events in tourism

What is event tourism and why is it important?

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Event tourism is big business- read on to find out what event tourism is and why it is so important.

What is event tourism?

Types of events, benefits of events tourism, limitations of event tourism, sporting event tourism, music event tourism, entertainment event tourism, business event tourism, the hotel industry, the transport industry, the hospitality industry, the advertising industry, event tourism- further reading.

Event tourism is essentially any tourism that relates to events. Events come in all shapes and sizes- they can be large scale events or small events, private events or public events.

Event tourism can bring a lot of money into the host community, making it a valuable contributor to the tourism economy.

Traditionally, events have always been viewed as being part of the tourism industry, however that has been slowly changing in recent years, with many people recognising the event industry as an industry in its own right. In fact, it has become so separated that many universities now offer event management degrees that are totally separate from travel and tourism !

There are different types of events that happen around the world and these often fall under different types of tourism . I have written a detailed article on the major types of events , but for now, here is a brief breakdown-

• Business events
• Sporting events
• Recreation events
• Local interest events
• Entertainment
• Celebrations
• Social enterprise events
• Conferences
• Promotional events
• Exhibitions

Event tourism is hugely beneficial to the tourism industry because it bring in money!

Events attract people and people spend money- people need a place to stay and somewhere to eat. Events also create jobs- someone needs to build the venues, there needs to be security working on the door and a customer service agent selling tickets. The events industry contributes to many of the jobs in travel and tourism .

Events can also help to put destinations on the world map. You may never have heard of a place before but if they host a big event, especially if it is a global event like the Football World Cup or the Olympics, then people all over the world will learn about the destination! This can often have long lasting effects and can even be a catalyst for the start of a booming travel and tourism industry.

With large amounts of visitors to a destination, however, there are bound to be some negative impacts too. Events can bring many unwanted social impacts of tourism and environmental impacts of tourism . It can also encourage economic leakage in tourism . There are sadly many negative impacts of event tourism as: the increased cost of living, traffic congestion, crowding, crime, property damage, pollution, deterioration of natural, cultural or historical resources and other various forms of discomfort experienced by residents or local businesses.

There are many specific examples of where event tourism has led to negative issues. For example, during the construction of the Olympic village for each 4-yearly Games, there have been many recorded fatalities. 14 people died building the Olympic village for the 2004 games in Athens – and seventy people lost their lives during the construction of the Olympic village for the Russian Winter Olympics. The huge levels of tourism associated with the Games mean that a lot of work goes into ensuring the stadiums, accommodation and fan zones are built to a high standard. However, this doesn’t always correspond with worker safety.

Another example is living in Wimbledon during the tennis championships. Everything about life is made a little bit more difficult due to the heavier-than-normal traffic, the long queues everywhere you go, an inability to book restaurants or access public transport and so on. This overcrowding is typical of event tourism, and it is one of the downsides for people living in areas affected by large events.

Examples of event tourism

There are so many examples of event tourism which we can look at. You can read about some of them below…

With sports, many people support teams or clubs based in or near their hometown – so for league games, sport is unlikely to generate a LOT of tourism , though there will be some. But for cups and championships, as well as large competitions or sports where the same people or teams compete in different places, there will be a lot of tourism generated from fans who are required to travel to watch it live.

Little to no event tourism:

• League and cup matches at home grounds

Large amounts of tourism:

• Cup finals at neutral venues
• International sporting competitions e.g The Olympic and Commonwealth Games
• International championships e.g Wimbledon or the US Open (Golf)
• Sports where the venue changes e.g Formula 1

When it comes to music events, there are also different levels of tourism.

Little to no tourism:

• Tours where the artist is playing in so many cities that generally people won’t need to travel far to see them
• Short tours with only a few locations
• Music festivals e.g Reading and Leeds Festival

Other entertainment events such as Comic Con and other conventions, food shows, flower shows and so on tend to be in one set location each time. This means they generate a lot of tourism as most people will need to travel if they want to attend.

Similarly to entertainment events, business events tend to be in one place. A conference will take place in a specific venue in a specific city, for example, and attendees will need to travel to get there. This obviously generates event tourism as people use transport and book places to stay.

Impacts of event tourism on different industries

The rolling impact of an event touches every part of the tourism industry, which you can read about below through specific examples.

Accommodation is highly in demand for any event. It is usually not just locals who attend an event – unless it is something small-scale like a village fair, which does not generate event tourism per se. But for football games, music festivals and so on, hotels and Airbnbs in the surrounding area get booked up super quickly.

The example I will use here is the Champions League Final in Kyiv in 2018; hotels were like gold dust even before it was decided which two teams would be battling it out for the title. Prices were hiked, and people who had booked before the location of the final was actually confirmed (e.g people who were visiting Kyiv for other reasons) saw their booking cancelled to make way for football fans travelling from Liverpool and Madrid. This was obviously beneficial for hotel owners. It was also beneficial for locals in Kyiv, however, who were able to open up their homes as temporary accommodation for travelling fans.

Transport is affected in that when an event is taking place, there are a lot more people travelling to and within the area via public transport.

If we take the specific example of Oktoberfest in Germany, an annual beer festival, we can see that flight prices to these areas are more expensive in the lead up to it. On top of this, trains within the area are getting booked up already – and smaller local public transport which can’t be booked in advance will see a busier-than-normal time.

It stands to reason that when an event is taking place, people will use public transport especially if there is little or no parking at the venue. Events create congestion, which is one of the negatives discussed earlier in this post. But Oktoberfest also creates a lot of revenue for hotels, bars, restaurants and shops!

Working in hospitality is often a thankless job – and during large events it can be even more difficult as bars, cafes and restaurants fill up with visitors.

Using the specific example of the London Olympics in 2012, there were streams of visitors to the city who each spent an average of around £1300 during the Olympic period. Restaurants, cafes and food outlets were full of tourists ; many wanted quick service, and there were of course foreign languages for the staff to contend with.

All in all, jobs seemed harder during this period but there was not actually an increase in revenue. This article explains how and why the restaurant, hotel and pub industry saw a £55 million loss in revenue during the London Olympics… The Games were, however, a big deal for tourism generally. The ONS stated that visitor numbers were up by 2.63m and visitor spending reached a whopping £1.9 billion. This has had a lasting impact over the past decade with visitor numbers remaining high.

Of course, event tourism brings with it a lot of marketing. When there is an event, it needs to be advertised.

Let’s take, for example, the annual music festival Coachella. This is big business, with visitors coming from worldwide to enjoy seeing their favourite artists in sunny California . Like any festival, however, it needs to be advertised. A lot of their marketing is digital – primarily across Instagram and Twitter. However, this still costs money and people are employed to do this across different levels: from the people who write the Tweets to the staff at Twitter itself. Other marketing like posters, billboards and so on have costs involved too. Whether it’s a page in a magazine or a slogan on the side of a bus, event tourism undoubtedly has a massive impact on the marketing industry.

If you enjoyed this article on event tourism, I am sure that you will love these too-

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Event tourism – impact and types.

The tourism world is dynamic and has evolved in many ways, and one of the many changes is the increase in event tourism, now more than ever. Travelers from all age groups are choosing to attend or participate in events to enhance their travel experiences. From sporting events to music festivals, and conference meetings to outstation weddings, tourism events have become an integral part of the industry. 

Event tourism provides travelers with unique and memorable experiences and brings significant economic and social benefits to the host destination. Event tourism can generate revenue for residents, create new job opportunities and promote the local culture and tradition of the destination.

It's time to explore event tourism in more detail. We will talk about the benefits of event tourism for both travelers and destinations, the different types of events that fall under the umbrella of event tourism, and the challenges and opportunities involved in planning and hosting successful events. Whether you're a traveler looking for a new adventure or a destination seeking to boost your tourism industry, this article will provide valuable insights into the exciting world of event tourism.

This valuable and drastically growing segment in tourism is beneficial for both event organizers as well as tourists.

Types of Tourism Events

Types of events in tourism may widely fall into different categories and experiences. 

1. Cultural or Festival Event Tourism Fair

These events include celebrations, exhibitions, and festivals that showcase the culture and traditions of the host destination. Suggested Read:  Diversity of Festivals and Events in Western Australia

2. Sports Event Tourism

Sports Tourism exhibition is one of the fastest-growing tourism in the travel industry. It has been observed that more and more travelers are interested in sports activities or events during their trips. This may or may not be the main objective of travel. Sports events are of different types and varieties and attract participants and spectators—Mega Sports events such as the Olympics, World Cup, NBA, IPL, and many others. Smaller events like marathons, relay races, run for charity and other events also come under this category. Such Tourism also calls for infrastructure development and other economic benefits.

3. Business Events

Business Events tourism, popularly known as MICE( Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions), is a more limited and focused subset of regular tourism. People are still at their job and are getting paid but are doing so away from their workplaces. Such events are good for networking, marketing, and education. Business event tourism, in comparison to conventional tourism, involves a smaller segment of the population, with distinct objectives and extra freedom-of-choice-limiting limitations imposed by the commercial components. Business tourist destinations are far more likely to be locations that have been heavily developed for corporate purposes (cities, industrial regions, etc.). A typical business tourist is wealthier than a typical leisure visitor and are anticipated to spend more money. Suggested Read:  Exploring Business Opportunities, Culture, and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030

4. Music and Entertainment Events

Music and Entertainment Event Tourism is the fastest-growing travel trend observed in the new generation. We can see people traveling miles and miles to watch their favorite performers perform live on the stage. Music Tourism is a subset of the vaster category of tourism called cultural and festival tourism, which encompasses travel to observe the festival focusing on the theme of food, beverage, movie, and literature. These festivals include concerts, theater festivals, comedy shows, and other entertainment events.

5. Spiritual and Religious Tourism

These events include pilgrimage, religious festivals and other spiritual gatherings organized around people's religious and spiritual beliefs. Hajj and Umrah are the biggest examples of religious tourism.

6. Travel Trade Shows

Travel trade shows are where suppliers get to meet their buyers on an individual basis. Destinations, accommodations, and attractions are suppliers; travel trade is buyers. Such events are 2 – 3 days long and are most often made up of short appointments with suppliers. These trade shows are also popularly known as travel exhibitions.

Here are some valuable insights into the exciting world of Tourism Events

Economic Benefits

Event tourism can have a significant impact on the economy. It helps generate revenue for businesses such as hotels, restaurants, transportation services, and local vendors. Additionally, events can create job opportunities for residents.

Social Benefits

Events and festival tourism have the potential to bring people together under one shade. Events can be an excellent opportunity for cultural exchange and social intervention. Events can also promote community development, especially in rural areas where tourists can visit during the events to explore the destination's culture.

Environmental Impact

Everything has advantages and disadvantages; thus, there can be good and bad environmental effects. The positive impact of event tourism can include raising environmental awareness, encouraging sustainable behaviors, and supporting local conservation initiatives. In contrast, the negative impact might have increased waste output, energy consumption, and emissions.

Safety and Security

Safety and security are essential considerations for event tourism, as they can impact the experience of attendees, the reputation of the event, and the safety of the local community.

Marketing and Promotion

Marketing and promotions are essential to event tourism as they are the conversation starters. They help to generate awareness and interest to attract attendees and maximize revenue. 

Innovation and Creativity

Incorporating innovation and creativity into event tourism may aid in creating one-of-a-kind and unforgettable experiences that attract tourists to a region. Event planners can create events that stand out and give something unique and intriguing to guests by harnessing technology, sustainable practices, cultural authenticity, and cooperation. Suggested Read:  Types Of Tour Operators

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. when is world tourism day celebrated.

A1. World Tourism Day is celebrated on every year on 27 September.

Q2. What activities can be done on World Tourism Day?

A2. World Tourism Day Activities include can be:

• Travel without moving: visit the neighborhoods of migrant populations, tasting and learning about various cultures!
• Workshops: Participate in workshops that will help you gain insights into the travel industry.
• Travel Literally: Travel to a destination on your bucket list and post a picture on social media.

Q3. What is event tourism packaging?

A3. There is no physical packaging around a product in tourism packaging. On the other hand, the packaging is the act of putting together the core tourist product with additional services the traveler desires. Then this package is promoted to the target travelers who can easily purchase the curated holiday experience.

Q4. What are the different types of tourism activities?

A4. Cultural tourism, sports events, business events, travel trade shows, music and entertainment, and spiritual journeys are some of the top tourism activities.

Q5. What are the features of event tourism?

A5. Economic benefits, social benefits, environmental impact, safety and security, marketing promotions, innovation and creativity are the features of event tourism.

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What is Events Tourism?

The role of events in tourism & how to market your event.

Events tourism is the act of organising and promoting an event in a town, region, or country in the hope to attract domestic and/or international tourists. An event has a wide spectrum of possibilities: music festivals, sporting events, religious dates (India’s Holi festival, the ‘Festival of Colour’ for example), arts, charity events, food and drink, and much more. Event tourism slides under the tourism umbrella and not only is it a big contributor to the global economy, but it’s also a field of study coupled with events management.

Events can help prompt domestic growth . A successful event can help boost the area via media exposure and, in turn, attract future visitors, provide local jobs, and help make a case for local infrastructure improvements. The benefits that events bring to a country’s economy are why many tourism boards have taken it upon themselves to help promote them.

As a tour operator, having events in your area can prove highly beneficial to you and your business. Take advantage of this extra surplus of possible customers and consider marketing your tours and activities towards those attending the event. If you don’t match the specific event hosted, creating special tours to capture that audience could work too. Take into account how long people will be staying in your area, what time of year will it be, and what they’re there for and what you envision they’d like to see.

But first, let’s dive into some examples of events.

Examples of Event Tourism

In general, you can fit all types of events under 4 main categories : niche events, participatory sporting events, cultural events, and large international sporting events. In the UK in 2019, Statista (opens in a new tab) found that sporting events were the most popular events attended by Brits with nearly 69 million people attending a live football match. Another live sporting event (not football) was attended by 45 million, 42 million attended a live music concert/event, and 32 million visited an alternative arts/cultural event.

Let’s break down the categories.

Niche events can include elements associated with a country, region, or culture. Anything art, food, drink, business, sport, etc related. Pop-up events like local farmers markets, an international expo/conference, a salsa class, group yoga sessions in the park are some examples.

Participatory sporting events are another draw to many places around the world. Marathons, the UK’s Tough Mudder obstacle and mud run course, or Western Australia’s Ironman race are prime examples of these.

Signature cultural events are fun as there are so many examples to pick from. These must-see events draw people from all over the world and some stand-out events include Oktoberfest in Munich, Japan’s sakura (cherry blossom) season, Edinburgh’s world-famous Fringe Festival, the beautiful Loy Krathong festival (Thai lantern festival), or La Tomatina (Spain’s celebrated tomato throwing festival).

And last but not least, international sporting events . These are the events that are broadcast across the world on TV and social media and make huge sums of money for their respective hosts and draw millions of viewers across the globe. Examples include the Olympics, the Champions League, Wimbledon, the Superbowl, the Masters, the Rugby World Cup, and so much more.

What Governments Have Been Doing

Many tourism boards have taken it upon themselves to help promote such events. It makes sense, the benefits that come with hosting events are huge and tourism boards worldwide have a wide audience and the tools to market them.

Take Visit Scotland (opens in a new tab) for example, they have a department dedicated to event funding across the country and have also introduced an ‘Events Recovery Fund’ to help spark the comeback from the pandemic. The funding is available for international events held in Scotland, domestic events, winter festivals, The Scottish Clans & Historical Figures Event Fund, and more! Not only that, but the tourist board also promotes said events on the dedicated section of their website and via their social media channels.

It’s not new though, with other governments pumping funding into their tourism sectors in a bid to fund, create, promote, and host events once again. Visit Britain (opens in a new tab) have introduced a Business Events Growth Programme, Hong Kong’s government (opens in a new tab) injected funds in the hope that ‘high spending groups return sooner’, and South Australia’s government offers several levels of financial support for various sizes of regional events.

How to Market Your Niche Event

For those who are looking to host their small regional event, there are a few general guidelines you can follow. After you have secured your funding, it’s time to promote it. The marketing strategy will differ depending on the type of event, but here are some broad tips to get you started:

1) Make your event look inviting . Whether you’re promoting your event via social media, your website, in a shop window, on online boards, you want to sell your event with a creative, enticing description. This description could be the deciding factor between someone going to your event or walking away from it.

• The description should be clear, imagine you’ve never heard of your event before, then describe it as concisely as you can.
• Break up the text, no one likes chunky paragraphs, especially when reading online. Add an FAQ section, make sure you cover all the questions you feel any possible
• attendee would have to dispel any doubts and encourage a smooth booking process.

2) Ensure your posts are SEO-friendly. Having the correct headlines in place, meta titles/data, permalinks, and strategically placed keywords throughout your descriptions are imperative to help drive organic traffic to your website. There is endless material online to help get the basics down.

3) Expand your horizons and look to post/promote your event on influencers pages (opens in a new tab) . Influencers these days have extensive reach and if you find someone suitable that will promote to your audience, it will only do you good. Another option is Facebook groups. Nowadays, there’s a Facebook group for everything and if you find one that fits into your niche event, get posting! If your event celebrates the country’s culture, consider searching for foreigners living in that country. It’s a great opportunity to market to a precise target audience.

Events play an important role in tourism for many reasons but aside from the financial aspect, events bring people together in celebration of culture, sport, music, food and drink, and more. If you’re creating your own event, good luck, and if you’re attending a local event or heading off worldwide, enjoy it!

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UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer

High-Level Thematic Event on Tourism - United Nations General Assembly

Local Satisfaction: Understanding the Induced Impacts of Tourism on Local Society, Economy, Culture and Environment

69th Meeting of UN Tourism Regional Commission for the Americas

2nd UN Tourism Regional Conference on the Empowerment of Women in Tourism in Asia and the Pacific

UN Tourism Session on Opening eyes and building contact: Tourism connecting people and its role in building intercultural dialogue

2nd meeting of the Task Force on redesigning Tourism for the Future

The 50th UN Tourism Regional Commission for the Middle East and the Conference on “Investing in Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges in Sustainable Financing”

36th CAP-CSA and First UN Tourism Regional Forum on Gastronomy Tourism for Asia and the Pacific

First UN Tourism Regional Forum on Gastronomy Tourism for Asia and the Pacific

2nd UN Tourism Regional Conference on Brand Africa under the theme: "Promoting Africa to unlock tourism investments and the sector’s growth potential" held in Livingstone, Zambia from 22 to 24 July 2024

First UN Tourism Regional Forum on Gastronomy Tourism for Africa

8th UN Tourism Global Conference on Wine Tourism

What next for travel and tourism? Here's what the experts say

In many countries, more than 80% of travel and tourism spending actually comes from the domestic market. Image:  Unsplash/Surface

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Stay up to date:, travel and tourism.

• In 2020 alone, the travel and tourism sector lost $4.5 trillion and 62 million jobs globally.
• But as the world recovers from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, travel and tourism can bounce back as an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient sector.
• Two experts highlight some of the key transformations in the sector going forward during the World Economic Forum's Our World in Transformation series.

The Travel & Tourism sector was one of the hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving not only companies but also tourism-driven economies severely affected by shutdowns, travel restrictions and the disappearance of international travel.

In 2020 alone, the sector lost $4.5 trillion and 62 million jobs, impacting the living standards and well-being of communities across the globe. Moreover, the halt in international travel gave both leisure and business travellers the chance to consider the impact of their choices on the climate and environment.

Amid shifting demand dynamics and future opportunities and risks, a more inclusive, sustainable and resilient travel and tourism sector can be - and needs to be - built.

The World Economic Forum's Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 finds that embedding inclusivity, sustainability and resilience into the travel and tourism sector as it recovers, will ensure it can continue to be a driver of global connectivity, peace and economic and social progress.

We spoke to Sandra Carvao , Chief of Market Intelligence and Competitiveness at the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), and Liz Ortiguera , CEO of the Pacific Asia Travel Association in Thailand (PATA), and asked them to highlight some of the key areas of risk and opportunity in the sector during an episode of the World Economic Forum's Our World in Transformation series.

Have you read?

Travel & tourism development index 2021: rebuilding for a sustainable and resilient future, towards resilience and sustainability: travel and tourism development recovery, how can we really achieve sustainability in the travel sector, what are some of the top global trends you're witnessing currently in the travel and tourism sector.

Liz Ortiguera: Given the extended lockdown that we had on travel with the pandemic, vacation for friends and relatives (VFR) is now a high priority for people who haven’t been in touch for a long time thanks to the pandemic. So, people are reconnecting. And that kind of links to the second trend, which is multi-purpose or blended travel. Never before, particularly now that we can connect digitally through Zoom, has the ability to work from anywhere enabled travellers to cover multiple purposes, like visits with friends and multiple business trips. So, we'll find that the duration of travel and the length of stay is longer. And third is the continued high focus on safety and wellness which is top of mind for travellers due to the pandemic. All travel is wellness-related now.

Sandra Carvao: I think there is a bigger concern with sustainability, which is very welcome in our industry. Consumers, particularly the younger generation, are much more aware of the impact they have, not only on the environment but also socially and on the communities they live in. We've also seen an increase in expenditure per trip, so I think people are very eager to go outside, and they're staying longer. And on the other side, I think there are some challenges: we’re seeing a rise in late bookings because restrictions can change at short notice and that’s having an impact on the decisions of travellers. This is putting pressure on the industry in terms of planning and anticipating fluctuations in demand.

Social media surveys have shown that travellers who have immersive experiences are more likely to post about them, which is good for the industry.

What is community-based tourism and why is it important?

Sandra Carvao: One of the positive impacts of the pandemic is that people are looking for local experiences and are spending more time with communities. So, the concept of community-based tourism is obviously one that puts the community at the core of every development, ensuring that it's engaged and empowered and that it benefits. At the UNWTO, we worked with the G20 and the Saudi presidency back in 2020 and produced a framework for tourism development in communities, which states that communities need to be part of the planning and management of tourism activities. We need to go beyond traditional definitions of community to a point where the industry leans on partnerships between the public and private sectors and communities.

Liz Ortiguera: In July 2022, PATA is hosting a destination-marketing forum and one of the key themes is community-based tourism. The purpose is really to put the community and authenticity-in-culture activities at the heart of the travel experience. There are benefits for all stakeholders. One is that travellers can have an authentic experience. They're not in overcrowded, touristic locations and they experience something new and unique within the community. These experiences are designed in partnership with communities who get the benefit of financial inclusion, and if activities are designed properly, the reinforcement of their cultural heritage. Governments also engage in economic development more broadly across countries. Another interesting trend is creative tourism, which means you create an experience for tourists to participate in, like a dance lesson, or a cooking lesson. Social media surveys have shown that travellers who have these kinds of immersive experiences are more likely to post about them online and that's good for the industry.

It is important to emphasize that virtual experiences, while they are a fun tool, can never replace visiting a destination.

How is technology and innovation helping to leverage cultural resources?

Sandra Carvao: One interesting trend we’re seeing is that more and more people are booking trips directly, so communities need to be supported to digitize their systems. Education and upskilling of communities are important so that they can leverage digital platforms to market themselves. From the tourists’ perspective, it is important to emphasize that virtual experiences, while they are a fun tool, can never replace visiting a destination.

Liz Ortiguera: People have been living virtually for more than two years. Amazing innovations have emerged, such as virtual reality and augmented reality, and all kinds of applications and tools. But the important thing is the experience. The destination. Real-world experiences need to remain front and centre. Technology tools should be viewed as enablers and not the core experience. And when it comes to staff, technology can really democratize education. There’s an opportunity to mobilize a mobile-first approach for those who are on the frontlines, or out in the field, and can’t easily access computers, but need to get real-time information.

How is the sector dealing with labour shortages and re-employment of the workforce?

Liz Ortiguera: Labour shortages are much more dynamic in North America and in Europe. But it’s having a knock-on effect on Asia. If, for example, their air carriers are limited by staff and they have to cancel flights, which we're very much seeing out of Europe, seating capacity then becomes a limiting factor in the recovery of Asia Pacific. That's the main constraint right now. And compounding that is the rising price of fuel. But people in the Asia Pacific are keen to get reemployed.

Sandra Carvao: Labour shortages are a priority for the sector in countries around the world. Many workers left the sector during the pandemic and the uncertainty that surrounded the measures taken to contain it left many people unsure of whether the sector would recover. It is time to address things like conditions, scheduling, and work/life balance, all things which have been top of mind for workers during the pandemic. As the sector recovers, we need time to bring new hires on board and to train them to take over where those who switched jobs left off.

Are we seeing a growing trend towards domestic tourism?

Sandra Carvao: We’re talking about 9 billion people travelling within their own countries. And in many countries, for example in Germany, more than 80% of the tourism spending actually comes from the domestic market, similarly in countries like Spain and even smaller economies. Whenever it's possible to travel again, domestic markets tend to be more resilient. They kick off first mostly due to perceptions of safety and security issues. As the world economy recovers from the pandemic, there is a good opportunity for nations to rethink their strategy, look at the domestic market in a different way, and leverage different products for domestic tourists.

When it comes to sustainable tourism, how quickly could we mainstream eco-friendly modes of transportation?

Sandra Carvao: Transport is one of the key contributors to energy impacts and tourism. But it's also important that we look at the whole value chain. The UNWTO together with the One Planet Sustainable Tourism Programme just launched the Glasgow Declaration, which includes green commitments from destinations and companies. We’re seeing a strong movement in the airline industry to reduce emissions. But I think, obviously, technological developments will be very important. But it's also very important to look at market shifts. And we can't forget small islands and developing states that rely on long-haul air travel. It’s important to make sure that we invest in making the problem much less impactful.

Liz Ortiguera: 'Travel and tourism' is such a broad encompassing term that it’s not fair to call it an industry: it is actually a sector of many industries. The pandemic taught us how broad the impact of the sector is in terms of sustainability. There's a big movement in terms of destination resilience, which is the foundation for achieving sustainability in the journey to net-zero. We now have standards to mitigate that impact including meetings-and-events (MIE) standards and standards for tour operators. There are multiple areas within our industry where progress is being made. And I'm really encouraged by the fact that there is such a focus not just within the sector but also among consumers.

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Event and festival research: a review and research directions

International Journal of Event and Festival Management

ISSN : 1758-2954

Article publication date: 19 November 2019

Issue publication date: 19 November 2019

Mair, J. and Weber, K. (2019), "Event and festival research: a review and research directions", International Journal of Event and Festival Management , Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-10-2019-080

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited

Events and festivals are key elements of the tourism product in many destinations ( Getz and Page, 2016 ). The ability of festivals and events to attract visitors to a host region, and to contribute to its economic and social well-being explains the significance afforded to them in many tourism policies and strategies ( Mair and Whitford, 2013 ). This contribution is a strong justification for public funding of events and festivals ( Felsenstein and Fleischer, 2003 ; O’Hagan, 1992 ). Thus, in conjunction with tourism, they are becoming a realistic policy option for regional development ( Moscardo, 2007 ; Robinson et al. , 2004 ). However, the rapid growth of the events/festival industry in the past few decades has not always been matched with the level of research devoted to investigating it. Additionally, the fragmented nature of the research that exists poses challenges for researchers and practitioners trying to identify both the existing knowledge and any research gaps. Nonetheless, the interest of the academic community in event and festival research has increased significantly, particularly in the past decade. This has broadly aligned with the time that the International Journal of Event and Festival Management has been in existence. Here we look back on the general direction of research in our field and provide some potential avenues for future research to strengthen and enrich event and festival research.

To date, several reviews have examined the state of research relating to festivals and events. Getz (2010) reviewed the literature on festivals, identifying three major discourses – a classical discourse, concerning the roles, meanings and impacts of festivals in society and culture; an instrumentalist discourse, where festivals are viewed as tools to be used in economic development, particularly in relation to tourism and place marketing; and an event management discourse, which focuses on the production and marketing of festivals and the management of festival organisations ( Getz, 2010 ). Getz and Page (2016) also reviewed the event tourism literature. According to Getz (2013), there are five core propositions of event tourism: events can attract visitors who may not otherwise visit the area; events can create a positive destination image and branding; events contribute to place marketing by making destinations more attractive; events animate cities, resorts and parks; and event tourism is a catalyst for other forms of development. A more recent review of trends in event management research was published in 2017, highlighting the themes which appeared to represent the most popular research topics over the period from 1998 until 2013 in studies published in leading hospitality and tourism as well as event-focused academic journals ( Park and Park, 2017 ). A total of 698 articles were analysed and results showed that the most popular research topics were marketing, events and destinations and management. Planning and evaluation of events along with the use of technology in events were also well represented in this sample. However, events education and human resources in events appeared to be less well researched ( Park and Park, 2017 ). Other reviews have been completed in the area of festivals, but they have been limited by a focus on papers published in journals associated with one discipline or field of study only. For example, Cudny (2014) took a geographical perspective and Frost (2015) reviewed anthropological studies of festivals, which broadly position festivals as sites of cultural practice and experience. However, neither addressed festival management issues.

The literature on events and festivals has been approached from a number of theoretical perspectives. Initially, cultural and social research predominated. However, more recently far more research has taken a business orientation, focusing on themes such as management, marketing and tourism, as noted by Park and Park (2017) .

Festivals/events and tourism

The links between events (particularly festivals) and tourism have been a fertile area for research. Increasing tourism is one of the key reasons why local governments support and stage festivals ( Mayfield and Crompton, 1995 ), and according to Anderssen and Getz (2009), many destinations view festivals as attractions and use them as part of their destination marketing strategy. There are clear benefits to hosting festivals, primarily in terms of economic but also social benefits. In relation to economic benefits, increasing visitor numbers, supporting job creation and underpinning economic development appear to be the main positive impacts of festivals; however, the extent of such positive impacts is disputed in relation to whether festivals actually attract visitors ( McKercher et al. , 2006 ); whether visitors are even aware of festivals when they make their destination decision ( Oh and Lee, 2012 ); and whether festival visitors, many of whom camp and eat on the festival site, are actually making much economic contribution at all (Saleh and Ryan, 2003). Further, in relation to social benefits such as community cohesion, sense of place, belonging and identity, the literature appears somewhat contrary. While there is plenty of evidence to suggest that these are the objectives of festival organisers, funding bodies and local authorities, there appears to be less evidence of whether festivals are successful in achieving these objectives, and through which mechanisms this may be facilitated. Further, while festivals have unique features and cultural dimensions which are also important factors for attracting tourists, the importance of exercising caution when using tangible or intangible historic and cultural resources for festival activities seems to be less acknowledged. Therefore, while the potential benefits of festivals have been clearly outlined, research appears to be lacking in terms of truly comprehending how best to achieve these desired benefits.

Festivals/events and marketing

There is also a significant body of work that examines events/festivals and marketing, with this topic representing the most widely researched theme identified by Park and Park (2017) . Drawing on initial work by Crompton and McKay (1997) , who proposed six key motivational dimensions to explain festival attendance, researchers have examined attendance motivations in a multitude of contexts, yet for the most part, few significant differences have been found. Existing reviews have already ascertained that attendance motivations have been thoroughly researched ( Getz, 2010 ); yet, studies continue to be published in this topic. For example, while there have been some minor differences to the original Crompton and McKay (1997) motivation framework, the underlying dimensions appear to be relatively stable over time and across a variety of contexts. Nonetheless, each year more studies appear testing these dimensions in yet more contexts.

Similarly, an established body of research has concluded that good quality festivals result in attendee satisfaction, which then leads to increased loyalty in the form of future re-purchase intentions (see for example, Anil, 2012 ; Cole and Illum, 2006 ; Cole and Chancellor, 2009 ; Lee et al. , 2007 ; Son and Lee, 2011 ; Mason and Nassivera, 2013 ). Nevertheless, despite this literature, studies examining the relationship between satisfaction, quality and loyalty continue to be published. Finally, market segmentation studies occur frequently in the festival literature, yet as most are case study based, they are failing to make generalisable contributions to our knowledge of this area. In summary, it appears that in these areas, researchers have simply been making only small, incremental contributions.

Several issues have arisen in relation to festival marketing and consumer behaviour which would present useful opportunities for further study. For example, the decision-making process of festival goers requires more research, as much of this research to date has been undertaken in case study contexts, without further generalisation (e.g. Kruger and Saayman, 2012 ). Further, there is a noticeable lack of research in areas of marketing that more recently gained greater popularity, including experiential marketing, and very little research on the role of social media and events. Experiential marketing focuses primarily on helping consumers to experience a brand, with the goal of forming a memorable connection and an expected outcome of future purchases and brand loyalty. Festivals offer an unrivalled opportunity for organisations to showcase their brands and build a connection in the mind of the consumer between the festival experience and the brand experience, as noted by Chen et al. (2011) , yet this is a relatively unexplored area where future research should be carried out.

Social media has also been the focus of surprisingly few festival studies thus far. This is particularly unexpected given the widespread use of various types of social media and its obvious links with marketing. In a case study of music festivals, Hudson and Hudson (2013) carried out some pioneering work to understand how festival organisers are engaging with both social media and their consumers. Their findings suggest that music festival organisers are proactive in using social media. In a subsequent study, Hudson et al. (2015) developed a conceptual model that was subsequently tested with music festival attendees. Study findings provided evidence that social media do indeed have a significant influence on emotions and attachments to festival brands, and that social media-based relationships lead to desired outcomes such as positive word of mouth. Montanari et al. (2013) examine an Italian photography festival, and revealed how using social media and Web 2.0 technology enhanced the way the festival was able to communicate with its audience. Social media is also changing the way potential attendees make their attendance decision. Lee et al. (2012) investigated whether engagement with a festival “event” page on Facebook was linked with actual attendance at the festival. They found some evidence to suggest that the event Facebook page stimulated emotions and a desire to attend the actual festival. Research by Williams et al. (2015) suggests that festivals are both generators and animators of electronic word of mouth, but the authors acknowledge the exploratory nature of their research. Sigala (2018a, b) has advanced our conceptual knowledge of social media as it relates to both festival management and marketing, creating a typology of the way that social media is being used in festival management and organisation. She also drew attention to the use and influence of social media on both attendee experiences and decision making and festival marketing strategies. In view of the omnipresent nature of social media, this is an area where there is a considerable need for further research in the festival context; there is ample room for new studies relating to social media to bring theory development and practical implications.

Technology mediated experiences are changing the festivalscape as events and festivals integrate hardware, software, netware and humanware into the attendee experience ( Neuhofer et al. , 2014 ; Robertson et al. , 2015 ; Van Winkle et al. , 2018 ). ICT has been used at events and festivals for utilitarian and hedonic purposes yet little is known about the implications for the events, attendees, volunteers and other stakeholders. Thus, research into the integration of ICT into the administration, design, marketing, operations and risk management of events and festivals is essential. An upcoming special issue of IJEFM will focus on these key issues.

Festivals/events and management

Three key aspects of strategic festival management have received significant attention from researchers – stakeholder management; festival success factors and conversely, festival failures; and festivals and environmental sustainability. The importance of understanding and managing stakeholders is widely acknowledged (e.g. Reid, 2007 ), and it may very well be that further research will simply underline this. However, in relation to other aspects of management, there are certainly areas where more research is required. For example, whilst knowledge transfer appears to be taking place in successful festivals ( Stadler et al. , 2014 ), transfer of knowledge is not well defined, or even explicitly acknowledged. Interestingly, festival failure has apparently been the subject of more research than festival success but further areas for useful contributions remain. These include succession planning and risk management. In addition, differences in strategic management planning and operations between festivals under different types of ownership appear significantly under-researched (Andersson and Getz, 2009; Carlsen and Andersson 2011 ). Despite a few studies (e.g. Robertson and Yeoman, 2014; Yeoman, 2013 ), there have also been few attempts to foresee future trends and issues that are likely to affect festivals and their management.

Getz and Page (2016) also argue for further research to better understand the role that festivals play in bringing together disparate groups such as visitors and residents. Complex relationships between communal identity and place emerge as people have various sets of connections to multiple notions of “place” and “home”. This is an area where social science research could play an important role, bringing together the business aspects of tourism and festival management with the issues of place, space and people researched by geographers and social scientists.

There is also a small but growing body of knowledge on festivals and sustainability; however, this topical area offers considerable potential for future research, and ample room for further theoretical and practical contributions. Research attention may be placed on issues such as the triple bottom line, links between festivals and social sustainability, and even the opportunities for festivals to play an education and behaviour change role in relation to pro-environmental behaviour. For example, Andersson and Lundberg (2013) considered the notion of commensurability and proposed a framework for assessing the overall TBL sustainability of a festival by allocating a monetary value to each component. This is done using market values of emission rights, the shadow costs of environmental resources, contingent valuation analysis of (willingness to pay for) socio-cultural impacts and estimates of direct expenditure and opportunity cost. However, the authors acknowledge that there are aspects of their framework which are subjective, and they note that future research is needed to clarify the generalisability of their framework. Duran et al. (2014) also propose a framework – the Sustainable Festival Management Model – which highlights that stakeholder participation, especially non-governmental organisations, the tourism sector and local people who might be impacted by the festival, is vital for the development of a sustainable festival. Van Niekerk and Coetzee (2011) used the VICE model (visitor, industry community and environment) to assess the sustainability of an arts festival in South Africa and suggest that this framework can help to identify critical issues relating to a festival and its sustainability. However, they also note that research using this model is somewhat limited in the events context and that further research on the efficacy and usefulness of the model is required ( Van Niekerk and Coetzee, 2011 ).

Implications for future festival/event research

There are several implications for future festival/event research resulting from the brief overview provided. These can be classified as opportunities for interdisciplinary research, a reliance on the western perspective and a corresponding lack of different cultural perspectives, an absence of research into the pedagogy of festival/event studies and finally, an array of limitations associated with the current body of knowledge.

First, there is a lack of interdisciplinary work that incorporates business and social and/or spatial perspectives. In his review, Getz (2010) highlighted that the classical discourse was under-acknowledged in extant festival studies, and that more connections should be made between festival studies and other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Further, Cudny (2014) called for more theoretical research to underpin the development of festival studies in future. Much of the work that has taken a business perspective, perhaps not surprisingly, has focused inwards on the festival – how to market, manage, stage it and provide a good quality service and experience (see Park and Park, 2017 ). However, very little of the festival research appearing in the business literature has been outwardly focused – considering how festivals may be mechanisms for achieving other aims – social, cultural, political, behavioural, etc. Clearly, in order to survive, festivals have to be successful business products, but in order to achieve other objectives, managers need to be aware of some of the issues that are explored in the social sciences and humanities literature, such as inclusion vs exclusion at festivals, festivals and authenticity/tradition, and festivals as spaces of protest, counterculture and self-expression, to name but a few. Interdisciplinary work, using theories and concepts from beyond business disciplines (e.g. social capital, affect and emotion theories and Florida’s (2002, 2003) creative industries framework) would inform festival research, and while the majority of recent work being published on festivals has appeared in journals associated with tourism, events and business more broadly, applying other disciplinary theories and frameworks would bring these to a new audience and thus, help to make a greater contribution.

Second, there is a dearth of different cultural perspectives in festival and event research. While already highlighted by Getz (2010) , it appears that researchers have not paid much heed to his call for comparative and cross-cultural studies. There is a need to move away from Western paradigms when examining non-Western phenomena. For example, Pine (2002) suggested that the development policy of hotel groups or chains established in China needs to consider the Chinese socio-economic context, thus implying that a research model should be developed specifically for China hotel development. China’s hotel industry is different from that of other countries due to fierce competition, multiform ownership and management systems, and coupled with China’s unique culture society might require a different research approach. Similar considerations would be of value in relation to festivals research in other non-western contexts. In a similar vein, the number of countries with resident populations that are culturally diverse has led to an awareness of the importance of building well-organised, multicultural societies ( Chin, 1992 ; Lee et al. , 2012 ; Parekh, 2006 ). Festivals can play a significant role in this. Multicultural festivals are especially important for minority groups seeking to maintain cultural traditions ( Lee et al. , 2012 ). However, despite some initial research in this area, further detailed study of the nature of festivals in a multicultural society would be of tremendous value.

Third, there are no pedagogical articles specifically related to festival studies. There is a relatively limited body of knowledge relating to teaching event management. For example Getz (2010) highlights that events students should learn and be able to apply both event specific knowledge (such as understanding the meaning, importance and impacts of festivals and events, and in addition their limited duration and episodic nature) as well as management specific knowledge including marketing, finance and accounting. Additionally, initiatives such as the development of the International Event Management Body of Knowledge seek to define research and understand the parameters of events and the knowledge, understanding and skills required in order to succeed in a contemporary environment ( Silvers et al. , 2005 ). Nonetheless, the pedagogy of festival and event studies remains an important, yet significantly under-researched area.

Finally, there are a number of limitations relating to the existing body of festival/event literature. Reminiscent of other review papers in the broader tourism and hospitality context, and beyond (e.g. Denizci Guillet and Mohammed, 2015 ; Kong and Cheung, 2009 ; Mattila, 2004 ; Yoo and Weber, 2005 ), the vast majority of papers relating to festival/event research are empirical rather than conceptual and theoretical in nature. In addition, as has been noted already, much of the research in the field of festivals has taken a case study approach. This has arguably limited the scope and scale of our knowledge of festivals. More sophisticated methods, both qualitative and quantitative, would provide a more nuanced study of particular festivals and places, yet at the same time contribute further to advancing our theoretical and practical knowledge of festivals.

Given this, a call for greater theory development and testing within the festival context appears timely. This is in line with Oh et al. (2004 , p. 441) who note that “[…] applications are not a wrong effort to make; what is needed is a stronger conceptual rigour and meaningful contribution [to] back to the mainstream theoretical thought through creative application and domain-specific theory development activities.”

Judith Mair and Karin Weber

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Williams , N.L. , Inversini , A. , Buhalis , D. and Ferdinand , N. ( 2015 ), “ Community crosstalk: an exploratory analysis of destination and festival eWOM on Twitter ”, Journal of Marketing Management , Vol. 31 Nos 9-10 , pp. 1113 - 1140 .

Yeoman , I. ( 2013 ), “ A futurist’s thoughts on consumer trends shaping future festivals and events ”, International Journal of Event and Festival Management , Vol. 4 No. 3 , pp. 249 - 260 .

Yoo , J.J.E. and Weber , K. ( 2005 ), “ Progress in convention tourism research ”, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research , Vol. 29 No. 2 , pp. 194 - 222 .

Further reading

Andersson , T.D. and Getz , D. ( 2008 ), “ Stakeholder management strategies of festivals ”, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism , Vol. 9 No. 3 , pp. 199 - 220 .

Chang , J. ( 2006 ), “ Segmenting tourists to aboriginal cultural festivals: an example in the Rukai tribal area, Taiwan ”, Tourism Management , Vol. 27 No. 6 , pp. 1224 - 1234 .

Lee , J. ( 2014 ), “ Visitors’ emotional responses to the festival environment ”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , Vol. 31 No. 1 , pp. 114 - 131 .

Saleh , F. and Ryan , C. ( 1993 ), “ Jazz and knitwear: factors that attract tourists to festivals ”, Tourism Management , Vol. 14 No. 4 , pp. 289 - 297 .

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Encyclopedia of Tourism pp 1–4 Cite as

Festival and event, tourism

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Event tourism is both a field of study and a globally significant sector of the economy. It can be defined and studied by reference to its supply side (Getz 2012 , 2013 ). Event tourism at a destination level is the development and marketing of planned events as tourist attractions, catalysts, animators, image makers, and place marketers. This process includes bidding on, facilitating and creating events, and the management of portfolios of events as destination assets. For individual events, event tourism means taking a marketing orientation to attract tourists, sometimes as an additional segment and sometimes as the core business. When tourists are the core business, “destination events” are created. From the demand side, event tourism refers to the propensity of travel to attend events, both on the part of dedicated event tourists who are motivated to travel for specific events and other tourists who attend events while away from home (Getz 2012 , 2013 ).

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Getz, D. 2012 Event Studies: Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events. Oxon: Routledge.

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Getz, D. 2013 Event Tourism: Concepts, International Case Studies, and Research. New York: Cognizant.

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Ritchie, J., and D. Beliveau 1974 Hallmark Events: An Evaluation of a Strategic Response to Seasonality in the Travel Market. Journal of Travel Research 13(2):14-20.

Vanhove, D., and S. Witt 1987 Report of the English-speaking Group on the Conference Theme. Revue de Tourisme 42(4):10-12.

Weber, K., and K. Chon (eds.) 2002 Convention Tourism: International Research and Industry Perspectives. New York: Haworth.

Weed, M. 2008 Olympic Tourism. Oxford: Elsevier.

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Getz, D. (2014). Festival and event, tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_84-1

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What is events tourism mean: Definition, evolution, and research

Related Papers

Tourism management

Gunka IsmyLova

sonia amrizal

Edited by two leading scholars in the field, this is the first title in a new Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Tourism. It is a four-volume collection of canonical and cutting-edge research in event tourism. The origins of event tourism as a topic of serious academic interest are comparatively recent. The subject is largely a postwar development which began especially to unfold in the 1970s, not least in response to a growing interest and recognition of the potential value of events to economies, societies, and their cultures, as well as to environmental regeneration. In part, the continued evolution of the subject has arisen from the development of convention and exhibition management as cognate areas but, through time, policy-makers, planners, and destination managers became aware of the potentially significant and wide role of events in specific localities, ranging in scale from the Olympic Games to community festivals. Event tourism is now a vibrant and dynamic field of study and research, and the sheer scale of the growth in its output makes this Routledge collection especially timely. A wide range of social-science journals have published material about event tourism and this new Major Work makes available foundational pieces of scholarship—as well as cutting-edge research—from these disparate, and sometimes less accessible sources, as well as from the leading UK, European, and North American tourism journals, and from other hard-to-find publications. As well as bringing together the key studies and journal articles that have shaped serious thought about event tourism, the collection will be welcomed as the first mapping of an area that to date has lacked an interdisciplinary synthesis. The thematic organization of the collection, together with the editors' introductions and their commentaries on the collected texts, will make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed event tourism, and will review the history of the subject and the rise of its identity and research agenda. It is an essential collection destined to be valued as a vital research resource by all scholars and students of the subject.

Paulo Duarte

In the last decades, the effect of globalization on world tourism has led to increased competition between destinations in search for the optimal positioning. In this scenario events have become an essential element in the tourism development of destinations, attract visitors, encourage investment, improve image and boost the local economy. This article’s main objective is to expand the knowledge of this phenomenon from a theoretical and conceptual viewpoint based on an extensive review of the literature. The findings help to strengthen and synthetize the basic knowledge on events, the influence on destination image and positioning strategies, being valid for both researchers and destination managers.

Event Tourism and Cultural Tourism

Larry Dwyer

Sonja Zlatanov

IAR Consorium

IARCON Journals

The social sub-areas of leisure and tourism not only have similarities in their origins, but also similar motives for pursuing them. The increasing interest of the population in both areas as well as the urge for experiences and adventures and the change from a material-to a post-material-oriented society, finds its satisfaction in leisure time as well as in tourism. Due to the new experience society, events in tourism are becoming more and more important in order to offer something artificial, short-term and special in addition to the permanent, long-term tourist offer. The aim of this study is to make a comprehensive inventory of the relationship between leisure, tourism and events in order t o create recommendations for action. The method used in this study was a review of the relevant literature. In analysing various research findings, it was discovered that in the past, leisure time served to regenerate, to restore one's full working capacity. Today it is the other way round, work and its accompanying wages are needed to finance leisure time and to achieve and maintain economic security. As a result, the use of leisure time becomes the purpose of life, people no longer define themselves exclusively by the job they do and the work they have done, but also seek success and recognition through the experiences they have in their leisure time. People find the self-experience they are looking for in their leisure time. They contribute several elements to the emergence of tourism through their complex and comprehensive synergy. Holidays and travel remain one of the most important leisure activities for citizens. T he experience orientation and the increasingly lifestyle-oriented society point to a positive future for tourism. Due to the new experience society, events are becoming increasingly important in tourism. Events are crowd pullers. T hey are an important touristic and economic factor for cities and regions-but only if they convince through perfectly staged worlds of experience and high entertainment value. Factors that have had an impact on tourism and its development can be summarised as follows: social development and the resulting change in values, the general increase in leisure activities, and the increase in tourism-motivated travel.

Frederic Dimanche

Yona Dalonso

DR. Andriani Kusumawati

The importance of events for urban development is discussed by many experts. This paper emphasizes the event tourism industry and its impact on the economy and local communities. In this article, some cases from the literature of event tourism and their findings were reviewed. This paper examines the important factors affecting the role of event tourism and its progress and prospects for the tourism and hospitality industry. Specifically, this paper aims to investigate the importance of tourism events to promote urban development. A model is proposed based on the concept of shared economy as well as shared values related to the tourism and hospitality industry. The overall conclusion is that city events affect the host community primarily by increasing the sharing economy. The cash addition is important but not at the level that could trigger city development. Thus, the impact on the local people must be central to event management for promoting destination development. Further rese...

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Chapter 6. Events, Culture, Heritage, and Sport (Entertainment)

6.1 Festivals and Events

When travellers enter Canada, there is a good chance they will be asked at the border, “What is the nature of your trip?” Whether the answer is for business, leisure, or visiting friends and relatives, there’s a possibility that travellers will participate in some of the following activities (as listed in the Statistics Canada International Travel Survey):

• Attend a festival or fair, or other cultural events
• Visit a zoo, aquarium, botanical garden, historic site, national park, museum, or art gallery
• Watch sports or participate in gaming

These activities fall under the realm of entertainment as it relates to tourism. Documenting every activity that could be on a tourist’s to-do list would be nearly impossible, for what one traveler would find entertaining, another may not. This chapter focuses on the major components of arts, entertainment, and attractions, including motion pictures, video exhibitions, and wineries; all activities listed under the North American Industry Classification System we learned about in Chapter 1 .

Festival and Major Events Canada (FAME) released a report in 2019 detailing the economic impacts of the 17 largest festivals and events in Quebec, which amounted to a whopping $378 million in tourist spending. Let’s take a closer look at this segment of the sector and its impact across Canada.

The International Dictionary of Event Management defines a festival as a “public celebration that conveys, through a kaleidoscope of activities, certain meanings to participants and spectators” (Goldblatt, 2001, p. 78). Other definitions, including those used by the Ontario Trillium Foundation and the European Union, highlight accessibility to the general public and short duration as key elements that define a festival.

Search “festivals in Canada” online and over 900 million results will appear. To define these activities in the context of tourism, we need to consider two fundamental questions, “Who are these activities aimed at?” and “Why are they being celebrated?”

The broad nature of festivals has lead to the development of classification types. For instance, funding for the federal government’s Building Communities through Arts and Heritage Program is available under three categories, depending on the type of festival:

• Local festivals funding is provided to local groups for recurring festivals that present the work of local artists, artisans, or historical performers.
• Community anniversaries funding is provided to local groups for non-recurring local events and capital projects that commemorate an anniversary of 100 years (or greater, in increments of 25 years).
• Legacy funding is provided to community-initiated capital projects that restore or transform event spaces and places. Eligible projects are those that commemorate a 100th anniversary (or greater, in increments of 25 years) of a significant local historical event or local historical personality.

Funds awarded in BC ranges from $2000 for the Nelson History Theatre Society’s Arts and Heritage Festival in 2012 (Government of Canada, 2014a) to $100,200 for the Vancouver International Film Festival in 2017 (Government of Canada, 2017). In 2017-2018, federal funding from the Canada Arts Presentation Fund, Canada Cultural Spaces Fund, and Canada Cultural Investment Fund resulted in $183 million in infrastructure and program development funds to support organizations that professionally present arts festivals or performing arts series (Government of Canada, 2019).

Spotlight On: International Festivals and Events Association

Founded in 1956 as the Festival Manager’s Association, the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) supports professionals who produce and support celebrations for the benefit of their communities. Membership is required to access many of their resources. For more information, visit the International Festivals and Events Association website .

Festivals and events in BC celebrate theatre, dance, film, crafts, visual arts, and more. Just a few examples are Bard on the Beach, Vancouver International Improv Festival, Cornucopia, and the Cowichan Wine and Culinary Festival.

Spotlight On: Cornucopia, Whistler’s Celebration of Wine and Food

For the “epicurious, cornucopia is food + drink unleashed.” Dubbed “so wild you can taste it” this 11-day event showcases tasting events, drink seminars, chef lunches and demos, avant-garde parties and more. For additional information, visit Cornucopia .

An event is a happening at a given place and time, usually of some importance, celebrating or commemorating a special occasion. To help broaden this simple definition, categories have been developed based on the scale of events. These categories, presented in Table 6.1, overlap and are not hard and fast, but help cover a range of events.

Events can be extremely complex projects, which is why, over time, the role of event planners has taken on greater importance. The development of education, training programs, and professional designations such as CMPs (Certified Meeting Planners), CSEP (Certified Special Events Professional), and CMM (Certificate in Meeting Management) has led to increased credibility in this business and demonstrates the importance of the sector to the economy. Furthermore, there are a variety of event management certifications and diplomas offered in BC that enable future event and festival planners to gain specific skills and knowledge within the sector.

Various tasks involved in event planning include:

• Conceptualizing/theming
• Logistics and planning
• Human resource management
• Marketing and public relations
• Budgeting and financial management
• Sponsorship procurement
• Management and evaluation

But events aren’t just for leisure visitors. In fact, the tourism industry has a long history of creating, hosting, and promoting events that draw business travelers. The next section explores meetings, conventions, and incentive travel, also known as MCIT .

(As it relates to tourism) includes attending festivals, events, fairs, spectator sports, zoos, botanical gardens, historic sites, cultural venues, attractions, museums, and galleries.

Public event that features multiple activities in celebration of a culture, an anniversary or historical date, art form, or product (food, timber, etc.).

Organization that supports professionals who produce and support celebrations for the benefit of their respective communities.

A happening at a given place and time, usually of some importance, celebrating or commemorating a special occasion; can include mega-events, special events, hallmark events, festivals, and local community events.

All special events with programming aimed at a business audience.

Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC - 2nd Edition Copyright © 2015, 2020, 2021 by Morgan Westcott and Wendy Anderson, Eds is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Your 2024 Illinois Solar Eclipse Guide

Jan 03, 2024 • Outdoors & Regional

Explaining the 2024 Solar Eclipse

Imagine being in the Middle of Everything to witness a   twice-in-a-lifetime astronomical event . If you make your way to Southern Illinois, you'll get that chance. 

What is a solar eclipse?

A solar eclipse is a rare, celestial event that occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun, causing the sun to be partially or completely obscured from view as observed from a specific region on Earth. This happens because the moon's shadow is cast onto the Earth's surface, blocking or partially covering the sun's light.

When is the next total solar eclipse?

On April 8, 2024, a total solar eclipse is set to occur, marking the final one visible from the United States until the year 2045.

Where will the eclipse be visible?

This celestial event will pass through a path of totality encompassing 13 states, including Illinois.

Where is the best place to view the eclipse?

While a partial solar eclipse will be visible across the entire country including much of the rest of Illinois, the special characteristics of a total solar eclipse can only be experienced within the narrow path of totality that will traverse Southern Illinois - specifically in areas such as Carbondale. It is only within this specific region and during this precise moment that you can observe the sky transitioning to darkness, resembling nighttime, as the Moon completely obstructs direct sunlight and unveils the solar corona—the Sun's outer atmosphere.

This means only residents of Southern Illinois and visitors alike will have the rare, unique opportunity to see this truly remarkable event and be witness to the rare astronomical phenomenon known as a total solar eclipse. Carbondale is on the center-line of the path of totality and will see 4 minutes and 9 seconds of totality for eclipse 2024 (nearly double what was seen in 2017). For other spots to view the eclipse in Illinois, keep reading!

How do I plan to see the eclipse?

If you're planning to travel, be sure to   view the Illinois Department of Transportation's website   for travel tips and info on how to prepare.

Read on for more details on what you'll need to bring with you, the best places to see the eclipse, events, and more. Let's have a solar-bration!

Get in a Celestial State of Mind

Before embarking on your eclipse adventure, take a moment to delve into all things out-of-this-world by visiting these planetariums and observation centers. These celestial phenomena have fascinated humanity for centuries, and understanding them can add a whole new layer of wonder to your experience.

William M. Staerkel Planetarium

With a state-of-the-art digital projection system and special programs, visitors to Champaign can learn about the stars, planets and more at the second largest planetarium in Illinois.

Strickler Planetarium

Come witness the history of the universe in Bourbonnais from its fiery birth to the formation of our own solar system on a state-of-the-art digital projector that gives a multimedia and full-dome show.

Adler Planetarium

Located in Chicago, America’s First Planetarium is more than a museum. It's a laboratory, a classroom, and a community. Enjoy interactive exhibitions, live planetarium shows and more.

Cernan Earth & Space Center

Triton College's on-campus space center in River Grove is an educational, engaging attraction with galactic appeal. It features a variety of earth and sky shows, children's shows and laser light shows.

Road Trip Hotspots:  Roadside Stops  

As you head off on your road trip to Southern Illinois, there's a bounty of iconic attractions and features to stop by along the way. 

Kaskaskia Dragon , Vandalia

Is a dragon really a dragon without fire-breathing? Of course not. And this ferocious metallic statue in Vandalia agrees. On your way to experiencing something celestial, stop by this attraction for a fun dose of mythical. 

Big Things , Casey

Yes, seeing a total eclipse will make you feel small. But so will the town of Casey just off of Interstate 70. Host to a variety of larger-than-life attractions like the world’s largest rocking chair, mailbox, golf tee and driver, pencil, keys, and so much more. This town will make you feel like you’ve just stumbled upon a lost suburb of giants.

Fort Massac Encampment , Metropolis

For those history lovers, Fort Massac is Illinois’s first state park and home to a wooden fort built by French soldiers in 1757.

Superman Statue & Museum , Metropolis

Metropolis is the home of Superman! Take a photo with the 15-foot-tall statue of the Man of Steel. A statue of Lois Lane is also located nearby. And be sure to visit the world's largest collection of Superman memorabilia at the  Superman Museum .

Walker’s Bluff Casino & Resort , Carterville

Keep an eye out for a variety of hosted activities related to the eclipse, plus enjoy all the amenities on offer including a spacious indoor/outdoor pool, fine dining venues, and a variety of gaming and entertainment.

Road Trip Hotspots:  Nature Walks

Don't forget to visit a few local state parks and rolling hills to get in some of your steps and take in the wondrous beauty of the natural landscapes that surround you.

Starved Rock State Park , Utica 

Seasonal waterfalls, awe-inspiring bluffs, and rugged canyons dominate the storied landscape at Starved Rock. Rich with history and beauty, Starved Rock’s hiking trails meander through towering trees and scenic overlooks along the Illinois River. 

Matthiessen State Park , Utica

Located in central LaSalle County, approximately four miles south of Utica and three miles east of Oglesby, Matthiessen is a paradise for those interested in geology as well as recreation.

Pere Marquette State Park , Grafton

With nearly 8,000 acres of scenic beauty, Pere Marquette State Park is one of the most picturesque and beautiful locations on the Illinois River and the largest state park in Illinois.

LaRue Pine Hills , Wolf Lake

LaRue-Pine Hills is one of the most unique areas in the world. As with many places in the Shawnee National Forest, the beauty we see today is rooted in geologic history. Scenic drives, hiking, and camping are available.  

Best Places to View the Eclipse in Illinois

The Path of Totality will span across 13 states. A large section of Southern Illinois lies along the path, hitting multiple towns and cities. Take a look at the map below and see which parts of Southern Illinois lie within the Path of Totality, so you can discover which places will be best to view the eclipse! 

Marketing itself as the Crossroads of the Eclipses, this is a great spot for eclipse-chasers. Southern Illinois University is planning a public viewing at a football stadium – with NASA Edge in attendance.

Garden of the Gods, Shawnee National Forest

Situated in Shawnee National Forest, a beautiful, unspoiled wilderness area in Southern Illinois, Garden of the Gods is a perfect spot for viewing astronomical events.

Bald Knob Cross, Alto Pass

As well as being close to the point of greatest eclipse duration – Bald Knob Mountain is one of the highest places in the area. Expect low horizons and a big crowd.

Traffic Information

There'll be an increased amount of traffic on the roads around the eclipse event. Make sure you plan ahead and check out the below links for further details.

• Road construction:  Road Construction (gettingaroundillinois.com)
• Traveler info:  Traveler Info (gettingaroundillinois.com)

Solar Eclipse Events in Illinois

Fairfield eclipse (fairfield), april 8, 2024.

Event date(s): April 8, 2024 Location: Fairfield, IL

Join us for the Total Solar Eclipse on April 8th, 2024 in Fairfield, Illinois – The Center of it All!

Solar Eclipse At Historic Bell Hill (Cobden), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 12-3 pm Location: Cobden, Illinois

Total Eclipse of the Art: at Alto Vineyards

Event date(s): April 6, 2024, 12-5 pm Location: Alto Pass, Illinois

Come and enjoy this day in celebration of local talent with an eclipse theme, in Alto Vineyard's comfy & pleasurable environment. This is a perfect opportunity to purchase that one-of-a-kind memorabilia of this historic crossover eclipse that will engulf Southern Illinois.

Total Eclipse Run (Vienna), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 10:00 am - 3:00 pm Location: Vienna, Illinois

Get a move on and Run on the Day of the 2024 Total Eclipse by participating in the Total Eclipse Run presented by Revive Vienna. SAG Station (Drinks and Snacks) and SAG Driver will be available during the run times.

Solar Eclipse Wine Glass Painting at StarView Vineyards (Cobden), April 7, 2024

Event date(s): April 7, 2024, 1-3 pm Location: Cobden, Illinois

Get ready to unleash your creativity while enjoying a glass of wine, great food and friends. StarView Vineyards are are hosting a Solar Eclipse Wine Glass Painting event where you can personalize your very own wine glasses or beer mugs. Choose between a solar eclipse-themed design or make your own unique design! By the end of the event, you'll have two glasses to sip out of while you watch the once in a lifetime total Solar Eclipse the next day!

Solar Eclipse at Blue Sky Vineyards (Makanda), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 11:00 am - 6:30 pm Location: Makanda, Illinois

Blue Sky Vineyard is perfectly positioned along the path of the 2024 eclipse with scenic views of the vineyard, open skies above and surrounded by rolling hills of the Shawnee National Forest.

Join us at the Eclipse Crossroads for the second total solar eclipse at Blue Sky Vineyard. Did you know that Blue Sky Vineyard was NASA’s Point of Longest Duration for the 2017 eclipse? We thoroughly enjoyed celebrating the 2017 event with so many wonderful guests and are now planning our 2024 experience.

Total Solar Eclipse Olney Illinois 2024 (Olney), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 12:00 PM - 4:00 PM Location: Olney, IL

Marshall Illinois Eclipse (Marshall), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Location: Marshall, IL

Come join us for the Marshall Illinois Eclipse event!

Southern Illinois Eclipse (Carbondale), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 1:59 pm Location: Southern Illinois

Twice in a Lifetime Solar Eclipse (Chester), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024 Location: Chester, IL

View the NEXT Total Solar Eclipse On The Mighty Mississippi! Come join us for the Twice in a Lifetime Solar Eclipse event. Totality... totally worth it!

Discover Totality, Discover Carmi (Carmi), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 12:45 PM Totality Begins: 2:01 p.m. CDT Location: Carmi, IL

Carmi is on the centerline of the path of totality and will see 4 minutes and 1 seconds of totality for the April 8, 2024 eclipse. This is double what was seen during the 2017 solar eclipse.

Eclipse on the Bricks (Albion), April 6-7, 2024

Event date(s): April 6-7, 2024 Location: Albion, IL

Come celebrate the historic Total Solar Eclipse with the Eclipse on the Bricks festival !

Bald Knob Cross of Peace Eclipse (Alto Pass), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 12:00 PM Location: Alto Pass, IL

Get your tickets early! There has been a great amount of interest shown in their “spot on” location for the best viewing of this rare eclipse. They're working with the Solar Eclipse Committee and other area businesses on planning this incredible event, but suffice it to say that Bald Knob Cross will be a very popular spot for viewing this phenomenon. Gates will open at 10 AM. Please plan on arriving by 12 Noon to experience the Partial Eclipse beginning around 12:40 PM CDT, and the Maximum Eclipse around 2:00 PM CDT.

2024 Solar Eclipse (Newtown), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM Location: Newton, IL

Southern Illinois Crossroads Eclipse Festival (Carbondale), April 8, 2024

Event date(s): April 8, 2024, 1:59 pm Location: Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois

On August 21, 2017, a total solar eclipse path stretched across the entire United States, reaching its point of greatest duration (GD) a few miles south of Carbondale. This region in Southern Illinois is not only in the path of the 2017 eclipse, but also the 2024 eclipse, making it a unique location for being able to perform observations of both eclipses from the same location. Carbondale is on the center-line of the path of totality and will see 4 minutes and 9 seconds of totality for eclipse 2024, nearly double what was seen in 2017. The two eclipse paths form an intersection just south of the SIU campus around Cedar Lake.

Touch of Nature Outdoor Education Center (Makanda), April 6-9, 2024

Event date(s): April 6-9, 2024, 1:59 pm Location: Makanda, Illinois

Located in the path of totality for the 2024 Solar Eclipse, Touch of Nature is the perfect location to turn the eclipse into a fun filled experience. The second of two once in a lifetime eclipses will be taking place in Southern Illinois and Touch of Nature is in one of the most ideal spaces for the viewing of this event. For nearly 4 minutes and 9 seconds, the sun will be completely blacked out in the middle of the day!

Eclipse Events: Market, Music, Trivia, Viewings & More (Greenville & Centralia), April 6-8, 2024

Event date(s): April 6-8, 2024 Location: Greenville, Centralia & Salem, Illinois

Head to Greenville and Centralia to celebrate this once-in-a-lifetime event, and support some great public libraries at the same time. There's a variety of events during the weekend before and day of the eclipse including music, trivia, murder mystery nights, markets and eclipse viewings and parties.

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What to Bring with You

As you travel down to Southern Illinois, you might be wondering what essentials you'll need to bring with you to have a great solar eclipse road trip. We got you.

Solar Eclipse Glasses

The actual full eclipse lasts a couple of minutes, but before it happens, the Sun, even a sliver of it, is still way too bright to look at with your own eyes. These glasses allow you to look right at it and see the outline of the moon move over.

Check the Weather!

Bad weather can impact your solar eclipse experience. Make sure you check the weather forecast. If it's looking a little cloudy, dress appropriately and cross your fingers—but it's a rare occurrence so don't let a little cloud put you off.

A Good Quality Camera

Don’t rely on your phone camera to get a good picture. If you're experienced and come prepared, you might just get that magic shot. You may need to use a “solar filter” to prevent harming your camera’s imaging sensor.

Bug Spray/Repellent

If you choose a remote outdoor spot to enjoy the eclipse, make sure you stay one step ahead of pesky critters and bring some bug spray to keep them away (especially if you've followed our advice and packed a tasty lunch).

Plenty of Food and Water

Depending on how early you get to your spot, the experience can last a while—and you might as well make a day of it! So bring plenty of food and water to keep you fed and hydrated—you don’t want to miss it trying to find lunch!

Make a Pinhole Projector

In a pinch, a pinhole camera/projector can help you watch the eclipse unfold in a safe way. All you need is white card stock, aluminum foil, tape, scissors, and a pin or paper clip. It's also a great project to help pass the time.

Sun Protection (Of Course!)

This should be an obvious one! Make sure you’re prepared to be outside in the sun for a while. Bring sunscreen, a hat, sun umbrellas, and anything else that'll help make your viewing experience relaxing (and burn-free).

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Elektrostal'

Elektrostal' Travel Guide

Experience elektrostal'.

The Moscow Kremlin

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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Tiny NH towns brace for eclipse chasers to arrive for 'once-in-a-lifetime event'

The tiny town of Colebrook is bracing for an extreme influx in tourists as eclipse chasers come from far and wide to see the  first total solar eclipse  in New Hampshire since 1959.

Colebrook is one of the small communities in the northern part of the state that is in the path of totality, meaning the sun will be completely obscured by the moon. This is likely to last for about 3 minutes around 3:29 p.m. Monday, April 8.

Colebrook has a population of just over 2,100, according to  Census estimates for 2022 . But on the day of the eclipse, it could swell to the tens of thousands.

Totally into totality: Eclipse lovers will travel anywhere to chase shadows on April 8

“It could be, in addition to those lodging, tens of thousands of people coming into the area and that could possibly be the largest influx of personnel that we’ve ever seen in that part of the state,” Colebrook Town Manager Tim Stevens said at a press conference Friday. 

Stevens was joined by Gov. Chris Sununu, Director of Travel and Tourism Lori Harnois, Department of Transportation Commissioner William Cass, and McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery center Executive Director Jeanne Gerulskis, where they discussed solar eclipse plans, from safety plans to traffic concerns.

"This is a rare opportunity to get outside and enjoy,” said Gerulskis. “The next solar eclipse is 2079, and I don’t know about you but I probably won't be here, unless they figure out how to download my brain to a robot's body.”

New Hampshire’s North Country braces for the eclipse

Colebrook is not the only town bracing for a huge inundation of eclipse fanatics. The eclipse’s path of totality will pass through towns in the north country from Lancaster north to the Canadian border. Other towns include Dixville Notch, Pittsburg and Errol. 

The deluge of people may cause some problems in northern New Hampshire, which is prepared for snowmobilers in the winter and hunters in the summer, but not umbraphiles (eclipse chasers).

April is usually a quiet time of year for the region, when snow gives way to mud season. But this year, Harnois said, the 10,000 rooms available in the Great North Woods tourism region are sold out. That number doesn’t include day travelers or people coming up to stay with friends or family in the region.

“The number one question that we've been getting throughout this whole process is, 'How many people are coming in?'" said Harnois. “It's a really difficult question to answer. There's lots of variables that go into that.”

She said officials have encouraged eclipse visitors to come early, but there are still many unknown factors like who will do a day trip and the weather.

Stevens said he’s been getting calls from people in Rhode Island, Eastern Massachusetts, and Eastern Maine. 

“The path of totality is a lot more phenomenal than not being in the path of totality,” he said. “It’s gonna be a lot.”

Traffic, parking, and safety concerns

Another complication is the nor'easter that hit the region this past week.

“We did have about a foot of snow dumped out there over the last day and a half,” Stevens said. “But even with that we’re still not canceling the eclipse!”

However, the snow adds another complication to safe viewing areas, parking, and roads. Stevens said while people might feel inspired to hike out to the middle of a field or walk out on an ice-covered lake, he said neither are safe. 

A foot of snow covers mud in fields, where people and vehicles could get stuck with limited numbers of tow trucks in the area to save them. Ice on the lakes is not thick enough to support people. While Colebrook is setting up aid stations around town and has a hospital nearby, resources will still be limited in a town that has never seen this many visitors.

Maj. David Walsh of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department said that people should not try to hike up the mountains to watch the eclipse, describing trail conditions as “brutal” with deep snow.

“If you want to enjoy the mountains, book another trip,” he said.

There is also limited parking in the region and only a few main roads. Officials urged visitors to use designated parking lots, rather than risk getting stuck in mud at the side of the road. Colebrook has a list of authorized parking areas  on the town's website. 

Cass said visitors should only use major travel roads, and keep minor roads to local traffic only. He and other officials encouraged the eclipse chasers to come early and stay late to avoid overcrowding the roads, many of which are only one lane each way and not designed to handle this type of unprecedented event. Cass said people can check real-time traffic updates at newengland511.org .

“Pack your patience,” said Sununu.

More: The April total solar eclipse could snarl traffic for hours across thousands of miles

Weather forecast is sunny

New Hampshire is not known for being sunny in April:  historical weather data  gives Colebrook a 52% chance of clear skies. But Monday’s weather forecast called for sun as of Friday.

This gives visitors a great chance to see the eclipse, but it also means the state is anticipating an even greater amount of visitors.

“There are folks from across the country that want to see totality, right, and they have 13 different states to choose from. One of the issues is that it looks like the weather in the southern half of the United States is not going to be great,” said Sununu. “I got a call from someone in Texas yesterday saying they were flying into Boston, and should they come to New Hampshire or Burlington, Vermont or Maine to see it.”

However, he emphasized, if people give themselves time to get up and back down in the state, New Hampshire has the resources to handle the influx in people.

Despite their warnings, all of the officials encouraged everyone to be excited and to enjoy what Harnois called a “once-in-a-lifetime event.”

“New Hampshire is very lucky. We're only one of 13 states in America that are going to see this total solar eclipse,” said Harnois.

For more information, like where to go to watch the eclipse, parking and medical station maps, and educational resources, Harnois said to go to nhsolareclipse.com .

Tourism opportunity for NH could go beyond eclipse on April 8

Sununu said he expects New Hampshire to be one of the top destinations in the New England region for the rare event. It will bring higher levels of tourism to the state during a time that’s usually a lull, and he plugged New Hampshire’s tax free status.

“You can sit in your car and in traffic, or you can visit a restaurant and one of our tax-free stores and enjoy all the economic opportunity that New Hampshire has to offer,” he said.

Stevens said he has held presentations for local businesses in Colebrook to ensure they’re stocked up and ready for the flood of tourists.

Harnois said it’s a great opportunity for those outside of the state to see New Hampshire and “hopefully book another vacation.”

Sununu said the state has been working with local communities and businesses to make sure “that one moment on Monday afternoon goes as smooth as possible.”

Seacoast eclipse watch parties April 8: Here's where and when

On April 8, the Portsmouth Public Library is hosting a watch party with eclipse activities and trivia prior to the peak of the eclipse around 3:30 p.m.

“You will have the option of watching the eclipse live from the field beside the library or inside the Levenson Community Room where we will show the NASA live stream on the large screen,” the library’s event description notes.

Two hundred pairs of free eclipse glasses will be available at the event, which lasts from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. Registration for the event is not required. 

The Dover Public Library is offering a similar watch party to view the partial eclipse outdoors on April 8. The Garrison City is expected to see the moon blocking 95% of the sun during the event.

“Snacks, crafts and music will all be part of the fun, as we view this rare phenomena together. Bring a lawn chair, grab a snack and eclipse glasses, or make a viewfinder, and discover and explore with us,” the library says.

The event at 73 Locust St. will run from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.

The lawn in front of the picturesque Thompson Hall clock tower at the University of New Hampshire in Durham is expected to be teeming with students, faculty and staff waiting for the peak of the partial eclipse next Monday. 

The school is having its own watch party on the lawn, with certified eclipse glasses designed by a university student available for use during the event. The school’s watch party will also be held from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.

One of the school’s two Wildcat mascots, Wild E. Cat, will pose for photos with guests as the state’s flagship university counts down to the eclipse. 

“There won’t be another chance to view a total eclipse like this over North America for decades,” per the university’s event announcement.

Ian Lenahan contributed to this report.

Disneyland | Disneyland Pride Nite tickets go on sale this week

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The gay pride events will be held on june 18 and 20 at disneyland..

Gay pride will take center stage at Disneyland with rainbow-colored streets, buildings, attractions, parades, fireworks, dance parties and photo opportunities with Disney characters in a celebration of all things LGBTQ.

Tickets for the Pride Nite events go on sale Tuesday, April 9 for Magic Key annual passholders and Thursday, April 11 for the general public. Ticket sales start both days no earlier than 9 a.m.

The Pride Nite events will be held on June 18 and 20 at Disneyland.

ALSO SEE: Disneyland closes 4 attractions during busy spring season

Entertainment will include a Welcome Pride cavalcade with Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Donald, Daisy, Pluto and Clarabelle in rainbow outfits, Pride Nite fireworks, the Pride Nite Dance Club along the Rivers of America, the Ohana Dance Party in Tomorrowland and Country Line Dancing in the Golden Horseshoe.

The 2023 Pride Nites were the first time Disneyland had hosted an official LGBTQ special event. Unofficial Gay Days Anaheim mix-in events with theme park meet-ups, trivia games, scavenger hunts and parties have been a regular fixture at Disneyland for more than two decades.

The 2023 Pride Nite featured more than 30 Disney characters along with a pair of openly gay superheroes from the Marvel Cinematic Universe — Phastos from “Eternals” and America Chavez from “Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.”

ALSO SEE: See early Disneyland ride concepts that never got built

The Pride Nite photo op locations throughout the park included the Rainbow Steps on Main Street USA, the Rainbow Crosswalk in Fantasyland and Rainbow Ridge in Frontierland.

Disneyland has already hosted two After Dark events in 2024 — the returning Sweethearts’ Nite and the new Disney Channel Nite . The always popular Star Wars Nite events return on select nights between April 16 and May 9 at Disneyland.

All of the Disneyland After Dark events feature specialty themed entertainment, character meet-and-greets, photo op backdrops, food and drinks, collectible merchandise, commemorative keepsakes and unlimited PhotoPass digital downloads along with select rides and shows.

Pre-party mix-in starts at 6 p.m. each night with the private event running from 9 p.m. to 1 a.m. each evening. No theme park reservations are required to attend the separate-admission events. Parking is not included.

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Astro-tourism − chasing eclipses, meteor showers and elusive dark skies from Earth

F or years, small groups of astronomy enthusiasts have traveled the globe chasing the rare solar eclipse. They have embarked on cruises to the middle of the ocean, taken flights into the eclipse’s path and even traveled to Antarctica .

In August 2017, millions across the U.S. witnessed a total solar eclipse visible from Oregon to South Carolina, with a partial eclipse visible to the rest of the continental U.S. On April 8, 2024, millions of Americans will once again be in the path of a total solar eclipse , this one’s path extending from Mexico to eastern Canada.

The April 2024 eclipse’s path of totality will cross a number of U.S. cities , including Austin and Dallas in Texas, Indianapolis in Indiana, Cleveland and Dayton in Ohio, Erie in Pennsylvania, and Buffalo and Rochester in New York. The eclipse will begin in Texas around 2:30 Eastern time and end in Maine around 4:30 Eastern.

But astro-tourism – traveling to national parks, observatories or other natural, dark-sky locations to view astronomical events – isn’t limited to chasing eclipses.

According to a recent study, 80% of Americans and one-third of the planet’s population can no longer see the Milky Way from their homes because of light pollution . As a consequence, most people have to travel to witness meteor showers and other common astronomical events.

I am a space scientist with a passion for teaching physics and astronomy and photographing the night sky. Every summer I spend several nights backpacking in the Sierra Nevada of California, where the skies are sufficiently dark to allow the Milky Way to be seen with the naked eye. My son and I also like to take road trips – often along U.S. Route 395, the Eastern Sierra Scenic Byway – that coincide with eclipses and meteor showers.

Can’t-miss astronomical events

There are two types of eclipses. Lunar eclipses occur when the full moon passes through Earth’s shadow. Solar eclipses occur when the new moon briefly blocks the Sun.

There are three types of solar eclipses. During a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun, with totality lasting as long as seven minutes. During totality, those in the path of the eclipse will see the Sun’s corona , or its outer atmosphere, behind the Moon’s silhouette.

The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is an ellipse, so the Moon can appear to be 15% smaller when it’s at its farthest point from Earth, its apogee, compared with its size when it is at its closest point to Earth, its perigee. An annular eclipse occurs when the Moon doesn’t cover the entire disk of the Sun, leaving a ring of sunlight around the Moon.

Finally, a partial eclipse occurs when the Moon blocks only a part of the Sun’s disk, as the name implies.

Meteor showers are a far more common astronomical event than eclipses, and they are visible from any dark-sky location on Earth. Meteor showers occur when Earth’s orbit around the Sun takes it through the dust left behind by a comet . The Earth sweeps up the dust like a car speeding through a cloud of insects on the highway.

Meteor showers are named for the constellations from which the meteors seem to emanate , though it’s not necessary to stare in that direction to see meteors. The most prominent meteor showers, occurring on approximately the same dates every year, are the Lyrids , named for the constellation Lyra, on April 21-22; the Perseids , named for the constellation Perseus and peaking on the night of Aug. 12-13; and the Geminids , named for the constellation Gemini, on Dec. 14-15. The night sky will be mostly moonless for the first two this year, but a nearly full moon will make the Lyrid shower of 2024 difficult to see.

Tips for aspiring astro-tourists

One of the most important factors to consider when planning an outing to stargaze or to watch a meteor shower is the phase of the Moon. The full moon rises at about 6 p.m. and sets at 6 a.m., making stargazing all but impossible because of its brightness. For ideal stargazing conditions, the Moon should be below the horizon, and the best viewing conditions are during a new moon. You can use a moonrise/moonset calculator to determine the phase of the Moon and its rise and set times for any location on Earth.

Another important factor is weather. Amateur astronomers always joke that the sky is cloudy during the most interesting astronomical events. For example, most major cities in the U.S. that are in the path of the April 2024 eclipse have had cloudy skies on April 8 60% of the time since the year 2000.

Most Americans live in heavily light-polluted areas. A light pollution map such as lightpollutionmap.info can help identify the nearest dark-sky location, which, in my case, is hours away. These maps often use the Bortle dark-sky scale , which reports 1 for extremely dark skies to 9 for highly light-polluted city centers.

Though you may still see the brightest meteors from city suburbs, the darker your sky, the more meteors you’ll see. In general, expect to see fewer than 25 meteors per hour . To see the complex structure of the Milky Way with the naked eye, look for a location with a Bortle index of 3 or below.

It’s important to arrive at your chosen site early, preferably during daylight hours. Stumbling around in the dark at an unfamiliar site is a recipe for disaster and may also disturb others who are already at the site. Arriving early also gives time for your eyes to adapt to the dark as night falls, as it typically takes 30 minutes or even longer for your eyes to reach their full dark-adapted potential.

Make sure to carry a headlamp or flashlight that has a red light setting, as red light doesn’t ruin night vision . Avoid using your phone, as even a glance at the screen can ruin your eyes’ dark adaptation. If you’re using a sky-viewing app, switch the app to night mode.

If you’re in the path of the April 2024 eclipse , stay put. If you’re traveling, staying at the same location overnight before and after the eclipse can help avoid the hourslong traffic jams experienced by eclipse watchers in 2017.

Also, you should never look directly at the Sun with the naked eye, even during a total eclipse . You’ll need a pair of inexpensive eclipse glasses to watch and fully enjoy the eclipse, but get yours early, as many stores ran out of glasses during the 2017 eclipse.

No matter where you travel, don’t forget to look up at night and marvel at the beauty of the night sky, away from city lights.

This is an updated version of an article originally published on July 5, 2023.

• How eclipses were regarded as omens in the ancient world
• What would a solar eclipse look like from the Moon? An astronomer answers that and other total eclipse questions

Vahe Peroomian received funding in the past from NASA and the National Science Foundation. Last year of funding was 2014.

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Travellers who are affected by the fire at the residential and commercial building, New Lucky House (Address: 15 Jordan Road, Jordan, Kowloon), may contact the  Hong Kong Tourism Board  at +852 8102 8020 for assistance. 

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Hong kong tourism board, thai festival 2024.

The two-day Thai Festival features a range of exciting Thai-themed programmes, showcasing the latest Thai make-up trends, travel and destination wedding information, traditional Thai costumes, as well as Thai cuisine and specialties. Experts from the travel industry will share unique Thai experiences, while captivating Thai cultural performances will take the stage daily. The festival aims to provide an opportunity for locals and travellers alike to immerse themselves in the vibrant and charming culture of Thailand.

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Finalists Of The 2024 Africa Youth In Tourism Innovation Challenge Announced

Africa Tourism Partners is thrilled to announce the top five finalists for the 6 th Africa Youth in Tourism Innovation Challenge 2024. The Challenge opened on the 01st of November 2023 for the youth to submit their projects. The Challenge closed on the 01 st of March 2024 and attracted over 154 entries from innovators across Africa. 

As part of the process, the projects were submitted to the judges for adjudication to determine the qualifying projects. Devin Itaagie – Uganda, Kedumetse Liphi – Botswana, Joseph Owiredu – Ghana, Ajena Jafar – Uganda and Gerald Muema – Kenya qualified to proceed to the next level of adjudication. The shortlisted innovators will present their demo/ Minimum Viable Product at the Africa Youth in Tourism Innovation Summit scheduled for 28 to 31 May 2024 in Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibian innovators were also recognised and given the opportunity to compete amongst themselves. Sarome Natalia Nalooliwa Hamata, Sarah Anghuwo and Rosalia Laudika are the top 3 finalists for the 2024 and 6 th Africa Youth in Tourism Innovation challenge.

The countries that participated in the Innovation Challenge include, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The Africa Youth in Tourism Innovation Challenge is an exclusive platform being provided to innovative African youth in travel and tourism looking for funding, partnership and mentorship opportunities to present their projects to the global marketplace in order to find the required support for their programmes. 

Hosted by the Government of Namibia through the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism in collaboration with Africa Tourism Partners, UN Tourism, BDO and other partners, the 2024 Africa Youth in Tourism Innovation Summit is scheduled for 28 to 31 May 2024. 

Speakers for this year’s Summit include Teofilus Nghitila – Executive Director of Tourism, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Namibia, Samiya Abdulkadir Godu – President, Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurs Association, Evah Mosetlhane – Tourism & SMME Development Consultant, Botswana, Mbali Mngomezulu – Manager Of Business Development @ Mastercard | Grading Assessor Accreditation CATHSETA, South Africa and more

Namibia ready to showcase herself to the visitors and take them through some breathtaking moments. One of the greatest attractions that Namibia Boasts about is the Sossusvlei desert. Sossusvlei is all salt, clay, and sand, with remarkable red dunes arching and curling seemingly forever. The popular tourist attraction is in the southern part of the Namib Desert and is part of the Namib Sand Sea UNESCO World Heritage Site. These dunes are among the highest in the world.Meanwhile, registrations for both physical and virtual participants are ongoing. Interested persons may visit www.youthtourismsummit.com .

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