is influenced by several factors, including fuel consumption and weather conditions.

When it comes to fuel consumption, a higher cruise speed typically leads to increased fuel usage, resulting in shorter flight times. However, it’s important to note that this relationship is not linear, as other variables such as wind direction and speed can also affect fuel consumption.

Additionally, weather conditions play a crucial role in determining the optimal cruise speed. Strong headwinds can slow down the aircraft, increasing the time of flight, while tailwinds can have the opposite effect.

As we delve into safety considerations at cruise speed, it is crucial to understand the impact of these factors on flight operations.

Safety Considerations at Cruise Speed

After understanding the relationship between cruise speed and time of flight, it is crucial to consider the safety measures associated with maintaining a steady speed during this phase of the journey.

Safety at cruise speed is of utmost importance to ensure a smooth and secure flight. Pilots undergo rigorous training to handle various situations that may arise at this stage, such as avoiding turbulence and maintaining proper altitude.

They are trained to constantly monitor the aircraft systems and weather conditions to ensure a safe flight. Additionally, pilots are skilled in making real-time decisions to adjust the speed if necessary, taking into account factors like air traffic and weather patterns.

These safety considerations, along with the pilot’s expertise, play a significant role in minimizing the risk during the cruise phase.

Now, let’s explore the variations in cruise speed among different aircraft.

Variations in Cruise Speed Among Different Aircraft

Pilots of different aircraft types may find themselves navigating through the sky at varying paces, akin to a fleet of elegant dancers performing a synchronized routine with their own unique tempo. These variations in cruise speed among different aircraft arise from differences in aircraft performance, which are influenced by factors such as engine power, aerodynamics, and weight.

Larger commercial aircraft, for example, tend to have higher cruise speeds than smaller general aviation planes due to their more powerful engines and streamlined designs. Additionally, weather conditions play a significant role in determining cruise speed. Strong headwinds can reduce an aircraft’s groundspeed, while tailwinds can increase it.

Furthermore, altitude and temperature can also affect an aircraft’s performance, as higher altitudes generally result in lower air density and temperature variations can impact engine efficiency. These variations in cruise speed highlight the importance of pilots constantly monitoring their aircraft’s performance and adapting to changing weather conditions.

Technological advances have also played a role in improving cruise speeds, which will be explored in the subsequent section.

Technological Advances Affecting Cruise Speed

Imagine the exhilarating feeling of soaring through the sky as cutting-edge technology propels you forward with unprecedented efficiency and velocity. Technological advancements have had a significant impact on cruise speed, particularly in terms of fuel consumption.

With the development of more efficient engines and aerodynamic designs, aircraft manufacturers have been able to achieve higher speeds while reducing the amount of fuel needed. For example, the introduction of advanced materials like carbon fiber composites has allowed for lighter and stronger aircraft structures, resulting in reduced drag and improved fuel efficiency.

Additionally, advancements in engine design, such as the implementation of high-bypass turbofan engines, have further enhanced fuel efficiency and increased cruise speeds. These technological breakthroughs have not only made air travel faster, but also more environmentally friendly.

Looking ahead, further advancements in technology promise even greater efficiency and speed in the future of air travel.

Transitioning to the next section, the future trends in cruise speed and air travel efficiency hold even more exciting possibilities.

Future Trends in Cruise Speed and Air Travel Efficiency

Furthermore, advancements in technology will continue to revolutionize air travel by increasing efficiency and enhancing the overall travel experience.

Future advancements in cruise speed and air travel efficiency are expected to have a significant impact on the environment. One key area of focus is the development of more fuel-efficient engines, which will reduce carbon emissions and contribute to a greener aviation industry.

Additionally, advancements in aerodynamics, lightweight materials, and improved aircraft designs will further enhance fuel efficiency and reduce drag during flight. These developments will not only result in faster cruise speeds, but also reduce fuel consumption and minimize the environmental footprint of air travel.

Furthermore, the integration of advanced navigation systems and real-time data analysis will optimize flight routes, reducing travel time and fuel consumption.

Overall, the future of cruise speed and air travel efficiency looks promising, with a strong emphasis on sustainability and minimizing environmental impact.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does weather affect cruise speed in air travel.

Weather significantly affects cruise speed in air travel. The impact of wind can either increase or decrease the speed, while temperature affects air density and engine performance, ultimately influencing the aircraft’s cruising capabilities.

Are there any regulations or restrictions on cruise speed for commercial aircraft?

Yes, there are regulations on cruise speed for commercial aircraft. These regulations ensure safety and are influenced by various factors such as weather conditions and fuel efficiency.

How does the weight of the aircraft impact its cruise speed?

The weight of an aircraft affects its cruise speed. Heavier aircraft require more power to maintain a certain speed, which can be impacted by weather conditions and altitude effects.

What are some common problems that can arise when trying to maintain a steady cruise speed?

Common causes for problems maintaining a steady cruise speed include engine malfunctions, weather conditions, and weight distribution issues. Troubleshooting techniques involve adjusting throttle settings, monitoring fuel consumption, and making aerodynamic adjustments to maintain optimal speed.

How does the design of the aircraft affect its cruise speed?

The design of an aircraft, including its aerodynamics and engine performance, greatly influences its cruise speed. Factors such as wing shape, fuselage design, and engine power determine the efficiency and speed at which the aircraft can maintain a steady flight.

In conclusion, cruise speed is a crucial factor in air travel efficiency. By optimizing cruise speed, airlines can achieve better fuel efficiency and reduce operating costs.

For example, a case study conducted by a major airline found that by increasing their cruise speed by just 10 knots, they were able to save approximately 1% of their annual fuel consumption. This demonstrates the significant impact that cruise speed can have on overall operational efficiency and sustainability in the aviation industry.

As technology continues to advance, we can expect further improvements in cruise speed and air travel efficiency.

Claire, a creative soul with an unquenchable thirst for storytelling, is an integral part of the Voyager Info team. As a dedicated writer, she weaves captivating narratives that transport readers to enchanting cruise destinations and beyond.

Claire’s love affair with writing began at an early age when she discovered the magic of words and their ability to craft worlds and emotions. Her innate curiosity led her to explore various literary genres, but it was travel writing that truly captured her heart. Drawing inspiration from her own globetrotting adventures and encounters with diverse cultures, Claire embarked on a journey to become a travel writer par excellence.

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Claire, a creative soul with an unquenchable thirst for storytelling, is an integral part of the Voyager Info team. As a dedicated writer, she weaves captivating narratives that transport readers to enchanting cruise destinations and beyond. Claire’s love affair with writing began at an early age when she discovered the magic of words and their ability to craft worlds and emotions. Her innate curiosity led her to explore various literary genres, but it was travel writing that truly captured her heart. Drawing inspiration from her own globetrotting adventures and encounters with diverse cultures, Claire embarked on a journey to become a travel writer par excellence.

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Luxury cruising: discover riviera maya's hidden gems.

Uncover the opulent mysteries of Riviera Maya's hidden gems aboard a luxury cruise – where adventure and extravagance collide in an unforgettable journey.

Set sail through the beguiling waters of Riviera Maya, where secrets and treasures are waiting to be discovered. Nestled among the serene horizons and soft waves, you’ll find a realm filled with charm and elegance.

As we navigate these pristine waters, whispering tales of forgotten splendor and untold beauty, one cannot help but wonder what secrets lie beneath the surface, beckoning us to explore further.

Join us on this journey as we unveil the mysteries of Riviera Maya's hidden gems, promising a luxurious escapade like no other.

• Explore secluded beaches, cenotes, and Maya ruins on luxury cruises
• Indulge in gourmet dining, open bars, and top-notch service
• Experience nature and luxury seamlessly in Riviera Maya
• Discover hidden gems like Tulum, Sian Kaan, and Isla Mujeres

Unveiling Riviera Maya's Exquisite Beaches

Nestled along the stunning Riviera Maya coastline are some of the most exquisite beaches in the world, inviting travelers to discover a paradise of white sands and turquoise waters. Riviera Maya is a hidden gem, offering more than just sun and surf. Along this coastline, hidden gems like secluded coves and pristine stretches of beach await, perfect for those seeking relaxation and exploration away from the crowds. Playa Paraiso is a standout, known for its soft white sand and clear blue waters, providing the ideal backdrop for snorkeling, swimming, or simply basking in the tropical sun.

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Immersing in Riviera Maya's Rich History

Immersing in Riviera Maya's rich history uncovers a tapestry of ancient Maya ruins, cultural treasures, and natural wonders waiting to be explored. As we delve into the region's past, we encounter a vibrant mix of historical sites and immersive experiences that offer a glimpse into the fascinating legacy of the Maya civilization. From the impressive ruins of Tulum and Coba to the captivating Monkey Reserve and cenotes, Riviera Maya invites you to step back in time and connect with its rich heritage.

Riviera Maya's Rich History:

Each encounter with Riviera Maya's history promises a deeper appreciation for its cultural and natural wonders, creating memories that will linger long after your journey ends.

Indulging in Riviera Maya's Culinary Delights

Embark on a culinary journey through Riviera Maya's exquisite flavors aboard luxury catamarans, where gourmet meals and handcrafted cocktails await to tantalize your taste buds against the backdrop of the Caribbean Sea. Picture yourself savoring fresh seafood, traditional Mexican dishes, and international cuisine as you glide along the crystal-clear waters. From zesty ceviche to expertly grilled specialties, every bite is a celebration of the region's rich culinary heritage. Indulge in a feast for the senses, with premium wines, refreshing beverages, and cocktails adding to the experience.

As you immerse yourself in this culinary adventure, each dish becomes a brushstroke painting a vibrant picture of Riviera Maya's flavors. The combination of exquisite food, breathtaking views, and the gentle sway of the catamaran creates a dining experience like no other. Let your taste buds dance to the rhythm of the sea and the aromas of the kitchen, making your luxury cruising experience in Riviera Maya truly unforgettable.

Exploring Riviera Maya's Enchanting Cenotes

With their shimmering waters and mystical allure, Riviera Maya's cenotes beckon explorers to uncover their enchanting secrets beneath the surface. These natural sinkholes, formed by collapsed limestone bedrock, offer a unique opportunity to delve into a world of wonder and beauty.

• Crystal-clear Waters : The cenotes in Riviera Maya boast waters so clear that visibility can reach up to an impressive 100 meters, providing a mesmerizing experience for swimmers, snorkelers, and divers alike.
• Ancient Maya Sacred Sites : Some cenotes hold deep cultural significance as sacred sites to the ancient Maya civilization, believed to be portals to the underworld and used for ceremonial purposes, adding an element of mystery and history to the exploration.
• Interconnected Underground Rivers : Beneath the surface, a vast network of subterranean caves connects many of Riviera Maya's cenotes through underground rivers, offering adventurers the chance to navigate through hidden passages and discover hidden gems.

Immerse yourself in the enchanting world of Riviera Maya's cenotes, where nature's beauty and ancient history converge to create an unforgettable experience.

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Customer reviews consistently highlight the top-notch service and premium amenities provided by luxury cruises in Riviera Maya. These exclusive properties seamlessly blend nature and luxury, boasting stunning pools, elegant design, and a focus on unparalleled comfort and relaxation. Whether it's a day on the water or a stay at a luxurious resort, Riviera Maya offers a truly indulgent experience that will exceed all expectations.

What Is Special About Riviera Maya?

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How Do I Get From Tulum to Riviera Maya?

From Tulum to Riviera Maya, our options include private taxis, shuttles, and rental cars. We prefer the shuttle for its convenience and cost. The 40-45 km journey takes 45-60 minutes by car, depending on traffic.

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Luxury River Cruising Guide With Abercrombie & Kent: Your Ultimate Experience

Bask in the allure of unparalleled luxury river cruising with Abercrombie & Kent, where every moment is a masterpiece waiting to be discovered.

Set off on an adventure that surpasses the usual with Abercrombie & Kent's guide to luxurious river cruising.

Did you know that their meticulously planned itineraries offer more than just breathtaking views?

From hidden gems along the riverbanks to unique cultural encounters, every moment is curated to perfection.

Let's uncover how Abercrombie & Kent elevates the concept of river cruising to an unparalleled level of sophistication and luxury, promising an experience that will linger in your memories long after the voyage ends.

• Explore captivating destinations like Egypt, China, and South America with A&K River Cruises.
• Indulge in unparalleled luxury on small barge cruises with personalized service and premium amenities.
• Immerse in the ultimate river cruise experience, delving into cultural treasures and ancient wonders.
• Opt for exclusive amenities, tailored experiences, and expert guides for a truly luxurious journey.

Abercrombie & Kent River Cruising Destinations

Embarking on Abercrombie & Kent luxury river cruises grants us unparalleled access to captivating destinations like Egypt, China, and South America, ensuring an enriching and unforgettable travel experience. One of the most iconic destinations you can explore with Abercrombie & Kent is the magnificent River Nile in Egypt. As you cruise along this ancient waterway, you're transported to a sanctuary of history and culture. Expert guides accompany you, unraveling the mysteries of Ancient Egypt, while you marvel at the stunning landscapes and ancient temples that line the riverbanks.

On a luxury Nile cruise with Abercrombie & Kent, you have the opportunity to delve into remote riverside communities, immersing yourself in the rich tapestry of Egyptian life. The option of a luxury dahabiya boat adds a touch of exclusivity to your journey, enhancing your experience on the River Nile. With access to A&K's private docks in Luxor and Aswan, your river cruise becomes a personalized and unforgettable adventure through one of the world's most storied waterways.

Unparalleled Luxury on the Water

Indulge in unparalleled luxury on the water with Abercrombie & Kent's small barge river cruises, offering an all-inclusive experience tailored to your every need. Imagine cruising down the Nile River in Egypt aboard the exquisite Sanctuary Sun Boat III, surrounded by opulence and comfort. Abercrombie & Kent's focus on luxury ensures that guests enjoy a premium river cruise experience, with top-notch amenities and personalized service at every turn.

On these small barge river cruises, guests can expect nothing less than the finest. From the moment you step on board, you're enveloped in a world of elegance and relaxation. Picture yourself savoring gourmet meals, exploring enchanting destinations on guided tours, and unwinding in luxurious accommodations. Abercrombie & Kent goes above and beyond to create a memorable journey for all passengers, whether you're a solo traveler seeking tranquility or a couple looking for a romantic escape. Get ready to experience the epitome of luxury on the water with Abercrombie & Kent's small barge river cruises.

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Enhancing the journey with a touch of opulence, Abercrombie & Kent's luxury river cruises offer an array of exclusive amenities and services to elevate your onboard experience. When sailing with A&K, you can expect nothing short of the finest comforts and luxuries. Here are some of the exclusive amenities and services you can enjoy on their river cruises:

• Marble Bathrooms and Egyptian Cotton Sheets : Immerse yourself in luxury with marble bathrooms and 400-thread-count Egyptian cotton sheets, ensuring a lavish and comfortable stay throughout your river cruise.
• Multiple Lounge Areas, Gym, Pool, and Sundeck : A&K's focus on guest relaxation and enjoyment is evident with the presence of multiple lounge areas, a well-equipped gym, a swimming pool, and a spacious sundeck, providing ample opportunities to unwind and take in the stunning views along the river.
• Presidential Suites with Private Hot Tubs on the A&K Nile Ship : The upcoming A&K Nile ship debuting in fall 2025 will feature two opulent presidential suites with larger living spaces and private outdoor hot tubs, promising an even more exclusive and indulgent experience for discerning travelers.

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Exploring breathtaking landscapes and cultural treasures, Abercrombie & Kent's luxury river cruises offer an unparalleled journey of discovery and relaxation. Embarking on a river cruise with Abercrombie & Kent means immersing yourself in the lap of luxury while sailing through some of the world's most enchanting waterways.

Picture yourself cruising along the majestic Nile in Egypt, where expert guides provide fascinating insights into ancient wonders like the Pyramids of Giza and the temples of Luxor.

Abercrombie & Kent's river cruises in Egypt allow you to delve deep into the country's rich history and vibrant culture, all while enjoying top-notch service and modern comforts onboard. Whether you opt for a private Nile charter for a tailored and exclusive experience or choose a classic Nile cruise to explore Ancient Egypt's wonders, every moment promises to be filled with awe and wonder.

Insider Tips for Luxury River Cruising

For luxury river cruising enthusiasts seeking to elevate their experience, consider these insider tips to enhance your journey with Abercrombie & Kent.

• Opt for Personalized Service : Abercrombie & Kent is renowned for its exceptional personalized service, ensuring that every aspect of your luxury river cruise is tailored to your preferences. From attentive staff members anticipating your every need to customized excursions, personalized service is a hallmark of the Abercrombie & Kent experience.
• Explore Theme Voyages : Take your luxury river cruise to the next level by booking one of Abercrombie & Kent's theme voyages. Whether you're a wine connoisseur interested in the Wines of Burgundy Cruise or a gardening enthusiast looking to explore botanical wonders, these specialized journeys offer a unique and immersive experience tailored to your interests.
• Immerse Yourself in Luxury : Indulge in the all-inclusive pricing offered by Abercrombie & Kent, which includes three meals daily with wine, guided sightseeing excursions, and covered entry fees. Embrace the luxurious amenities and creature comforts available on board, making your river cruise a truly unforgettable experience.

Can You Wear Jeans on a River Cruise?

Yes, jeans are a versatile option for river cruises. They're great for casual activities and excursions. Opt for dark, undamaged pairs for a polished look. Check the cruise line's dress code for formal nights. Pair jeans with smart tops for a stylish balance.

Which Side of River Cruise Ship Is Best?

We find the best side of a river cruise ship varies based on the itinerary. Passengers on the port side enjoy great views sailing downstream, while starboard is ideal for upstream journeys. Consider preferences and consult with experts for recommendations.

What Is the Average Age on a Scenic River Cruise?

On a Scenic River Cruise, the average age hovers around 55 years old. It's a diverse mix though, appealing to adults and seniors alike. These luxury cruises offer culture, comfort, and relaxation for all.

How Should I Dress for a Scenic River Cruise?

We should dress comfortably and stylishly for a scenic river cruise. Daytime calls for smart casual, while evenings vary from resort casual to formal. Versatile wardrobe choices that transition easily are key. Climate and planned activities should guide our selections.

In conclusion, Abercrombie & Kent's luxury river cruises offer a voyage like no other, where every moment is filled with enchantment and elegance.

Just like a river flowing gracefully through time, these cruises effortlessly carry you to breathtaking destinations, creating memories that will endure like a timeless melody.

Embark on a journey with Abercrombie & Kent, where the beauty of the world unfolds before you like a mesmerizing dance on the water.

Unveiling the Eco-Adventure Delights of Harvest Caye Belize's Paradise

Immerse yourself in the hidden wonders of Harvest Caye Belize's paradise, where eco-adventure treasures await – are you ready to uncover the magic?

Curious about the hidden treasures waiting to be discovered in Harvest Caye Belize's paradise? Imagine embarking on a journey filled with eco-adventure delights that cater to both thrill-seekers and nature enthusiasts alike.

The allure of this pristine destination beckons with promises of unparalleled experiences that seamlessly blend luxury and environmental consciousness.

But what exactly makes this eco-adventure haven so unique? Let's unravel the layers of this tropical gem together and uncover the wonders that await beyond the surface.

• Rich biodiversity showcased at Nature Center
• Marine life encounters through snorkeling and diving
• Wildlife observation including macaws and toucans
• Thrilling outdoor adventures like ziplining and kayaking

Eco-Adventure Activities on Harvest Caye

Embark on an exhilarating journey through the Eco-Adventure Activities on Harvest Caye, immersing yourself in the island's vibrant natural wonders. Harvest Caye in Belize isn't just a typical tourist destination; it's a haven for those seeking to connect with nature on a deeper level. The island boasts a Nature Center where visitors can witness the rich biodiversity that thrives in this wildlife sanctuary. Conservation efforts are at the heart of Harvest Caye, evident in the sustainable practices and environmental awareness initiatives that are seamlessly integrated into the eco-adventure activities offered.

One of the highlights for nature enthusiasts is the opportunity for bird watching. With diverse ecosystems on the island, bird watchers can marvel at the sight of toucans, scarlet macaws, and other avian species that call Harvest Caye home. As you explore the Eco-Adventure Activities, you'll not only be entertained but also educated about the importance of preserving these natural habitats for future generations to enjoy.

Marine Life Encounters in Belize

Exploring the vibrant marine life encounters in Belize unveils a world teeming with colorful coral reefs, exotic fish, and majestic marine creatures waiting to be discovered beneath the crystal-clear waters. Belize, home to the second largest barrier reef globally, offers snorkeling and diving enthusiasts rich marine biodiversity to explore.

Snorkeling at Silk Cayes and Laughing Bird Caye National Park presents opportunities to encounter vibrant coral reefs, tropical fish, and even nurse sharks. The waters surrounding Placencia are bustling with diverse marine life, including rays, sea turtles, and vibrant coral gardens that provide immersive snorkeling experiences.

Venture to Lark Cayes and Bugle Cayes to witness a kaleidoscope of marine species in their natural habitat within crystal-clear waters. For a unique adventure, consider combining fishing and snorkeling activities in Belize, allowing you to catch fresh seafood and then snorkel in the same pristine waters as your catch is prepared for a delicious lunch.

Explore Belize's marine wonders and create unforgettable memories amidst its stunning coral reefs.

Nature Exploration in Tropical Paradise

What hidden treasures of plant and wildlife await discovery within the lush Nature Park of Harvest Caye, Belize? As we step into this wildlife sanctuary, our senses are immediately captivated by the vibrant colors and melodious sounds surrounding us. The macaws and toucans gracefully glide overhead, painting the sky with their brilliant plumage. The Blue Morpho Butterfly Sanctuary offers a mesmerizing display of indigenous butterfly species, showcasing the beauty and diversity of Belize's ecosystem. Conservation efforts are evident throughout the island, emphasizing eco-friendly practices that highlight the commitment to preserving this natural paradise.

Immerse yourself in the wonders of nature as you engage in bird watching and witness the vibrant bird species that call Harvest Caye home. The harmonious coexistence of wildlife and conservation efforts creates an unparalleled eco-adventure experience for all nature enthusiasts.

Thrilling Outdoor Adventures in Belize

Gliding through the skies on a thrilling zipline adventure across Harvest Caye offers breathtaking views of the island and the Caribbean Sea. The adrenaline-pumping experience of ziplining in Belize is just the beginning of the outdoor adventures awaiting nature lovers and thrill-seekers.

For those craving water sports, kayaking or paddleboarding at the Salt Lagoon provides a unique opportunity to explore the Mesoamerican coral reef, immersing yourself in the beauty of Belize's marine world. If the sky beckons, parasailing above the crystal-clear Belizean waters offers a bird's eye view of the island and its stunning coral reefs.

From ziplining to water sports, Belize's eco-adventure scene caters to diverse tastes, ensuring an immersive experience in the heart of nature. Embrace the freedom of the outdoors in Belize, where every activity promises scenic views and an unforgettable connection with the environment.

Serene Beauty of Harvest Caye

Nestled within the vibrant embrace of Harvest Caye in Belize, one is immediately captivated by the serene beauty that envelops this lush paradise. The private island offers a perfect blend of relaxation and adventure, with its 15,000 sq ft swimming pool featuring a swim-up bar and ample lounge chairs for soaking up the sun. Guests can groove to the rhythms of energetic Caribbean music at the Landshark restaurant, adding a lively touch to the tranquil surroundings. For those seeking a more exclusive experience, private pool-facing cabanas are available for rent, starting at $250 a day, providing a luxurious retreat. The 7-acre beachfront at Harvest Caye beckons with 2,500 lounge chairs, hammocks, and beach volleyball, catering to both relaxation and recreation. Families can opt for beachfront cabanas, accommodating up to 6 people, for a private beach experience that promises a peaceful escape amidst the beauty of Belize.

Is Harvest Caye Belize Owned by Norwegian Cruise Line?

Yes, Harvest Caye in Belize is owned by Norwegian Cruise Line. Their investment transformed the island into a private paradise for cruise passengers. We offer exclusive amenities, tailored excursions, and a controlled experience for guests.

Is Harvest Caye Worth Visiting?

Absolutely! Harvest Caye is definitely worth visiting. The island offers a plethora of eco-adventure delights, from ziplining through lush forests to snorkeling in crystal-clear waters. It's a paradise for nature enthusiasts.

Is Harvest Caye a Tender Port for Ncl?

Yes, Harvest Caye is not a tender port for NCL. Our ships dock directly, offering easy access for guests. Passengers can step right onto the island, enhancing their experience with seamless transitions between ship and island amenities.

How Long Is the Ferry From Harvest Caye to Placencia?

The ferry ride from NCL Harvest Caye to Placencia lasts about 15 to 30 thrilling minutes. We'll snag tickets onboard for around $25 per person. Once we dock at Placencia Municipal Pier, our mainland adventures begin!

As we bid farewell to Harvest Caye, we can't help but reflect on the unforgettable experiences we've had in this eco-adventure paradise. From snorkeling with vibrant marine life to zip-lining through lush forests, every moment was filled with excitement and wonder.

One visitor, Sarah, shared how seeing a majestic sea turtle up close left her in awe and inspired her to advocate for marine conservation. Harvest Caye truly offers a perfect blend of luxury and sustainability for all nature lovers.

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V Speeds Explained - A Complete Guide

August 30, 2022

This article may contain affiliate links where we earn a commission from qualifying purchases.

V speeds refer to just about any airspeed that’s used by pilots and all types of aircraft. This is the complete guide to explaining V speeds in aviation.

If you’re thinking about becoming a pilot, then you have probably started looking into some of the things that pilots need to know. One of the common pieces of aviation knowledge that you’ll eventually come to know all about is V speeds. Sure, planes have a top speed and a cruising speed, but there is a heck of a lot more airspeeds you should know. So what are V speeds?

There are a lot of V speeds in aviation. In short, these are the various speeds and velocities that are useful while operating aircraft. Many of them are regulated and defined by the Federal Aviation Regulations, while others are specific to certain aircraft and defined by manufacturers.

When you're piloting an aircraft, it's important to be aware of the V speeds and what they mean. Each letter in "V speeds" stands for a specific airspeed that is regulated by the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). In this blog post, we'll provide a complete guide to understanding V speeds. We'll start with a brief introduction, and then provide a definition for each V speed.

SkyTough is quickly becoming one of the premier aviation blogs on the web thanks to our accurate, helpful information. To ensure we give you only the best content, everything is heavily researched and thoroughly vetted for accuracy before anything gets published. This way, you can continue visiting our site with the confidence that you’re only receiving the best information.

Table of contents

‍ what are v speeds.

V speeds are one of those topics that you probably wouldn’t really ever hear about unless you’re a pilot yourself. They’re a somewhat complicated topic on a micro scale, but in the bigger picture, it’s actually not to be!

So what even are V speeds?

In general, V speeds are all of the different airspeeds and velocities in aviation that are either important to know or useful to the pilot, or both. Some of these V speeds are actually defined in the Federal Aviation Regulations  (FARs) here in the United States, meaning they are rules set forth by the government.

Other V speeds are instituted by aircraft manufacturers with specific aircraft in mind. We aren’t going to be focusing on those here since they aren’t useful unless you’re flying that specific aircraft!

But no matter if you’re looking at the broad, regulated ones or the aircraft-specific ones, V speeds are essential for efficient and safe operation of all airplanes. They’ll tell you things about flying the aircraft such as its maximum operating speed, minimum takeoff speed, the best speeds for angle of climb/rate of climb, and more.

List Of V Speeds And Their Definitions

Now that you have a bit of an understanding of what V speeds are on a macro scale, let’s take a closer look at the most common ones (the regulated ones). Without further ado, here are all of the regulated V speeds  defined.

V1   — The takeoff decision speed. Before hitting this speed, you must make a decision to either continue or abort the takeoff. At this speed, it takes the same distance for the aircraft to either stop or take off.

V2   — Takeoff safety speed. This is the speed that the aircraft can take off and climb even if an engine is not working.

V2min   — This is the minimum takeoff safety speed. In many cases, it is interchangeable with V2.

V3   — This is the flap retraction speed. This is the minimum speed needed to safely retract the flaps after taking off.

V4   — This is the climb speed after takeoff when all engines are operating properly. It should be attained by 400-feet altitude and used until reaching V3.

VA   — The design maneuvering speed. This is the maximum speed that a plane can withstand the full application of any flight control (turn, pull up, dive, etc.).

Vat  — Also known as Vth, this is the indicated airspeed threshold, which is influenced by the aircraft’s stall speed.

VB  — The speed at which the aircraft is designed to withstand maximum wind gust intensity.

VC   — This is the designed cruising speed of the aircraft, which shows that the plane complies with wind loads while cruising.

Vcef   — Often interchangeable with V1 from above, this nomenclature is typically used for military aircraft but references the same takeoff decision speed.

VD   — This is the design diving speed, which is the highest speed that the plane is designed to achieve during testing.

VDF   — Similar to VD, except this is the demonstrated diving speed, which is the actual speed that the plane reached during testing.

VEF   — This is the speed at which it’s expected that the critical engine will fail during takeoff.

VF   — Design flap speed. This is the maximum speed that the plane’s flaps are designed to be operated at.

VFC  — This is the maximum speed before undesirable flight characteristics take over and get to a point that the pilot might not be able to correct.

VFE   — The maximum flap extended speed. This is the speed at which you can extend your flaps without risking a stall. In a perfect world, this would equal VF.

VFTO   — This is the final takeoff speed, or the speed at takeoff necessary for the plane to climb and maneuver as designed.

VH   — This is the maximum speed that an aircraft can fly during level flying conditions under maximum power.

VLE   — Maximum landing gear speed, which is the fastest that a plane should fly with its retractable landing gear extended.

VLO   — This is very similar to VLE, but this is the fastest that a plane should be flying at the point that the landing gear is extended.

VLOF   — The liftoff speed. This is the speed that an aircraft is moving when it first becomes airborne while taking off.

VMC  — The minimum speed at which an aircraft can be safely controlled in the event of a single engine failure.

VMCA  — The minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative. This is the speed at which an aircraft can safely maintain directional control. If the aircraft is flying, this is just referred to as the above-defined VMC.

VMCG   — The minimum control speed in ground effect. This is the speed at which an aircraft can maintain directional control while on the ground.

VMCL   — This is the minimum speed that an aircraft can maintain control while landing in the event of an engine failure.

VMO   — Maximum operating speed. This is the absolute maximum speed that an aircraft is designed to operate at. Exceeding this speed could start setting off alarms.

VMU   — This is the slowest speed that an aircraft can become airborne, known as the minimum unstick speed.

VNE   — Never exceed speed. This is the maximum speed an aircraft can fly without risking structural damage. This is similar to VMO above, it really depends on the type of aircraft in question.

VNO   — The maximum structural cruising speed. This is the fastest speed an aircraft can fly without risking damage to the airframe.

VO   — This is the maximum operating speed during maneuvers. In other words, this is the fastest that a plane can fly while still being able to maneuver as designed.

VR  — The rotation speed. This is the speed at which an aircraft can rotate on the runway (upwards and downwards) and begin to take off.

Vrot   — This is often interchangeable with VR just above, but this notation is typically used when referencing military aircraft like fighter jets.

VRef   — For most aircraft, this is the landing reference speed. In terms of military aircraft, it’s known as the refusal speed (Vref), which is the maximum speed that a pilot can attain during takeoff and still be able to stop in the available runway that’s left. This is similar to V1.

VS   — The stall speed. This is the speed at which an aircraft will begin to experience a stall. Before crossing this threshold you’ll hit the minimum speed at which an aircraft is still able to be controlled.

VS0   — Similar to VS, except that this is the stall speed while coming in for landing.

VS1   — This is also similar to VS, except it’s the specific stall speed indicating that a plane is still controllable in any specific situation.

VSR   — Another stall speed, but this is just the reference stall speed.

VSR0   — As you can ascertain from the last few definitions, this is the reference stall speed while coming in for landing.

VSR1  — Similarly, this is the reference stall speed while in any specific configuration (other than landing).

VSW   — Stall warning speed. This is the minimum speed at which the stall warning will occur. Oftentimes, VSW is equal to VS.

VTOSS   — This is the takeoff safety speed specifically for Category A rotorcraft.

VX  — This is one of the most important V speeds (along with VY below). It's the speed at which you can achieve the best angle of climb. This means that it’s the ideal speed to attain the biggest gain in altitude in the shortest amount of horizontal distance.

VY   — As mentioned, this one of the other most important V speeds — the best rate of climb speed. This means that it’s the ideal speed to attain the biggest gain in altitude in the shortest amount of time.

For a more comprehensive look into VX and VY, check out the full comparison we have between the two on the site. These are two of the most useful V speeds while flying, so it’s important to really understand what they represent and know which is which, like the back of your hand!

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• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of cruising speed in English

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• My cruising speed on my bike is about 30 to 35 km per hour , depending on road and wind conditions .
• New ships with faster cruising speeds that extend their range make it feasible to sail to the Caribbean from Mid-Atlantic ports .
• The electric motor helps the small , efficient gasoline engine get up to cruising speed .
• We've had a few hitches with the project but there's a feeling that that we're getting back to cruising speed .
• at full/half throttle idiom
• burst of speed
• ground speed
• hypervelocity
• instantaneous velocity
• light speed
• multi-speed
• supersonically

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What Is Cruise Climb Speed, And When Should You Use It?

• By Boldmethod

Vcc is commonly called "enroute climb speed", and it's always faster than Vy. Unless a steep climb is required to avoid terrain or to fly a departure procedure, cruise climb speeds allow you to fly faster, with a relatively small loss of climb performance.

Once you've reached pattern altitude or 1,000', transitioning to cruise climb speed might be a good idea.

So what aircraft have a cruise climb speed, and what types of aircraft benefit most from it? We'll get to that in a bit, but first...

Benefits of flying Vcc

Cruise climb helps you in three ways. First, increased airflow keeps your engine cooler in the climb. That's especially important for high-performance piston aircraft.

Second, cruise climb gets you to your destination faster. You do lose some climb performance, but in most aircraft, it's an acceptable (and sometimes almost imperceivable) loss of climb performance, in exchange for faster forward airspeed in the climb.

And finally, you get better forward visibility in a cruise climb. After all, you're supposed to be looking out the window for traffic. Plus, a reduced pitch attitude can make your passengers feel more relaxed. If you're flying an unpressurized aircraft, the reduced rate of climb can also help mitigate pressure changes that your passengers experience. Remember this tip if you have a sick passenger, young child, or baby on board.

When Is A Cruise Climb speed Published?

It depends on the plane, but in general, the higher the performance, the more likely you are to have a published cruise climb speed.

But even the Cessna 172S has a recommendation for cruise climbs. The 172's sea-level Vy is published at 74 knots. Enroute climb (Vcc) is published at 75-85 knots. Here's a quote from the POH...

"Normal enroute climbs are performed with flaps up and full throttle and at speeds 5 to 10 knots higher than best rate-of-climb speeds for the best combination of performance, visibility, and engine cooling."

An Easy Rule-of-Thumb If You Don't Have A Published Vcc

If you want to figure out the cruise climb speed for your airplane, and you don't have a published speed, a good rule-of-thumb is to find the difference between Vx and Vy, and add that number to Vy.

For example, a POH for the Piper Warrior III has a Vy of 79 knots and a Vx of 63 knots. Add the difference of 16 knots to Vy, and you can estimate cruise climb speed to be around 95 knots. Depending on weight and performance, 95 knots might be a little on the high side, but it's a good ballpark to start with. It also gives you a speed you can start experimenting with in the climb.

How Exactly Does Performance Change?

To analyze the change of performance, let's look at a POH that has both rates published: the Cessna 208EX Caravan. While the Caravan might be different than what you fly, the performance change is actually very similar in most single-engine aircraft.

Let's look at climb rates first. Here are the conditions: 8,000 foot pressure altitude, 20 degrees Celsius, maximum takeoff weight of 8,807 pounds.

• Vy (102 knots): 740 feet per minute
• Vcc (115 knots): 675 feet per minute

With this scenario, you only lose 65 feet-per-minute climb rate, in exchange for 13 knots more airspeed. That equates to 12% more speed, for an 8% loss of FPM.

What about time, fuel, and distance for climb? Here are the conditions: climb from sea level to 8,000 feet, standard temperature, and maximum weight.

• Vy: 7 minutes, 61 pounds of fuel, and 13 nautical miles
• Vcc: 7 minutes, 62 pounds of fuel, and 14 nautical miles

In this example, the time to climb is essentially the same, you'll only burn about 2% more fuel, and you'll have over 7% faster forward airspeed.

While this example was limited to the Cessna Caravan, in most airplanes you'll find that the percentage change in FPM is relatively small in comparison to the substantially better airspeed flown at cruise climb.

A Cooler, Faster Climb Speed

If you have the capability to fly a cruise climb departure, you can shave time off your trip, keep your engine in better shape, and make your passengers in the back more comfortable.

Does your plane have a cruise climb speed? How much difference does it make compared to Vy? Tell us in the comments below.

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How is cruise ship speed measured, and how fast is a knot in miles per hour?

Have you ever wondered how cruise ship speed is measured? Ships aren't the fastest method of transportation, but that doesn't mean it's not fun to calculate your speed when you're sailing. Unlike land travel, ship speed is not measured in miles per hour.

Here, I'll cover how cruise ship speed is measured, how to calculate your ship's speed in miles per hour and some considerations that could affect how fast you're going.

For cruise news, reviews and tips, sign up for TPG's cruise newsletter .

What is a knot in nautical terms?

A knot is the nautical measure of speed used by cruise ships and other maritime vessels. One knot represents 1 nautical mile per hour.

But "knot" isn't simply a misspelled nickname for "naut" (as in nautical mile). Its origins are far more literal, according to the United States' National Ocean Service .

In the 17th century, ship crews measured vessel speed by tossing a rope with several evenly spaced knots and a triangular-shaped piece of wood into the water. As the ship moved, currents created resistance against the wood, causing more rope to be pulled into the water over a specified period of time. When time was up, crew members would pull the rope in and count the knots.

In short, the number of knots pulled out into the water over a specific period of time translated into the speed of the vessel's travel.

How fast is a knot in miles per hour?

When you convert 1 knot to miles per hour, it works out to 1.15 standard miles per hour for every nautical mile per hour. That's knot speed. So, although land-based miles per hour are just slightly faster than knots, for general purposes, it's a close comparison. For example, if your ship is sailing 20 knots, it's sailing roughly 23 mph.

How fast do cruise ships go?

What is the maximum speed of a cruise ship? The maximum speed for most modern vessels is about 30 knots or 34.5 mph, but just because they can glide along that fast doesn't mean they actually do, or at least not all the time.

Officers on the bridge will adjust speed to account for weather and ocean conditions — rough seas and high winds mean slower speeds — and port arrival times. Early arrival into port can come with extra fees that cruise lines are loath to incur, which usually means they prefer to take their time by slowing their speed.

What is the average cruise ship speed?

Cruise ship average speed is affected by lots of outside forces, as mentioned above. In relatively calm conditions, the average present-day vessel travels about 20 knots or 23 mph between ports of call.

What is the fastest cruise ship?

Currently, the fastest cruise ship that's operational is Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2, which often serves as an ocean liner to ferry people back and forth between the U.S. and the United Kingdom. Its maximum speed is 30 knots.

Cunard, which has operated historically fast vessels throughout the years, won the Blue Riband — a coveted prize for the ship to cross between the U.S. and Europe while maintaining the highest speed — 18 times. The last ship in the fleet to hold the unofficial award, which dates back to the 1800s, was Queen Mary, which is currently a floating hotel in Long Beach, California, near Los Angeles.

Queen Mary was dethroned as the winner in 1952 by SS United States, which was operated by rival United States Lines and made the crossing in just three days, 10 hours and 40 minutes at a speed of nearly 35.6 knots or almost 41 mph. (Its maximum speed was 39 knots or about 45 mph.)

Today, SS United States is docked in Philadelphia and maintained by a nonprofit conservancy that hopes to find investors to restore the languishing liner, which is now more than 70 years old. It might not be operational, but its previous accolades make it the fastest passenger vessel currently afloat.

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cruising speed noun

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What does the noun cruising speed mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun cruising speed . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

Entry status

OED is undergoing a continuous programme of revision to modernize and improve definitions. This entry has not yet been fully revised.

How common is the noun cruising speed ?

Where does the noun cruising speed come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun cruising speed is in the 1910s.

OED's earliest evidence for cruising speed is from 1919, in the Sphere .

cruising speed is formed within English, by compounding.

Etymons: cruising n. , speed n.

Nearby entries

• cruise control, n. 1949–
• cruise missile, n. 1959–
• cruiser, n. 1679–
• cruiser stern, n. 1915–
• cruiser tank, n. 1940–
• cruiser-weight, n. 1920–
• cruiseway, n. 1967–
• cruising, n. 1690–
• cruising radius, n. 1927–
• cruising range, n. 1922–
• cruising speed, n. 1919–
• cruive, n. ?a1500–
• crull, adj. c1300–1405
• cruller, n. 1808–
• crumb, n. Old English–
• crumb | crum, adj. Old English–1878
• crumb | crum, v.¹ c1430–
• crumb | crum, v.² c1490–1866
• crumb-brush, n. 1884–
• crumb-cloth, n. 1843–

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Meaning & use

Entry history for cruising speed, n..

Originally published as part of the entry for cruising, n.

cruising, n. was first published in 1893; not yet revised.

Revision of the OED is a long-term project. Entries in oed.com which have not been revised may include:

• corrections and revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations which have been added in subsequent print and online updates.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1893)

• Find out more

OED Second Edition (1989)

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V-Speeds Explained (Vx, Vy, Va, Vs, Vfe, Vmc, Vno, Vne, etc)

What Are V-Speeds?

Mach numbers and v-speeds, v-speeds list, most important v-speeds explained.

• VR: Rotation Speed
• VX: Best Angle of Climb Speed
• VY: Best Rate of Climb Speed
• VA: Maneuvering Speed
• VFE: Maximum Flaps Extended Speed
• VLE: Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed
• VNE: Never Exceed Speed
• VNO: Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
• VS: Stall Speed
• V1: Takeoff Decision Speed
• V2: Takeoff Safety Speed
• VEF: Critical Engine Failure Speed During Takeoff
• VMC: Minimum Control Speed

Final Thoughts

Ask a pilot how many V-speeds exist, and you’ll get an answer anywhere between “What’s a V-speed?” and “Probably a thousand.”

I’m happy to report that there aren’t a thousand, but there are a few you should be aware of.

In this article, we’ll explain everything you need to know about V-speeds. Plus, we’ve created a handy list so that you never have to Google them again.

V-speeds are specific airspeeds that are defined for operational reasons, such as limitations (e.g., maximum flaps extended speed – V FE ) or performance requirements (e.g., best rate of climb speed – V Y ).

In other words, V-speeds serve as critical benchmarks that guide pilots in managing the aircraft’s performance and ensuring safety.

For example, the rotation speed (V R ) is the speed at which the pilot initiates a gentle rotation of the aircraft to lift off the ground during takeoff. 

A V-speed may change depending on factors such as aircraft weight and weather conditions, but its designation (e.g., V R ) remains the same.

You may find several V-speeds on the internet that aren’t listed here. That’s because the V-speeds we’re talking about today are defined in 14 CFR Part 1 , as well as 14 CFR Part 23 and Part 25 (used for aircraft certification).

Any other V-speeds you encounter are likely manufacturer-specific and aren’t regarded as official V-speeds by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) .

You may find V-speeds with an “M” instead of the usual “V” (M MO instead of V MO , for example).

This means that the particular speed is defined using a Mach number.

V-speeds can be defined using any type of airspeed , such as knots or miles per hour, but the designation remains “V” unless a Mach number is used – then it becomes “M”.

Let’s take a look at the V-speeds you’re most likely to encounter – and the ones you should know.

As we go through them, use the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) for the airplane you fly, and make a note of the speed for each V-speed. If it isn’t defined in the POH or is variable, make sure you know how to calculate it.

You’ll make your life a whole lot easier if you take the time to memorize them.

V R : Rotation Speed 

V R is the speed at which the pilot gently pulls back on the control column to lift the nose off of the runway during takeoff.

For most commercial aircraft, V R varies for each takeoff depending on the weight and configuration of the aircraft as well as environmental factors like weather or runway conditions.

In most General Aviation (GA) aircraft, V R is usually the same regardless of conditions.

It might seem obvious, but V R cannot be less than the stall speed (VS 1 – more on that later).

V X : Best Angle of Climb Speed 

V X is the airspeed that provides the best angle of climb. In other words, if you maintain V X , you’ll gain the most altitude in the shortest horizontal distance.

This speed is your go-to for a short-field takeoff, particularly when there are obstacles that you need to climb above during takeoff.

You should practice climbing at V X (and short-field takeoffs) regularly, as it is a critical skill during short-field operations.

V Y : Best Rate of Climb Speed

V Y is the airspeed for best rate of climb. In other words, if you maintain V Y , you’ll gain the most altitude in the shortest amount of time.

Compared to V X , you’ll use more horizontal distance.

V Y is the speed typically used during climb.

V A : Maneuvering Speed

V A is the aircraft’s design maneuvering speed. It is the speed above which you risk damaging the aircraft’s structure if you make a full deflection of a flight control (e.g., full-up elevator). 

If you make a full deflection of a flight control at or below V A , the aircraft will stall before the structure is damaged.

You should not use full deflection of any flight control above V A . That being said, repeated full deflection of any flight controls (such as full right rudder and then full left rudder, for example) is not recommended, even below V A .

V A isn’t a fixed figure; it varies with weight. If the aircraft’s weight decreases, V A decreases as well, and vice versa.

V FE : Maximum Flaps Extended Speed

V FE , or maximum flap extended speed, is the highest speed permissible with the flaps extended. 

This speed is your boundary marker when flying with flaps down, ensuring you don’t cause potential structural damage.

Not all aircraft treat V FE as a singular speed regardless of flap setting. Most aircraft, like the Cessna 172, have different V FE speeds for different flap settings.

In the Cessna 172, you can fly with 10 degrees of flaps below 110 knots. Anything more than 10 degrees of flaps, and you’re limited to 85 knots instead.

V LE : Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed

V LE , or maximum landing gear extended speed, is the top speed at which you can safely fly with the landing gear extended.

A related speed is V LO , or maximum landing gear operating speed, the speed above which you cannot extend or retract the landing gear. 

V LO is typically lower than V LE due to the aerodynamic forces exerted on the landing gear during extension or retraction.

V NE : Never Exceed Speed

V NE , or “never exceed” speed, is exactly that. The speed above which you should never venture under any circumstances.

V NO : Maximum Structural Cruising Speed

V NO , the maximum structural cruising speed, is the highest speed that you can safely fly in smooth air. 

V NO is marked by the upper limit of the green arc on the airspeed indicator . 

If you’re above V NO (in the yellow arc or “caution range”) and you encounter air that is not smooth, you could cause damage to the aircraft.

For example, if you encounter turbulence, the “bumps” you experience will increase the load factor. If you fly above V NO in these conditions, the increase in load factor could damage the aircraft’s structure.

V S : Stall Speed

V S represents stall speed, essentially the lowest speed your aircraft can maintain steady flight.

When it comes to V S , there’s an important caveat.

An aircraft can stall at any speed. 

A stall occurs when the aircraft exceeds the critical angle of attack. This can happen at any airspeed. 

Say a pilot is descending at a high airspeed, far from V S . If they quickly pitch up, the aircraft may exceed the critical angle of attack and stall, despite being at a high airspeed.

So, why do we define V S ?

Well, in a “normal” attitude (think straight-and-level), the aircraft is only at risk of stalling if:

• The pilot makes a dramatic control input that quickly increases the angle of attack, or
• The pilot maintains altitude while the airspeed decreases, gradually increasing the angle of attack and eventually stalling at VS.

So, can the aircraft stall at any airspeed? Yes.

When is it most likely to stall? At V S .

The V-speed for stall speed is divided into two types:

• V S0 – the stall speed in the landing configuration (e.g., flaps and gear down)
• V S1 – the stall speed in a specific configuration (e.g., ‘clean’ – flaps and gear up)

The difference between the stall speed with the flaps down versus the flaps up is significant, so it makes sense to differentiate between the two.

One final note about V S .

Every manufacturer determines the stall speed for their aircraft. The test for stall speed is performed with the throttle closed at maximum takeoff weight.

This means that you may experience a lower stall speed than published in the POH if you’re flying at a lower weight or the throttle isn’t closed.

For more information on stall speed testing regulations, see AC 23-8C , § 23.49, page 15.

V 1 : Takeoff Decision Speed

V 1 , or the takeoff decision speed, is the speed by which the decision to continue the takeoff or abort must be made.

The primary purpose of V 1 is to serve as a decision point. If a critical system fails (such as an engine) or other anomalies occur before reaching V 1 , there will be sufficient runway remaining to abort the takeoff safely. 

However, once V 1 is surpassed, the takeoff should continue, as there will not be enough runway left to stop safely.

V 1 is not a fixed number and is calculated before each takeoff, taking into account several factors, including aircraft weight, runway length, environmental conditions, and aircraft performance data.

V 1 is where the pilot must take the first action (such as reducing thrust) to stop the aircraft , or risk a runway overrun.

It’s important to note that V 1 also relates to the aircraft’s performance capability in case of an engine failure. After V 1 , the aircraft must have the performance capability to continue the takeoff on the remaining engines and achieve the required climb performance.

That’s where V 2 , or takeoff safety speed, comes into play.

V 2 : Takeoff Safety Speed

V 2 , known as the takeoff safety speed, is the minimum speed at which the aircraft can maintain a specified rate of climb with one engine inoperative.

The primary goal of V 2 is to ensure a safe climb gradient in an engine failure scenario. This speed ensures that the aircraft can maintain a positive rate of climb to clear obstacles and reach a safer altitude.

The aircraft must be able to achieve V 2 at a minimum of 35 ft above the end of the runway distance after an engine failure at V 1 .

V EF : Critical Engine Failure Speed During Takeoff

V EF is the worst possible speed the critical engine can fail while allowing the takeoff to be completed successfully. 

Interestingly, it is not at V 1 , but actually before.

This may sound strange, because we should abort the takeoff if an engine failure occurs before V 1 , right? 

Well, regulations state that takeoff performance calculations should account for an engine failure that is close enough to V 1 that the pilot does not have enough time to abort at V 1 .

In other words, if the engine fails right before V 1 without enough time to react, the aircraft must be able to take off safely and achieve V 2 at the specified height and distance.

V MC : Minimum Control Speed

V MC , or minimum control speed, represents the lowest speed at which a multi-engine aircraft can maintain controlled flight with one engine inoperative and the other at full power.

V EF may not be less than V MC , and V 2min may not be less than 1.1 times V MC .

V MC is often divided into two distinct speeds: V MCA and V MCG , each addressing a different aspect of aircraft control under asymmetric thrust conditions.

V MCA : Minimum Control Speed Air

V MCA is the minimum speed at which the aircraft can maintain controlled flight in the air with one engine failed and the other at full power.

Below V MCA , the aircraft may become uncontrollable due to the loss of directional control, making it a critical speed to be aware of during flight operations.

V MCG : Minimum Control Speed Ground

V MCG , on the other hand, is the minimum speed at which the aircraft can maintain directional control on the ground with one engine inoperative and the other at full power. 

It’s a vital speed to know during the takeoff roll, ensuring that control can be maintained if an engine fails during takeoff.

V-speeds are critical references that ensure safety and efficiency. They are the result of meticulous calculations and real-world testing, and shouldn’t be disregarded.

You may have even encountered these speeds when flying without knowing it.

One thing’s for sure, you’ll notice them now!

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Maximum Cruise Speed

1 SENTENCE DEFINITION: Maximum cruise speed refers to the highest speed at which an aircraft can fly during sustained level flight.

CATEGORY: Aircraft and Aircraft Operations | SUB CATEGORY: Aircraft Performance

Table of Contents

Factors Affecting Maximum Cruise Speed

Other aircraft performance terms you can explore.

Maximum cruise speed is the highest speed that an aircraft can maintain during sustained level flight. It is often expressed in terms of true airspeed (TAS), which is the speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass in which it is flying. This speed is typically indicated on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator.

Several factors influence an aircraft’s maximum cruise speed, including:

1) Engine Power: The maximum cruise speed is directly influenced by the power of the aircraft’s engines. More powerful engines generate greater thrust, allowing the aircraft to achieve higher speeds.

2) Aerodynamics: The design of the aircraft’s airframe and wings plays a crucial role in determining its maximum cruise speed. Aircraft with streamlined and efficient shapes experience less drag, enabling them to reach higher speeds.

3) Weight: The weight of the aircraft also affects its maximum cruise speed. Heavier aircraft require more power to overcome the force of gravity and maintain level flight, which can limit their top speed.

4) Altitude: The altitude at which an aircraft operates impacts its maximum cruise speed. As altitude increases, the air density decreases, reducing both drag and engine performance. Therefore, aircraft generally have a lower maximum cruise speed at higher altitudes.

For instance, consider a commercial airliner designed for long-haul flights. It is equipped with powerful engines, aerodynamically optimized wings, and a lightweight airframe. These characteristics allow the aircraft to achieve a maximum cruise speed of 560 knots (645 miles per hour) at 35,000 feet above sea level. At this speed, the airliner can cover vast distances efficiently, reducing travel time for passengers.

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Everything about V Speeds Explained

Your complete list for v speed terminology.

FAA regulations could change at any time. Please refer to current FARs to ensure you are legal. Illustration by Tim Barker

— From the French word vitesse, meaning “speed.”

— Maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speedbrakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the surface within the takeoff distance.

— Takeoff safety speed for jets, turboprops or transport-category aircraft. Best climb gradient speed (i.e., best altitude increase per mile with the most critical engine inop). Twin-engine aircraft with an engine inop are guaranteed a 2.4 percent climb gradient (24 feet up per 1,000 feet forward). Minimum speed to be maintained to at least 400 feet agl.

— Minimum takeoff safety speed. Usually 1.2 times the stall speed in takeoff configuration.

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— Design maneuvering speed. The highest safe airspeed for abrupt control deflection or for operation in turbulence or severe gusts. It does not allow for multiple large control inputs. If only one speed is published it is usually determined at max landing weight. This speed decreases as weight decreases. Formula for determining VA at less than max landing weight: VA2 equals VA multiplied by current weight divided by max landing weight.

— Maximum speed for airbrake extension.

— Maximum speed for airbrake operation.

— Missed-approach climb speed for flap configuration with critical engine inop (2.1 percent climb gradient).

— Approach target speed. VREF plus configuration (flaps/slats setting) and wind factor. Typically add (to VREF) half the headwind component plus all the gust factor (to a max of 20 knots).

— Design speed for maximum gust intensity for transport-category aircraft or other aircraft certified under Part 25. Turbulent-air penetration speed that protects the structure in 66 fps gusts.

— Design cruising speed. Speed at which the aircraft was designed to cruise. The completed aircraft may actually cruise slower or faster than VC. It is the highest speed at which the structure must withstand the FAA’s hypothetical “standard 50 fps gust.”

— Design diving speed. The aircraft is designed to be capable of diving to this speed (in very smooth air) and be free of flutter, control reversal or buffeting. Control surfaces have a natural vibration frequency where they begin to “flutter” like a flag in a stiff breeze. If flutter begins, it can become catastrophic in a matter of seconds. It can worsen until the aircraft is destroyed, even if airspeed is reduced as soon as flutter begins.

— Accelerate/stop decision speed for multiengine piston and light multiengine turboprops.

— Demonstrated flight diving speed. VDF is in knots. MDF is a percentage of Mach number. Some aircraft are incapable of reaching VD because of a lack of power or excess drag. When this is the case, the test pilot dives to the maximum speed possible — the demonstrated flight diving speed.

— Speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff (used in certification tests).

— En route climb speed with critical engine inop. Jets accelerate to VENR above 1,500 feet agl.

— Design flap speed. The flaps are designed to be operated at this maximum speed. If the engineers did a good job, the actual flap speed, or VFE, will be the same.

— Maximum speed for undesirable flight characteristics. It must be regarded with the same respect as VNE: redline. Instability could develop beyond the pilot’s ability to recover. VFC is expressed in knots; MFC is expressed in percentage of Mach.

— Maximum flap-extended speed. Top of white arc. The highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. Many aircraft allow the use of approach flaps at speeds higher than VFE. Positive load for Normal category airplanes is usually reduced from 3.8 Gs to 2 Gs with the flaps down, and negative load is reduced from minus 1.52 Gs to zero. The purpose of flaps during landing is to enable steeper approaches without increasing the airspeed.

— Flap retract speed. The minimum speed required for flap retraction after takeoff.

— Final segment speed (jet takeoff) with critical engine inop. Accelerate to VFS at 400 feet agl.

— Final takeoff speed. End of the takeoff path. En route configuration. One engine inoperative.

— Best glide speed. This speed decreases as weight decreases.

— Maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power. Mainly used for aircraft advertising. Ultralights are limited by Part 103 to a VH of 55 knots.

— Maximum landing gear extended speed. Maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.

— Maximum landing light extended speed.

— Maximum landing light operating speed.

— Maximum landing gear operating speed. Maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted. Usually limited by air loads on the wheel-well doors. On some aircraft, the doors close after extension, allowing acceleration to VLE. In an emergency involving loss of control — when the ground is getting close and the airspeed is quickly approaching redline — forget about this speed. Throw the gear out! As a now famous Flying magazine writer once said, you might lose a gear door, but it’s far better than losing a wing.

— Liftoff speed. Speed at which the aircraft becomes airborne. Back pressure is applied at VR (rotate) — a somewhat lower speed — so that liftoff actually happens at VLOF.

VMCA or VMC

— More commonly known as VMC (although VMCA is more correct). Minimum control speed with the critical engine (usually the left) inoperative out of ground effect in the air — “red line” — and most critical engine inop and windmilling; 5 degrees of bank toward the operative engine; takeoff power on operative engine; gear up; flaps up; and most rearward CG. In this configuration, if airspeed is allowed to diminish below VMC, even full rudder cannot prevent a yaw toward the dead engine. At slower speeds, the slower-moving wing — the one with the failed engine — will stall first. VMC is not a constant; it can be reduced by feathering the prop, moving the CG forward and reducing power.

— Minimum speed necessary to maintain directional control after an engine failure during the takeoff roll while still on the ground. Determined using aerodynamic controls with no reliance on nosewheel steering. Applies to jets, turboprops or transport-category aircraft.

— Maximum operating limit speed for turboprops or jets. VMO is indicated airspeed measured in knots and is mainly a structural limitation that is the effective speed limit at lower altitudes. MMO is a percentage of Mach limited by the change to the aircraft’s handling characteristics as localized airflow approaches the speed of sound, creating shock waves that can alter controllability. As altitude increases, indicated airspeed decreases while Mach remains constant. MMO is the effective speed limit (“barber pole” on the airspeed indicator) at higher altitudes. MMO is usually much higher for swept-wing jets than for straight-wing designs.

— Minimum unstick speed. Slowest speed at which an aircraft can become airborne. Originated as a result of testing for the world’s first jet transport, the de Havilland Comet. During an ill-fated takeoff attempt, the nose was raised so high and prematurely that the resultant drag prevented further acceleration and liftoff. Tests were then established to ensure that future heavy transports could safely take off with the tail touching the ground and maintain this attitude until out of ground effect.

— Never-exceed speed — “red line.” Applies only to piston-powered airplanes. This speed is never more than 90 percent of VDF. G loads imposed by any turbulence can easily overstress an aircraft at this speed.

— “No” go there. Maximum structural cruising speed. Beginning of the yellow arc, or caution range. Theoretically, a brand-new aircraft can withstand the FAA’s 50 fps gust at this speed. Unfortunately, the pilot has no way of measuring gust intensity.

— Rotation speed. Recommended speed to start applying back pressure on the yoke, rotating the nose so, ideally, the aircraft lifts off the ground at VLOF.

— Calculated reference speed for final approach. Final approach speed. Usually 1.3 times VSO or higher. Small airplanes: bottom of white arc plus 30 percent. Jets: calculated from landing-performance charts that consider weight, temperature and field elevation. To this speed jets typically calculate an approach speed (VAP) by adding (to VREF) half the headwind component plus the gust factor (to a max of 20 knots).

— Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable. VS is a generic term and usually does not correspond to a specific airspeed.

— Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed in a specific configuration. Normally regarded as the “clean” — gear and flaps up — stall speed. Lower limit of the green arc (remember, “stuff in”). However, this is not always the case. It could represent stall speed with flaps in takeoff position or any number of different configurations. So VS1 is a clean stall, but the definition of “clean” could vary.

— Stall speed in landing configuration. Lower limit of white arc. Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in landing configuration: engines at idle, props in low pitch, usually full wing flaps, cowl flaps closed, CG at ­maximum forward limit (i.e., most unfavorable CG) and max gross landing weight. Maximum allowable VSO for single-engine aircraft and many light twins is 61 knots (remember, “stuff out”).

— Minimum safe single-engine speed (multi). Provides a ­reasonable margin against an unintentional stall when making intentional engine cuts during training.

— Takeoff safety speed for Category A rotorcraft.

— Maximum windshield-wiper operating speed.

— Best angle-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain of altitude in the shortest possible horizontal distance. The speed given in the flight manual is good only at sea level, at max gross weight and with flaps in takeoff position. VX increases with altitude (about ½ knot per 1,000 feet) and usually decreases with a reduction of weight. It will take more time to gain altitude at VX because of the slower speed, but the goal is to gain the most altitude in the shortest horizontal distance.

— Best single-engine angle-of-climb speed (multiengine, 12,500 pounds or less).

— Best rate-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain in altitude in the shortest time. Flaps and gear up. Decreases as weight is reduced, and decreases with altitude. Lift-to-drag ratio is usually at its maximum at this speed, so it can also be used as a good ballpark figure for best glide speed or maximum-endurance speed for holding.

READ MORE: VX vs. VY

— Best single-engine rate-of-climb speed — “blue line” — (multiengine, 12,500 pounds or less).

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 The Three Types of Airspeed : KIAS vs KCAS vs KTAS

Whether it be F1, NASCAR, World Rally, or MotoGP, our fascination with speed is what makes them so popular. This allure is also evident from other sporting events such as the Olympics in which we have several competitions like the 100m dash, marathons, swimming, etc.

Now, when you combine speed with flying, a very important parameter of flight is born, the airspeed.

The airspeed of an aircraft, whether military or commercial, is quite significant not just in terms of the capabilities of that aircraft, but also from a safety point of view.

If an aircraft is flying slow, the pilot must ensure that sufficient airspeed is maintained to avoid a stall. On the other hand, while going full throttle, pilots ensure that the aircraft does not exceed the maximum airspeed limits (VMO).

When we talk about the speed of cars or ground vehicles in general, we understand that it can be calculated by converting the rotational speed of its wheels. But what is airspeed and how do we measure it?

Table of Contents

What is Airspeed: How Is It Measured?

Airspeed is the speed of aircraft as it moves through air during the flight. It is calculated by converting the pressure of air being sucked into the pitot probe (See image above) to linear velocity.

In simpler terms, the greater the pressure of the air inside the pitot tube, the higher the airspeed.

The airspeed is always indicated to the pilot through either a dedicated airspeed indicator gauge or as a linear scale on Primary Flight Display (PFD). 

Different types of airspeeds

But may have heard that there are different types of airspeeds; well, that is true.

There are a couple of them, and in this article, we are going to look closer at:

• Knots Indicated Airspeed,
• Knots Calibrated Airspeed 
• Knots True Airspeed.

Did you notice something common between them? You guessed it! It is ‘Knots’.

Well, that is because the airspeed is always measured in knots.

Now, let us go over what these different types of airspeeds are and why are they important.

KIAS vs KCAS vs KTAS

Let’s start by comparing the three in a table, to give you a quick overview of the differences.

Here is a nice video showcasing the differences between the three.

With that out of the way, let’s delve deeper into each! 

1. What is Knots Indicated Airspeed (KIAS)?

The Knots Indicated Airspeed (KIAS) is the airspeed directly measured from the pitot probe and is indicated to the pilot on his airspeed display.

KIAS is a direct indication of airflow (dynamic air pressure) around the fuselage and wings of an airplane and this value, therefore, holds significance in terms of safe flying limits of airplanes. 

This type of airspeed is directly indicated to pilots as all-important limits or V-speeds are identified in terms of KIAS.

The V-speeds such as V1, VR, VS, VMO, VNE are all represented in terms of indicated airspeed as they are directly related to the airflow around the structure of an aircraft.

Let us have a quick go through what important these indicated airspeeds mean:

• V 1 , – The speed during take-off after which take-off cannot be aborted
• V R – The rotation speed or the speed at which an airplane can lift-off
• V S , – The stall speed or minimum speed below which an aircraft does not remain controllable
• V MO – The maximum operating speed limit of an aircraft; beyond which the aircraft triggers an alarm
• V NE – This is the never-exceed-speed of an aircraft; beyond which, an aircraft may structurally disintegrate

As the take-off, stall or structural integrity of an airplane directly depends upon the airflow around the aircraft, KIAS is constantly monitored by the pilots during all phases of flight. 

2. What is Knots Calibrated Airspeed (KCAS)?

The Knots Calibrated Airspeed is the airspeed measured by the pitot probe and corrected for the instrumentational or positional error of the pitot probe. In other words, it is slightly more complicated!

Well, let us make it easier to understand then!

The Pitot Tube or Pitot Probe of an aircraft is mounted on aircraft in the forward section of the fuselage in most cases and on the wings in some cases.

Although, the aircraft designers make sure that the pitot probe is positioned to ensure minimal errors due to changing flap configuration or so on, the errors still exist.

Similarly, like any other sensing device, a certain instrumentation error is also present in the pitot probe and indicating devices.

The calibrated airspeed is calculated after incorporating all such positional and instrumentational errors into the value of indicated airspeed.

Is Calibrated Airspeed Displayed to Pilots?

Although KCAS is not displayed to the pilot, it is still important for pilots to know and understand the difference is calibrated and indicated airspeed for the type of aircraft they are flying.

Mostly the difference in calibrated and indicated airspeed is negligible but in some cases, with nose-up attitude or when flaps are extended, it may increase to several knots.

Now we have seen that Calibrated Airspeed or the Indicated Airspeed are directly related to the dynamic pressure being measure by the pitot tube, but the True Airspeed is slightly different. Why don’t we have a look at what it represents!

3. What is Knots True Airspeed (KTAS)?

KTAS or Knots True Airspeed is the airspeed of the airplane relative to the (stationary) air, it is flying through.

But how is it any different to Indicated Airspeed or calibrated airspeed?

Well, as the altitude of an aircraft increases, the air around it becomes thinner. Increasing altitude, therefore, results in a decrease of dynamic pressure being measured by the pitot tube.

Think of an airplane traveling at 200knots at sea level where atmospheric pressure is 101kPA. As the altitude of the airplane increases to 15000ft, the indicated airspeed of the airplane will drop (roughly to 160knots) even if it is still traveling at a constant true airspeed of 200knots.

This is because the atmospheric pressure at this altitude has dropped to 57kPA, and less air is hitting the pitot tube.

When Is True Airspeed Equal to KIAS/KCAS?

At standard atmospheric conditions (sea level and 15 Celsius temperature) the KTAS is equivalent to KIAS or KCAS. But as the altitude of an aircraft increases, the indicated airspeed and the true airspeed of the airplane diverge.

So, at higher altitudes, even if an aircraft is flying at 200knots relative to the static air around it, the indicated airspeed may be shown as 160knots.

How is true airspeed measured?

Unlike the Calibrated Airspeed, true airspeed is mostly displayed to the pilots in modern aircraft on their Flight Displays. True airspeed is also displayed to the passengers on their cabin entertainment systems in modern commercial airliners.

But how is it measured; you may ask?

For true airspeed, we need to not only consider the dynamic air pressure, but also the static air pressure around the aircraft.

Often, we see static air pressure sensing ports on the pitot tube itself or the fuselage of the aircraft.

These sensors provide a measurement of the static air pressure outside, as the aircraft is flying.

By incorporating the dynamic pressure sensed by the pitot tube and static air pressure sensed by static ports, the aircraft calculates its true airspeed.

Summary and Conclusion

The airspeed of any aircraft holds significance both in terms of flight safety and structural integrity of any aircraft. Pilots constantly monitor the airspeed during all critical phases of flight such as take-off, climb, and landing to ensure that they do not exceed the maximum and minimum limits of airspeed.

Airspeed is commonly measured in terms of ‘knots’ which is a standard aeronautical term for airspeed. There are three distinct types of airspeed and each one holds its value to the pilots flying the aircraft.

• Indicated airspeed is the type of airspeed that is directly proportional to the airflow over any aircraft and is indicated to the pilots on their airspeed indicator. The airspeed limits are defined in terms of indicated airspeed by the manufacturer for different phases of flight and different airplane configurations. Pilots flying the aircraft learn and remember these airspeed limitations to recall during flight. For example, during take-off, pilots have to remember the minimum airspeed required for take-off so that they don’t try to lift the aircraft prematurely.
• Calibrated airspeed is similar to indicated airspeed but corrected for positional and instrumentational errors within the airspeed sensing system.
• True airspeed represents the actual speed of the aircraft compared to the stationary air around it.

Each one of these airspeeds has its utilization for a pilot. Pilots ensure safe flight by maintaining a constant awareness of airspeed and knowing the limits for the aircraft that is being flown. Safe flying!

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Meaning of "cruising speed" in the English dictionary

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Cruise (aeronautics)

Definition of cruising speed in the english dictionary.

The definition of cruising speed in the dictionary is the speed at which a ship, car or aircraft travels most efficiently.

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Short vs. long cruises: Which one is right for you? Here's how they compare.

Whether you want a weekend getaway or to max out your vacation days, there’s a cruise for that.

Cruise lines offer itineraries ranging from a few days to monthslong . But there are more differences between short and long sailings than just the amount of time guests spend on board. The length of a cruise can help dictate the types of ports passengers visit, the kind of ship they’re sailing on and even the general vibe on board.

“It's important to walk our guests through and for cruisers to think about, what's the experience that they're trying to have,” said Jamie Margolis, owner of Moms at Sea Travel, a Dream Vacations franchise. “So, we try to tease out that information, like, ‘What's your vacation style?’ ”

What can guests expect from short cruises?

Cruises can be divided into those shorter or longer than a week, according to Jared Feldman, owner of travel agency Jafeldma Travel. “So, anything less than that is really considered a short cruise,” he said.

Those around three nights long are often aimed at new-to-cruise guests “who aren’t really ready to commit to seven days but really want to quote-unquote test the waters, let's say – to see if cruising is right for them,” he added.

Those sailings typically feature just one port and a sea day and often visit tried-and-true cruise destinations. Travelers sailing from South Florida ports like Miami and Fort Lauderdale will likely visit Nassau in the Bahamas or one of many cruise line private islands , for example. While those sailing from Galveston, Texas, can expect to stop in Cozumel.

Margolis called three-and-four-night voyages a “great intro to cruising,” albeit with more limited itinerary choices. “Is their dream to go to Saint Kitts? They're probably not going to find that on a short sailing,” she said.

Shorter cruises may also lend themselves more to a party atmosphere and be less kid-friendly. But Margolis noted that’s not unique to cruising. “I mean, it's the nature of travel that short weekends can be celebratory,” she said.

And with diverse onboard offerings – from ship-within-a-ship concepts to kids clubs – passengers can often carve out their own experience.

Cruise lines have new offerings in that shorter category. Celebrity Cruises is launching its first regular weekend itineraries in the Caribbean this month, and Royal Caribbean International’s Utopia of the Seas will offer three-and-four-night sailings when it debuts in July.

What can guests expect from long cruises?

Feldman said any sailing over seven days could be considered a “longer cruise.” Those can range from around 10 days to more than six months. Royal Caribbean is operating a nine-month world cruise to more than 60 countries.

While short cruises “can feel like a bit of a whirlwind,” according to Margolis, longer itineraries offer more time to explore a greater variety of ports. They may feature less-visited destinations such as Aruba and Curaçao and often take place on smaller, older vessels (though ships are refurbished regularly).

That’s partly due to the limitations in places they stop. “Some of the ports … cannot really accommodate this large ship hardware,” Feldman said. “So, you need a smaller-size ship to navigate in and out of these ports.”

The onboard demographic also tends to skew older on those cruises since retired passengers typically have more free time, and travelers with kids are often beholden to school schedules.

If you want a middle ground, though, Margolis said a seven-night cruise “really takes you through what I think is, like, the whole cruise cycle.”

"You get on, you get acclimated, you find all the different amenities, and then you're able to … truly relax, disconnect, unwind,” she said. ‘And then you know, midweek, you start getting your luggage tags, and you go through that mental process of accepting that you're going to have to get off in a couple of days and go back to work.”

At that length, it's also easier to tack on a bit of extra time on the front or back end of the sailing to explore on their own, Feldman added.

Are short or long sailings cheaper?

Because short sailings frequently take place on larger ships, they are “very attractively priced” to help fill the cabins. But that doesn’t mean they’ll always be cheaper than a longer cruise.

A cruise with more stops will have higher port fees, but passengers may book longer itineraries further out and get better fares.

Looking for cheap cruises?: Here's what to know know about finding deals.

“Most times, you're not going to book a three-to-four-night sailing 12 to 18 months in advance,” said Feldman. “You're going to book that much closer in.”

The ship’s age also plays a role in how it’s priced, with shiny new vessels commanding higher rates . “So, there's a lot of different variables in play that kind of dictate where you're going to come out ahead or how much your cruise is ultimately going to cost based on those factors,” said Feldman.

Nathan Diller is a consumer travel reporter for USA TODAY based in Nashville. You can reach him at [email protected].