the tourism area life cycle

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model: A simple explanation

Disclaimer: Some posts on Tourism Teacher may contain affiliate links. If you appreciate this content, you can show your support by making a purchase through these links or by buying me a coffee . Thank you for your support!

Prof. Richard Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model is a core theoretical underpinning for many tourism research and analyses. It is also a core component of many travel and tourism management curriculums. But what does it mean?

In this article I will give you a simple explanation of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model. I promise, by the end of this short post you will understand exactly how this model works and why it is so important in travel and tourism management….

So what are you waiting for? Read on to find out more..

What is Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model?

How did the tourism area life cycle model come about, #1 exploration, #2 involvement, #3 development, #4 consolidation, #5 stagnation, #6 decline or rejuvenation, the positive aspects of butler’s tourism area life cycle model, the negative aspects of butler’s tourism area life cycle model, to conclude.

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model provides a fundamental underpinning to travel and tourism management of destinations. Not sure what that means? Well, basically, it is the theory underneath the story.

It sounds complicated on the outside, doesn’t it? But actually, it really isn’t complicated at all!

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model is a simplistic linear model. Using a graph, it plots the different stages in tourism development in accordance with the x and y axis of tourist number growth and time. Within this, Butler’s model demonstrates 6 stages of tourism development.

OK, enough with the complicated terminology- lets break this down further. What is Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model in SIMPLE language?

To put it simply; Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model is a line graph that shows the different stages in tourism development over time.

Whilst sustainable tourism has been a buzz word for a while now, it wasn’t always the focus of tourism planning and development .

Back in the 1970s and 1980s many tourism entrepreneurs and developers were not thinking about the longevity of their businesses (this still happens a lot, particularly in developing countries, where education and training may be limited). These business men and women simply saw Dollar signs and jumped right in.

The result? Ill-thought out plans and unsustainable tourism endeavours.

Examples of unsustainable tourism with ill-thought out long term plans include: Overtourism in Maya Bay, Thailand , littering on Mount Everest and the building of unsightly high-rise hotels in Benidorm.

Professor Richard Butler wanted to give stakeholders in tourism some guidance. Something generic enough that it could be applied to a range of tourism development scenarios; whether this be a destination , resort, or tourist attraction .

This saw the birth of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model.

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model: How does it work?

OK, lets get down to it- how does this theory actually work?

Well, actually it’s pretty simple.

Butler created a visual, graphical depiction of tourism development. People like visuals- it helps us to understand. You can see this below.

As you can see in the image above, Butler identified six stages of tourist area evolution.

The axis do not have any specific numbers, which means that this model can easily be applied to a number of different situations and contexts.

The intention is for those who are involved with tourism planning and development to use this model as a guide. This can encourage critical thinking and the development of alternative and contingency plans. It helps to develop sustainable tourism practices.

The six stages of tourist area evolution

Butler outlined six specific stages of tourism development. Well, actually it’s five specific stages and the last ‘stage offers a variety of outcomes (I’ll explain this shortly).

Butler wanted to demonstrate that tourism development, like many things in life, is not a static process. It experiences change. Changes happens for many reasons- growth in tourism numbers, changes in taste, marketing and the media, external influences such as natural disasters or terrorism.

Butler’s model demonstrates that tourism destinations or attractions will typically follow the path outlined, experiencing each of the six stages. This will happen at different paces and at different times for different types of tourism development.

Below, I will explain which each stage of tourist evolution is referring to.

The exploration stage marks the beginning.

Tourism is limited. The social and economic benefits are small.

Tourist attractions are likely to be focused on nature or culture .

This is the primary phase when Governments and local people are beginning to think about tourism and how they could capitalise and maximise their opportunities in this industry.

This is the start of tourism planning .

The involvement stage marks the beginning of tourism development.

Guest houses may start to open. Foreign investors may start to show an interest in development. Governments may be under pressure to develop transport infrastructure and community resources, such as airports, road layouts and healthcare provision.

The involvement stage may mark the emergence of seasonality in tourism.

During the development stage there will be lots of building and planning.

New roads, train stations and airports may be built. New tourist attractions may emerge. Hotels and hospitality provisions will be put in place.

During the development phase there will likely be an increase in marketing and promotion of the destination. There could be increased media and social media coverage.

During this time the tourist population may begin to out-number the local population. Local control becomes less common and top-down processes and international organisations begin to play a key role in the management of tourism.

During the consolidation stage tourism growth slows. This may be intentional, to limit tourist numbers or to keep tourism products and services exclusive, or it may be unintentional.

There will generally be a close tie between the destination’s economy and the tourism industry. In some cases, destinations have come to rely on tourism as a dominant or their main source of income.

Many international chains and conglomerates will likely be represented in the tourism area. This represents globalisation and can have a negative impact on the economy of the destination as a result of economic leakage .

It is during this stage that discontent from the local people may become evident. This is one of the negative social impacts of tourism .

The stagnation stage represents the beginning of a decline in tourism.

During this time visitor numbers may have reached their peak and varying capacities may be met.

The destination may simply be no longer desirable or fashionable.

It is during this time that we start to see the negative impacts of overtourism . There will likely be economic, environmental and social consequences.

The final stage of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model represents a range of possible outcomes for the destinations along the spectrum between rejuvenation and decline.

The outcome of this will depend upon the plans and actions of the stakeholders of said tourism development project.

Complete rejuvenation can occur through major redevelopments. Perhaps new attractions are added, sustainable tourism approaches are adopted or there is a change in the target market.

Modest rejuvenation may occur with some smaller adjustments and improvements to the general tourism infrastructure and provision.

If changes do not occur, there may be a slow continuation of tourism decline.

In severe circumstances, there may be a rapid decline of the tourism provision. This is likely due to a life-changing event such as war, a natural disaster or a pandemic.

What happens after complete decline?

Sadly, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in many tourism destinations and attractions experiencing the drastic decline identified in Butler’s most pessimistic scenario.

These areas will likely either experience one of two possible outcomes-

1- Tourism infrastructure will be used for alternative means. Hotels may become retirement homes and tourism attractions will be replaced with non-tourism facilities. The area may become run down and impoverished as a result of the economic loss.

2- Tourism development will start again. Many destinations have taken this opportunity to re-evaluate and reimagine their tourism infrastructure. Improvements can be made and more sustainable practices can be adopted. The destination will start again at the beginning of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle.

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model is great because it provides simplistic theoretical guidance to tourism stakeholders.

Those who are just starting out can use this model to plan their tourism infrastructure and development. It encourages critical thinking and long-term thinking.

However, Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model can also be criticised for its simplicity.

Without sufficient knowledge and training, tourism stakeholders may not understand this model and therefore may not adequately utilise it.

The linear approach taken with this module does not account for unique and unaccounted for occurrences. In other words, not every destination or attractions may follow these stages in this way.

Lastly, being developed back in 1980, Butler’s model fails to account for many of the complexities of today’s travel and tourism industry. The biggest downfall is the redundancy of references to sustainability.

Sustainability is at the core of everything that we do in today’s world, so it is perhaps outdated thinking to assume that all destinations will reach consolidation in the way that it is represented in Butler’s model.

Wow, who knew I would be able to write 1500 all about Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model? Well, in actual fact, I could easily write another 1500! This theory is an important part of the tourism curriculum and is important for travel and tourism students to understand, as well as a variety of tourism stakeholders.

Want to learn more? Follow along on social media or subscribe to my newsletter for conceptual and practical travel tips and information!

Liked this article? Click to share!

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Tourism is one of the biggest industries in the world. It is a very dynamic industry and changing constantly. Tourist attractions are often fragile and therefore require careful management.

Therefore, a good number of writers have initiated conversations concerning the carrying capacity and sustainability of attractions over the years. One of the most prominent ones is Professor Richard W. Butler, a geographer and professor of tourism. He came up with a model called Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC) which is based on Product Life Cycle concept. The model can be used to study tourist attractions to see how they change over time.

Stages in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Butler’s model for the life cycle of a tourist destination has a number of stages as follows:

                                                                                             Photo credit: Pinterest

Exploration in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Exploration is the first stage of the model. It is a stage where a very limited number of visitors visit the area. Visitors usually make their individual travel arrangements, and the pattern of visitation is irregular. The area may have attracted the visitors, usually the non-local ones due to its cultures and scenic beauty.

In this stage, local people are not involved in money making from tourist-related activities, and therefore, enjoy a very little or no economic benefits from their interactions with the tourists. Some parts of Canadian Arctic and Latin America can be used as examples of the exploration stage. Likewise, some sites in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Saudi Arabia can also be considered in this regard.

Involvement in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Involvement is the stage where the number of people visiting the area is increasing. Therefore, residents now see economic benefits in providing some facilities such as food, accommodation, guides, and transport to the tourists.

As the stage progresses, some marketing efforts to take the attraction out there are in place and a recognised tourist season is somehow realised. This stage puts pressure on local and national authorities to contribute to the development of the area by providing and improving transport infrastructure and other facilities for visitors. Examples of this stage include less developed islands and less accessible areas in many parts of the world.  

Development in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Development is a stage where the area becomes widely recognised as a tourist attraction, partly because of heavy advertising and promotional efforts. As the attraction is becoming known and popular, investors and tourist companies see opportunities for financial gains.

Consequently, more cultural attractions and facilities such as big hotels, restaurants, bars, arenas, and convention centres are developed to supplement the original attraction. In this stage, particularly during the holiday season, tourists may start outnumbering the local people.

Local people are most likely to lose control of the development of the area. Examples of this stage includes some developed islands and areas in Mexico, Turkey, India, Philippines, Maldives, Indonesia, north and west African coasts, and many other places.

Consolidation in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Consolidation is the stage where the numbers of visitors are higher than the permanent residents. The local economy is dominated by tourism at this stage. Tourism businesses will push for further expansion of the attraction.

However, some local people, particularly those who are not involved in tourism development, will be unhappy and oppose tourism activities due to their impact on socio-cultural environment. Examples of this stage can be found in some areas in Barcelona (Spain), Goa (India), Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa (Singapore), St. Kitts and Nevis island (the Caribbean) and many others.

Stagnation in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Stagnation as the name suggests, is the stage where many aspects of an attraction have reached maximum capacity and cannot grow any further. The local environment is polluted, and many species can no longer survive.

In this stage, the attractions depend heavily on repeat visitation and substantial marketing efforts are required to keep the business going. Examples include some attractions in Singapore which had a relatively stagnant performance last several years.

Decline in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

After the stagnation stage, the area may face different possibilities. One of the possibilities is decline where the area is no longer able to compete with newer attractions. This decline stage is characterised by weekend and day trips as the attraction has lost its appeal.

As tourist facilities disappear at this stage, the involvement of permanent residents in tourism may increase due to the availability of cheaper facilities in declining market conditions. However, the area may completely lose its tourist function eventually.

Examples of decline include but of course not limited to Guaíra Falls (Paraguay, Brazil), Sutro Baths (San Francisco), Porcelain Tower of Nanjing (China), Chacaltaya Glacier (Bolivia), and  Malta’s Royal Opera House of Valletta (Johanson, 2022).

Rejuvenation in Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

Another possibility is rejuvenation of the area. However, for rejuvenation to happen, the attraction requires a complete change (Butler, 1980). This change can happen in two main ways as suggested by Butler.

Firstly, new man-made attractions can be introduced. Secondly, the attraction can take advantage of the previously untapped natural resources. Support for local and national governments may be necessary at this stage of the cycle. Santiago (Chile) is a good example of rejuvenation which has experienced a major transformation in the last few years.

Summary of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)

In conclusion, Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC) is a useful tool to understand the stages that a tourist attraction goes through in its life. It helps tourism planners and developers examine how tourist resorts can change over time in response to the changing demands of the tourist industry.

We hope the article ‘Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model (TALC)’ has been helpful. Please share the article link on social media to help us grow.  You may also like reading:

PESTEL analysis of the tourism industry

Ansoff Matrix in Apple Inc.

BCG matrix – definition and how to use BCG Matrix

Other relevant articles for you are:

Differences between tourism and hospitality

Ecotourism – definition and characteristics

Factors affecting tourism demand

PESTEL analysis of China

SWOT analysis of Hilton Worldwide

Marketing mix of Facebook

Importance of a business plan (Benefits of business planning)

Decision making unit (DMU)

Last update: 16 January 2023

References:

Butler, R. W. (1980) The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources, The Canadian Geographer, 24, pp. 5-12

Johanson, M. (2015) The best tourist attractions that no longer exist, available at: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/attractions-no-longer-exist/index.html (accessed 02 July 2019)

Photo credit: Pinterest

Author: M Rahman

M Rahman writes extensively online and offline with an emphasis on business management, marketing, and tourism. He is a lecturer in Management and Marketing. He holds an MSc in Tourism & Hospitality from the University of Sunderland. Also, graduated from Leeds Metropolitan University with a BA in Business & Management Studies and completed a DTLLS (Diploma in Teaching in the Life-Long Learning Sector) from London South Bank University.

Related Posts

How to be a good team player, competitive advantage for tourist destinations, advantages and disadvantages of snowball sampling.

Breadcrumbs

Butler’s tourism area life cycle and its expansion to the creative economy.

In 1980, R. W. Butler published his tourism area cycle of evolution model graphing a correlation of number of tourists on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Although a location’s capacity for number of tourists and the specific number of sustainable years may vary from location to location, Butler proposed that every tourist location evolves through a common set of stages: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and then some variation of rejuvenation or decline. Butler’s model frames the resources that enable a region to become a tourist destination as finite and ultimately exhaustible.

Rather than imagining a tourist destination always being a tourist destination, Butler recognizes that change is constant and that, ultimately, the initial reasons a location becomes a desirable tourist destination will no longer exist and the location will either need to seek rejuvenation or face decline. Embedded within Butler’s model is a call for sustainability and the conservation of resources, thereby increasing the length of time a location can maintain being a viable tourist destination. There is also an implicit call for closer collaboration and integration of the tourism industry and the local community to better shield the local community from potential exploitation or disenfranchisement.

Upload file

Link to publisher's page, suggested citation.

Hwang, Leo. 2017. "Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle and Its Expansion to the Creative Economy." The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism . ed. Linda L. Lowry, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Review, Relevance and Revision

Edited by: richard butler.

The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model is one of the most cited articles in the tourism literature, and since its publication has continued to be frequently quoted and utilised by academics and those in the tourism industry. Over the past 40 years it has been subject to widespread application and discussion, as well as elaboration, modification and criticism. This book provides a final overview of the use and contribution of the model, its strengths and weaknesses, and particularly its relevance in the 21st century in the context of problems such as overtourism and disasters, including the Covid-19 pandemic. The authors represent a mixture of senior academics, all of whom have used the TALC in their research, and younger scholars who have also used and modified the model. The final section considers revisions and concludes with a new version of the model.

In this book the origin, evolution, validity, refinement, uses and relevance of tourism's most widely used model of destination change are described and evaluated by the model's originator and other contributors, making it important reading for all those interested in the past, present and future of tourism destinations, and their planning and management. Geoffrey Wall, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Waterloo, Canada I am certain that this recent update of Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle model will continue to be welcomed as the 'go-to resource' for researchers and students interested in how tourism communities evolve. In addition to updated literature citations, I was pleased that the contributions from invited scholars from several countries added new perspectives. Alison Gill, Simon Fraser University, Canada Butler's new book offers an insightful examination of the extraordinary legacy of the TALC model, its current validity and its capacity to help to understand and manage some of the most critical factors that underlie the transformation of tourism destinations. Building bridges with other evolutionary approaches, it is an inspirational must-read book for all those interested in advancing the discussion about the complexity of the evolution of tourism destinations and, furthermore, about the intrinsic capacity of tourism to transform places. Salvador Anton Clavé, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

Richard Butler is Emeritus Professor at the University of Strathclyde, UK and the University of Western Ontario, Canada. His research focuses on destination development, remote and insular areas, impacts of tourism, sustainability and overtourism.

Tables and Figures

Contributors

Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Richard Butler: Introduction and Context

Part 1: Review

Chapter 2. Richard Butler: Revisiting the Model Summary and Viewpoints

Chapter 3. Surabhi Gore, Nilesh Borde and Purva Hegde Desai: Mapping Tourism Area Life Cycle Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Chapter 4. Rachel Dodds: An Evaluation of the Tourism Resort Life Cycle and the Need for Sustainability Planning

Chapter 5. David Weaver and Laura Lawton: When Iconic Theory Meets Existential Threat: How the TALC is Informing and can Inform Engagement with Covid-19

Chapter 6. Ngoc Trang Vu: A Qualitative and Quantitative Application of the TALC in the Context of Vietnam Till Covid-19

Chapter 7. Júlio Coelho: The TALC Model as a Strategic Model

Chapter 8. K. Michael Haywood: Opinion on the Reformation of TALC Studies

Chapter 9. Richard Butler: Revisiting the Model, Present Viewpoints

Part 2:  Relevance

Chapter 10. C. Peter Keller: Instability and Shifting Control During Stages in Destination Development Revisited

Chapter 11. Tim Gale: Revisiting Rhyl and the TALC: A Study of Land Use, Value and Cover, and Tourism Policy in a Traditional Seaside Resort, 1990-2023

Chapter 12. David Jarratt: The Role of Place Image in the Decline and Rejuvenation of Traditional English Seaside Resorts 

Chapter 13. João Romão: Smart Specialisation and the Life-Cycle of Destinations: An Evolutionary Approach

Chapter 14. Beatriz Adriana López Chávez and César Maldonado Alcudia: From Start-Up to Maturity: Integrating the TALC Model to Tourism Family Business Life Cycle in a Coastal Destination

Chapter 15. Peter Bolan and Stephen Boyd: Applying Golf Tourism to the TALC Model and as a Catalyst for Coastal Rejuvenation: The Case of the Open Hosted at Royal Portrush, Northern Ireland

Chapter 16. Wantanee Suntikul: National and International Political Influences on the TALC

Chapter 17. Richard Butler: The Relevance and Applicability of the TALC Four Decades On 

Part 3: Revision

Chapter 18. Florian Eggli: The Need to Revise the Conceptual Approach of the TALC

Chapter 19. Hughes Séraphin, Maximiliano Korst and Shem Wambugu Maingi: Spare the Child, Spoil the Long Term Sustainability of the Tourism Industry: What Does That Mean for the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)?

Chapter 20. Mike Peters and Sarah Schönherr: The Role of Entrepreneurship in Tourism Destinations: Implications for TALC

Chapter 21. Stephen Boyd and Peter Bolan: Applying TALC to Northern Ireland: A Destination Facing Recovery from Multiple Crises

Chapter 22. Bob McKercher and Ipkin Anthony Wong: Can Destinations Have Multiple Lifecycles? 

Chapter 23. Richard Butler: 'Final' Thoughts? The TALC: Revisions and Modifications

Sign up for new book email alerts

Download our catalogue, follow us on social media, information for….

• Trade Customers

Browse by category

Main categories.

• Anthropology
• Bilingualism
• Bilingual Education
• Creative Writing Studies
• Language Acquisition
• Language Education
• Language Planning
• Language and Identity
• Language and Politics
• Literacy and Multiliteracies
• Multilingualism
• Psycholinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
• Tourism Studies
• Translation and Interpreting
• Writing and Publishing

The Tourism Area Life Cycle, Vol. 1: Applications and Modifications

Edited by: richard butler.

Request an inspection copy

This volume contains specially commissioned chapters by leading researchers who have used and modified the original TALC model over the past two decades, a reprint of the original article, a discussion of its origins, and a comprehensive review of most of the published material using the TALC. The book is divided into four sections, the foundations of the TALC, the TALC in heritage settings, local involvement and the TALC, and the TALC and rejuvenation. The concluding chapter discusses the relevance of the model to both sustainability and the late Elvis Presley.

Richard Butler has researched tourism from a geographical perspective for over forty years in Canada and the UK. He is most well known for his adaptation of the life cycle model to tourist destination, and has also published widely on sustainable tourism, and tourism development and impacts.

Introduction by C. Michael Hall

Part 1: Foundations of the TALC

1. The Concept of a Tourism Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Management of Resources - Richard W. Butler

2. The Origins of the Tourism Area Life Cycle - Richard W. Butler

3. The Application of the TALC Model: A Literature Survey - Richard M. Lagiewski

4. Evolution of Tourism Areas and the Tourism Industry - K. Michael Haywood

Part 2: Implementation of the TALC

5. Lancaster County, The TALC and the Search for Sustainable Tourism - Gary R. Hovinen

6. An Empirical Interpretation of the TALC: Tourist Product Life Cycles in the Eastern Townships of Quebec - Jan O. Lundgren

7. The TALC in China's Tourism Planning: Case Study of Danxia Mountain, Guangdong Province, PRC - J. Bao and C. Zhang

Part 3: The TALC in Heritage Settings

8. The TALC Model and its Application to National Parks: A Canadian Example - Stephen W. Boyd

9. A Re-foundation of the TALC for Heritage Cities - Antonio Paolo Russo

10. The TALC and Heritage Sites - Jane Malcolm-Davies

Part 4: The TALC and Local Involvement

11. The 'Plantation' Variation of the TALC in the Small Island Caribbean - D. B. Weaver

12. Shoring the Foundations of the TALC in Tropical Island Destinations: Kona, Hawai'i - Charles S. Johnston

13. Residents' Perceptions of Tourism Development Over the Early Stages of the TALC - Jerry D. Johnson and David J. Snepenger

14. The TALC Model and Politics - Bonnie Martin

15. Seeking Sustainable Tourism in Northern Thailand: The Dynamics of The TALC - J. Marois and T. Hinch

Part 5: The TALC and Rejuvenation

16. The Modification of the Tourism Area Life Cycle Model for (Re)inventing a Destination: The Case of the Opatija Riviera, Croatia - Sanda Corak

17. The Rejuvenation of Atlantic City: The Resort Cycle Recycles - Charles Stansfield

18. Rejuvenating a Maturing Tourist Destination: The Case of the Gold Coast, Australia - Bill Faulkner and Carmen Tideswell

Part 6: Conclusion

19. The King Is Dead. Long Live the Product: Elvis, Authenticity, Sustainability and the Product Life Cycle - Brian Wheeller

Sign up for new book email alerts

Download our catalogue, follow us on social media, information for….

• Trade Customers

The Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) and Its Effect on the Quality-of-Life (QOL) of Destination Community

• Muzaffer Uysal 4 ,
• Eunju Woo 4 &
• Manisha Singal 4  
• First Online: 01 January 2011

4501 Accesses

43 Citations

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life ((IHQL))

This chapter examines the connection between tourism area life cycle (TALC) and its effects on the quality-of-life (QOL) of destination communities. We posit that as destinations go through structural changes over time, the extent to which the dynamics of change affect the QOL of the resident community varies with the stages of the life cycle. The chapter consists of four major sections. After a brief introduction, the first section presents the concept of TALC and describes the development phases and the indicators that help understand tourism area development. The second section provides a brief discussion on the impact of tourism on the community in relation to TALC, which is then followed by the third section which focuses on the adjustment to change and maintaining the QOL of the community. Section four reviews related literature to support the relation between TALC and QOL of communities. The chapter ends with delineating critical issues for future research, outlining some of the difficulties moving forward, and formulating relevant policy implications that may help the researchers and destination management organizations to further examine the issues that may surround TALC and QOL connections.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution .

Buying options

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Agarwal, S. (1997). The resort cycle and seaside tourism: An assessment of its applicability and validity. Tourism Management, 18 (3), 65–73.

Article   Google Scholar  

Akis, S., Peristianis, N., & Warner, J. (1996). Residents’ Attitudes to tourism development: The case of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 17 (7), 481–494.

Allen, L. R., Long, P. T., Perdue, R. R., & Kieselbach, S. (1988). The impacts of tourism development on residents’ perceptions of community life. Journal of Travel Research, 26 (1), 16–21.

Allen, L. R., Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural resident attitudes toward recreation and tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 31 (4), 27–33.

Andereck, K. L. (1995). Environmental consequences of tourism: A review of recent research. In S. F. McCool & A. E. Watson (Compilers), Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability – Topical volume of compiled papers from a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Parks Administration Association (pp. 77–81). Ogden: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service.

Google Scholar  

Andereck, K. L., & Jurowski, C. (2006). Tourism and quality of life. In G. Jennings & N. P. Nickerson (Eds.), Quality tourism experiences (pp. 136–154). London: Elsevier.

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Andereck, K. L., & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39 , 27–36.

Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4), 1056–1076.

Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ Perceptions on tourism impact. Annals of Tourism Research, 19 , 665–690.

Ap, J., & Crompton, J. (1993). Residents’ strategies for responding to tourism impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 32 (1), 47–50.

Bachleitner, R., & Zins, A. H. (1999). Cultural tourism in rural communities: The residents’ perspective. Journal of Business Research, 44 , 199–209.

Boyd, S. W. (2006). The TALC model and its application to national parks: A Canadian example. In C. Cooper, C. M. Hall, & D. Timothy (Series Eds.), & R. W. Butler (Vol. Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Vol. 1. Applications and modifications (pp. 119–138). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Bricker, S. K., Daniels, J. M., & Carmichael, A. B. (2006). Quality tourism development and planning. In G. Jennings & N. P. Nickerson (Eds.), Quality tourism experiences (pp. 171–191). London: Elsevier.

Brown, I., Raphael, D., & Renwick, R. (1998). Quality of life (Item # 2) . Toronto: Quality of Life Research Unit. Center for Health Promotion, University of Toronto.

Brunt, P., & Courtney, P. (1999). Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 , 493–515.

Budruk, M., & Phillips, R. (2011). Quality of life community indicators for parks recreation and tourism management . Amsterdam: Springer.

Book   Google Scholar  

Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourism areas cycle of evaluation: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24 (1), 5–12.

Butler, R. W. (2004). The tourism area lifecycle in the twenty first century. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), A companion to tourism (pp. 159–169). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Carmichael, A. B. (2006). Linking quality tourism experiences, residents’ quality of life, and quality experiences for tourists. In G. Jennings & N. P. Nickerson (Eds.), Quality tourism experiences (pp. 115–135). London: Elsevier.

Christaller, W. (1963). Some considerations of tourism location in Europe: The peripheral regions underdeveloped countries-recreation areas. Regional Science Association Papers, 12 (1), 95–105.

Copper, C., & Jackson, S. (1989). Destination life cycle: The isle of Man case study. Annals of Tourism Research, 16 (3), 377–398.

Crompton, J. L., & Hensarling, D. M. (1978). Some suggested implications of the product life cycle for public recreation and park agency managers. Leisure Sciences, 1 , 295–307.

Crompton, J. L., Reid, I., & Uysal, M. (1987). Empirical identification of product life cycle patterns in the delivery of municipal park and recreation services. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 5 (1), 17–34.

Debbage, K. (1990). Oligopoly and the resort cycle in the Bahamas. Annals of Tourism Research, 17 , 513–527.

Diedrich, A., & Garcia-Buades, E. (2009). Local perceptions of tourism as indicators of destination decline. Tourism Management, 30 , 512–521.

Dogan, H. Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment: Sociocultural impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 16 , 216–236.

Douglas, N. (1997). Applying the lifecycle model to Melanesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (1), 1–22.

Doxey, G. V. (1976). When enough’s enough: The natives are restless in old Niagara. Heritage Canada, 2 (2), 26–27.

England, J. L., & Albrecht, S. L. (1984). Boomtowns and social disruption. Rural Sociology, 49 , 230–246.

Flint, W. R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2001). The nexus of sustainability and social equity: Virginia’s Eastern Shore (USA) as a local example of global issues. International Journal of Economic Development, 3 (2), 1–30.

Formica, S., & Uysal, M. (1996). The revitalization of Italy as a tourist destination. Tourism Management, 17 (5), 323–331.

Gartner, W. (1996). Tourism development principles, processes and policies . New York: Van Nostrand Reinold/Wiley.

Getz, D. (1992). Tourism planning and destination lifecycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (4), 752–770.

Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 79–105.

Haralambopoulos, N., & Pizam, A. (1996). Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos. Annals of Tourism Research, 23 , 503–526.

Harrill, R., & Potts, T. D. (2003). Tourism planning in historic districts: Attitudes toward tourism development in Charleston. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69 (3), 233–244.

Harrison, D. (1995). Development of tourism in Swaziland. Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (1), 135–156.

Haywood, K. M. (1986). Can the tourist-area lifecycle be made operational? Tourism Management, 7 (3), 154–167.

Hovinen, G. R. (1982). Visitor cycles: Outlook for tourism in Lancaster county. Annals of Tourism Research, 9 , 565–583.

Hovinen, G. R. (2002). Revisiting the destination model. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 209–230.

Ioannides, D. (1992). Tourism development agents: The Cypriot resort cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (4), 711–731.

Johnson, J. D., & Snepenger, D. J. (1993). Application of the tourism life cycle concept in the greater Yellowstone region. Journal of Society & Natural Resources, 6 (2), 127–148.

Johnson, J. D., Snepenger, D. J., & Akis, S. (1994). Residents’ perceptions of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (3), 629–642.

Jurowski, C. (1994). The interplay of elements affecting host community resident attitudes toward tourism: A path analytic approach . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

Jurowski, C., & Brown, D. O. (2001). A comparative of the views of involved versus noninvolved citizens on quality of life and tourism development issues. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 25 (4), 355–370.

Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, D. R. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Tourism Research, 36 (2), 3–11.

Jurowski, C., Daniels, M., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2006). The distribution of tourism benefits. In G. Jennings & N. P. Nickerson (Eds.), Quality tourism experiences (pp. 192–207). London: Elsevier.

Keller, C. P. (1987). Stages of peripheral tourism development: Canada’s Northwest Territories. Tourism Management, 8 , 2–32.

Kim, K., Uysal. M., & Sirgy. J. (2003, June). The effects of tourism impacts upon quality of life of residents in the community. In TTRA’s 34th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 16–20). St. Louis.

Knowles, T., & Curtis, A. (1999). The market viability of Europeans mass tourist destinations: A post-stagnation lifecycle analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1 , 87–96.

Ko, D., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23 , 521–530.

Krannich, R. S., Berry, E. H., & Greider, T. (1989). Fear of crime in rapidly changing rural communities: A longitudinal analysis. Rural Sociology, 54 , 195–212.

Levitt, T. (1965). Exploit the product life cycle. Harvard Business Review, 43 , 81–94.

Liu, J. C., & Var, T. (1986). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13 (2), 193–214.

Long, P. T., Perdue, R., & Allen, L. (1990). Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes by community level of tourism. Journal Travel Research, 28 , 3–9.

Martin, B. S., & Uysal, M. (1990). An examination of the relationship between carrying capacity and the tourism lifecycle: Management and policy implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 31 , 327–333.

Massam, B. H. (2002). Quality of life: Public planning and private living. Progress In Planning, 58 (3), 141–227.

McCool, S., & Martin, S. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes towards tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32 (3), 29–34.

Meng, F., Li, X., & Uysal, M. (2010). Tourism development and regional quality of life: The case of China. Journal of China Tourism Research, 6 , 164–182.

Meyer-Arendt, K. J. (1985). The Grand Isle, Louisiana resorts cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 12 , 449–465.

Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1988). Social impacts of tourism on center Florida. Annals of Tourism Research, 15 , 191–204.

Mok, C., Slater, B., & Cheung, V. (1991). Residents’ attitudes towards tourism in Hong Kong. Journal of Hospitality Management, 10 , 289–293.

O’Hare, G., & Barrett, H. (1997). The destination life cycle-international tourism in Peru. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 113 (2), 66–73.

Oppermann, M. (1998). What is new with the resort cycle? Tourism Management, 19 (2), 179–180.

Pennington-Gray, L., & Carmichael, A. B. (2006). Political-economic construction of quality tourism experiences. In G. Jennings & N. P. Nickerson (Eds.), Quality tourism experiences (pp. 208–223). London: Elsevier.

Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. R. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17 (4), 586–599.

Perdue, R. P., Long, P. T., & Kang, Y. S. (1999). Boomtown tourism and resident quality of life: The marketing of gaming to host community residents. Journal of Business Research, 44 , 165–177.

Pizam, A., & Pokela, J. (1985). The perceived impacts of casino gambling on a community. Annals of Tourism Research, 12 , 147–165.

Plog, S. C. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14 , 55–58.

Plog, S. C. (2001). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity: An update of a Cornell Quarterly classic. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42 (3), 13–24.

Powers, T. M. (1980). The economic value of the quality of life . Boulder: Westview Press.

Powers, T. M. (1988). The economic pursuit of quality . Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.

Richardson, L. S. (1986). A product life cycle approach to urban waterfronts: The revitalization of Galveston. Coastal Zone Management Journal, 14 , 21–46.

Roehl, W. S. (1999). Quality of life issues in a casino destination. Journal of Business Research, 44 , 223–229.

Ryan, C., Scotland, A., & Montgomery, D. (1998). Resident attitudes to tourism development: A comparative study between the Rangitikei, New Zealand and Bakewell, United Kingdom. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 (2), 115–130.

Singal, M., & Uysal, M. (2009). Resource commitment in destination management: The case of Abingdon, Virginia. Tourism Review, 57 (3), 329–344.

Sirgy, M. J., Meadow, H. L., & Samli, A. C. (1995). Past, present, and future: An overview of quality-of-life research in marketing. In M. Joseph Sirgy & A. C. Samli (Eds.), New dimensions of marketing and quality-of-life research (pp. 335–364). Westport: Greenwood Press.

Sirgy, M. J., Widgery, R. N., Lee, D., & Yu, G. B. (2010). Developing a measure of community well-being based on perceptions of impact in various life domains. Social Indicators Research, 96 , 295–351.

Strapp, J. D. (1988). The resort cycle and second homes. Annals of Tourism Research, 15 (4), 504–516.

Toh, R. S., Khan, H., & Koh, A. (2001). A travel balance approach for examining tourism area life cycles: the case of Singapore. Journal of Travel Research, 39 , 426–432.

Tooman, L. (1997). Tourism and development. Journal of Travel Research, 35 (3), 33–40.

Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 , 231–253.

Tye, V., Sirakaya, E., & Sonmez, S. (2002). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (3), 668–688.

Upchurch, R. S., & Teivane, U. (2000). Resident perceptions of tourism development in Riga, Latvia. Tourism Management, 21 , 499–507.

Uysal, M., Harrill, R., & Woo, E. (2011). Destination marketing research: Issues and challenges. In Y. Wang & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism destination marketing and management: Foundations and applications . London: CABI.

Vargas-Sánchez, A., Plaza-Mejía, M., & Porras-Bueno, N. (2009). Understanding residents’ attitudes toward the development of industrial tourism in former mining. Journal of Travel Research, 47 (3), 373–387.

Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (May), 190–207.

Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable tourism: Theory and practice . London: Elsevier.

Whitfeild, J. (2009). The cyclical representation of the UK conference sector’s life cycle: The use of refurbishments as rejuvenation triggers. Tourism Analysis, 14 , 559–572.

Zhong, L., Deng, J., & Xiang, B. (2008).Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Tourism Management, 29 , 841–856.

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

Muzaffer Uysal, Eunju Woo & Manisha Singal

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muzaffer Uysal .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

State University, Dept. Hospitality & Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute &, Blacksburg, 24061, Virgin Islands, USA

Muzaffer Uysal

Richard Perdue

Pamlin College of Business, Dept. Marketing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Pamplin Hall 2025, Blacksburg, 24061-0236, Virgin Islands, USA

M. Joseph Sirgy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter.

Uysal, M., Woo, E., Singal, M. (2012). The Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) and Its Effect on the Quality-of-Life (QOL) of Destination Community. In: Uysal, M., Perdue, R., Sirgy, M. (eds) Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2288-0_25

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2288-0_25

Published : 04 November 2011

Publisher Name : Springer, Dordrecht

Print ISBN : 978-94-007-2287-3

Online ISBN : 978-94-007-2288-0

eBook Packages : Humanities, Social Sciences and Law Social Sciences (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

The 6 phases of a tourist destination’s life cycle

What is the life cycle of a tourist destination according to Butler?

Life cycle graph of a tourism destination.

Since the mid-20th century , thanks to factors such as the emergence of commercial flights, higher household incomes and the regularization of paid vacations, among others, tourism has become a mass phenomenon .

Until then, this was an activity that had been carried out empirically, causing some tourism projects to become unsustainable over time. In order to have a guide that would allow planners and developers to anticipate problems and create alternative or contingency plans, the need to create a model with the different stages of development of a tourist destination was considered.

The great beneficiaries of this model on the phases through which a tourist destination moves through are the tour operators or wholesalers , who determine how to sell a tourist package taking into account the specific phase of a destination’s development cycle.

There are many examples of wholesale travel agencies that analyze, research and apply these studies to increase the profitability of their products.

Understanding the tourism life cycle is crucial for stakeholders in the tourism industry . This concept not only helps in recognizing the current stage of a destination but also in strategizing for sustainable growth and development. As tourism evolves from a niche activity to a mass phenomenon, recognizing each phase within the tourism life cycle becomes a pivotal tool for effective management and planning.

To answer this question, Richard Butler, Emeritus Professor at the Strathclyde Business School in Glasgow, created the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) in 1980. In it, he essentially equates the evolution of destinations with that of products or services .

Butler seeks to demonstrate that tourism is not a static process, but that it evolves or declines according to factors such as destination discovery, visitor flow, support from authorities, the relationship between tourists and locals, infrastructure, etc.

To create his model, Butler used a number of theories related to other fields , such as sociology, biology and the life cycle of products in international commerce. The TALC has become a widely used tool as a theoretical foundation for research and analysis of the tourism sector.

According to Butler’s model, tourism destinations go through six evolutionary phases , although it is important to mention that not all destinations invariably go through each of them.

Exploration

In this first phase the destination receives few visitors , lured by natural attractions, such as pristine beaches; or by its culture, such as handicrafts or ethnic groups. It is precisely the lack of infrastructure that attracts the attention of the first tourists. The physical environment and its population are little affected by the presence of visitors, and the economic benefits are limited. There is usually a positive relationship between locals and tourists.

Involvement

In this phase, local people start businesses aimed at tourists , such as guesthouses, restaurants or tours. Investors show interest in developing future projects.

Governments are pressured by the need to develop tourism infrastructure. It begins with the promotion of the destination, which gives rise to the phenomenon of seasonality.

Development

The flow of visitors increases, as well as the digital promotion of the destination . Tour operators and tourism promoters take the opportunity to launch their promotional campaigns advertising the destination on travel agencies’ social networks in order to reach a larger target audience. At this stage, infrastructure grows , especially related to transportation. Natural and cultural attractions may become less important due to the emergence of new artificial attractions .

Occasionally, control of the tourism market passes from local hands to external companies . The standard of living of the inhabitants generally improves, however, the relationship they have with tourists can become strained.

The development phase in the tourism life cycle is a critical turning point, where effective management can significantly influence the future trajectory of a destination . At this juncture, understanding the intricacies of the tourism life cycle allows for the implementation of strategies that balance growth with sustainability. This ensures that the destination remains attractive and viable for future visitors while preserving its natural and cultural assets.

Consolidation

During this stage growth slows, but continues to rise . This may be intentional, to preserve the exclusivity of services, or not.

Tourism becomes fundamental for the economy of the area, generally being its main source of income . The aim is to increase the stay of visitors, their per capita expenditure and to deseasonalize visits.

Due to foreign companies setting up in the region, there is a drain of capital. Other negative effects may be felt, such as wear and tear on the infrastructure and dissatisfaction of the local population with tourism.

During this phase, tourism demand begins to decline and stagnate . The destination is no longer fashionable, so an alternative or conservative market is sought. Economic, environmental and social problems arise.

As destinations reach the stagnation phase and face challenges in attracting new visitors, harnessing the power of data and insights is essential .

Dive into our in-depth analysis on leveraging Google Travel Insights for strategic tourism growth and innovation, where we explore the transformative power of data in the tourism industry.

Decline or rejuvenation

In the last stage there are two scenarios: decline, where the destination loses affluence and cannot compete with other destinations that are in earlier stages. When this happens, the tourism infrastructure is usually put to another use.

This decline is usually gradual, but can also occur abruptly and unexpectedly due to external events (for example, the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, considered by the UNWTO as the worst year in history for tourism).

Another course that a destination can take after stagnation is rejuvenation , where efforts are combined to shift the destination’s focus, become more sustainable and target other markets.

Butler’s graph is a linear model in which the different stages are plotted along X and Y axes, representing the number of visitors and time, respectively.

A great number of tourist sites have been analyzed according to the Butler model, such is the case with a 2009 study carried out by Carlos Rogelio Virgen Aguilar on Puerto Vallarta. Broadly speaking, these were his conclusions:

Several factors influenced the discovery of Puerto Vallarta, undoubtedly an important one was that it became the location for the 1964 film “The Night of the Iguana” , directed by John Houston.

In the following years Puerto Vallarta experienced a boom from 2,687 hotel units in 1975 to 10,029 in 1992. An international airport was built in 1970 and the tourist infrastructure was improved.

After this stage, where the average annual rate was 15.2%, growth slowed down and even decreased , but showed a slight increase from 2001 to 2005, with condominiums being the predominant choice (non-hotel offering) .

After 2005, no new attractions were created to attract a greater number of tourists , nor did they seek to increase per capita spending. Undoubtedly, the offer of condominiums affected the hotel sector, while the neighboring destination, Nuevo Vallarta, attracts a large part of the region’s tourism.

Butler’s model is an important analysis tool that allows for the future planning of a tourist destination and the development of action plans that will allow it to reinvent itself once it goes beyond the consolidation phase.

As we wrap up our discussion on the life cycle of tourist destinations, understanding the crucial role of expert management in these phases is paramount. Delve into our dedicated exploration to grasp the full scope of the benefits of a travel management company , where we dissect their pivotal role and offer a comprehensive view of their operational strategies and advantages.

Subscribe to our newsletter

Yay you are now subscribed to our newsletter.

Marc Truyols has a degree in Tourism from the University of the Balearic Islands. Marc has extensive experience in the leisure, travel and tourism industry. His skills in negotiation, hotel management, customer service, sales and hotel management make him a strong business development professional in the travel industry.

Mize is the leading hotel booking optimization solution in the world. With over 170 partners using our fintech products, Mize creates new extra profit for the hotel booking industry using its fully automated proprietary technology and has generated hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue across its suite of products for its partners. Mize was founded in 2016 with its headquarters in Tel Aviv and offices worldwide.

Related Posts

Travel Niche: What It Is, How to Leverage It, Case Studies & More

14 min. Niche travel is one of the few travel sectors that have maintained their pre-COVID market growth. By catering to specific traveler segments, niche travel developed products around adventure travel, eco-tourism, LGBTQ+ travel, and wellness retreats. Take adventure tourism as only one segment of the niche tourism market.  In 2021, it reached 288 billion […]

4 Lessons You Can Learn From the Best Tourism Campaigns

13 min. Businesses in the tourism industry rely heavily on marketing to generate leads and boost conversion rates. Tourism marketing is as old as tourism itself – and it always reflects the destination and service benefits relevant to the current travelers’ needs, wants, and expectations. In other words, tourism campaigns must constantly move forward, and […]

The Vital Role of Market Segmentation in the Tourism Industry

15 min. The tourism industry is an ever-growing and competitive landscape, presenting both challenges and opportunities for businesses operating within it. This is where market segmentation comes in handy. In this blog post, we will discuss what market segmentation is, the importance of market segmentation in the tourism industry, and how online travel agencies can […]

• Architecture and Design
• Asian and Pacific Studies
• Business and Economics
• Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
• Computer Sciences
• Cultural Studies
• Engineering
• General Interest
• Geosciences
• Industrial Chemistry
• Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Library and Information Science, Book Studies
• Life Sciences
• Linguistics and Semiotics
• Literary Studies
• Materials Sciences
• Mathematics
• Social Sciences
• Sports and Recreation
• Theology and Religion
• Publish your article
• The role of authors
• Promoting your article
• Abstracting & indexing
• Publishing Ethics
• Why publish with De Gruyter
• How to publish with De Gruyter
• Our book series
• Our subject areas
• Your digital product at De Gruyter
• Contribute to our reference works
• Product information
• Tools & resources
• Product Information
• Promotional Materials
• Orders and Inquiries
• FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers
• Repository Policy
• Free access policy
• Open Access agreements
• Database portals
• For Authors
• Customer service
• People + Culture
• Journal Management
• How to join us
• Working at De Gruyter
• Mission & Vision
• De Gruyter Foundation
• De Gruyter Ebound
• Our Responsibility
• Partner publishers

Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.

6. Overtourism and the Tourism Area Life Cycle

From the book overtourism.

• Richard W. Butler
• X / Twitter

Supplementary Materials

Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.

Chapters in this book (26)