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Travel Advisory January 19, 2023

Antarctica - level 2: exercise increased caution.

Reissued with updates to health information.

• Exercise increased caution in Antarctica due to environmental hazards posed by extreme and unpredictable weather  and limited emergency services.
• The U.S. government is unable to provide consular services to U.S. citizens in the Antarctic Region. The closest U.S Embassies/Consulate s are in Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and South Africa.  U.S. government resources in the Antarctic Region are committed to the U.S. Antarctic Program, per longstanding U.S. policy . 

Read the country information page for additional information on travel to Antarctica.

If you travel to Antarctica:

• Obtain comprehensive travel, medical, and medical evacuation insurance; see our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage.
• Travel with a professional guide or organization such as those that are a member of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, or, if organizing a private expedition, be self-sufficient.
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program ( STEP ) to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Prepare a contingency plan for emergency situations.  Review the Traveler’s Checklist .
• Follow the Department of State on Facebook and Twitter .
• Read the Department of State’s COVID-19 page before planning any international travel.
• Visit the CDC page for the latest Travel Health Information related to your travel.
• Contact the Department of State’s Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs for information at [email protected] .

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Quick Facts

Required by transit countries

May be required by transit countries.

None for Antarctica. May be required by transit countries.

Embassies and Consulates

The United States does not maintain an embassy or consulate in Antarctica. If you are in need of U.S. consular services while in Antarctica, contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country next on your itinerary or nearest to you for assistance. Links to the embassies and consulates most commonly called upon to provide services are below:

• U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, Argentina
• U.S. Consulate General Melbourne, Australia
• U.S. Consulate General Perth, Australia
• U.S. Consulate General Sydney, Australia
• U.S. Embassy Santiago, Chile
• U.S. Consulate General Auckland, New Zealand          

24/7 Emergency Contact at the Department of State: From within the United States: 1-888-407-4747 From outside the United States: 1-202-501-4444

Destination Description

Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

• Any expedition to the Antarctic Region could have an impact on the environment and its ecosystems.  To manage those risks and impacts, the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty establish certain obligations on the Treaty Parties with regard to expeditions to the Antarctic Treaty area.
• The Treaty obliges each Party to give advance notification of all expeditions to and within Antarctica, on the part of its ships, aircraft, or nationals, and all expeditions to Antarctica organized in or proceeding from its territory.
• U.S. tourists who have booked passage to Antarctica on a commercial cruise regulated by an Antarctic Treaty Party, such as those that are a member of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators ( IAATO.org ), normally would be covered by the vessel operator’s and/or tour company’s advance notification. Always check with your tour operator about advance notification coverage.
• Any U.S. nationals organizing a private expedition to Antarctica in the United States, or proceeding to Antarctica from the United States,  should initiate the process by notifying the Department of State at least three months prior to the intended travel to the Antarctic Treaty area.  Contact the Department of State’s Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs for additional information at [email protected] .
• Visit the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators website for more information on visitor guidelines.

Find information on dual nationality , prevention of international child abduction and customs regulations on our websites.

Safety and Security

Environmental Hazards:

• The greatest threats to travelers to the Antarctic Region are environmental hazards posed by the severe elements and changeable weather.
• Among the more common threats are frostbite, dehydration, eye damage from reflected glare, overexposure to the sun, and maritime accidents.
• Additionally, emergency response capabilities including search and rescue are restricted due to limited availability, long distances, and environmental hazards.

See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .

See our webpage on help for U.S. victims of crime overseas .

Once in a country, we can:

• Help you find appropriate medical care
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion
• Provide a list of local attorneys
• Provide information on victim’s compensation programs in the U.S.
• Provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution
• Help you find accommodation and arrange flights home
• Replace a stolen or lost passport

Domestic Violence: U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence are encouraged to contact the Embassy for assistance.

Tourism:  No formal tourism industry infrastructure is in place on any level. Tourists are considered to be participating in activities at their own risk. Emergency response and subsequent appropriate medical treatment is not available in Antarctica. U.S. citizens are encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties: Some Treaty Parties, including those that claim territory in Antarctica, may seek to apply their laws to persons in Antarctica. Furthermore, some laws remain applicable to certain persons in Antarctica and may subject them to prosecution in the U.S.  For examples, see our website on crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website.

Arrest Notification: If you are arrested or detained in transit to/from Antarctica, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately.  See our webpage for further information.

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctica Treaty designates Antarctica as a natural reserve.  Additionally, the Antarctic Conservation Act , which protects native mammals, birds, plants, and their ecosystems, applies to all U.S. citizens and expeditions that originate from the United States.

• Several areas are afforded special protections as they have been designated as having ecological, scientific, historical, or other significance.
• It is forbidden to bring any non-native species into Antarctica. This includes live poultry, pet dogs and cats, and household plants or seeds.
• It is prohibited to take or harmfully interfere with Antarctica wildlife except in accordance with a permit issued by a national authority.

Antarctica has no public hospitals, pharmacies, or doctor’s offices.  Although cruise ships and land-based expeditions should have the capacity to treat minor ailments, medical emergencies often require evacuation to a country with modern medical facilities, which could require travel over a significant distance.  There is no guarantee that transportation would be available or that weather conditions would allow for transportation, even in an emergency.

• Search and rescue resources in Antarctica are extremely limited.   Cost of search and rescue efforts are borne by the person/s in need of the assistance.  Travelers should obtain comprehensive travel, medical, and medical evacuation insurance prior to departure; see our webpage for more information on overseas insurance coverage .
• There are no public utilities, such as phone or Internet service providers, in the Region.

We do not pay medical bills. Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance.

Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas.  Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments.  Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription.

Vaccinations: Be up-to-date on all vaccinations recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further health information:

• World Health Organization
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Air Quality: Visit AirNow Department of State for information on air quality at U.S. Embassies and Consulates

Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information about Adventure Travel .

Travel and Transportation

There is no direct air service from the United States to Antarctica.  Flights to and over Antarctica are operated from a number of countries to include Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, and others.  If you are traveling to Antarctica, please check our country information page for the country from which you are departing to get more on aviation safety standards in that country.  Further information may be found on the FAA’s safety assessment page .

Maritime Travel: Mariners planning travel to Antarctica should also check for U.S. maritime advisories and alerts .  Information may also be posted to the U.S. Coast Guard homeport website , and the NGA broadcast warnings .  Due to maritime incidents, tourists have suffered severe injuries and/or death in the Antarctic Region and when traveling between South America and the Antarctica and in the Antarctic area. 

For additional travel information

Exploring The Travel Restrictions In Antarctica: What You Need To Know

• Last updated Oct 26, 2023
• Difficulty Intemediate

• Category United States

Antarctica, the southernmost continent on Earth, has always fascinated adventurers, scientists, and explorers alike. With its expansive icy landscapes, abundant wildlife, and staggering natural beauty, it is a bucket-list destination for many. However, due to its remote location and harsh weather conditions, travel to Antarctica is not a simple feat. In fact, the continent has strict travel restrictions in place to protect its fragile ecosystem and preserve its pristine environment. In this article, we will explore the travel restrictions imposed on visitors to Antarctica and delve into the reasons behind these measures. So, strap on your snow boots, bundle up in your warmest parka, and join us as we embark on a journey to uncover the secrets of Antarctica's travel restrictions.

What You'll Learn

What are the current travel restrictions in place for visiting antarctica, are there any specific requirements or permits needed to visit antarctica due to travel restrictions, are there any exceptions to the travel restrictions in place for antarctica, such as for scientific research purposes, are there any countries that have been granted special access to antarctica despite the travel restrictions, how have the travel restrictions in antarctica impacted tourism and the ability for visitors to explore the continent.

Antarctica, the icy continent located at the southernmost point of the Earth, is a popular destination for adventure seekers and nature enthusiasts. However, due to its fragile ecosystem and the need to preserve its unique environment, there are strict travel restrictions in place for visiting Antarctica.

To begin with, let's talk about the most basic requirement for anyone planning to visit Antarctica - the need for permission. Since Antarctica is governed by the Antarctic Treaty System, an international treaty that regulates human activity in the region, all visitors must obtain a permit from their respective national authorities or the country organizing the trip. These authorities ensure that visitors comply with the regulations and guidelines set forth by the treaty.

Once you have the necessary permission, the next step is to choose a reputable tour operator. It is crucial to select a tour operator that follows sustainable and environmentally responsible practices. These operators must adhere to strict guidelines to minimize their impact on the delicate ecosystems of Antarctica. They should have experienced expedition leaders and guides who have a deep understanding of the region's unique environment and can educate visitors about its importance.

The tour itself will likely involve a ship journey to Antarctica, and it is essential to note that there are restrictions on the number of passengers allowed on each trip. This limitation ensures that the impact on the land and wildlife is minimized. Furthermore, certain areas may have entry restrictions or require special permits due to their ecological significance. Visitors must respect these restrictions and follow designated routes to avoid disturbing nesting sites, colonies, or breeding grounds of animals.

In addition to the restrictions on visitor numbers, there are guidelines in place regarding wildlife interaction. Visitors are not allowed to touch, approach, or feed wildlife, including birds, seals, and penguins. These guidelines aim to maintain the natural behavior of the animals and prevent the transmission of diseases from humans to wildlife.

Furthermore, visitors must be mindful of waste management and pollution prevention. This includes packing out all trash, including food waste, and avoiding the use of non-biodegradable materials. Proper waste disposal practices are vital to protect the pristine environment of Antarctica and prevent contamination of its waters and land.

It is also important to note that visiting Antarctica is a remote and challenging experience. The extreme weather conditions and unpredictable nature of the region require visitors to be prepared and well-equipped. They must have appropriate clothing, gear, and medical supplies to ensure their safety and well-being throughout the journey.

In conclusion, visiting Antarctica comes with several travel restrictions to protect its delicate environment and preserve its unique wildlife. These restrictions include obtaining permission, choosing a responsible tour operator, respecting entry restrictions, adhering to wildlife interaction guidelines, practicing proper waste management, and being well-prepared for the challenging conditions. By following these restrictions, visitors can have a once-in-a-lifetime experience while ensuring the long-term preservation of Antarctica for future generations.

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Antarctica, the southernmost continent on Earth, is an incredible destination known for its unique wildlife, stunning landscapes, and extreme conditions. Due to its remote location and fragile ecosystem, there are specific requirements and permits that travelers need to obtain before they can visit Antarctica.

One of the main reasons for these restrictions is to protect the delicate environment of Antarctica. This continent is home to various species of fauna and flora that are found nowhere else on Earth. By regulating and limiting the number of visitors, authorities can ensure that this pristine wilderness remains untouched and undisturbed.

To visit Antarctica, travelers must usually book their trip through a recognized tour operator or cruise company. These companies organize guided tours and provide the necessary permits and documentation required to visit the continent. It is essential to choose a reputable and licensed operator to ensure a safe and responsible visit.

Before the trip, individuals must also obtain a permit or visa to visit Antarctica. This permit, known as the Antarctic Treaty Visitor Permit, is a requirement for all visitors to the continent. It is essential to apply for this permit well in advance, as the process can take several months to complete.

Additionally, travelers must undergo a thorough medical examination to ensure they are physically fit to handle the extreme conditions of Antarctica. The health and safety of visitors are of utmost importance, as medical facilities and resources are limited in these remote areas.

Furthermore, there may be specific travel restrictions imposed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To enter Antarctica, individuals may need to provide proof of a negative PCR test and comply with additional health and safety protocols to prevent the introduction and spread of the virus in this vulnerable ecosystem.

During the visit, travelers must adhere to strict guidelines and regulations to minimize their impact on the environment. These guidelines include staying on designated paths, avoiding disturbance to wildlife, and practicing proper waste management. It is crucial to respect the wildlife and refrain from touching or feeding any animals encountered during the visit.

In conclusion, visiting Antarctica requires specific requirements and permits due to travel restrictions. These restrictions are in place to protect the fragile environment and ensure the safety and well-being of both visitors and the unique wildlife that call Antarctica home. By obtaining the necessary permits, following guidelines, and traveling responsibly, individuals can have a truly unforgettable experience in this captivating and remote part of the world.

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Antarctica is a pristine and unique environment that is home to a wide variety of wildlife and a crucial ecosystem. As such, there are strict travel restrictions in place in order to protect and preserve this delicate ecosystem. However, there are certain exceptions to these restrictions, especially when it comes to scientific research purposes.

Scientific research is one of the main reasons why people are allowed to visit Antarctica. The continent offers a wealth of opportunities for scientific exploration and discovery, with researchers from around the world studying everything from climate change to the behavior of penguins. These research expeditions play a vital role in our understanding of the planet and its changing environment.

In order to conduct scientific research in Antarctica, scientists must obtain special permits and follow strict guidelines. These guidelines are in place to ensure that the research is conducted in a way that minimizes any negative impact on the environment and wildlife. For example, researchers must adhere to protocols regarding waste management, wildlife protection, and minimizing their footprint on the delicate ecosystems they are studying.

To apply for a permit to conduct scientific research in Antarctica, scientists must submit a detailed research proposal outlining the objectives of their study, the methods they will use, and the anticipated impact on the environment. The proposal is then reviewed by a panel of experts who assess its scientific merit and its compliance with environmental guidelines.

If the proposal is approved, the researchers are granted the necessary permits to travel to Antarctica. However, even with these permits, there are still strict limitations on the number of scientists and support staff that can be on the continent at any given time. This is done to minimize the overall impact of human presence on the environment.

Once in Antarctica, researchers must follow strict protocols to ensure that their presence does not disturb the local wildlife. For example, they must maintain a safe distance from animals and refrain from approaching nesting or breeding areas. They must also properly dispose of any waste generated during their research activities.

Scientific research in Antarctica is not only important for advancing our knowledge of the natural world, but it also plays a crucial role in protecting and conserving this unique environment. By studying the impact of climate change on Antarctica, for example, scientists can provide valuable data and insights that can inform policy decisions aimed at mitigating climate change on a global scale.

In conclusion, there are exceptions to the travel restrictions in place for Antarctica, particularly for scientific research purposes. Scientists must obtain special permits and follow strict guidelines to ensure that their research is conducted in a way that minimizes any negative impact on the environment. By conducting research in Antarctica, scientists can contribute to our understanding of the planet and its changing environment, ultimately helping to protect and preserve this unique and fragile continent.

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Antarctica, the southernmost continent on Earth, is known for its extreme weather conditions and harsh environment. As a result, access to the continent is highly regulated to protect its unique ecosystems and wildlife. However, there have been cases where certain countries have been granted special access to Antarctica despite the travel restrictions.

One such example is the United States, which maintains a research base called the McMurdo Station on the continent. The station, which is the largest in Antarctica, is used for scientific research and is strategically located to enable scientists to study various aspects of the continent's geology, climate, and biology. The United States has been granted special access to Antarctica to support ongoing scientific research efforts.

Another country that has been granted special access to Antarctica is Russia. Russia operates a number of research stations on the continent, including the Vostok Station, which is located near the center of East Antarctica. The country has been granted access to Antarctica to study its unique climate and geology, as well as to conduct research on the continent's wildlife.

Other countries that have been granted special access to Antarctica include Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. These countries have established research bases on the continent to support scientific research in areas such as climate change, marine biology, and geology. They have been granted access to Antarctica to contribute to the global understanding of the continent and its unique ecosystems.

While these countries have been granted special access to Antarctica, it is important to note that this access is strictly regulated and monitored. Scientists and researchers who wish to visit Antarctica must go through a rigorous permit application process and adhere to strict guidelines to ensure the protection of the continent's environment.

In addition to these countries, there are also international organizations and agreements that govern access to Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty System, which includes over 50 countries, has been in place since 1959 to regulate human activity on the continent. The treaty prohibits any military activity, mineral mining, and nuclear testing on Antarctica and promotes scientific research and environmental protection.

In conclusion, while travel restrictions to Antarctica are in place to protect its unique ecosystems, there are certain countries that have been granted special access to the continent for scientific research purposes. The United States, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom are among the countries that operate research bases on Antarctica and contribute to our understanding of the continent. However, access to Antarctica is strictly regulated and monitored to ensure the protection of its delicate environment.

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Antarctica, the southernmost continent on Earth, is an extraordinary and pristine destination that has captivated the imaginations of adventurous travelers. However, due to its remote location and harsh environmental conditions, visiting Antarctica has always been a carefully regulated and limited experience. In recent years, the global pandemic and the resulting travel restrictions have further impacted tourism and the ability for visitors to explore this unique and fragile continent.

Antarctica is known for its strict regulations and guidelines for tourists. Before the pandemic, visitors to Antarctica had to go through a rigorous process to obtain permits and adhere to strict environmental protocols. These regulations aimed to protect Antarctica's delicate ecosystems and minimize human impact on the continent. However, with the onset of the pandemic, additional travel restrictions and limitations were put in place to ensure the safety of both visitors and the local communities.

The global pandemic and the subsequent travel restrictions have had a significant impact on tourism in Antarctica. Many countries around the world implemented travel bans and closed their borders, making it virtually impossible for tourists to reach the continent. This resulted in a sharp decline in visitor numbers and a significant reduction in the number of tours and cruises operating in the region.

The restrictions have also affected the ability of visitors to explore Antarctica. Tour operators have had to cancel or postpone their scheduled trips, leaving many travelers disappointed and unable to experience the beauty and wonders of the continent. These cancellations have not only impacted the visitors but also the local communities and businesses reliant on tourism for their livelihoods.

However, it is important to note that the travel restrictions put in place were necessary to protect the health and safety of both visitors and the fragile Antarctic ecosystem. Antarctica is one of the last pristine wilderness areas on Earth, and any human activities have the potential to disrupt its delicate balance. By implementing travel restrictions, governments and conservation organizations have been able to reduce the risk of introducing COVID-19 to the continent and mitigate the potential impacts on its ecosystems.

Despite the challenges posed by the travel restrictions, some tourists have been able to explore Antarctica. Some countries, such as New Zealand, have established travel bubbles and arrangements that allow their citizens to visit the continent under strict quarantine and testing protocols. These limited opportunities have allowed a small number of visitors to experience the unique landscapes, wildlife, and cultural heritage of Antarctica.

In conclusion, the travel restrictions imposed due to the global pandemic have had a significant impact on tourism in Antarctica. Visitors have faced cancellations and limitations on their ability to explore the continent, affecting both their travel plans and the local communities reliant on tourism. However, these restrictions have been necessary to protect the health and safety of visitors and the fragile Antarctic environment. As the world recovers from the pandemic, it is hoped that travel restrictions will ease, allowing more visitors to experience the wonders of Antarctica while ensuring the ongoing preservation of this extraordinary continent.

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Frequently asked questions.

Yes, there are travel restrictions for visiting Antarctica. Due to its delicate ecosystem and pristine environment, access to Antarctica is tightly regulated. Only a limited number of tourists are allowed to visit each year, and they must go through authorized tour operators and obtain specific permits.

Yes, visiting Antarctica requires meeting certain requirements. In addition to obtaining permits, visitors must also adhere to strict guidelines to minimize human impact on the environment. These guidelines include practices such as avoiding disturbance to wildlife, not removing or damaging any natural materials, and following designated routes and landing areas.

Yes, there are season-based travel restrictions in Antarctica. The continent is only accessible during the Antarctic summer, which typically runs from November to March. During the winter months, the extreme weather conditions make it too dangerous for tourist expeditions. Additionally, some areas may have specific restrictions during certain times of the year, such as protected breeding areas for penguins.

Yes, COVID-19 travel restrictions have also affected travel to Antarctica. Many countries have implemented strict travel measures and border closures to prevent the spread of the virus. This has resulted in reduced or limited access to Antarctica for tourists. It is crucial to stay updated on the latest travel advisories and restrictions imposed by both the destination country and the traveler's home country before planning a trip to Antarctica.

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Poseidon Expeditions - your polar cruise operator

Basic Antarctica travel restrictions

The good news is there aren’t too many hoops to jump through to visit Antarctica. Once you reach the departure port and board our small expedition ship, we’ll take care of all permits, accommodation, excursions, delicious gourmet meals, workshops, seminars, entertainment and anything that will make your experience outstanding. What do we need from you? You’ll have to arrange airfare from your place of residence, purchase travel insurance and obtain a visa to enter Argentina if necessary. But don’t worry, we can assist with this leg of your journey as well. Let us know if you need help with corresponding with the respective consulates or advice on booking flights. We are a highly experienced polar cruise operator and we know how to help take the burden off. Oh, and by the way, the first night prior to our cruise is on us – we’ll book you into a quality hotel at the departure port.

How do you get to Antarctica?

There’s lots of ways to get there, but let’s focus on the most convenient ones. After all, you’re looking for a fun adventure and not an arduous and difficult journey. And, please, do not attempt to make it to Antarctica on your own homemade raft….

If you want to be able to say you visited Antarctica and take some beautiful pictures to prove your conquest, you can choose a charter flight to the White Continent. Some operators offer to fly directly to the Antarctic Peninsula and then just board a short cruise around the area. This is an option for those who absolutely cannot overcome seasickness and want to skip the Drake Passage.

Want the real deal? Book a full expedition cruise to Antarctica ! Trust us, this is the right way to discover it and will make for the best memories that last a lifetime. You’ll experience a real polar expedition aboard a small 114-passenger expedition ship, visit lectures and workshops, join citizen science projects, cruise in Zodiac boats, kayak, land on beautiful beaches and shores and enjoy unbelievable views and wildlife. Depending on your budget and availability, we have 3 epic Antarctic cruises for you:

Essential highlights  Cruise aboard the Sea spirit straight to the Antarctic Peninsula, crossing the infamous Drake Passage. See iconic wildlife and icebergs and set foot on the White Continent. This is an 11–12-day cruise for those who are on a budget and have limited time to explore. This departure also has a special Christmas and New Year cruise option! Choose your Antarctica cruise !

Going South  Cruise further south than any other expedition in 15 days. Head to the Antarctic Peninsula and then push further south, attempting to cross 66º South Latitude (the Antarctic Circle). 

See it all  Got some time? Want to see it all? Then we recommend the most unique cruise there is: Falklands, South Georgia Island and Antarctic Peninsula. This will lead you from the lush green homesteads and quaint British flair of the Falklands, via South Georgia (paradise on Earth with iconic wildlife and breathtaking scenery) to the Antarctic Peninsula. Reserve 21-23 days for this epic cruise and be prepared for the adventure of a lifetime! Learn more about our  Antarctic wildlife adventure cruises.

Visit Antarctica with a polar cruise operator

It’s all about the right organization. Even if you normally travel on your own and explore off the beaten path, you will need a professional to make your Antarctica cruise magical. But how to find the best polar expedition cruise provider for the adventure of a lifetime?

Size matters! Check that your cruise ship is small, but comfortable (like, for example, our expedition ship, the Sea Spirit ). Only a limited number of people are allowed to land at once in Antarctica and, with a small cruise ship, you’ll avoid having to wait your turn. Most expedition ships also feature comfortable cabins of various comfort levels, lecture halls, gourmet restaurants, a polar library, gym, bar and a fleet of kayaks and small inflatable Zodiac boats for sea excursions and landings.

Experience is key! Choose a cruise provider with many years of experience in the polar regions. This is specifically important because you want everything to run smoothly in such remote places. Real professionals will also know exactly where to spot wildlife, the best areas to land and how to make it the trip of your life.

How do you visit Antarctica?

Preparing and packing list Your heart is set and you are ready to go. But how to start preparing for your big adventure in Antarctica? Use our check-list for first-time travelers:

1 . Contact the polar cruise tour operator of your choice. You can also call or write a direct message. At Poseidon Expeditions, we’re delighted to help you personally find the best cruise that suits your taste of adventure, budget and time frame.

2 . Choose your cruise. Select the itinerary, departure date, cabin category and don’t forget to book extra activities such as camping or kayaking in Antarctica. There are only a few spots on each cruise and you wouldn’t want to miss out.

3 . Get your visas (if applicable), travel insurance and book your flights.

4 . Get your gear. Pack warm clothes for dressing in layers, starting with thermal underwear (e.g., from merino wool, no cotton), second layers that are warm but breathable, wind- and water-proofs on top. Don’t forget hats, gloves and warm socks, sunglasses, sunscreen, any medication you require, cameras, laptops, battery packs and chargers. Don’t forget comfortable shoes and clothes for on board and consider one smart casual outfit for those special dinner or party nights aboard. We do provide special footwear for shore landings that is yours for the duration of the cruise and a warm expedition parka for you to keep after your trip as a souvenir!

5 . Come aboard and start your adventure. Once your trip is confirmed, you’ll make your way to the departure port where we’ll meet you!

How to get to Antarctica

There are lots of ways to get there, but let’s focus on the most convenient ones. After all, you’re looking for a fun adventure and not an arduous and difficult journey. The best way to get to Antarctica is aboard a cruise. You can ditch sailing the icy seas and crossing the Drake Passage by taking a plane, for example, from Punta Arenas (Chile) to King George Island. But, whatever you choose, please do not attempt to make it to Antarctica on your own homemade raft….

How to get to Antarctica from the USA

Direct flights from major US capitals will take you to Buenos Aires in around 11-12 hours. In case your cruise depart from Ushuaia, you will need to board another flight (about 4 hours) to reach the southern tip of Argentina.

How to get to Antarctica from the UK

Your journey will start with one or several international flights to reach South America, where cruise ships depart from ports like Ushuaia and Buenos Aires. You can book a direct flight from London to Buenos Aires, which will get you there in around 14 hours. Options via Madrid tend to be cheaper, but your travel time may be longer. If you depart your cruise in Ushuaia, budget in another 4-hour flight from Buenos Aires.

How to get to Antarctica from Canada

From Toronto you will usually have to change planes at least once (for example, in Santiago de Chile, New York or Miami) to reach Buenos Aires. Travel time is approximately 14 hours. Add 4 hours more by plane to your travel schedule in case your cruise leaves from Ushuaia.

How to get to Antarctica from the Australia

To reach the departure ports in Ushuaia and Buenos Aires, schedule about 1-2 days travel time when coming from Australia. Flights leave Sydney and arrive in Buenos Aires with at least one stopover (when transferring through the US) or two stopovers (via transfers in New Zealand and Chile). Add another 4 hours by plane if you’re starting your cruise in Ushuaia.  

Top 7 reasons to visit Antarctica

Incredible wildlife sightings

Visiting Antarctica will let you discover the amazing fauna! See penguins (including king penguins on South Georgia Island), marine mammals such as elephant and fur seals and the whales that roam the Antarctic waters.

A birders paradise

Albatrosses, snow petrels, skuas, Antarctic shags – see rare seabirds in their natural habitat. A stop on the Falkland Islands with their abundance of rare species is a must for bird lovers!

Heroic exploration history

Follow in the footsteps of your favorite polar explorers and learn about their bravery (such as the survival story of Shackleton’s expedition, after its ship, the Endurance, got stuck in pack ice in the Weddell Sea).

Icebergs, mountains and glaciers

See the biggest icebergs, dramatic mountain ranges, sea ice and incredible bays. It’s a dream come true for professional and amateur photographers.

Diverse polar landscapes

Depending on the cruise you choose, you will not only explore the Antarctic Continent and the Antarctic Peninsula, but also and the subantarctic islands. See the differences in climate, weather and wildlife.

A unique place that belongs to no country

Visit this amazing place that belongs to no nation in the world, but is utilized for Antarctic research, peaceful and scientific use only, in accordance with the Antarctica treaty.

An unforgettable Antarctic adventure with memories that last a lifetime

It’s incredibly remote and few people set foot on the continent. Meet like-minded travelers from all over the world and get your bragging rights for reaching Antarctica.

Embarking on a cruise to the Arctic or Antarctica is a once-in-a-lifetime adventure that will leave you awestruck and inspired.

Feel free to book any of our Antarctic cruises.

Begin with the classic Antarctic journey, immersing yourself in the charm of penguins, icebergs, and an exclusive 11-day experience.

Antarctic Peninsula - New Year in Antarctica - 6 Dec - 17 Dec 2024

Or choose our Christmas expedition, where you can explore the Antarctic Peninsula during its most magical time.

Antarctic Peninsula - New Year in Antarctica - 26 Dec - 06 Jan 2025

If you're dreaming of the ultimate journey, join our Antarctic Wildlife adventure, which takes you to Falkland Island, South Georgia,  South Shetland Island and the Antarctic Peninsula in one cruise.

Falklands, South Georgia & Antarctica - Antarctic Wildlife Adventure - 05 Jan - 25 Jan 2025

How much does it cost to go to Antarctica?

Prices depend on voyage durations and itineraries, but you can book a cruise to the Antarctic Peninsula starting from ca. $10,000 for the 2024-25 polar cruising season. (For those who decide quickly, we have a cruise leaving December 10 th , 2023 for $8 895 and December 19 th , 2023 for $ 9 695). Comment Ev: if you publish this after that dates - maybe better delete. Additional activities can be booked upon request. While we cannot offer experiences like scuba diving in the icy waters, we do offer kayaking and camping in Antarctica!

How far is Antarctica from South America?

Cruise ships cross from South America to Antarctica in around 50 hours (crossing the Drake Passage).

Can you legally go to Antarctica?

Yes, you don’t need a visa and the permit that is needed will be organized by your polar expedition cruise operator.

• Travel Guide

Do You Need A Passport, Visa Or Permit To Go To Antarctica?

Do You Need Permission to Go to Antarctica?

Restricted or closed areas in antarctica, do you need a passport to go to antarctica, antarctica visa requirements, vaccinations & travel insurance, south georgia, south sandwich islands, and falkland islands visa requirements & permits, permits for drone use & photography in antarctica, the antarctica world passport, what do you need to go to antarctica.

Traveling to the bottom of the world may seem complicated, but it’s actually pretty straightforward, despite Antarctica’s extreme remoteness. The chance to see the last great terrestrial wilderness on Earth—not just pristine and wild, but also breathtakingly beautiful—has made the White Continent among the most coveted of travel destinations, and more and more are making the trip (way) down.

We’ve covered the basic, big-picture logistics of visiting Antarctica in another article: from the main types of tours to the mandates and recommendations for visiting this singular realm conscientiously and ethically. In this guide, we’ll look at the subject of Antarctica entry requirements in more detail, running through some of the documents you’ll need—or won’t need—on your bucket-list journey to the White Continent.

Citizens of countries that are party to the Antarctic Treaty—which now includes more than 50—need a permit to visit Antarctica: a requirement established in 1998 with the Treaty’s Protocol on Environmental Protection adoption. But most visitors don’t have to really worry about how to get permission to go to Antarctica, because tour operators typically take care of the requisite permits. Folks who are taking the uncommon route of an independent trip to Antarctica, though, need to make sure they obtain permission.

Those residing in nations that aren’t party to the Antarctic Treaty might technically not need a permit to visit Antarctica, but there’s a catch: If they’re traveling via a tour operator based out of a country that is party to the Treaty, they will need a permit regardless of their citizenship. (Again, though, the tour company is almost assuredly taking care of that permission.)

Why do you need permission to go to Antarctica? It’s part of the Antarctic Treaty’s mission of safeguarding the White Continent’s environment: Permits help control tourism in this one-of-a-kind—and fragile—wilderness.

Seal looking at the ship approaching

It should be noted that the permits obtained by tour operators don’t provide you with unrestricted access. Travel on the Antarctic continent is highly regulated and restricted: a good thing not only for protecting the White Continent’s ecosystem, but also visitors themselves. Certain areas are closed to protect critical wildlife habitat such as seabird or pinniped rookeries, though these zones may be open to scientists with the requisite research permits and credentials. The Antarctic Treaty has established specific site guidelines for popular tourism spots in the Antarctic zone, which lay out how and where landfalling visitors can explore.

You’ll need a valid passport to visit Antarctica, as one is required by the countries through which you’ll pass to reach the White Continent. (Reading this is a good excuse to check your passport and make sure it’s not expired, or soon to be!)

Keep in mind you won’t find any foreign embassies in Antarctica proper, so if you happen to misplace your passport during the trip, you’ll need to contact your embassy in whatever country you’re headed for after the White Continent.

Do you need a visa to go to Antarctica? No, because no nation claims ownership over the White Continent. A visa, however, may be required for travel to the country from which you’re embarking to the Antarctic.

Emphasis on “may,” though: For example, American, British, Australian, and New Zealand passport holders don’t need a visa to travel out of Ushuaia, Argentina or Punta Arenas, Chile—the two top jumping-off points for Antarctica—if they’re not staying longer than 90 days. Those who want to tack on an extended exploration of South America as part of their Antarctic experience—a fabulous idea, if you have the time to spare—will likely need to get visas, though.

Not a daily occurance

There are no vaccination requirements per se for visiting Antarctica. That said, you may need proof of vaccination for certain entry countries or tour operators, and it’s a good idea to consult with your doctor for vaccine recommendations related to your travels before and after the White Continent. When it comes to COVID restrictions in Antarctica, here again you’ll be dealing with the specific requirements of the countries you’re traveling to as part of your trip and of the tour operator you’re signing on with.

Tour operators to Antarctica require you to purchase travel insurance, which helps cover such contingencies as emergency medical evacuations.

Those participating in longer cruises may have similar questions about the additional destinations visited en route to or from Antarctica proper. You’ll need a passport to travel to the Falklands and the Antarctic islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich archipelago.

Citizens of a number of countries, including the U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Japan, and E.U. nations, don’t need a visa to visit the Falklands, nor do passengers of whatever nationality who are visiting via cruise ship. (Visitors who want to spend extended time in the Falklands are another story.) Land-based visitors to the Falklands need to possess a return ticket and proof of pre-booked lodgings and sufficient travel funds.

No visa is needed to visit South Georgia or the South Sandwich Islands, also commonly visited on Antarctic cruises.

Whilst we’re on the subject of permission required for Antarctica tourism purposes, visitors often ask about photography and drone use regulations. Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have downright exploded in popularity among both recreational and professional users, especially photographers and videographers. The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) currently doesn’t allow the recreational use of drones or UAVs in Antarctica, though the subject is regularly reviewed and many suspect this ban will, at some point, be lifted or loosened in some form.

There are many potential problems with drone use in Antarctica: These devices may unintentionally disturb wildlife, and should they experience a malfunction—and they quite likely might, given the effects of the extreme Antarctic weather on their machinery—they could easily introduce manmade trash into the largely pristine and unpolluted environment.

Those who wish to employ drones/UAVs for research, filmmaking, or other specific purposes may, however,  apply for an Antarctica drone permit.

Commercial photographers and filmmakers may need permits to shoot certain places in Antarctica, but recreational photography is permitted.

Penguins hunting

We’ve spelled out the Antarctica passport requirements, which in fact are the passport requirements of the countries through which you’re traveling and the tour companies you’re using in order to reach the White Continent. (By the way, you can often obtain a souvenir Antarctica passport stamp from certain research stations, though it’s a good idea to use such stamps on, say, the pages of your travel journal rather than in your actual passport.)

We’d be remiss not mentioning a keepsake sort of Antarctic passport that you can acquire whether or not you physically travel to these polar wilds: the Antarctica World Passport. This is an unofficial digital document celebrating the unique status of Antarctica that was conceived by artists Lucy and Jorge Orta (also known for raising a supranational, multicolored Antarctic Flag on the White Continent in 2007).

It’s “a universal passport for a continent without borders,” as the project’s website describes , one partly meant to also raise awareness about climate change. As of this writing, nearly 43,000 people around the globe have acquired one of these Antarctica passports—maybe you’ll be next!

Compared to some travel destinations, the documentation you’ll be required to have along with you on a trip to Antarctica is on the minimal side. The most important things you need for a getaway to the White Continent? All things considered, probably a sense of adventure, the capacity to be awed by the grandeur of the primal Earth, and a commitment to traveling lightly and respecting the physical and biotic elements of the utterly remarkable Antarctic environment. And, hopefully, that sounds like you!

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Our travel guides are for informational purposes only. While we aim to provide accurate and up-to-date information, Antarctica Cruises makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information in our guides or found by following any link on this site.

Antarctica Cruises cannot and will not accept responsibility for any omissions or inaccuracies, or for any consequences arising therefrom, including any losses, injuries, or damages resulting from the display or use of this information.

Ready for the adventure of a lifetime?

Get in touch with us via phone or form today and you’ll be assigned a dedicated Antarctica specialist who’ll be with you every step of the way to help you choose, book and plan the right Antarctica cruise for you. Here’s how it works:

Listen & Match

We’ll carefully listen to your aspirations and curate an impartial shortlist of personalized polar cruise recommendations—and pre- and post-cruise extensions—to match your desired experience.

Reserve & Relax

Next we’ll place a free, no obligation, 24-hour cabin hold on your preferred cruise option whilst we discuss the final details. Book and relax safe in the knowledge you’ll be paying the lowest price guaranteed.

Prepare & Travel

Then we’ll provide you with our expert packing advice, insider travel tips, and more to ensure you are fully prepared for—and maximize your enjoyment of—your once-in-a-lifetime Antarctica expedition.

• With Partner/Friend
• With Family
• As Part Of A Group
• Emperor Penguin
• Photography
• Exploration Heritage
• Antarctic Peninsula
• Antarctic Circle
• Falklands/S. Georgia
• Weddell Sea
• Ross Sea/E. Antarctica

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• Passports, travel and living abroad
• Travel abroad
• Foreign travel advice

Antarctica/British Antarctic Territory

Entry requirements.

This information is for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government’s understanding of the current rules for the most common types of travel. 

COVID-19 rules 

There are no COVID-19 testing or vaccination requirements for travellers entering the British Antarctic Territory. 

Passport validity requirements 

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to. 

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen. 

Anyone on a British expedition to Antarctica or taking a British vessel or aircraft into Antarctica must apply for a permit from the Polar Regions Department of the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office ( FCDO ) . 

For passengers on an organised visit to Antarctica, the tour operator usually arranges a permit. If you are concerned, talk to your operator. 

If you travel to any part of Antarctica without permission, you could get a fine or a prison sentence. 

Vaccine requirements  

For details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro’s Antarctica guide .

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• Polar Programs

Antarctic Conservation Act and Permits

The Antarctic Conservation Act (ACA) , protects native mammals, birds, plants, and their ecosystems.

The law applies to:

• all U.S. citizens going to Antarctica, whether or not they go to Antarctica with the U.S. Antarctic Program
• all Antarctic expeditions that originate from the United States

Without a permit it is illegal to:

• take native mammals or birds
• engage in harmful interference
• enter Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs)
• introduce species to Antarctica
• introduce substances designated as waste
• discharge designated waste
• import certain Antarctic items into the USA or export them to another country

For definitions of these activities, see subsections 670.3 and 671.3 of the ACA, Public Law 95-541 (as amended by Public Law 104-227) found here , or request a free paper copy (NSF 01-151) via the contact information at the bottom of this page.

Violations of the ACA can result in penalties of up to approximately $28,000 and 1-year imprisonment per violation, removal from Antarctica, cancellation of a grant, and/or sanctions by your employer.

• Download a PDF of the ACA Flora, Fauna, and Protected Area Permit Application Form .
• Fill it out either via software on your computer, or print a copy and then scan for email submission.
• Submit it to the ACA Permit Officer preferably by e-mail: [email protected] , or at the mailing address listed at the bottom of this page.

An up to date list of ASPAs and their management plans are posted on the Antarctic Treaty website. Note that the permit processing time is ~45-60 days . A summary of the application gets published in the Federal Register for a required 30-day public comment period. Public comments are evaluated, followed by an internal NSF review, and permits are then approved, approved with modifications, or denied.

Are you a non-grantee doing science? People not funded by NSF that need permits for valid scientific work should follow the process listed above.

Are you a non-grantee (tour or scientific group)? You may need to apply for an ACA Waste Permit. Please contact the ACA Permit Officer at [email protected] for further details.

Questions about the ACA or permits should be directed to the Permit Office: [email protected] , or see further contact information at the bottom of this page.

History The Antarctic Conservation Act incorporates into U.S. regulations the environmental standards set forth by the Protocol on Environmental Protection , which was developed by consensus by representatives of the U.S. and other Antarctic Treaty nations. The Protocol designates Antarctica as a “natural reserve, devoted to peace and science” (Article 2). The Antarctic Treaty and the Environmental Protocol form the basic guidelines for all human activity on the Antarctic continent and all Consultative Parties have laws in force in their respective home legislation to govern their citizens accordingly. For more information, see the website of the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty .

Contact information by mail or phone To contact the permit office: Permit Office Office of Polar Programs 2415 Eisenhower Avenue Suite W7100 Alexandria, VA 22331 Phone: 703-292-8030 -->

To request paper copies of documents (please reference the document code): NSF Publications National Science Foundation 2415 Eisenhower Avenue Alexandria, VA 22331 Online order form: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/orderpub.jsp Phone: 703-292-7827

Ask LP: how can I travel to Antarctica?

Oct 7, 2020 • 3 min read

Antarctica's tourist season starts in November © DreamPictures / Getty Images

The far south of the world may have escaped the pandemic that’s locked down life elsewhere, but that doesn’t mean this summer season is smooth sailing. Antarctica has no cases of COVID-19  – partly due to efforts to keep it that way, and partly reflecting the restrictions placed on other countries. This impacts scientists who make up the temporary residents of the continent and also threatens the Antarctic tourist season, which generally runs from November to March or April.

In a normal year, travelers would converge on Ushuaia (Argentina), Punta Arenas (Chile), and, less frequently, ports in New Zealand and Australia to embark on the long journey south. The shortest route – across the swells and choppy waters of the Drake Passage from South America – takes two to three days to reach the Antarctic Peninsula . Air options like DAP’s overnight trips to King George Island in the South Shetland Islands ($6500 per person from Punta Arenas, Chile) usually gives another way to reach the far south from South America for a more limited time. Services are currently suspended.

There are two big obstacles to getting to Antarctica this year. One is the lack of cruises – most operators have cancelled their schedules for the remainder of the this year and early next year. If cruises can happen at all this season it will be towards the end of the usual period of operation. Hurtigruten has cancelled Antarctica departures until January 2021, but hopes to resume operations then. 

The other is the inaccessibility of gateway destinations. At the time of writing there’s no way into Chile , Argentina , New Zealand and Australia for foreign tourists. All these countries have closed their borders to non-nationals since March, and Argentina has recently paused plans to allow international flights back into the country until at least October 11. In all likelihood, this will be longer. Sub-Antarctic destinations have their own entry restrictions. The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) are only accessible for essential travel with reduced air links. In order to reach Antarctica, any departing travelers heading south would need to transit Argentina (or one of the other jumping-off countries) and transfer directly to their cruise ship. As you’d expect there’s no confirmed plan for this at present. 

Adding all this up, 2020–21 may be a better time to save for a future Antarctic odyssey. However knock-on demand for 2021–22 is likely to be strong, as capacity is always limited and there is an Antarctic solar eclipse in November next year. That said, specialist travel companies are also keen to encourage booking, and deals for next year are available through experts like Discover the World .

One way for ice-cap enthusiasts to get their fix from Australia is to take a seat on one of the  scenic overflights of the continent run by Antarctica Flights . These 12 hour journeys – using a 787 Dreamliner for the first time – depart from various Australian airports from November to March. They don’t touch down and therefore count as a domestic charter flight. Currently there is not a requirement to wear a mask on these flights.

You might also like:

Is it sustainable to visit Antarctica?    How to pack for a trip to Antarctica    The eternal lure of icebergs: fulfilling a life-long dream of visiting Antarctica   

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How to Visit Antarctica

From how to get there to what to pack, here's what you need to know about visiting Antarctica.

Meena Thiruvengadam is a lifelong traveler and veteran journalist who has visited more than 50 countries across six continents. Her writing has appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Departures , TripSavvy , and other publications.

There is at least one place left on earth where you really can disconnect: Antarctica.

There is no mobile phone service. There are no town squares, no restaurants, and no tourist traps. The local "airports" are really just ice or gravel landing strips.

Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia and mostly covered with a thick sheet of ice. It's one of the most remote destinations in the world and the trip of a lifetime for many travelers. It's also easier to travel to Antarctica than one might think.

Lars-Eric Lindblad first took a group of 57 visitors to Antarctica in 1966. "At that time it was more or less like accomplishing a moon landing," his son Sven-Olof Lindblad said. "In those days, we were not as prepared as we are now. There were no satellite ice charts. You were not that different navigationally from the early explorers."

Even now it can be hard to really understand Antarctica. It is the coldest and windiest place on earth and, by some measures, the driest. It has no currency of its own. It is a desert with no trees, no bushes, and no permanent residents. More meteorites are found in Antarctica than in any other place in the world.

"Antarctica is about the wildest place you can go on the planet," Lindblad said.

It's also an increasingly popular place to visit. According to the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators , tourism more than doubled from 2010 to 2020.

"The conversation around climate change has elevated people's interest and created a sense of urgency," Lindblad said.

The Best Times to Go to Antarctica

The Antarctic travel season lasts from November through March, the Antarctic summer. Temperatures are often below freezing at this time of year, especially in the continent's interior, but they can reach as high as 50 degrees Fahrenheit.

The best time for penguin spotting is late December or early January. Wait too long and previously pristine penguin colonies get dirty and smelly, said Nik Horncastle , a regional specialist with Audley Travel. For peak whale watching, try February or March.

Other activities, including snowshoeing, kayaking, skiing, camping, snorkeling, diving, and visits to historic sites from earlier expeditions, can be experienced throughout the season.

How to Get to Antarctica

One of the more common routes to Antarctica is by ship via Ushuaia, a city at the southern tip of Argentina. Several companies, including Hurtigruten Expeditions , Quark Expeditions , and Lindblad's namesake Lindblad Expeditions , specialize in Antarctic and polar cruising, offering journeys that range in length from just over a week to a full month and beyond.

On board, expect to mingle with scientists, naturalists, historians, and underwater specialists. "The onboard experience is a conversation around where you are and what does this place mean," Lindblad said. Internet service via satellite is available but comes with a hefty price tag.

Antarctica is one place where smaller boats offer a big advantage. "We don't recommend a boat over 200 people," Horncastle said. "Big boats can only stop at a few sites."

That said, if you want to visit Antarctica on a traditional cruise line, many major carriers can get you there — often on vessels that adhere to that fewer-than-200-guests rule of thumb. Some more affordable lines, like Norwegian and Royal Caribbean , stick to "cruise-only" itineraries, which sail along the Antarctic coast (and offer great views in the process) but don't allow disembarkation on the continent. A number of others, though, from Viking Cruises and Disney Cruise Line to Ponant and Silversea , take passengers right into the Antarctic interior, thanks to on-shore excursions and ships with icebreaker capabilities.

Booking an Antarctica Expedition

Expect to spend between $6,000 and $50,000 to visit Antarctica, depending on the length of the trip and the level of luxury you seek.

"It's an expensive trip," Horncastle said — but there are options if you're traveling on a budget.

Intrepid Travel and G Adventures both specialize in affordable trips to Antarctica, and neither requires single supplements for solo travelers. If you don't feel the need to set foot on the continent, you can also opt for a sightseeing flight. These flights, which cut costs by flying over Antarctica without stopping there, are available from most major cities in Australia at prices that start around $1,200 per person.

To both fly over and step onto the continent, Antarctica21 combines a two-hour flight from Chile with cruises that passengers can board in Antarctica. While this option doesn't give visitors the chance to cruise the famous Drake Passage, it does save time and minimize the risk of seasickness.

"The Drake Passage is a crossing full of unpredictable conditions," said Antarctica21's Francesco Contini. "When the crossing is rough, passengers tend to be not very comfortable."

Packing List for Antarctica

• Knee-high waterproof boots
• Waterproof pants
• A warm parka
• Waterproof gloves
• Warm base layers
• Extra socks
• A tight-fitting beanie
• A warm scarf
• A camera and lenses
• Seasickness medication

Antarctica Visa, Vaccinations And Permits

Journeying into pristine wilderness is every travelers dream and Antarctica certainly fits the bill. 

Its wildlife  and stark beauty make it one unforgettable place to visit. There is no official government in Antarctica, no native population and no single owner . This is what makes Antarctica so special.

In 1961 the international Antarctica treaty was signed by 46 countries. All 46 countries now act as the governing body. Thanks to this joint protection, Antarctica is a sanctuary and free of military operations. 

It is a utopia for scientific research , available to all countries who wish to research.

Get a Cruise Quote, Now!

Antarctica Guide do not sell tours, we simply provide impartial advice . If you would like an exact quote with our recommended specialist click Get a Quote.

Antarctica Visa, Permits and Vaccinations

Upon boarding a cruise ship or plane to Antarctica, you will need to present a valid passport. 

Because of the Antarctica Treaty, no visa is required . However, you will be required to obtain a permit.

The Antarctic Treaty’s Protocol on Environmental Protection in 1998 declared that all visitors to Antarctica (who are citizens of one of the countries that signed the Antarctica Treaty) must obtain a permit to enter.

If you are travelling by cruise ship then you will most likely not need to worry about this as your operator will obtain the permit. However, it’s always advised that you check with your Antarctica cruise operator prior to departure.

There are no vaccinations required to visit Antarctica.

Travel insurance is required to visit Antarctica, please see our detailed page here for more information

Private Expedition Permits

The Antarctic Treaty and the Environmental Protocol have established certain criteria for parties wishing to operate expeditions into the Antarctic Treaty area. 

This area is designated as the area south of 60° South Latitude, this includes all of the surrounding ice shelves.

Article VII(5)(a) of the Antarctica Treaty states that each party must give advance warning as to any expeditions to and within the specified territory. Whilst cruise ships will usually do this for you, if you are planning a private expedition you will need to obtain a permit yourself.

Depending on what country you belong, you will have to contact your embassy to begin discussions. For US citizens you will need to complete a DS-4131 ADVANCE NOTIFICATION FORM – TOURIST AND OTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AREA and then submit this to the Department of State’s Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs. 

You will need to do this at least 3 months in advance of your intended visit. The department will then have to determine if your expedition comes under US jurisdiction.

Please note that no countries operate embassies on the Antarctica continent. 

If you lose your passport or need support in any other way you will need to contact your embassy in the country that comes next on your itinerary. This will usually be Argentina or Chile.

South America Visas

Although no visa is required to visit Antarctica, you may well have to obtain a visa to enter your departure point.

If, like most tourists, you plan on cruising to Antarctica from Argentina, you will need to check with your foreign office as to visa requirements.

For US, Australian and British citizens, no visa is required for Argentina if you stay for less than 90 days. However, a reciprocal fee is charged to US and Australian citizens . For US citizens the fee is US$160 and for Australians it is AUD$100.

No vaccinations are required for Argentina, however, it is advised that you consult with your doctor to make sure. Malaria is also a factor to consider. A Yellow fever card is not needed to enter Argentina.

To enquire about visiting Antarctica, please use this form . 

Antarctica Guide do not sell tours, we simply provide impartial advice . If you would like an exact quote with our recommended specialist please complete the form.

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I agree that your recommended Antarctica specialist can contact me *

If you would like to know more about Antarctica visas, permits or vaccinations, please leave a comment below and we will endeavor to get back to you within 24 hours! Alternatively, please see our FAQ page here . If you would like to get a cruise quote, please use this form.

Thank you - AntarcticaGuide Team

Tags: Antarctica Visa, Antarctica permit, Antarctica vaccinations

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

Antarctica travel advice

Latest updates: Health – editorial update

Last updated: March 13, 2024 14:05 ET

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Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, antarctica - exercise a high degree of caution.

Exercise a high degree of caution in Antarctica due to the adverse and unpredictable weather conditions, as well as the lack of infrastructure and emergency services.

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Weather conditions

Antarctica is subject to extreme and unpredictable weather conditions. It is cold, dry and windy, with 99% of the continent covered by a permanent ice sheet.

These conditions put you at risk of frostbite and sun overexposure, which can result in dehydration and eye damage.

Ensure that you have equipment and clothing that meet Antarctic standards.

Communications

There are no public phone or other public communication services in Antarctica. In case of an emergency, you may have difficulties in obtaining outside assistance.

Research stations can house satellite telephones and postal facilities. However, they are fully dedicated to scientific research and, with rare exceptions, have no capacity to provide support of any kind to tourists or casual travellers.

If you plan to visit Antarctica as an independent traveller, ensure to be self-sufficient from the time that you leave the departure country until your return.

There are no tourist facilities on land, except a privately run base on the interior ice that caters to mountaineering-type expeditions

Travelling to Antarctica may have a potential harmful impact on the environment. As a result, you should avoid any travel that is not part of an international scientific expedition or organized through a tour operator. Various tourism companies can arrange excursions to the continent.

International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators

Antarctica is governed through an international treaty system and is not owned by any one nation.

Passport and visas

You may need a Canadian passport and/or a visa for the countries you transit as you travel en route to and from Antarctica.

Refer to the separate Travel advice and advisories for those countries.

Expedition permits

All Canadian travellers require a permit to visit Antarctica. Expedition tour operators will usually make necessary arrangements to obtain it on your behalf. Confirm this information with your tour operator before travelling.

Should you need to apply for a permit yourself, you must submit your request to the Antarctic Environmental Program at Environment Canada.

Apply for a permit - Environment Canada

Children and travel

Learn more about travelling with children .

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

Yellow fever   is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is no risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• This territory has not stated its yellow fever vaccination certificate requirements.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is not recommended.

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada * It is important to note that  country entry requirements  may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest  diplomatic or consular office  of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Medical services and facilities

There are no search and rescue or emergency evacuation facilities in Antarctica. In case of emergency, you will be responsible for the costs of your search, rescue and evacuation.

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Travel health and safety

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

The Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection—the Madrid Protocol—designates Antarctica as a natural reserve with established protected areas. Not owned by any one country, Antarctica is the site of environmental preservation efforts and scientific research.

Canada has implemented the Madrid Protocol into Canadian law with the Antarctic Environmental Protection Act. In doing so, the Canadian government now regulates the activities of its citizens in the Antarctic.

The Antarctic Environmental Protection Act prohibits Canadians and Canadian vessels, where applicable, from undertaking the following activities, except where a permit has been granted:

• activities related to mineral resources other than for scientific purposes
• interference with wildlife indigenous to the Antarctic
• introduction of animal or plant species that are not indigenous to the Antarctic
• any activity related to waste disposal
• any activity in a specially protected area

The weather in Antarctica is extreme. From March to September, temperatures can drop to -60C near sea level, and even lower in the interior. At the peak of winter, the continent receives little to no sunlight. Organized tours don’t operate during this period.

During mid-summer, from December to January, temperatures are around -2C to 4C. On the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures can reach the low double-digits. There is sunlight up to 24 hours per day, depending on the location.

Blizzards are rare. However, in coastal areas, katabatic winds regularly reach speeds of 100 km/h. Gusts of up to 160 km/h are not uncommon.

Local services

There is no centralized number to reach emergency services.

Consular assistance

There is no Canadian government office in Antarctica. Canadians visiting Antarctica should advise Global Affairs Canada in Ottawa of their travel plans prior to leaving.

For emergency consular assistance, contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

Useful links

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

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Travel guide to Antarctica

Nearly twice the size of Australia, Antarctica, the 7th Continent, is a mythical and awe-inspiring destination. The coldest, driest, windiest, and most remote place in the world, it’s the closest you’ll feel to being on another planet without leaving Earth. Antarctica is an ice-covered landmass and the only continent without a time zone, without permanent residents, and without reptiles. Antarctica is also on the bucket-list of many travelers  and although the continent is open to tourists, you can only travel there by specialist ships and planes – and they need a permit to operate there to prove that they’re fully prepared and have the expertise on-board needed for the extreme polar conditions. Nonetheless, it’s easier to travel to Antarctica than one might think.

Get the most out of your (luxury) trip to Antarctica with my travel guide. Find out more about:

• How to get to Antarctica
• Best time to visit
• Getting around & camps
• Travel documents
• What to pack?
• Best things to see & do in Antarctica

HOW TO GET TO ANTARCTICA

The most common way to travel to Antarctica is by cruise ship from South America , usually Ushuaia (Argentina) or Punta Arenas (Chile). Departing from Ushuaia is by far the most popular route to take when going to Antarctica, as this port city is located closer to Antarctica than Punta Arenas, hence less time is spent traveling to Antarctica and more time is spent on the continent itself. In most cases, these trips (ranging from 9 to 25 days) are offered by smaller companies specialized in expedition cruising, such as Lindblad Expeditions ,  G Adventures , Hurtigruten Expeditions , Oceanwide Expeditions and  Intrepid Travel . Over the past years though, several more-traditional cruise line – including Silversea Cruises ,  Viking  and Hapag-Lloyd Cruises – have entered the Antarctica travel market with expedition ships specifically built for travel to the polar regions. It’s important to realize that with a cruise ship, your visit is ‘limited’ to the shore of the Antarctica Peninsula, where you’ll see icebergs, glaciers and wildlife.

The biggest disadvantage (or advantage for some) of traveling by ship from South America to Antarctica is that the Drake Passage needs to be crossed, an oceanic journey which takes about 2 days (one way) for the average cruise ship. It means that at least four full days will be spent on open sea when traveling by cruise to & from Antarctica. On top of that, the Drake Passage is often hit by violent storms, earning the waterway its reputation as one of Earth’s roughest seas (with waves that can be up to 18 m or 60 ft tall). It is possible though to avoid the sailing across the notoriously choppy Drake Passage by choosing a flight-cruise package . First, you’ll fly from Punta Arenas in Chile to Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva base on King George Island in the South Shetland (flight time is only two hours as opposed to two days of sailing). The airport has a gravel runway that is just long enough to handle smaller jets. Next, you’ll be transferred by a Zodiac boat to an awaiting expedition ship for a cruise along the western Antarctica peninsula, where waters are calmer and where you’ll see the same wildlife and landscapes as you would with a longer cruise. At the end of the exploration, a plane will fly back to Punta Arenas.

It’s also possible to travel to Antarctica by boat from Australia or New Zealand , which involves an eastern approach via the Ross Sea. However, there are fewer vessels departing from Australia or New Zealand as compared to South America, and thus less choice with regard to dates and itineraries. Also, because it takes longer to reach the peninsula from the east than it does from the west (sailing to Antarctica and back takes around 12 days), the entire trip takes about a month and tends to be more pricey. The journey between Oceania and Antarctica is more of a true expedition than a the traditional type of a cruise, and you will probably not see any other ships and you almost certainly won’t see any people apart from those on your ship and the scientists in research stations. The polar experience is staggering though as you’ll see huge icebergs, Mount Erebus (an active volcano), the Ross Shelf, emperor penguins, scientific bases and the sites of historic 20th century Antarctic expeditions.

Most people visit the Great White continent on a cruise ship, hereby exploring the shoreline of the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches toward South America. However, the company White Desert takes a totally different approach and takes it guests by private plane to the majestic interior of Antarctica, home of spectacular mountains and the magnetic South Pole. These flights are operated in privately chartered jets – either a Gulfstream G550 or an Airbus A340 – with White Desert’s staff members accompanying the guests all the way from Cape Town, South Africa to Wolf’s Fang blue ice runway, a journey which takes around 5 hours. Guest can book the flight as a day trip (with three hours on the ground in Antarctica) or opt to stay at one of White Desert’s luxury camps in Antarctica (more on that below). Visiting Antarctica’s inland is an incredible privilege experienced by only a few hundred travelers per year as compared to the 120,000 visitors who explore Antarctica by cruise. Read here my review of my flight with White Desert to Antarctica.

BEST TIME TO VISIT

The austral summer months – November to March – are the not only the best time for a cruise trip to Antarctica but also the only time it’s possible as the ice breaks up, allowing ships to pass. Within this narrow travel window, there are considerable variations in what you might see on an Antarctica cruise expedition:

• November is when most cruise lines kick off their Antarctica season and when Antarctica’s coastal landscapes are at their most beautiful with large, sculptural and surreal Icebergs. The continent is colder but at its most untouched, with pristine ice and snow, and wildflowers blooming on the southernmost islands.
• The months of December & January bath in 24 hour daylight, bringing welcome warmth with temperatures hovering above freezing. These months are the best time to observe wildlife in Antarctica (especially penguins and whales).
• In February & March ,  the season begins to wind down, and you’ll not only see fewer ships but also less wildlife (especially pinguins, although whales and fur seals are still abundant on the Antarctic Peninsula). With snow cover at its lowest, this is perhaps not the best time to see Antarctica at its most photogenic.

When you travel to Antarctica’s majestic indoors with White Desert (from South Africa), the season is even shorter: mid-November to early February. The months of December and January are the only months in which you can also take parts in White Desert’s excursions to the emperor penguins and the legendary South Pole.

GETTING AROUND & CAMPS

When you travel by cruise to Antarctica, you won’t be ship bound once you’ve reached the shores of the White Continent. The whole idea is to spend as much time off the vessel as possible during the day, taking daily excursions (with other guests) in small Zodiac boats to get you up closer to the wildlife, walk across the islands, and kayak alongside whales and seals. The usual daily schedule during a cruise is breakfast on the ship, a morning landing for a few hours, come back to the ship and have lunch, an afternoon excursion, and then dinner on the ship (often followed by entertainment).

The overall best land experience in Antarctica is offered though by White Desert, since this company is taking you to Antarctica’s majestic interior (away from the shore), an insanely beautiful landscape dominated by massive glaciers and Nunataks (these are summits or ridges of a mountains that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of these mountains or ridges). Guests can participate in activities (e.g. hiking, mountaineering, abseiling, fat biking, and excursions to the South Pole & emperor penguins) while staying at one of the company’s three camps in Antarctica – the only camps for travelers on the 7th Continent:

• Whichaway is a collection of cutting-edge pods with breathtaking views across the freshwater lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis
• Inspired by austronauts, Echo – White Desert’s newest luxury camp – sits on a massive glacier in quiet solitude encircled by ice-covered rock formations.
• Wolf’s Fang is White Desert Antarctica’s adventure camp, with heated tents, showers and a welcoming dining and relaxation area serving delicious.

TRAVEL DOCUMENTS

There are no visa requirements for visiting Antarctica. There may be visa requirements though for the country from where you depart to Antarctica (Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, Australia, or South Africa), so please check with your local Government Authority as to what these are, as far in advance of your trip as possible.

WHAT TO PACK

Having the right gear will ensure that you are both comfortable and safe throughout your adventure on the White Continent. But packing can be a daunting task for any holiday, let alone to one of the remotest places on Earth. No matter what type of trip you book, a cruise or a land journey, your tour operator will provide you all a list with a kit that is right for your journey to Antarctica. Must have items include:

• 50+ SPF sunscreen (the lack of ozone means the UV rays can be quite strong)
• Polarised sunglasses to counteract the intense glare of the white ice and snow
• A buff to protect your face and keep you warm
• Lots of natural materials in your base layers and socks (think wool thermals)

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Antarctic Applications Online (AAO)

All expeditioners must create or update a profile in Antarctic Applications Online (AAO) before you can ‘head south’ to the Antarctic or sub-Antarctic.

This is a simple procedure with on-screen help available.

Your AAO profile contains a range of personal information including:

• home and emergency contact details
• special dietary needs
• details of skills and experience
• passport/visa details
• mailing contact details for family and friends.

Where possible, you should begin your personal profile about 8–10 weeks before your intended departure date, especially if passports and/or visas are required. It must be completed by at least six weeks before your intended departure date. This lead time is critical to completion of pre-departure planning processes.

Keep your login details safe; they are for your personal use only, so please do not share them with anyone else.

If you are travelling south for two consecutive seasons, you should provide information relating to the current season and only provide the information for the following season after you have returned to Australia.

If you need help to create or update your profile:

• Science program participants should contact Science Planning and Coordination .
• Non-science expeditioners can contact the Expeditioner Training and Family Liaison Officer . They may also be reached via phone on 1800 030 680.

Passing Thru Travel

Top 5 Luxury Expeditions to Antarctica 2024

Posted: March 11, 2024 | Last updated: March 11, 2024

Though most people don’t think of Antarctica as the destination for their next vacation, it is still pristine, remote, and filled with almost otherworldly beauty. Whether it’s untouched ice landscapes, unique wildlife encounters, or the surreal experience of visiting the Earth’s southernmost continent, there is far more to visiting Antarctica than you might initially expect.

There is an excellent opportunity for those looking for more luxury expeditions in this harsh and remote environment. These expeditions provide unparalleled comfort and style, making the inaccessible accessible without compromising the spirit of adventure. Today, we will journey with the top luxury expedition cruises to Antarctica to learn more about their unique offerings and features that often focus on sustainable travel practices to preserve Antarctica’s fragile ecosystem.

1. Seabourn Antarctica Cruises

For our journey’s first leg, we will be cruising the Antarctic Peninsula with 132 ocean-front suites, luxurious amenities, and custom-built submarines for underwater exploration. The Seabourn Antarctica Cruises represent the evolution of luxury expedition cruising, offering the perfect blend of adventure and opulence.

On this cruise, you will also find spectacular views of icebergs, glaciers, and marine wildlife. The best time to set out on this particular cruise is the austral summer months (November to March) for wildlife viewing and milder temperatures. Just ensure you don’t miss out on the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to explore beneath the ocean’s surface in one of their state-of-the-art submarines.

2. Magellan Explorer

Next, we’re off to the Magellan Explorer, which specializes in Antarctic air cruises, departing primarily from Punta Arenas, Chile. The Magellan Explorer is a modern expedition vessel with private balconies, a range of cabin categories, and state-of-the-art facilities. Explicitly designed for Antarctic air cruises, this experience provides a faster and more direct route to the continent than most of its competitors.

The Magellan Explorer offers an aerial view of the Arctic and a unique lens for Antarctic wildlife and dramatic landscapes. The peak season is during the austral summer months, especially December and January, for the 24-hour daylight provided. For the ultimate experience, opt for a cabin with a private balcony for unparalleled views of the Antarctic scenery.

3. National Geographic Explorer

We’re off to National Geographic Explorer for their expedition cruises along the Antarctic Peninsula. Part of the National Geographic fleet, known for its focus on exploration and education for travelers looking to balance their arctic adventure with a proper understanding of this wild tundra. These expeditions offer a range of activities like kayaking, hiking, photography workshops, and expert-led educational programs.

The surroundings of your expedition will be rich in wildlife encounters, including whales and penguins and stunning ice formations. The best time to visit is from November to March, with each month offering different experiences, from icebergs in November to wildlife in December to January. Just don’t forget to participate in the photography workshops by National Geographic experts to capture stunning Antarctic images.

4. Greg Mortimer

Named after a renowned Australian mountaineer, our next ship embodies the spirit of adventure. The Greg Mortimer cruises the Antarctic Peninsula and beyond with a variety of activities like kayaking, camping, and even stand-up paddle boarding. On the journey, diverse experiences range from crossing South Georgia to observing glaciers and icebergs.

For the best experience, go in the Antarctic summer, with different wildlife sightings possible each month. Make sure to try the unique experience of camping on the Antarctic ice for an unforgettable night in one of the least explored regions of the Earth.

5. Sea Spirit

For our last destination, we’re headed to the Sea Spirit for its expeditions along the Antarctic Peninsula. The Sea Spirit is known for its intimate and luxurious atmosphere focused on providing a more personal and immersive Antarctic experience. With kayaking, camping, and wildlife photography facilities, you’ll experience close-up encounters with penguins, whales, and dramatic ice landscapes.

The best time to embark on this journey is from November to March, with the late season (February to March) being less crowded and offering unique wildlife sightings. For this trip, use the ship’s smaller size for more intimate and less crowded landings.

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The post Top 5 Luxury Expeditions to Antarctica 2024 republished on Passing Thru with permission from The Green Voyage .

Featured Image Credit: Shutterstock / Piotrek Golemo.

For transparency, this content was partly developed with AI assistance and carefully curated by an experienced editor to be informative and ensure accuracy.

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Solar eclipse

America gets ready for the total solar eclipse

By Elise Hammond , Maureen Chowdhury , Antoinette Radford and Matt Meyer , CNN

Our live coverage of the eclipse has moved here .

Get ready for the eclipse across America: Here's what to expect tomorrow

From CNN's Ashley Strickland

When the  total solar eclipse  traces a path  across Mexico, the United States and Canada  later today, spectators can anticipate a multitude of awe-inspiring moments.

It’s worth taking some time to stop and take in this historic celestial event because a total solar eclipse won’t be visible across the contiguous US again until August 2044 and an annular eclipse — which happens when the moon can’t completely block the sun— won’t appear across this part of the world again until 2046.

Here's what else you should watch for:

• Partial eclipse: The moon doesn’t suddenly appear between Earth and the sun — the event begins with a partial eclipse, in which the moon appears to take a “bite” out of the sun. Depending on your location, the partial eclipse can last between 70 and 80 minutes, according to  NASA . For those living outside of the path of totality, a crescent-shaped partial eclipse, rather than a total eclipse, will be the main event.
• Changes in the sky near totality: Within the path, the partial eclipse is the longest phase, but as the time for totality nears, look for changes in the sky’s appearance. "About 15 to 20 minutes before totality, the sky starts getting this really weird gloomy color," said Dr. John Mulchaey, Carnegie Institution for Science’s deputy for science and the director and Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair of the Carnegie Observatories. “It’s almost like a gray because the sun’s way high in the sky, but it’s almost entirely blocked out." The eerily darkening sky is a cue for skywatchers that the stellar show is about to begin. Just make sure you have eclipse glasses handy to safely view the sun before the event gets underway.
• Glowing rays around moon: Two breathtaking phases occur within the final moments before totality, Mulchaey said. When the moon begins to cross in front of the sun, the star’s rays will shine around valleys on the moon’s horizon, creating glowing drops of light around the moon called Baily’s beads. And as totality nears, Baily’s beads will quickly disappear and make way for the “diamond ring,” a nickname for how it looks when a single point of light remains — like a glistening giant diamond ring. Both of these phases last less than a minute, Mulchaey said.

Here's where tomorrow's eclipse will be most visible across the US:

Don't miss tomorrow's total eclipse: It'll be 2 decades before the contiguous United States gets another

If you miss Monday's eclipse, you'll be waiting for a while for your next chance to see one on US soil. The next  total solar eclipse  won’t be visible across the contiguous United States again until August 2044.

Parts of Europe, including areas of Greenland, Iceland, Spain, Russia, and a small area of Portugal, will see the world's next total solar eclipse on August 12, 2026, according to NASA.

And there will be annular solar eclipses — which are like total solar eclipses, except the moon is at the farthest point in its orbit from Earth, so it can’t completely block the sun — even sooner.

An annular solar eclipse will be visible in South America later this year on October 2. There will be another one in February 2026 for parts of Antarctica.

NASA wants you to help collect data during the solar eclipse

From CNN's Taylor Nicioli

NASA’s Eclipse Soundscapes Project will collect observations from the public on animal behaviors as well as human reactions to the eclipse through written multisensory reports — such as what the observer saw, heard or felt — and audio recordings of the environment during the solar event.

Total solar eclipses are infrequent events that provide scientists with rare opportunities to collect data on behavioral responses to the phenomenon, said Kelsey Perrett, communications coordinator for the Eclipse Soundscapes Project.

Nearly, 2,500 people have already signed up for the NASA project, she added. “When it comes to data, it’s the more the merrier. The more people who participate, the better we can answer our questions about how solar eclipses impact life on Earth.”

Who can participate: The NASA project is open to all volunteer participants, including those who are blind or have low vision, according to the  news release.  What’s more, it’s not necessary to have an animal within eyesight to take good observations, as listening is also an important sense to use during the eclipse, said Dr. Bryan Pijanowski, professor of forestry and natural resources and the director for the  Center for Global Soundscapes  at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana

Severe storm threat increasing for parts of Texas in the path of the solar eclipse totality, forecasters say

From CNN Meteorologists Caitlin Kaiser & Elisa Raffa

There is now a Level 3 of 5 risk for severe weather on Monday just outside of Dallas, Texas, where thousands of people will be gathered for the solar eclipse.

The severe weather is expected to move into the region after the eclipse reaches totality in the area, but could be hazardous to those traveling through. 

"There may only be a short window (1-2 hrs) between the eclipse and strong to severe storms," according to the National Weather Service in Dallas.

The main threat associated with this system is large to very large hail, with the possibility of damaging winds and isolated tornadoes, the Storm Prediction Center said.

See CNN's full breakdown of eclipse weather news for the latest.

Track the path: Here's a look at where tomorrow's eclipse will be most visible across the US

NASA advises that there is always some uncertainty involved in mapping the eclipse's path.

New map calculations have raised some concerns that the path of totality — where it’s possible to see the moon completely block out the sun — is slightly narrower than NASA calculated. That means some cities on the edge of the route that were expecting to experience a second or two of total darkness might be left out.

But NASA spokesperson Karen Fox notes the difference would only affect cities on the very edge of the path, where predictions are difficult regardless. That's why the space agency and other experts always recommend spectators head for the middle of the path.

Bill Nye shares his advice for the total eclipse tomorrow: "Be in the moment"

From CNN's Jackie Wattles

Everyone's favorite science educator Bill Nye sat down to chat with CNN about tomorrow's total eclipse, sharing some words of encouragement for people who may be watching in cloudy conditions , and challenging people — especially young eclipse viewers — to "be in the moment" on Monday.

Watch the interview below:

A certain kind of cloud will disappear during the eclipse

From CNN's Ayurella Horn-Muller

It’s midday, and the sun is high in the sky, a natural cyan canvas peppered with puffy, cauliflower-shaped clouds. With little warning, the clouds cluttering the horizon start to vanish before your eyes. Not long after, the world begins to darken, as the sun disappears from view.

For the entirety of the eclipse, the clouds will stay away .

That’s at least what scientists expect to take place in swaths of Mexico, Canada and the United States during  April 8’s total solar eclipse . If weather permits, those living in the 49 US states where a  partial eclipse  is expected could also spot some clouds vanishing.

Here's why that is: During an eclipse, shallow cumulus clouds start dissipating in large proportions when only a fraction of the sun is covered, and they don’t reform until the end of the event, according to a  study  published February 12 in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment. The research team found that cumulus clouds dissipate during eclipses because of the relationship between solar radiation and the formation processes of the clouds.

During an eclipse, the surface cools rapidly from the moon’s shadow blocking the sunlight, preventing warm air from rising from Earth’s surface — a core ingredient in the formation of cumulus clouds, according to Victor Trees, a doctoral candidate in the Netherlands who led the study. That rising air process leading to the  production of clouds  usually takes roughly 15 to 20 minutes, according to simulations.

But this doesn’t mean your vantage point of the forthcoming  eclipse  is guaranteed to be cloud-free as the research doesn’t apply to all clouds — only the shallow cumulus kind found hovering over land.

What to do if you don't have certified solar viewers and eclipse glasses

If you don’t have certified glasses or viewers on hand for tomorrow's big eclipse, you can still view it indirectly by using a  pinhole projector , such as a hole punched through an index card.

These work when you stand with your back to the sun and hold up the card. The pinhole projects an image of the crescent or ring-shaped sun on the ground or other surfaces.

Just remember: Never face the sun and look directly at it through the pinhole.

Other pinhole projectors you may already have on hand, include colanders, straw hats or anything with small holes in it. Or you can simply hold up your hands, space out your fingers and cross them over each other to create a waffle pattern. The small space between will reflect the sun’s crescent during a partial eclipse or a ring during the annular eclipse.

Standing by a leafy tree? The small spaces between leaves will dapple patterns of the eclipse phase on the ground.

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Latest update

We continue to advise:

Do not travel to Russia due to the security situation and the impacts of the military conflict with Ukraine.

Russia (PDF 2.04 MB)

Europe (PDF 2.62 MB)

Local emergency contacts

All emergency services, fire and rescue services, medical emergencies, advice levels.

Do not travel to Russia. 

Do not travel to Russia due to the dangerous security situation and the impacts of the military conflict with Ukraine. 

Do not travel to North Caucasus.

Do not travel to North Caucasus due to the high threat of terrorism and political unrest.

See Safety .

• Following the terrorist attack at the Crocus City Hall in Krasnogorsk near Moscow on 23 March, there's tightened security in Moscow, including at airports, railway stations, subway and other public transport. Moscow's theatres and museums are closed and all mass gatherings cancelled. Avoid the affected areas, monitor media and follow the advice of local authorities. 
• Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Russia. Terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda and Daesh-aligned groups, continue to call for attacks in Russia. Attacks can be indiscriminate and may occur on or around seasonal, festive, or religious events in public places and could include popular tourist sites. Russia has seen several terrorist attacks, with many casualties, including in Moscow and St Petersburg. Russia's aviation has also been targeted. Attacks are likely in the North Caucasus region and the Georgia-Russia border area. Attacks may occur with little or no warning. Always be alert to possible threats and have a clear exit plan.
• Security incidents, such as drone attacks and explosions, often occur in southern and western areas of Russia, including regions bordering Ukraine, Moscow, and St Petersburg. This can cause significant flight delays and travel disruption. You shouldn't attempt to travel to the Russia-Ukraine border or cross into Ukraine from Russia.
• The security situation could deteriorate further with little warning. If you're in Russia, leave immediately using the limited commercial options available or private means if it's safe to do so. Departure routes from Russia may become disrupted at short notice, so have an alternate exit plan. 
• If you decide to stay in Russia, review your personal security plans. You're responsible for your own safety and that of your family. Our ability to provide consular assistance in Russia is limited. The Australian Government will not be able to evacuate you from Russia.
• There are limited transportation options, restrictions on financial transactions and possible shortages of essential products and services. 
• The Russian Government has introduced a 'medium response level' in several regions of Russia, including Krasnodar, Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, and Rostov and a 'heightened preparedness level' in the remainder of the Central and Southern Federal districts. A basic readiness level covers the rest of Russia. There may be an increase in security personnel and installations. Security measures or restrictions may be introduced with little to no notice. Monitor the media for developments. 
• Russian authorities have made strong, negative comments in relation to Western countries. Local authorities may adopt a more negative attitude towards foreigners in Russia in reaction to perceived support for Ukraine and sanctions on Russia. Non-participating bystanders can draw scrutiny from security forces and have been detained. Remain vigilant, avoid protests or demonstrations and avoid commenting publicly on political developments.
• Continue to follow the advice on Smartraveller. If you have significant concerns for your welfare or that of another Australian, contact the Consular Emergency Centre on 1300 555 135 in Australia or +61 2 6261 3305 outside Australia.

Full travel advice:  Safety

• Laws about the import and use of medicines are strict. You need a doctor's letter and a notarised translation confirming your need for each medication that contains restricted substances. Contact the  Embassy of Russia  for details.
• Rabies and tick-borne encephalitis are on the rise. Ticks are common from April to October. Take care when travelling through forests.
• Infectious diseases such as typhoid, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles and tuberculosis are a risk. Boil drinking water or drink bottled water.
• Public medical facilities in Russian cities are below Australian standards and basic in rural areas.

Full travel advice:  Health

• Russia may subject males it regards as Russian to mobilisation, regardless of any other citizenship held. Laws introducing heavy penalties for 'crimes against military service' have been passed. The Australian Government won't be able to intervene if you're subjected to mobilisation.
• Conscription occurs regularly in Russia. The Government may subject males it regards as Russian to mandatory conscription, regardless of any other citizenship held. From 1 January 2024, the maximum age of conscription will change from 27 to 30 years old. Russian authorities have also passed laws allowing for the draft notice to be serviced to the conscripts online, preventing conscripts from leaving the country once the notice is registered and sent.
• Russia has passed laws that severely inhibit free speech related to the current situation, imposing severe restrictions on the publishing and distribution of information related to the Russian armed forces and any military operations. Foreign journalists and other media workers in Russia may face considerable risks, including arrest and imprisonment. Don't share or publish information related to the current events in Ukraine and Russia.
• Russian authorities may enforce local laws in an arbitrary manner. You may be interrogated without cause by Russian officials and may become a victim of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion.
• Don't use or carry any illegal drugs. Penalties are severe. Carry your passport, visa and migration card at all times. Authorities won't accept copies.
• Don't take photos of military places or sensitive areas, such as passport control. It's also illegal to use commercial film, television, camera equipment or drones in public without permission. Hand-held video cameras are legal.
• Russia doesn't recognise dual nationals. We can only provide limited consular assistance to dual nationals who are arrested or detained. You'll need a valid Russian passport to leave.
• Same-sex relationships are technically legal but are not widely accepted. Violence against members of the LGBTI community occurs. Russia's parliament passed a law banning "LGBT propaganda", criminalising any act regarded as an attempt to promote what Russia calls "non-traditional sexual relations". The promotion of LGBTI issues may be considered illegal by local authorities, and activists may face consequences under Russian law. In July 2023, the Russian President signed a decree banning gender changes without medical requirements. The law also annuls marriages in which one person "changed gender" and prevents transgender couples from adopting children.
• Law enforcement agencies in Russia cooperate closely with agencies in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. If you commit an offence in one of these countries, you may be detained in another (including at the border) and extradited for prosecution.

Full travel advice:  Local laws

• If you're in Russia, leave immediately using the limited commercial options available or private means if it's safe to do so. The security situation could deteriorate further with little warning. If you decide to stay in Russia, review your personal security plans. You're responsible for your own safety and that of your family. Have an alternate exit plan.
• Confirm with your transport operator that services are still operating if you plan to depart Russia. Commercial travel routes between Russia and Europe are often disrupted due to measures taken in response to military action in Ukraine. Several Russian airports are now closed to the public, disrupting internal flights to and from Moscow and other cities. The train and bus service between St Petersburg and Helsinki is suspended. 
• If you're travelling through an overland border crossing into  Finland ,  Estonia  or  Latvia , confirm the entry requirements for your destination before arrival. Finland has closed border crossings with Russia. Latvia introduced an entry ban on vehicles registered in Russia in September. From 1 February 2024, Russia will introduce a ban on vehicles crossing into/from Estonia at the Ivangorod- Narva crossing. Train service is also suspended. Entry and exit on foot will still be allowed. Additional restrictions or entry requirements could be imposed or changed suddenly. Be aware that some borders may close without notice. Australia and other countries have placed sanctions on Russia. Russia's response to these sanctions may disrupt travel and affect travellers.
• Russian airlines and railways may be affected by shortages of parts and essential technical components for their fleets, affecting maintenance and safety standards. Research your railway and aviation provider before choosing their services. The International Civil Aviation Organisation has issued a Significant Safety Concern (or 'red flag') notice regarding the capacity of Russian airlines to oversee safety. 
• If, despite our advice, you decide to enter Russia, expect thorough security checks at the border, including questioning and inspections of electronic devices. Entry requirements can change at short notice. Contact your airline or the nearest embassy or consulate of Russia to confirm entry requirements.
• Bank cards issued outside of Russia don't work in Russia. You won't be able to access funds from these cards once you enter Russia. You may not be able to exchange Australian dollars as well as old, worn, or damaged US dollar and euro banknotes into Russian rubles in Russia. Ensure you have enough money to cover your stay.
• Dual nationals can't leave Russia without a valid Russian passport. If your Russian passport expires while you're in Russia or if you enter Russia using a repatriation certificate, you'll need to get a new Russian passport before you leave. This can take up to 3 months. The Australian Government won't be able to intervene or fast-track this process.  

Full travel advice:  Travel

Local contacts

• The  Consular Services Charter  details what we can and can't do to help you overseas.
• For consular help, contact the  Australian Embassy  in Moscow. Our ability to provide consular assistance in Russia is limited due to the evolving security situation. The Australian Government will not be able to evacuate you from Russia.
• The Australian Consulate in St Petersburg can provide limited help.
• If you have significant concerns for your welfare or that of another Australian, contact the Consular Emergency Centre on 1300 555 135 in Australia or +61 2 6261 3305 outside Australia.

Full travel advice:  Local contacts

Full advice

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Russia. Terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda and Daesh-aligned groups, continue to call for attacks in Russia. Attacks can be indiscriminate and may occur on or   around seasonal, festive, or religious events in public places and could include popular tourist sites. Russia has seen a number of terrorist attacks which have caused large casualty numbers, including in Moscow and St Petersburg, and Russia's aviation has also been targeted. Attacks may occur with little or no warning. 

Russian authorities continue to announce arrests and the disruption of planned attacks.

Terrorists have attacked other European cities. Targets have included:

• places of worship
• government buildings
• shopping areas
• tourist sites
• restaurants
• entertainment venues
• transportation hubs
• major events which attract large crowds

To protect yourself from terrorism:

• be alert to possible threats, especially in public places
• be extra cautious around possible terrorist targets
• always have a clear exit plan
• report anything suspicious to the police
• monitor the media for any new threats
• take official warnings seriously and follow the instructions of local authorities

If there's an attack, leave the area as soon as it's safe. Avoid the affected area in case of secondary attacks.

Terrorism is a threat worldwide.

More information:

North Caucasus

There's a high threat of terrorism in parts of the North Caucasus, including:

• North Ossetia
• the south-eastern part of Stavropol bordering Chechnya
• Karbardino-Balkaria
• Karachay-Cherkessia

Terrorist attacks continue to occur in Chechnya. Several people have been killed and injured.

Our ability to provide consular assistance to Australians  in those parts of the North Caucasus  is limited.

If, despite our advice, you travel to these parts of the North Caucasus:

• monitor local conditions via media and travel operators
• arrange personal security measures

Georgia-Russia border

The Georgia-Russia border area is volatile because of tensions in Georgia.

If, despite our advice, you travel in the border region, read our  Georgia travel advice .

Security situation

Security incidents, such as drone attacks and explosions, often occur in southern and western areas of Russia, including regions bordering Ukraine, Moscow, and St Petersburg. This can cause significant flight delays and flight cancellations. You shouldn't attempt to travel to the Russia-Ukraine border or cross into Ukraine from Russia.

The security situation could deteriorate further with little warning. If you're in Russia, leave immediately using the limited commercial options available or private means if it's safe to do so. Departure routes from Russia may become disrupted at short notice. If you decide to stay in Russia, review your personal security plans. You're responsible for your own safety and that of your family.

The Russian Government has introduced a 'medium response level' in several regions of Russia, including Krasnodar, Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, and Rostov and a 'heightened preparedness level' in the remainder of the Central and Southern Federal districts. A basic readiness level has been introduced in the rest of Russia. There may be an increase in security personnel and installations. Security measures or restrictions may be introduced with little to no notice. Monitor the media for developments.

Ukraine border areas and Crimea

The Russia-Ukraine border is volatile due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Security incidents regularly occur in Belgorod, Bryansk, Kursk and other regions of Russia bordering Ukraine, including explosions and large fires. The security situation in the region could deteriorate at short notice. You shouldn't travel to the Russia-Ukraine border or cross into Ukraine from Russia.

We currently advise you do not travel to Ukraine due to the volatile security environment and military conflict. Read the  Ukraine travel advice   for more information.

The Australian Government doesn't recognise Russia's claimed annexation of the Ukrainian region of Crimea or its other territorial claims in occupied Ukraine.

Leaving Russia

Where it's safe to do so, you should leave Russia immediately. Use your judgment to decide the best time and safest means of exit. 

Transport routes may be disrupted. Plan for delays at land border crossings. Expect disruption to travel and changes at short notice. Make sure you have an adequate supply of food, water, medication and fuel. Make sure you have payment options that will work during your journey and at your destination. 

Read your destination's travel advice to ensure you meet the entry requirements. These may differ when entering by road, rail or air. Be aware that some borders may close without notice. Commercial travel routes between Russia and Europe have been impacted by measures taken in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Check with your airline or travel agent for current flight availability. Any travel options you pursue are at your own risk. See ' Travel '

For more information on entry requirements for countries bordering Russia, read the travel advice:

The European Union also has a website with  information on travel restrictions for people seeking to enter member states .

If you decide to stay in Russia:

• follow the instructions of authorities
• ensure your travel documents are up-to-date, and keep your passport and other travel documentation safe
• contact your family and friends in Australia so they're aware of your location and situation
• keep up to date with developments on the security situation, monitor reputable media, and regularly check our travel advice and  social media
• review your personal security plans and make contingency plans to leave as soon as you judge it safe to do so
• always be alert and aware of your surroundings
• avoid large gatherings and areas with groups of fighters and military equipment.

Civil unrest and political tension

Russia's parliament has passed laws that severely restrict free speech related to the current situation. Foreign journalists and other media workers in Russia may face considerable risks, including arrest and imprisonment.

While the effects of this law are still unclear, you may be detained or fined for:

• sharing or publishing information that local authorities deem false
• sharing or publishing information that may be detrimental to the armed forces
• calling for, sharing or publishing speech in support of sanctions against Russia

You should not:

• share or publish information related to the current events in Ukraine and Russia
• participate in demonstrations and large gatherings

Russian authorities may adopt a more negative attitude towards foreigners in Russia due to perceived support for Ukraine and sanctions on Russia. Russian authorities may enforce local laws in an arbitrary manner. You may be interrogated without cause by Russian officials and may become a victim of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion.

Avoid commenting publicly on political developments.

Anti-war and anti-mobilisation protests have taken place in cities across Russia over the invasion of Ukraine. Many protesters have been arrested.

Unsanctioned protests are illegal, and you can be arrested if you participate. Remain vigilant and avoid rallies, protests, demonstrations and other large public gatherings, as they can turn violent, and you may be arrested.

• Demonstrations and civil unrest

Theft and assault

Petty crime, pickpocketing and mugging is common. Groups of children sometimes commit crimes, too.

Hot spots for crime include:

• the Izmailovsky Market
• other tourist attractions
• the Moscow and St Petersburg metros

Thieves often steal passports. They target travellers in  robberies  and  assaults , particularly in large cities.

To protect yourself from theft and assault:

• keep your personal belongings close, particularly in tourist areas
• be aware of your security in public places, particularly at night
• monitor local media on crime
• racially or religiously motivated assaults may occur throughout Russia.

Drink spiking

Criminals may drug and rob travellers at nightclubs and bars. Sometimes this happens after people accept offers of food, drink or transportation from strangers.

To protect yourself from spiking-related crime:

• never accept food or drinks from strangers
• don't leave drinks unattended
• leave your drink if you're not sure it's safe
• stick with people you trust in bars, nightclubs and taxis
• don't accept offers of transport from strangers
• Partying safely

Using taxis

People have reported extortion and robbery while taking unauthorised taxis.

To protect yourself from robbery while travelling in taxis:

• only use official taxi companies
• always book your taxi in advance
• don't flag down taxis on the street
• don't share taxis with strangers
• always negotiate and confirm the fare before you get in a taxi

Credit card and ATM fraud

Credit card and ATM fraud is common.

To protect yourself from fraud:

• only exchange currency at banks
• keep your credit card in sight during transactions
• only use ATMs inside banks and during business hours
• always hide your PIN

Other scams

Criminals may try to cheat you by changing money in the street or a bank queue.

Some Australians have been victims of fraud by bogus internet friendship, dating and marriage schemes operating from Russia.

These are large-scale, well-organised  scams .

Criminals arrange to meet people through internet dating schemes or chat rooms. After getting to know each other, the criminal asks the Australian to send money so they can travel to Australia. However, the relationship ends after the money has been received, and the funds can't be recovered.

Be wary of people you meet through internet dating schemes or chat rooms.

People have also reported harassment, mistreatment and extortion by police and other local officials.

If you suspect you're being extorted by a police officer or other local official, offer to walk with them to the nearest police station. Once there, you can check their identity and their demands.

Cyber security 

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you're connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth. 

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media. 

More information:   

• Cyber security when travelling overseas  

Kidnapping  is common in parts of the Northern Caucasus.

It can be for:

• political purposes
• retribution

Foreigners have been targeted in the past.

If, despite the risks, you travel to an area where there is a particular threat of kidnapping:

• get professional security advice

The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers.

Climate and natural disasters

Severe weather  during winter can disrupt travel in Russia.

To protect yourself from accidents caused by severe weather:

• take care when walking in snowy, icy or windy conditions
• take care when driving
• use appropriate driving equipment, such as winter tyres or chains
• monitor the media and other sources for updates

If you're delayed, contact local authorities about a visa extension if required.

Snow and ice

People are injured or killed yearly in wind, snow and ice-related accidents. These include:

• traffic accidents
• collapsed roofs and snow falling from roofs 
• falling debris 
• prolonged exposure to extreme cold

Slipping on ice can result in serious injuries, such as broken bones, back injuries or paralysis.

During summer, forest and peat  fires  can occur in Russia, including in the Moscow region.

Earthquakes and tsunamis

The North Caucasus and the far eastern region of Russia can experience  earthquakes .

Tsunamis  are common in all oceanic regions of the world.

To protect yourself from natural disasters, take official warnings seriously.

If a  natural disaster  occurs, follow the advice of local authorities.

Get updates on major disasters from the  Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System .

Travel insurance

Most Australian travel insurance policies won't cover you for travel to Russia. Do not travel to Russia. See ' Safety '

If you're not insured, you may have to pay thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

Physical and mental health

Do not travel to Russia. If, despite our advice, you travel to Russia, consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition. 

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need

Do this at least eight weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare or the welfare of another Australian, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your  nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate  to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location.

• General health advice  (World Health Organization)
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

Medications

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may even be considered illegal or a controlled substance, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor. 

Russia has imposed temporary restrictions on exporting certain categories of goods, including foreign-made medical products. 

If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Russia. Take enough legal medication for your trip.

Russia has strict laws about the import and use of medications. This includes medications that are available over the counter in Australia, such as cold and flu tablets.

When you arrive in Russia, you must present a doctor's letter to authorities confirming your need for each medication. This is the case if your medications contain the following:

• barbiturate
• sibutramine
• anabolic steroids
• androgens and other sex hormones
• analgesic, such as tramadol
• psychostimulants
• other restricted substances

The letter must:

• contain a description of the medication, including the chemical composition
• describe the required dosage
• explain the underlying medical condition
• confirm the medicine is for personal use only
• be signed by your treating doctor

You must also have a notarised translation of the letter into Russian.

Before you leave Australia, contact the Embassy of Russia for the latest rules for bringing medicines into Russia.

• Russian Government website

Health risks

Tick-borne diseases.

Tick-borne encephalitis  (World Health Organization) and other tick-borne diseases are a risk, especially if you travel through forested areas.

Ticks are common in rural areas from spring to autumn: April to October.

People have reported increased incidents of tick-borne encephalitis.

Measles cases can routinely occur in Russia, with the country currently experiencing increased measles activity. Make sure your vaccinations are up-to-date before you travel.

• Measles immunisation service  (Department of Health and Aged Care)

Bird flu (avian influenza)

Avian influenza  is a risk in Russia.

HIV/AIDS  is a risk.

Take steps to reduce your risk of exposure to the virus.

There has been a reported increase in  rabies  across Russia.

Rabies is deadly. Humans can get rabies from mammals, such as:

• other animals

If you're bitten or scratched by a dog, monkey or other animal, get treatment as soon as possible.

Other health risks

Waterborne, foodborne, parasitic and other  infectious diseases  are common, including these listed by the World Health Organization:

• tuberculosis

Serious outbreaks sometimes occur.

To protect yourself from illness:

• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
• avoid ice cubes
• avoid uncooked and undercooked food, such as salads
• avoid unpasteurised dairy products

Get urgent medical attention if you have a fever or diarrhoea or suspect food poisoning.

Medical facilities

Public medical facilities in Russian cities are below Australian standards.

Standards are extremely basic in rural areas.

There are a few international-standard private facilities in major cities – these clinics can be very expensive to access.

Before you're treated, private facilities need either:

• up-front payment
• evidence of adequate insurance
• a written guarantee of payment

If you become seriously ill or injured, you'll need to be evacuated to get proper care. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

In July, the Russian President signed a decree banning gender changes, including gender transition surgery, hormone therapy and changing gender on official documents without medical requirements. The law also annuls marriages in which one person "changed gender" and prevents transgender couples from adopting children.

In November 2022, Russia's parliament passed a law banning "LGBT propaganda", criminalising any act regarded as an attempt to promote what Russia calls "non-traditional sexual relations". Sharing information or public display of any material promoting "non-traditional relationships" is now a serious criminal offence.

In November 2022, Russia announced that the partial mobilisation of military reservists for the conflict in Ukraine was complete. However, a decree formalising the completion has not been issued. The Russian Government may subject males it regards as Russian to mobilisation, regardless of any other citizenship held. Laws introducing heavy penalties for 'crimes against military service' have been passed. The Australian Government will not be able to intervene if you are subjected to mobilisation.

The US Government issued travel advice in March 2022 advising that Russian security services have arrested US citizens on spurious charges, singled out US citizens in Russia for detention and/or harassment, denied them fair and transparent treatment, and have convicted them in secret trials and/or without presenting credible evidence. The US Government warns that Russian officials may unreasonably delay consular assistance to detained US citizens.

Russian authorities have introduced criminal liability for publishing and distributing 'deliberately misleading' information about the Russian armed forces and any military operations. These laws have been interpreted and applied very broadly to many forms of dissent.

Law enforcement agencies in Russia cooperate closely with agencies in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. If you commit an offence in one of these countries, you may be detained in another (including at the border) and extradited for prosecution. 

If you're arrested or jailed, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our  Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail.

Russian authorities imposed restrictions on real estate and foreign currency transactions for foreign residents. These restrictions can be revised at short notice. Seek advice from local authorities.

Possessing, selling, consuming, or carrying any illegal drugs is illegal.

Penalties are severe and include long prison terms.

Russia has strict rules around medication carried into the country for personal use, including some medications that you can get over the counter in Australia.

If you don't declare restricted medications, authorities could detain you. See  Health .

• Carrying or using drugs

Routine police checks are common in public places.

Carry your passport, visa and migration card with you at all times. Authorities won't accept copies.

If you can't provide travel documentation on request, authorities can detain and fine you.

In Russia, it's illegal to:

• take photos of military places, strategic sites and other sensitive areas, such as passport control and guarded railway sites
• use commercial film, television or camera equipment in public areas without permission, but hand-held home video cameras are allowed
• use drones without permission from the Russian aviation authority.

Penalties for breaching the law include fines, jail and deportation.

Russia regulates religious activity. Authorities restrict activities such as preaching and distributing religious materials.

If you plan to engage in religious activity, ensure you're not breaking local laws.

Contact the Embassy or Consulate of Russia for more information.

Cybersecurity laws

Russia has blocked or restricted some social media platforms and websites, including Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter.

Russia has banned certain Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and has indicated it will implement a nationwide ban on VPNs in March 2025.

• Cyber security when travelling overseas
• Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor)

Official documents

Some Australian documents, such as birth or marriage certificates, need to be  legalised  before Russian authorities will accept them.

If you have an Australian document that you need to use while in Russia, contact the Embassy or Consulate of Russia for information.

Apostilles  and some legal certificates can be issued by:

• DFAT  in Australia
• Australian embassies and high commissions  overseas

Surrogacy laws

Russia has laws governing child surrogacy and has passed legislation banning surrogacy for all foreigners except those married to Russian citizens. Recent court cases have resulted in long custodial sentences for some providers of surrogacy services. All children born through surrogacy in Russia are granted Russian citizenship, regardless of their parent's citizenship.

Get independent legal advice before making surrogacy arrangements in Russia or with residents of Russia.

• Going overseas for international surrogacy
• Going overseas to adopt a child

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you're overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.

• Staying within the law and respecting customs

Dual nationality

Russia doesn't recognise dual nationality.

In November 2022, Russia announced that the partial mobilisation of military reservists for the conflict in Ukraine was complete. However, a decree formalising the completion hasn't been issued. Russia may subject males it regards as Russian to mobilisation, regardless of any other citizenship held. Laws introducing heavy penalties for 'crimes against military service' have been passed. The Australian Government won't be able to intervene if you are subjected to mobilisation.

Conscription occurs regularly, and Russia may subject males it regards as Russian to mandatory conscription, regardless of any other citizenship held. Conscription in Russia occurs semi-annually, and conscripts typically serve one year. From 1 January 2024, the maximum conscription age will change from 27 to 30 years old. Russian authorities have also passed laws allowing for the draft notice to be serviced to the conscripts online and preventing conscripts from leaving the country once the notice is registered and sent.

Russian authorities won't recognise your Australian nationality if you're a dual national. They will treat you like any other national of Russia.

If you're a dual national:

• you must enter and leave Russia on a Russian passport
• you can enter Russia using a repatriation certificate (svidetelstvo na vozvrashcheniye) if you don't have a Russian passport, but you must still leave Russia on a Russian passport
• you must declare any other nationalities or foreign residency permits to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
• you could be conscripted into the Russian military if you're a male between the ages of 18 and 30 

If you're a dual national, this limits the  consular services  we can give if you're arrested or detained.

Contact the  Embassy or Consulate of Russia  well before any planned travel to Russia.

Dual nationals can't leave Russia without a valid Russian passport.

You'll need to get a new Russian passport before you leave if:

• your Russian passport expires while you're in Russia
• you enter Russia using a repatriation certificate

Getting a new Russian passport for non-residents is complex and can take up to 3 months. The Australian Government is unable to intervene or fast-track this process.

Children born outside Russia and added to their parents' Russian passports need their own passport to leave Russia.

If you're travelling alone with a child, Russian border authorities may require the following:

• documentary evidence of your relationship to the child
• written permission for the child to travel from the non-travelling parent
• Dual nationals

Local customs

Same-sex relationships are legal in Russia but not widely accepted.

Intolerance towards the LGBTI community is common, particularly outside Moscow and St Petersburg.

People have reported violence against members of the LGBTI community, including by local security forces.

In April 2017, there were reports of arrests and violence against LGBTI people in Chechnya.

In November 2022, Russia passed a law banning "LGBT propaganda", criminalising any act regarded as an attempt to promote what Russia calls "non-traditional sexual relations". Sharing or displaying material promoting "non-traditional relationships" is now a serious criminal offence. The bill broadens the existing law banning the promotion of 'non-traditional sexual relationships' to minors.

• Advice for LGBTI travellers

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

Australia and other countries have placed sanctions on Russia. Russia's response to these sanctions may disrupt travel and affect travellers.

You need a visa to enter Russia unless you're travelling on certain commercial cruise ships.

You can't get a visa on arrival.

If you arrive in Russia without a valid visa, authorities will fine, detain and deport you at your own expense. They may bar you from re-entering.

Make sure you apply for the correct visa type, such as 'tourist' and 'visitor' visas.

If your visa type doesn't match the purpose of your visit, authorities may:

• not let you enter 

You may need to provide biometric fingerprints for the visa application process.

After you get your Russian visa, check your passport details are correct, including the following:

• passport number
• date of birth
• intention of stay
• validity dates

If there are errors, return your passport to the  Russian Embassy or Consulate  for correction.

It's impossible to amend visa details once you're in Russia.

Australians sanctioned by Russia

The Russian Foreign Ministry issued statements on its website advising that, in response to Australian sanctions, the Russian Government had added several Australians to a 'stop list', denying them entry into Russia on an indefinite basis.  

These statements can be viewed here (copy and paste the URL into a new browser if you can't open the link):

• 21 June 2023 statement -   https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1890258/
• 16 September 2022 statement  -  https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1830085/  (in Russian)
• 21 July 2022 statement  -  https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1823204/
• 16 June 2022 statement  -  https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1818118/
• 7 April 2022 statement  -  https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1808465/

DFAT can't provide advice on the implications of another country's sanctions. If you're listed, you should obtain legal advice if you have concerns about the potential impacts of the Russian sanctions. Do not travel to Russia if you're on Russia's 'stop list'. 

Discuss your travel plans with your cruise operator before you travel to check if you need a visa.

Check transit visa requirements if you transit through Russia to a third country.

• Russian Embassy
• Going on a cruise

Border measures

If, despite our advice, you decide to enter Russia, expect thorough security checks at the border, including questioning and inspections of electronic devices.

Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. Contact the nearest  embassy or consulate  for details about visas, currency, customs and quarantine rules.

Other formalities

Migration card.

All foreign visitors receive a migration card on arrival in Russia.

If you receive a paper migration card, keep the stamped exit portion of the card with your passport.

The migration card covers both Russia and Belarus. You must show the stamped card to passport control when leaving either country.

If you lose your migration card:

• your departure could be delayed
• you could be stopped from staying at a hotel in Russia

You can get a replacement from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is complex and could delay your departure.

Biometric fingerprinting

Foreign citizens entering Russia for work or intending to stay over 90 calendar days may be subject to biometric fingerprinting and regular medical check-ups. The procedure of biometric fingerprinting will need to be done only once. Medical check-ups will need to be re-taken upon the certificate's expiry (valid for 1 year).

Travel with children

If you're  travelling with a child , you may need to show evidence of parental, custodial or permission rights. This is particularly the case for dual nationals. See  Local laws

• Advice for people travelling with children

Electronics

The government strictly controls the import of electrical and some high-technology equipment.

The rules are complex.

You may import terminal global positioning systems (GPS) devices if you declare them on arrival. However, you'll need a special permit to import a GPS device connected to a computer or an antenna.

Authorities can detain you if you don't have a permit.

You must show proof of advanced approval to import a satellite phone. Request approval from the  Federal Service for the Supervision of Communications .

Russian border officials can demand to inspect any electronic device, including installed software when you leave.

Travel between Russia and Belarus

Do not travel to Russia and Belarus due to the security environment and impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. If you’re in Russia or Belarus, leave immediately using the limited commercial options available or private means if it's safe to do so.

If, despite our advice, you decide to enter Belarus from Russia, note that the government doesn't allow foreigners to cross the land border between Russia and Belarus.

If you travel between Russia and Belarus, it must be by air.

If you're travelling between Russia and Belarus, you must have visas for both countries.

Visa-free entry into Belarus doesn't apply to travellers arriving from or travelling to Russia.

Contact the  Embassy of Russia  and the  Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus  for details.

Registering your stay in Russia

If you stay more than 7 working days, including your arrival and departure day, you must register with the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

You have to pay a registration fee.

Most hotels do this for their guests, but you're legally responsible. Confirm with check-in staff on arrival that they've registered you.

The registration process can be complex if you're not staying at a hotel.

Register at the nearest post office if you're travelling on a visitor visa.

Register through your employer if you're travelling on a visa that lets you work. Confirm with your employer that they've registered you.

If you don't register, authorities can fine you or delay your departure.

• The Russian Embassy

Visa overstays

Make sure you leave Russia before your visa expires. Some visas, including tourist visas, can't be extended.

If you overstay your visa, you won't be allowed to leave Russia until the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs determines your legal status or deports you.

Authorities can detain you until they've processed your case.

Penalties for overstaying include fines and deportation.

You may be banned from re-entering.

Exporting goods

Russia has imposed temporary restrictions on exporting certain categories of goods, including foreign-made medical products. Seek advice from local authorities.

Russia has strict regulations on the export of antiques, artworks and items of historical significance. This is for items purchased in Russia or imported to Russia from overseas. It includes modern art and posters if they are particularly rare or valuable.

Authorities may not allow the export of items more than 100 years old.

If you want to export any antiques, artworks or items of historical significance:

• keep receipts of your purchases
• obtain an export permit from the Ministry of Culture in advance of travel — export permits aren't issued at the airport
• declare each item to border authorities when you leave Russia
• be ready to show each item to border authorities
• be ready to show receipts for each item to border authorities

Don't try to export items requiring permits without the relevant paperwork. This is a serious offence.

Legislation about the export of artwork and antiques from Russia may change without warning.

Some countries won't let you enter unless your passport is valid for six months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. Travellers can receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than six months.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting  a new passport .

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• In Australia, contact the  Australian Passport Information Service .
• If you're overseas, contact the nearest  Australian embassy or consulate .

If your passport is lost or stolen while ashore, you will need to obtain an emergency passport and an exit visa to leave Russia within the 72-hour visa-free period. If it’s not done within 72 hours, you will face a court hearing and possible fine, deportation and entry ban.

To arrange a new visa:

• obtain an official police report
• apply for a replacement passport through the  Australian Embassy in Moscow
• apply to Russian authorities for an exit visa
• include the police report with your application

If you replace your passport while in Russia, make sure authorities transfer your visa to the new passport.

Passport with 'X' gender identifier

Although Australian passports comply with international standards for sex and gender, we can't guarantee that a passport showing 'X' in the sex field will be accepted for entry or transit by another country. Contact the nearest  embassy, high commission or consulate of your destination  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers. 

More information:  

•       LGBTI travellers  

The currency of Russia is the Rouble (RUB).

Russian authorities have imposed temporary restrictions on the export of foreign currency in cash out of Russia. Travellers exiting Russia can't take more than the equivalent of $US10,000 in cash.

Make sure a customs official stamps your declaration. Only stamped declarations are valid.

You must carry proof that your funds were imported and declared or legally obtained in Russia.

Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Mastercard, Visa, and American Express have suspended operations in Russia. Cards issued outside of Russia will not work at Russian merchants or ATMs. Cards issued inside Russia may continue to work, but they won't work outside Russia. It may not be possible for you to access your funds through Russian banks or to make payments to Russian businesses with non-Russian credit/debit cards. Be prepared with alternate means of payment should your cards be declined.

You may not be able to exchange Australian dollars as well as old, worn or damaged US dollar and euro banknotes into Russian rubles in Russia. Ensure you have enough money to cover your stay in Russia. 

Traveller's cheques aren't widely accepted, even in Moscow and St Petersburg.

Local travel

Postal services between Russia and Australia are temporarily suspended. 

More information 

• Australia Post website

Confirm with your transport operator that services are still operating if you plan to depart Russia. Commercial travel routes between Russia and Europe are disrupted. Expect thorough security checks at the border, including questioning and inspections of electronic devices.

Flights between Russia and Europe have been affected by measures taken in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Several Russian airports are now closed to the public, disrupting internal flights to and from Moscow and other cities. The train and bus service between St Petersburg and Helsinki is suspended.

If you're travelling through an overland border crossing into  Finland ,  Estonia  or  Latvia , confirm the entry requirements for your destination before arrival. Finland has closed border crossings with Russia. This situation may change at short notice, check border crossings before attempting to cross .  

In September, Latvia introduced an entry ban on vehicles registered in Russia. More information can be found on the State Revenue Service website . From 1 February 2024, Russia  will introduce a ban on vehicles crossing into/from Estonia at Ivangorod- Narva crossing. Train service is also suspended. Entry and exit on foot will still be allowed. Additional restrictions or entry requirements could be imposed or changed suddenly. Be aware that some borders may close without notice.

Australia and other countries have placed sanctions on Russia. Russia's response to these sanctions may disrupt travel and affect travellers. Confirm entry requirements for your  destination  before arrival, as additional restrictions or entry requirements could be imposed or changed suddenly.

If, despite our advice, you decide to go to Chechnya or the North Caucasus, you must first get permission from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Several other areas of Russia, especially in Siberia and the Russian Far East, are also 'closed' areas.

Foreigners need government permission to enter 'closed' areas.

If you need government permission or are unsure if you need it, contact the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Driving permit

You should carry an International Driving Permit (IDP).

You may drive with an Australian driver's license if you carry it with a notarised Russian translation.

Road travel

Driving in Russia can be hazardous due to:

• poor driving standards
• ice and snow in winter
• poor road conditions in rural areas

The blood alcohol limit for drivers is 0%.

• Driving or riding
• the Russian Embassy

Some taxis appear official but aren't licensed by local authorities.

People have reported extortion and  robbery  while taking unauthorised taxis. See  Safety

Book an official taxi by phone, at major hotels and from inside airports.

Flights from Russia to other countries are limited. These may change or be suspended at short notice. You should contact airlines or travel agents directly for the most current information.

The  EU announced  that 21 Russian-owned airlines were banned from flying in EU airspace due to safety concerns.

Russian airlines and railways may be affected by shortages of parts and essential technical components for their fleets, affecting maintenance and safety standards. If you're flying domestically or internationally, research your aviation provider before choosing their services.

DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.

Check Russia's air safety profile with the  Aviation Safety Network

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, contact your:

• family and friends
• travel agent
• insurance provider

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Read the  Consular Services Charter  for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

For consular help, contact the Australian Embassy in Moscow.  Our ability to provide consular assistance in Russia is limited. The Australian Government will not be able to evacuate you from Russia.

Australian Embassy, Moscow

13 Kropotkinsky Pereulok Moscow 119034 Russia Phone: (+7 495) 956-6070  Fax: (+7 495) 956-6170  Website:  russia.embassy.gov.au Twitter:  @PosolAustralia

If you're in St Petersburg, you can also contact the Australian Consulate for limited consular help.

Australian Consulate, St Petersburg

Moika 11 St Petersburg 191186 Russia Tel: (+7 964) 333 7572 (NOT for visas) Email:  [email protected]  (NOT for visas)

Check the Embassy website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

Australians in need of consular assistance should contact the Australian Government 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

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