turkey tourist attraction map

Turkey tourist map

You can find on this page the Turkey tourist map to print and to download in PDF. The Turkey tourist attractions map presents the monuments, museums, parks and points of interest of Turkey in Asia.

Map of Turkey travel

The Turkey tourist map shows all tourist places and points of interest of Turkey. This travel map of Turkey will allow you to easily plan your visits of landmarks of Turkey in Asia. The Turkey tourist map is downloadable in PDF, printable and free.

Surrounded by four different seas, Turkey is a beach paradise with over 8000 km of sunny strips of sand. It also has an abundance of plant and wildlife species that can be enjoyed while camping or trekking in the many national parks which are dotted around the country as its mentioned in Turkey tourist map. Home to more than 20 different fascinating civilizations, Turkey has a 10,000 year-old heritage, much of which is still being uncovered. Its rich history is very much part of the present, with temples, ancient theatres, churches, mosques, tombs, statues of gods, palaces and fortresses, and of course the many detailed and fascination museums which bring the past to life.

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. In the recent years, Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care tourism. In 2011, Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists as you can see in Turkey tourist map, ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya as its shown in Turkey tourist map. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey. Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Çeşme, Didim and Alanya.

Turkey attractions map

Map of Turkey tourist attractions

The Turkey attractions map shows all monuments and sightseeing of Turkey. This tourist attractions map of Turkey will allow you to easily discover monuments, museums ans places to visit of Turkey in Asia. The Turkey attractions map is downloadable in PDF, printable and free.

Renowned as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, the spellbinding Byzantine glory of the Aya Sofya Museum (Hagia Sophia) is not only one of the top things to do in Istanbul, but also in Turkey as its mentioned in Turkey attractions map. Not to be missed, the mighty ruin of Ephesus is a city of colossal monuments and marble-columned roads. One of the most complete, still-standing Roman cities in the Mediterranean region, this is the place to experience what life must have been like during the golden age of the Roman Empire. The surreal, swooping rock valleys of Cappadocia are every photographer dream. Cliff ridges and hill crests are home to rippling panoramas of wave-like rock or wacky-shaped pinnacles that have been formed by millennia of wind and water action.

Sumptuous beyond belief, the Topkapi Palace takes you into the fantastical, opulent world of the sultans. It was from here that the sultans of the Ottoman Era carved out an empire that would extend up into Europe and down through the Middle East and into Africa. One of Turkey most famous natural wonders, the pure white travertine terraces of Pamukkale ("Cotton Castle" in English) cascade down the slope looking like an out-of-place snowfield amid the green landscape as you can see in Turkey attractions map. With its stunning, lonely setting, built into a cliff face, Sumela Monastery (Monastery of the Virgin Mary) is the star attraction for visitors along the Black Sea Coast. The top sightseeing drawcard for Eastern Turkey, Mount Nemrut summit funerary mound is scattered with the broken remnants of once mammoth statues, which guarded it.

The derelict buildings of the powerful Silk Road city of Ani sit abandoned on the plains close to Turkey modern border with Armenia. Once the Armenian capital, Ani golden age came to an end in the 14th century after Mongol raids, earthquake destruction, and trade route tussling all played their part in the city decline. Just south of Antalya, the jaw-dropping mammoth bulk of the Roman Theater of Aspendos celebrates the pomp and ceremony of Marcus Aurelius rule as its shown in Turkey attractions map. Once home to one of the ancient world most important libraries, Pergamum remaining temple remnants now preside dramatically on a hilltop. The sheltered inlet of Ölüdeniz, just a short journey from Fethiye, is Turkey most famous beach, and with scenery that might as well have fallen off a perfect postcard, it is easy to see why its popularity has not waned.

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Turkey attractions map

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18 TOP-RATED TURKEY TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Are you planning a trip to Turkey? If you’re looking for destinations to add to your itinerary, here are the 18 top-rated Turkey tourist activities!

1. Hagia Sophia

Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia) is known as the eighth wonder of the world. This wondrous building was initially built in the 6th century under Byzantine emperor Justinian I, formerly a cathedral, and later became a mosque with the Ottoman conquest .

Today, Ayasofya is now a museum located in Istanbul, listed as one of the top tourist attractions without any doubt. When entering the building, you’ll see  incredible mosaics  and other spectacular forms of art and architecture. Also significant because it unites the world’s religions, and many visitors see Ayasofya as a symbol of peace, harmony, and tolerance.

Ephesus is an ancient city built in the 10th century BCE. Its ruins still exist, reflecting centuries of inhabitants. Tourists can spot classical Greek architecture to the invasion of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity.

Today, you can find Ephesus on Turkey’s western shore, 80 kilometers south of Izmir, where there are many well-preserved ruins along the route. Some of the most famous include the Temple of Hadrian and the Temple of Artemis.

3. Cappadocia

Cappadocia is another historical site  in central Turkey. It’s characterized by unique cliffs, shaped by million-years’ worth of wind and water altering the land.

Cappadocia is famous for its towering rock formations, nicknamed “fairy chimneys” because of its magical shape and unique history.

The rock-cut churches are some of the most well-preserved ones in the world that range in size, from small churches hidden in caves to amazing multi-cave structures.

The specific sites you should visit include the subterranean regions of Kaymakli and Derinkuyu dating back to 2000 BCE, as well as Goreme, Uchisar, and Avanos towns within the heart of Cappadocia.

You can discover this destination on foot, but most visitors also prefer to see this wondrous landscape from a hot air balloon.

4. Topkapi Palace

Topkapi Palace was originally a luxurious residence, built during the reign of the Ottoman Empire, which the sultans resided at this palace for 400 years.

Today, Topkapi Palace is one of the most visited museums in Turkey, and many say no trip to Istanbul is complete without visiting this site.

Renowned for its glamour —jeweled decor adorns this palace, and guests love the large courtyards and serene garden, several pavilions, and other multiple sections.

At the museum, guests can see all of the items collected from the Ottoman Empire, including manuscripts, books, and more.

5. Pamukkale

Pamukkale is one of the most incredible natural wonders of the world. Located on top of the travertines, this was a spa center first settled by the Greeks and then taken over by the Romans. The ancient health center has mineral-rich thermal waters that travel down white travertine terraces. The result is a breath-taking four-seasons wonderland.

To this day, the thermal waters are renowned for their healing benefits. You can soak in the Antique Pool (also called Cleopatra’s Pool) and other hot springs listed among the top tourist attractions. Visitors can also see the Roman ruins throughout the city. Some of these ruins include a well-preserved theater and the Necropolis of Hierapolis  (which also borders Denizli).

6. Sumela Monastery

Along the Black Sea Coast, visitors can view the spectacle of Sumela Monastery (Monastery of the Virgin Mary). This Greek Orthodox is said to be one of the most beautiful monasteries in the world.

The monastery was founded by two monks, dedicating the site to the Virgin Mary. They dreamt they found the lost Virgin Mary painting by Apostle Luke at the monastery’s location.

Sitting on top of a jaw-dropping hill at the banks of the Panagia river, Sumela Monastery was built with Cappadocia-influence, featuring a rock-cut design. The monastery also features a holy spring, chapel, guest house, library, and student rooms.

The monastery welcomed many different activities in its reign. It was a place for education during the time of the Eastern Roman Emperor, and the Ottoman sultans would deliver gifts to show respect to the monastery.

7. Mount Nemrut

Located in Southeastern Turkey, at one of the highest peaks in the Taurus Mountains, Mount Nemrut is a fantastic destination to see a perfect sample of a tumulus tomb.

The gods & goddesses statues around the mountain on both east and west terraces along with the remains of the Temple of Zeus and other ruins, dating back to 1st century BCE, which is believed to be the resting place of King Antiochus I of Commagene.

Mount Nemrut was once guarded by these massive statues that unfortunately crumbled down today, where visitors travel to see the awe-inspiring sunrise or the sunset at this first-degree archaeological site.

8. Ani Ruins, Kars

Ani was a walled-in Silk Road city that borders Armenia. The town was founded more than 1600 years ago but is no longer inhabited. Ani was destroyed  because of earthquakes , Mongol raids, and trade route issues.

Many ruins remain in the ancient site; two of the most prominent ones include the Church of St. Gregory and Church of the Redeemer.

The ruins of Ani are mesmerizing; the architecture is elaborate, and the ruins represent a former powerful city, lost over time. You can easily spend a half-day exploring this fantastic site.

9. Aspendos

If you’re a history buff, seeing Aspendos is a must. This incredible site is home to a large Roman theater that dates back to 160. During Marcus Aurelius’ rule, the theater welcomed many cultural performances and festivals.

Today, the theater hosts the annual Aspendos Opera and Ballet Festival. Guests describe the incredible acoustics and the overall experience of watching superb talent in a historic location.

While the theater is the most famous attraction, the whole city still has various ruins.

Aspendos is 50 kilometers east of Antalya and shares a border with Side, and the best way to get to Aspendos is by private vehicle.

10. Cruising the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most exquisite sights in the world. If you have anything close by the coastline, cruising the Mediterranean is a must.

On a cruise, you’ll glide on the brilliant blue waters and gaze at the white-sand beaches and forest-clad slopes.

There are not only amazing sites but several incredible activities on the coast. For example, you can stop in Fethiye or Marmaris and spend a day gazing at the historic locations and eating delicious Turkish cuisine.

11. Pergamon

Pergamon was a Greco-Roman town located in modern-day Bergama. The city was once a rich and powerful kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. Today, Pergamon is a quiet coastal town, though it still holds an immense history.

Pergamon is located 16 miles from the Aegean Sea on an isolated hill. It reached its peak in the 5th century BCE when it became the residency of the Attalid dynasty.

The most recognizable ruin is an Acropolis-like metropolis. It was once an iconic library, but only its bare ruins remain. You can also find the ruins of a gymnasium, a marketplace, and the temples of Demeter and Hera.

12. Oludeniz

Oludeniz is Turkey’s most famous beach, easily accessible from Fethiye. This beach is unique because it combines a lush forest with scenic blue-green waters.

Visitors can relax on the beach, sunbathing, and swimming in the warm waters. But Oludeniz is also one of the best paragliding destinations globally, offering a stunning aerial view of the beach.

If you want to hike south, you can explore Butterfly Valley. This area is more secluded yet is a beautiful oasis. It gets its name because it is home to a myriad of butterfly species.

13. Antalya

Antalya is one of the best holiday destinations and the fifth-most populous Turkish city for a reason. The beaches are some of the best in all of Europe.

History buffs will love Old Town, specifically the Ottoman-era structures and cobblestone roads. Hadrian’s Gate is one of the most famous sites, built to honor the Roman Emperor in 130.

For the beach-goers, Lara is one of Antalya’s most famous beaches, which is home to several luxurious resorts and plenty of entertainment.

Off-the-beaten-path travelers will love some of the adventures Antalya offers. You can go hiking or bike riding in Lycian Way and see Duden Waterfalls.

14. Safranbolu

If history buffs truly want a look into Turkey’s Ottoman days, a trip to Safranbolu is necessary. Stroll the streets, eat delicious food, and pick up some souvenirs.

Currently listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, Safranbolu was once a trading route. This preserved town consists of restored wooden mansions that were previously homes to wealthy merchants. Today, these buildings are restaurants and boutique hotels that you can enjoy the beautiful architectural aspects.

While Safranbolu doesn’t boast tons of tourist activities, it’s a charming town that gives you a glimpse into  the history of Turkey  at every little corner.

The best way to get there is a private van while there are public buses available from Istanbul. If you fancy a train trip, then you can get a ticket to Karabuk and take public minibusses (dolmush) to Safranbolu from there.

Patara is another splendid beach in Turkey, famous for its long shoreline. It’s located on the southeast coast of Fethiye and is a favorite for tourists because of the privacy — even during the busy summer holidays, you still won’t get absorbed in the crowd.

Founded in the 8th century BCE, Patara also has plenty of ruins. Some of the ruins you can find include a restored Bouleuterion, a colonnaded street, and a 5,000-seat theater.

You can easily access Patara from Fethiye or Kas and include it in your bucket list to explore the ancient site with one of our expert guides.

You probably recognize Troy from Homer’s classic epic “The Illiad.”

Troy was said to be a real town in northwestern Turkey.  Its existence is a matter of debate, but the ancient city of Hisarlik is said to have been the site of Troy.

Even though the empire Troy may have been destroyed by King Agamemnon and his army, tourists can still visit the exact site where the ancient kingdom was said to reign. You can even see a replicate Trojan Horse!

Keep in mind that Hisarlik is a long trip from Istanbul if you plan to do it daily. If you want to visit Troy, you’ll want to devote at least a day to travel to and from the capital city. If you like, we can also combine it with Gallipoli and stay one night near Canakkale.

17. Gallipoli

Gallipoli is another historic site, but it offers a different history than the other places on this list.

During WWI, the Gallipoli Campaign (also known as the Battle of Gallipoli) was the Allied Powers’ attempt to control the sea route from Europe to Russia. The Turkish’s resistance was fierce, halting the invasion.

This site is not only historic but groundbreaking for Turkey. The battle was one of the turning points for Turkish independence, and it is significant to the country’s identity.

This battle was one of the most brutal, where half a million casualties lost their lives for whom the site features memorials. Combining with Troy, as noted above, you’ll learn where the battles took place as well as details about the campaign.

18. Gobeklitepe

Nicknamed the “world’s first temple,” Gobeklitepe is located six miles from Sanliurfa (commonly called Urfa). The site is 11,000 years old and consists of massive pillars, some blank and others carved with various animals. In 2018, it was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

There’s debate about what these pillars mean — the animals that were carved were beasts, such as scorpions and vultures, suggesting the carvings represented fear and dominating over that fear.

Gobeklitepe is easily accessible from Sanliurfa Airport, and you can enjoy a daily tour from Istanbul. Visiting the new Sanliurfa Museum is highly recommended as well, where more excavated ruins from Gobeklitepe and its surroundings are displayed.

Don’t Miss These Turkey Tourist Attractions

Now that you know the most incredible Turkey tourist attractions, are you ready to begin your journey? We offer a variety of tours — take a look at what we offer.

Turkey on map

List of cities in Turkey

The Ultimate Turkey Itinerary (2024)

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A fascinating mix of modern and ancient, where East meets West, Turkey is one of the most incredible countries in the world. After many visits and months of planning our Turkey itinerary, we settled on a route that led us through some of the country’s highlights: from the capital Istanbul to the otherworldly Cappadocia, to the ancient ruins of Ephesus and Troy to the beautiful turquoise coastline and beaches. We were blown away by the variety of sights and scenery on our journey. We’ve put together the ultimate Turkey Itinerary below, including our suggested route, where to stay and the best things to do in each place.

Table of Contents

Turkey Itinerary Route

Our Turkey itinerary took us on a loop of all the popular locations throughout western Turkey, starting and ending in Istanbul. The entire route can be completed in two weeks at a rush or three to four weeks to explore at a more relaxed pace. This Turkey itinerary can be extended or reduced depending on what sights you want to see and the time you have available. We did this route in 3 weeks which was around the right amount of time, however we had been to Istanbul previously so only spent 3 days there on this trip.

You can reduce the time by flying to Cappadocia or simple flying to Antalya and driving back to Istanbul via the coast road.

Route Summary:  arrive by air to Istanbul (1) – Safranbolu (2) – Cappadocia/Goreme (3) – Konya (4) – Antalya (5) – Kas (6) – Feithye (7) –Pamukalle (8) – Ephesus/Selcuk (9) – Izmir (10) – Troy  (11) – Istanbul (1)

Map of our Turkey Itinerary Route

How to Use This Google Map:  Click on the grey star at the top of the map and this map will be added to your Google Maps account. You can then view it on your phone or computer in Google Maps by clicking on the menu button, going to “Your Places” and selecting this map. We use these maps all the time as you can set out your itinerary ahead of time and quickly reference the saved maps.

How to get around Turkey

Renting a car.

Renting a car in Turkey is very safe and it’s the best way to explore the country. We rented a car to explore Turkey and it was a great way to see the country. Driving is relatively easy and having your own car gives you the flexibility to travel at your own pace and see places that are simply not possible on group tours or public transport. Check out our tips for renting a car in Turkey

We’re huge fans of road trips and have driven rental cars in almost 50 countries so we have a lot of experience renting cars in foreign countries. Book your car now with RentalCars.com , where you will find the best rental car prices

Book your rental car now

Public Transport

Much of this route is also possible by bus although it will likely take a little longer to allow for public transport schedules.

Turkey Itinerary: The Daily Itinerary

We’ve listed our itinerary in a loop coming from and returning to Istanbul. Feel free to reverse the order as it works just as well backward

Turkey itinerary tip:  if you are planning on visiting a lot of the sights listed in our itinerary make sure to pick up a  Turkey Museum Pass  which provides one time access to over 300 museums and sites affiliated to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. It costs around US $35 and covers most of the ancient sites and museums and also avoids queuing for tickets. We used ours everywhere from Ephesus to Aphrodisas to Hagia Sofia and the open air museums in Cappadocia.

Day 1: Arrive in Istanbul

Most visitors to Turkey arrive and depart via the new Istanbul International Airport. After a late flight, we picked up our rental car and opted to spend a night at an airport hotel before we started our Turkey road trip. We’ll return at the end of the trip for a few relaxing days in Istanbul.

Turkey itinerary tip: Istanbul can be explored at either end of this itinerary: we preferred to save it to the end of our trip and spend a few days in the city before we left Turkey.

Where to stay at Istanbul International Airport

• Bricks Airport Hotel Istanbul – excellent reasonably priced option a short taxi ride from the airport –  check prices now!
• Rox Hotel Airport – well-appointed hotel a short taxi ride from the airport  –  check prices now!
• WOW Airport Hotel: –  spacious and comfortable rooms, free airport shuttle –  check prices now!

Click here for Istanbul airport hotel prices!

Days 2 & 3: Safranbolu

The Ottoman City of Safranbolu is perfect for a one or two-night stop. We opted for two nights as the drive to Cappadocia requires an early start and we wanted to have a day to explore Safranbolu. If you prefer, you can go straight from Istanbul to Cappadocia using our guide on how to travel between them.

Drive time: 5 hours from Istanbul Ataturk Airport to Safranbolu

Safranbolu is almost frozen in time. It is a typical Ottoman city with well-preserved architecture: there are 2,000 traditional Safranbolu houses which are incredible examples of traditional Turkish housing. Safranbolu played a key part in the caravan trade as the main commercial link between the Orient and Europe.

Where to Stay in Safranbolu

• Hilton Garden Inn Safronbolu –  great modern option in Safranbolu. Rooms are clean and spacious –  check prices now!
• Gulevi Safranbolu Hotel – lovely hotel set in restored 220-year-old Ottoman mansions in the historic centre –  check prices now!
• Safranbolu Seyir Konak Otel – traditional hotel with great breakfast and wonderful views overlooking the historic centre of Safranbolu –   check prices now!

Click here for hotel prices in Safranbolu

Things to do in Safranbolu

• Explore Çarşı, the Old Town district, a maze of cobblestone alleyways winding up the hillside
• Shop for local crafts and delicacies
• Visit Cinci Hamam, a beautifully restored bathhouse

Turkey itinerary tip: we decided to drive from Istanbul to Cappadocia via Safranbolu and the archaeological site of Hattusha, both awesome historical sites. If you prefer to start your trip in Cappadocia it’s worth checking out connecting flight options to Cappadocia as it’s an 8 hour direct drive from Istanbul.

Day 4: Safranbolu to Cappadocia via Hattusha

The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hattusha is an interesting stop between Safranbolu and Cappadocia and, after spending the afternoon exploring the ancient site, we arrived in Cappadocia just in time for sunset.

Drive time:  the total drive is 500km and takes around 7hours: 4hours from Safranbolu to Hattusha and 3hours from Hattusha to Cappadocia

Hattusa was the capital of the Hittite Empire, an ancient Anatolian people, in the late Bronze Age and the archaeological site consists of ruins of temples, a royal residence and fortifications. A second site close to Hattusha, Yazilikaya, contains a fascinating ensemble of rock art. The highlights are the Lions’ Gate and the Royal Gate, the rock art and the Great Temple, the best-preserved ruin of a Hittite Temple from the 13th century BC.

Things to do

• Drive around the ancient site of Hattusha
• Stop by Yazlilkaya for ancient rock art
• Watch the sunset in Cappadocia

Days 5 to 8: Cappadocia

With its whimsical landscape, ethereal beauty and balloon-filled sky Cappadocia is otherworldly. Magical valleys stretch as far as the eye can see and the sunrise hot air balloons are a once in a lifetime experience. Check out our guide to choosing where to stay in Cappadocia here.

Turkey itinerary tip: We recommend spending at least 3 nights as there are lots of things to do in Cappadocia. If a hot air balloon ride is on your must do list then make sure to leave a few extra days in case the balloon ride is cancelled due to weather. We visited in March and the balloons only flew on one of our three mornings in Cappadocia.

Where to stay in Cappadocia

We stayed in three different hotels during our time in Cappadocia and recommend each of them!

• Sultan Cave Suites – the ultimate spot to watch the balloons rise over the Cappadocia sky at sunrise, we loved waking up to a balloon filled sky. Guests have exclusive sunrise access to the rooftop terraces which over the best views –  check prices here !

Click here for Goreme Hotel prices!

• Rox Cappadocia – located right next to the highest point in Cappadocia at Uchisar Castle, the hotel has incredible views of Goreme and Guvercinlik Valley from its rooftop. We stayed in a beautiful cave room and breakfast was a real treat –  check prices here !
• Taskonaklar Hotel – we spent a few nights in a cave room at the luxury Taskonaklar Hotel. Awesome rooms, great food and fantastic views over the valley –  check prices here
• Museum Hotel – one for the bucket list, the Museum Hotel is based on the concept of a living museum. The view of the hot air balloons from the hotel’s Roman Pool is breathtaking –  check prices here !

Click here for Uchisar hotel prices!

You can read more about our stay at the Sultan Cave Suites and our guide to the Cappadocia hotels with the best view of the balloons .

Things to do in Cappadocia

There are so many awesome things to see and do in Cappadocia that your three days will be packed! Our favourite things to do were:

• Take a sunrise hot air balloon ride – this is a bucket list Cappadocia item and a must for anyone visiting. This is one of the best yours and includes hotel pickup – click here to book a hot air balloon flight

Book your Hot Air balloon ride now

• Hunt for the best Instagram photo spots in Cappadocia
• Watch the sunset over the red valley
• Explore Imagination Valley
• Stock up on rugs at a Turkish carpet shop
• See the iconic Cappadocia fairy chimneys
• Explore the underground city’s
• Visit the open-air museums
• Hang an evil eye charm on the evil eye trees

For all the photographers reading we’ve put together a list of our favourite photo locations in Cappadocia (hint: there are lots!)

Day 9: Konya

After an incredible few days in Cappadocia, it’s time to head towards the stunning Turkish coast. Konya, a compelling mix of ancient and modern and the home of the whirling dervish orders, is the perfect overnight stop before Antalya. On the way check out the Sultanhanı Caravanserai, an ancient trading outpost with an incredible entrance gate.

Drive time : 3 hours (235km)

Where to stay in Konya

Hotels in Konya were extremely affordable and you can stay in some very nice modern hotels for a reasonable rate.

• Hilton Garden Inn Konya  – clean, spacious and modern in an excellent location close to all the major Konya sights –   check prices here!
• Novotel Konya – great facilities and clean, modern rooms with minibus access to sights –  check prices here!
• Ramada Plaza Konya – modern hotel with hammam and pool, located close to the tram stop –   check prices here!

Click here for Konya Hotel Prices

Things to Do in Konya

• Çatalhöyük – located just outside Konya, this stunning UNESCO World Heritage site is an ancient city over 9,000 years old and one of the oldest Neolithic settlements in the world.

• Mevlana Museum – home to the tomb of Rumi, a philosopher, poet and Islamic scholar who founded the whirling dervish sect of Sufism.
• Kyoto Park – a slice of Japan in the middle of Turkey!
• Mevlana Whirling Dervishes:  synonymous with Konya, the Turkish Dervishes perform a ceremony of worship, spinning in deep prayer.

Days 10 and 11: Antalya

Antalya is known as Turkey’s Turquoise Coast and offers a change of pace and scenery in addition to some of the best sunsets we’ve ever experienced. Antalya is packed with very affordable luxury beach resorts and has a stunning coastline, so we recommend spending a few days relaxing and recovering from the so far packed itinerary and long drives.

Drive time: 4 hours (300km)

Where to Stay in Antalya

Hotels in Antalya are very reasonably priced so we opted for some luxury during our stay!

• Akra Hotel – a five-star hotel on the sea, we loved our ocean view room and the amazing facilities. One of our favourite hotels in Turkey! –  check prices now!
• Crown Plaza Antalya – set along the beautiful  Konyaalti Beach, another great five-star option with great facilities –  check prices now!
• Rixos Downtown Antalya – overlooking the  sea  and the Taurus Mountains, Rixos Downtown is located close to Konyaalti Beach and has a host of dining options and great pools. –  check prices now!

Click here for Antalya hotel prices!

Things to do in Antalya

• Aspendos Theater:  the theatre at Aspendos is one of the best preserved in Turkey and is still used for performances to this day

• Termessos – located in the mountains just north of Antalya, Termessos is one of the best ancient sites we visited in Turkey. This mountaintop city is a must for anyone visiting Antalya and the views from the theatre are incredible.

• Perge – the UNESCO site of Perge is another must see in Antalya. This ancient city prospered during the bronze age.

• Hadrians Gate:  iconic entrance gate to the Old Town Kaleiçi district which was erected in honour of a visit by Emperor Hadrian in AD 130.
• Manavgat waterfall:  beautiful waterfalls located just east of Antalya, these are very popular and busy.
• Düden Waterfalls:  a beautiful group of waterfalls in Antalya, be sure to stop at the source and by the sea.

Day 12 –  Coast Drive between Antalya and Kas

After a few relaxing days in Antalya, it’s time to move west along the stunning Turkish coastline. There are so many stops along the coast that it’s worth making an overnight stay half-way in the seaside town of Kas.

Drive time: 3 hours (190 km)

 Where To Stay in Kas

• Hotel Cachet – located on the peninsula outside Kas, Hotel Cachet is one of the best in the area. The hotel is secluded and quiet with stunning views of the ocean – check prices now!
• Olea Nova Hotel – this beautiful hotel is located just outside Kas and has amazing ocean views and a beautiful outdoor pool . The local bus stops just outside the hotel every 30 minutes for a short trip into the town of Kas – check prices now!
• Nur Hotel – one of the best hotel options in Kas town is the Nur Hotel.  With beautiful sea views and a 5 minute walk to the town centre, the location is perfect for relaxing and enjoying all Kas has to offer – check prices now!

Click here for hotel prices in Kas

Things to do on the Coast Drive between Antalya and Kas

• Butterfly Valley:  only accessible by boat, Butterfly Valley is a large and picturesque canyon   that is home to a diverse population of butterflies, beautiful scenery and a beautiful beach
• Phaselis: take a step back in time at the ancient Lycian port of Phaselis where the contrast of ruins and turquoise water is mesmerising
• Kaputas Beach:  sheltered beach with huge waves and amazing viewpoints above
• Theimussa ancient place:  sunken ruins from 4BC of the ancient city of Theimussa
• Ancient Myra ruins:  incredible ruins with an amphitheater and Lycian rock tombs

Day 13: Fethiye

The bustling marina town of Fethiye is another excellent base along the coast and we recommend a one-night stopover en route to Pamukkale.

Drive time:  90 minutes from Kas to Fethiye (100km)

Things to do in Fethiye

• Xanthos and Letoon:  a joint UNESCO World Heritage Site, the ancient city of Xanthos was the capital of Lycia and Letoon, a cult sanctuary of Leto and one of the most important religious centres in the region, is located nearby.
• Fethiye waterfront and Old Town: from the bustling waterfront, a hub of restaurants, bars and yachts to the character filled Old Town, it’s lovely to wander through Fethiye
• Lycian Rock Tombs: incredible Lycian tombs carved into the cliffside above Fethiye 
• Kayakoy Ghost Town:  a ghost town now preserved as a museum village. Kayakoy was a thriving town of 10,000 until the early 1920s when, at the conclusion of the Greco-Turkish War, it was emptied of its Christian inhabitants.

Where to Stay in Fethiye

• Yacht Classic Hotel – seafront hotel with beautiful decor, spacious rooms and excellent food. The Yacht Classic is another of our Turkey favourites –  check prices now!
• Ece Boutique Hotel – located on the Island of Sovalye, a 10-minute boat ride from Fethiye –  check prices now!
• Letoonia Club & Hotel – excellent resort style option with a huge range of restaurants and facilities –  check prices now!

Click here for Fethiye hotel prices

Day 14: Aphrodisias, Pamukkale and Hierapolis

The brilliant white travertine of Pammukale is on the cover of nearly every Turkey guidebook and, with over two million visitors annually, Pamukkale is Turkey’s single most visited attraction. The ancient Greco-Roman city of Hierapolis, a thermal spa city, is located on the hot springs of Pamukkale. We spent a night in a hotel in Pamukkale to give us the chance to explore at less crowded times.

Drive: 3 hours (230km)

The brilliant white travertine terraces of Pamukkale, meaning cotton castle, are topped with turquoise hot pools cascading down the mountainside above the town of Pamukkale. Pamukkale, while still beautiful, doesn’t quite look like the iconic images that you might be familiar with – some of the travertines have suffered from the effects of mass tourism over the decades and are closed off to allow them to heal. Bring swimwear to bathe in Cleopatra’s Pool, an antique pool where Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt once swam.

Turkey itinerary tip: shoes and sandals are not permitted when visiting Pamukkale to prevent further erosion.

The ancient Greco-Roman city of Hierapolis was a thermal spa city located on the hot springs of Pamukkale in the classical kingdom of Phrygia. The ruins of Hierapolis ruins sit atop the natural site of Pamukkale and there are panoramic views for miles around. The ancient Theatre and the Museum are both unmissable. Together Pamukkale and Hierapolis are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the mix of natural and ancient is still breathtaking today.

Turkey itinerary tip: visiting Pamukkale and Hieropolis takes around half a day depending how much you wish to explore Hieropolis. Make sure to stop at the nearby site of Laodikeia where an active excavation is underway. Most of this site remains underground however it’s an incredible place.

Aphrodisias

Around an hours drive from Pamukkale is the UNESCO world heritage site of Aphrodisias. You can visit as an afternoon trip from Pamukkale or en route to Selçuk plan to spend a few hours exploring the most recent UNESCO site in Turkey, the ancient site of Aphrodisias. The small ancient Greek Hellenistic city was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and the highlights include the monumental gateway leading into the site, the temple of Aphrodite which dates from the 3rd Century, the stadium which is one of the best preserved of its size and the museum which house the friezes from The Sebasteion building.

Where to stay in Pamukkale

• Hal Tur Hotel – family run hotel with the best view of Pamukkale, all rooms have a balcony/terrace overlooking the site. We stayed here and it was a minutes walk to the Pamukkale entrance. – check prices now!
• Hotel Sahin – another great family run hotel on the main street with excellent views and close to the entrance –   check prices now!

Click here for Pamukkale hotel prices!

Days 15 to 18: Selçuk & Ephesus

Our visit to Ephesus was one of the absolute highlights of our Turkey trip and it really is unmissable. Ephesus is located in the town of Selcuk and, together with ancient Ephesus, there are lots of  things to see and do in Selçuk:   the area deserves at least 2 to 3 full days to allow you to explore fully.

Ephesus is hands down the most spectacular archaeological site we visited in Turkey and it is worth committing an entire day to visit the site alone. The ancient Greek city of Ephesus was built in the 10th Century BC and contains successive settlements from the Neolithic, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Selçuk and Ottoman periods. It’s impossible to describe the feeling of standing in front of the magnificent Celsus library in Ephesus as the morning light washed over the ruins.

Turkey Travel Tip: Aim to visit Ephesus first thing in the morning when it’s relatively quiet and after a few hours return to your hotel to relax during the hottest part of the day. This avoids the immense crowds that visit the site each day and the worst heat of the day. Although it cost us an extra ticket, we returned around 90 minutes before closing when the tour groups had left.

Things to do in Ephesus and Selcuk

The ancient city of Ephesus is located in Selcuk and there is much to explore in the town. For a more detailed guide, check out our article on things to do in Ephesus and Selcuk

• The ancient city of Ephesus:  the ancient Greek city of Ephesus was built in the 10th Century BC and was home to over 300,000 people at its peak.
• The terraced houses: an excavation site in Ephesus, the terraced houses were once luxurious residential villas and were known as the houses of the rich.
• Ephesus Archaeological Museum:  exhibits artifacts that were excavated from the nearby ancient city of Ephesus
• Basilica of St John: ruins of the 6th Century Basilica where the Apostle John, having travelled from Jerusalem to Ephesus, is said to have spent his remaining years
• House of Mary, Meryemana:  the house of the Virgin Mary is a pilgrimage site close to the ancient ruins of Ephesus and is considered to be the place where Mary, the Mother of Jesus, lived and died after being taken there by Saint John
• Ayasuluk Fortress: built to protect St John’s Basilica, the Ayasoluk Fortress dominates the skyline of Selcuk
• Isa Bey Mosque:  the Isa Bey Mosque was constructed in the late 1300s and is based on the Great Mosque of Damascus
• Sirince:  small village close to Ephesus is famous for its fruit wine and red-roofed houses
• Grotto of the Seven Sleepers: tombs of seven young Christians, who, having refused to renounce their Christian beliefs, were said to have hidden in a cave close to Ephesus to escape religious persecution by the Roman Emperor Decius.
• Temple of Artemis:  Dedicated to the goddess Artemis, it is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Where to Stay in Selçuk

• Hotel Mary’s House – family run hotel with handmade woodwork in bedrooms, a beautiful breakfast and a great location in the heart of Selcuk. We stayed here during our visit to Ephesus and loved it –  check prices now!
• Cella Boutique Hotel & Spa:  luxury boutique hotel with outdoor pool, a spa and Turkish baths close to the centre of Selcuk –  check prices here! – check prices now!
• Hotel Bella –  another great boutique option with Ottoman style furniture and a rooftop restaurant with great views of the fortress –  check prices here!

Click here for  Selçuk hotel prices

Days 19 and 20: Pergamon, Çanakkale, Troy and Gallipoli

After leaving Ephesus, we made a stop at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Pergamon before spending two nights in Canakkale, a seafront town where the 2004 movie version of the wooden horse of Troy stands. Canakkale is a great base to explore Tory and Gallipoli.

Founded in 281 BC, the UNESCO World Heritage site of Pergamon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world. The city housed theatres, gymnasiums, the Great Altar and the library. The Trajan Temple is impressive and the theatre, the steepest surviving Roman Theatre, is a highlight. The nearby Asclepieion healing center is also an interesting visit.

With 4,000 years of history, the world famous archaeological site of Tory was immortalised by Homer in the Iliad as the site of the Trojan War. In an early beauty contest, Paris of Troy had to choose between the three beauties Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Paris chose Aphrodite who had promised Paris the love of Helen, the Queen of Sparta. Paris’ subsequent abduction of Helen to Tory provoked the Trojan war.

The battlefield of Gallipoli saw immense bloodshed during World War I and many visit to pay their respects to the thousands of soldiers who lost their lives in the battle.

Where to Stay in Çanakkale

• Buyuk Truva Oteli:  simple and comfortable hotel overlooking the Sea of Marmara – check prices now!
• Hotel Limani:  a nice seafront hotel with functional rooms –  check prices now!
• Kervansaray Canakkale Hotel:  charming hotel located in an old mansion in the heart of Canakkale  – check prices now!

Click here for Çanakkale hotel prices

Day 21: Çanakkale to Bursa and Istanbul

After leaving Çanakkale we made a stop in the UNESCO city of Bursa before travelling to Istanbul, the final city in our Turkey itinerary.

Between 1335 and 1363 Bursa was the first major capital of the Ottoman State and was known as  Hüdavendigar, or God’s Gift, during the Ottoman period. Some of the highlights of the Bursa UNESCO include the Ulu Camii Mosque and the Osman and Orhan Gazi Tombs.

Days 22 to 25: Istanbul    

It’s hard not to fall in love with the vibrant, hip city of Istanbul and we recommend spending at least 3 nights exploring the city.  The eclectic mix of Europe and Asia, East and West and old and new make Istanbul an amazing spot.

Things to do in Istanbul

• The Blue Mosque
• Hagia Sofia
• Topaki Palace
• Basilica Cistern
• Grand Bazaar
• Istiklal Street
• Galata Tower and Bridge
• Bosphorus Strait
• Dolmabahçe Palace
• Chora Church
• Check out the best photo spots in Istanbul

Where to stay in Istanbul

We love staying in the historical district as the hotels are close to many of the major sights and we can walk or take the tram to sightsee.

• White House Hotel:  a fantastic hotel in a great location close to Hagia Sofia, Topaki Palace and the Blue Mosque. We’ve stayed here on many visits to Istanbul, it’s the perfect spot for exploring the city –   check prices now!
• Hotel Amira Istanbul:  a luxury hotel in the Sultanahmet district close to many of the major sites. The roof terrace has lovely sea views –  check prices now!
• Osmanhan Hotel:  another great option in the historical district, the Osmanhan has a rooftop terrace overlooking the Blue Mosque and the Marmara Sea – check prices now!

Click here for Old City hotel prices!

Extending the itinerary

Our detailed itinerary is ideal for a two-three week trip but there are other Turkey highlights which you might wish to include if you have additional time in the country:

• Mount Nemrut: deep in the Anatolian heartland massive statues of Greek and Persian gods scattered across a mountaintop. The road is closed during the winter months.
• Van: Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey and has many historical sites.
• Trabzon: once an important stop on the Silk Road, Trabzon’s Hagia Sophia was built in the 13th Century and has served as a hospital, a museum and a mosque.
• Kars:  as a result of the 19th Century Russian Occupation Kars is like stepping into Russia. It’s also a base for exploring the ruins of an abandoned medieval Armenian city, Ani.
• check for travel advice before travelling. The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advise against all travel to within 10 km of the border with Syria and to the city of Diyarbakir and all but essential travel to other parts of the south-east.
• Selimiye Mosque:  a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Erdine, 3 hours north-west of Istanbul. The Ottoman mosque is considered a highlight of architect Mimar Sinan’s work and one of the greatest achievements in Islamic architecture.

For more on Turkey

• Check out our guide to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites

4 thoughts on “The Ultimate Turkey Itinerary (2024)”

This itinerary blew my mind with its eye for detail. 👌

Thanks Elaine and Dave. We just visited Turkey for 13 days from 6 – 19 June and enjoyed every bit of it. Istanbul, Izmir, Seljuk, Pamukkale, Antalya, Cappadocia – all done in a hurriedly planned itinerary. Our regret was not visiting Sirince, the famous waterfalls, etc., but we were lucky to have enjoyed the hot air balloon ride with a parachute jumper with us because of whom we were taken to a height of 2000 metres. Overall, an amazing trip, good food, lovely people and awesome weather.

I found this super helpful to plan my trip. Thank you very much for all the information.

So happy it is useful. Have a great trip!

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16 Top-Rated Attractions & Things to Do in Cappadocia

Written by Jess Lee Updated Oct 21, 2021 We may earn a commission from affiliate links ( )

High on every tourist's Turkey hit list, Cappadocia is a region of swirling volcanic-rock landscapes so strange that they look like they have been fashioned by mischievous elves. But in reality, it is the work of wind and water slowly whittling away the rock.

Humans have settled in this area since at least the Bronze Age and have left their own mark on this wacky moonscape by burrowing into the soft volcanic rock to live.

The star tourist attractions are the Cappadocian villages, carved out of the hillsides; the Byzantine-era rock-cut churches with dazzling frescoes; and the labyrinthine underground cities where early Christians once hid from invaders.

Brimming with things to do for both nature lovers and history buffs, Cappadocia's valleys are one of Turkey's prime hiking and horse riding destinations, while aerial shots of the sinewy contours of those valleys have made the region one of the best places in the world to take a hot-air balloon tour.

If you need ideas for planning your trip, see our list of the top attractions in Cappadocia.

See also: Where to Stay in Cappadocia

1. Soar over the Valleys in a Hot Air Balloon

2. visit the churches of göreme open-air museum, 3. hike or horse ride in red and rose valleys, 4. explore the village of göreme, 5. head underground at kaymaklı and derinkuyu, 6. visit zelve open-air museum, 7. hike ihlara valley, 8. view the churches at çavusin, 9. explore soğanlı open-air museum, 10. view the fairy chimneys of paşabağı, 11. climb uçhisar's rock citadel, 12. shop for local ceramics in avanos, 13. take a day trip to eski gümüşler monastery, 14. visit kayseri, 15. explore the sights along the road to hacıbektaş, 16. stroll the old town streets of ürgüp, where to stay in cappadocia for sightseeing, tips and tours: how to make the most of your visit to cappadocia, map of attractions & things to do in cappadocia.

For many visitors, going for an early morning hot-air balloon ride in Cappadocia is one of Turkey's highlights.

In the summer high season, over 100 hot-air balloons take to the skies just after sunrise and supply passengers with bird's-eye views of the central valley area and their rock formations.

Balloons fly daily throughout the year unless they're canceled due to inclement weather. The typical flight plan flies over the area containing Red, Rose, and Meskendir Valleys, though sometimes the wind conditions mean you fly over other surrounding areas.

Hot-air balloon rides take around one hour (with deluxe packages lasting around 90 minutes). All tours include pickup and drop-off from your hotel and normally also include a breakfast buffet.

Note that if you are visiting Cappadocia from Istanbul specifically just to go hot-air ballooning, you have to stay at least one night due to the early morning start of the balloon tours.

Just outside the village of Göreme is the UNESCO World Heritage site of Göreme Open-Air Museum, a monastery cluster of rock-cut churches and monk cells that hold fabulous frescoes.

The complex frescoes date from the 10th to 12th centuries, when Cappadocia was an important Byzantine religious center.

There are several churches and chapels within the complex, but the most important include the Elmalı (Apple) Church, with its Ascension fresco above the door; the Azize Barbara (St. Barbara) Chapel, with its red-ochre interior decoration; the Yılanlı (Snake) Church, with its wall-paintings of St. George and interesting fresco of the hermetic hermaphrodite St. Onuphrius; and the cavernous Tokalı (Buckle) Church, which has a barrel-vaulted chamber completely covered in frescoes.

The complex's highlight, though, is the Karanlık (Dark) Church, which holds superbly restored, colorful frescoes that are regarded as among the best surviving examples of mid-Byzantine art in the world.

Address: Müze Caddesi, Göreme

Official site: https://muze.gov.tr

Cappadocia's most beautiful intertwining valleys lie between the villages of Göreme and Çavusin.

Here, the rolling and rippling rock faces arc out across the countryside in a palette of pastel pink, yellow, and orange cliffs, formed by volcanic explosion and millennia of wind and water erosion.

Between the cliffs are lush orchards and vegetable plots still tended by local farmers, while carved into the rock are hidden churches and hermit-hideouts, which date back to the Byzantine era.

Hot-air ballooning over the valleys gets all the glory, but there are plenty more activities in Cappadocia to help you get the best views of the valleys. There are dozens of hiking trails, so it's the perfect opportunity to grab your walking shoes and head out onto the paths. Hikes range from a couple of hours to all-day treks.

Three particular cave churches to seek out within Rose Valley are the Kolonlu (Column) Church, where columns were hewn out of the rock; Haçlı (Cross) Church, with its mammoth cross carved into the cave ceiling; and the Üç Haçlı (Three Cross) Church, with its well-preserved ceiling carvings and interesting (though severely damaged) frescos.

Horse riding through this valley area is also very popular. Most rides are more suitable for intermediate riders rather than beginners due to the rocky terrain.

Göreme has been voted one of the most beautiful villages in the world by several travel magazines for good reason.

The village is half buried into the hill, its stone house facades hiding a maze of cave rooms below. Göreme is the center of Cappadocia's tourism industry, and many of these traditional houses here have been turned into boutique cave hotels.

The fresco-adorned El Nazar (Evil Eye) Church and the Saklı (Hidden) Church are both accessed off Müze Caddesi, a short walk from the center on the way to Göreme Open-Air Museum.

The village is the main base for walkers itching to head out on a hike, with all the main valleys branching out from here offering a plethora of trails that lead past kooky rock formations, known locally as fairy chimneys, and hidden cave churches up to panoramic viewpoints.

Cappadocia's underground cities first began to be chiseled out of the ground in the Bronze Age Hittite era, but they are most famous for their early Byzantine history (6th and 7th centuries), when the region's Christians took to living underground for long periods to escape from Arab and Persian invaders.

Kaymaklı Underground City is Cappadocia's largest example, with a labyrinth of rooms connected by tunnels that extends for eight levels. Four of these levels can be explored by visitors.

Derinkuyu Underground City is Cappadocia's deepest underground shelter. The tunnels here are quite claustrophobic in places, as they travel deeper and deeper into the ground. There is a cavernous chapel area, and many living and storage areas to explore in this below-ground maze. The ingenious ventilation shaft system used by Derinkuyu's inhabitants can also be seen.

Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı Underground Cities are close enough together to see both on a day trip, but if you only want to see one, Kaymaklı is less popular with large tourist coach loads, so you're more likely to be able to explore the tunnels here unhindered by crowds.

Heading underground into the mazy network of tunnels is a fascinating experience, but those with claustrophobia should be aware that some of the tunnels are exceedingly narrow.

With its knobbly-topped rock cliffs speckled with cave dwellings, walking through Zelve Open-Air Museum is an experience of the Cappadocia of old.

The settlement began life as a monastery in the 9th century, and by the 20th century was a thriving village.

Due to erosion and rockfall dangers, the village had to be abandoned in 1952. Now the entire valley is a museum.

There are a couple of interesting chapels to see – the Üzümlü (Grape) Church being the most intact – and a rather picturesque rock-cut mosque. But the real joy of this site is meandering down the cliffside paths, exploring the fire-blackened interiors of the cave dwellings, and staring out at the magnificent vistas over the surrounding countryside.

The narrow, verdant valley at the bottom of this deep (100 meters) gorge in southwest Cappadocia is a nature lover's delight.

Hemmed in by rugged, steep cliffs, Ihlara Valley is a lush Eden of tall poplar trees and fertile farming plots beside the babbling Melendiz River, which runs for 14 kilometers from Selime village to Ihlara village.

During the Byzantine period, this was a favored retreat for hermetic monk communities, who carved churches and monastery complexes into the cliff face.

The Kokar (Fragrant) Church, Yılanlı (Snake) Church, and Kırk Dam Altı Church (also known as St. George Church) are three of the best but there are plenty of others to see along the way.

At Selime village, the craggy rock pinnacle of Selime Monastery, hewn with cave cells and churches, provides a dramatic start or end point to an Ihlara Valley hike.

The main attractions in the tiny village of Çavusin are two lovely Byzantine churches.

By the entrance into town is the Çavusin Church (also known as the Big Pigeon House Church, due to having been used as a local pigeon house in the early 20th century) with a stunning interior of frescos.

In the old village center, after hiking high up on the ridge above the tumble of derelict houses, is the Church of Saint John the Baptist, thought to be among the oldest of the churches in the area.

The church's basilica-like proportions and fat columns are an impressive sight, and there are sweeping views across the countryside from its cave entrance.

The twin valleys of Soğanlı are scattered with pyramid-shaped rock pinnacles that were first hollowed out in the Roman era.

By the time the Byzantine period was in full bloom, Soğanlı had become a major monastic center, its rock pinnacles home to chapels and monk cells.

The Karabaş (Black Hat) Church, Yılanlı (Snake) Church and Saklı (Hidden) Church have the best preserved frescos in this chapel cluster.

Soganli is an excellent place for a day trip, with the road leading here scattered with tranquil villages and interesting historic sites.

Two of the best attractions to stop off at are the Byzantine-era Keşlik Monastery and the ancient ruins of Roman Sobesos.

The hoodoos (known as fairy chimneys in Cappadocia) of Paşabağı valley have made it one of Cappadocia's most famous landmarks.

In the early Byzantine period, a religious community who were disciples of Saint Simeon Stylites (a 4th century monk, who spent his life on top of a pillar in northern Syria) devoted their lives to their own stylite practices here.

Instead of pillars, though, they carved monk cells high up in the rock pinnacles to lead a hermitic life of prayer. One of these monk cells can still be visited.

A trip to Pasabag valley is easily combined with a visit to Zelve Open-Air Museum as the sites are about two kilometers apart on the same road.

The village of Uçhisar is dominated by a mammoth rock-cut fortress riddled with tunnels and caves.

Just like the region's underground cities, this rocky outcrop provided villagers with protection from invaders during the Roman and Byzantine eras.

The fortress can be climbed to the top, where you are rewarded with sweeping panoramas over the undulating valleys that surround the village.

Uçhisar is also a popular base for visitors, with plenty of boutique cave hotel accommodation.

The village is a good starting point for valley walks. In particular, trails through Pigeon Valley and White Valley run from here to Göreme, providing an easy scenic hike between the two villages.

Avanos is a bustling provincial town beside the Kizilirmak River. The older part of the town winds up the hillside in a maze of cobblestone roads lined by dilapidated Ottoman mansions, which makes for an interesting stroll, but Avanos' main attraction is its pottery.

This town has a pottery industry history that stretches back to the Hittite period and now, like then, local artisans utilize the distinctive red clay of the Kizilirmak River for their craft.

Potter workshops and shops are along the main road in the town center, beside the river, and many of their owners are happy to let you watch them work or have a go at creating a simple pot yourself.

The town's Guray Ceramic Museum celebrates this pottery heritage with an astonishing collection of ceramics from across Turkey.

The museum is worth a visit simply for its location – a series of caves carved underneath the Guray Pottery Workshop.

Barely 10 kilometers northeast of the town of Niğde, in Cappadocia's south, far from the region's main tourism center, this rock-hewn monastery complex is home to some of the most impressive Byzantine frescoes in Cappadocia.

The paintings date from the 11th century and include the Annunciation and the Virgin Mary, with baby Jesus flanked by the Archangels Gabriel and Michael.

Just as interesting as the frescoes is the mazy series of tunnels you can explore within the complex that have been recently restored and opened up for tourism.

They are a bit of a squeeze in parts but great fun to scramble through.

Most visitors only see Kayseri on their way to and from the airport, but this bustling city has a handful of interesting Seljuk and Ottoman monuments for those with some spare time.

The remnants of Kayseri Castle are right in the center of town, squeezed between modern shops and busy roads.

Nearby is the well-preserved Çifte Medrese in Mimar Sinan Park which was one of the world's first medical schools and is now home to the Museum of Seljuk Civilization with a beautifully curated collection of artifacts that ranges from textiles and jewelry to ceramics and stone work.

Kayseri's Archaeological Museum is also worth a visit for its exhibits from the Hittite excavation sites of Kültepe.

Mount Erciyes glares down at you from wherever you are in the city. The town is only a short drive from the mountain (Cappadocia's highest) and its winter ski slopes.

Just to the southeast of Kayseri is the Seljuk caravanserai of Sultanhanı, a good stop if you're driving onwards to Sivas.

Hacıbektaş is a pilgrimage center for the followers of the Bektaşi order of dervishes, founded by the Iranian philosopher and Sufi Hacı Bektaş Veli.

The town's dervish lodge is now a museum and a place of great devotional worship, including Hacı Bektaş Veli's tomb, as well as many interesting exhibits about the faith.

On the road between the city of Nevşehir and Hacıbektaş is the village of Gülşehir, which is home to two interesting attractions that are worth stopping off at along the way.

The rock-cut monastery of Açık Saray was probably used by monks in the 6th and 7th centuries and contains a number of interesting cave-cut rooms.

A little farther down the highway is the 13th-century Saint Jean Church , which is rarely visited despite having an interior absolutely covered in gloriously colorful and well-restored frescoes.

Ürgüp doesn't have many of its own actual sights but it's a popular place to visit because of its boutique hotels and good restaurant scene.

Relics from the Seljuk period include a 13th-century mosque and a scatter of Seljuk-period tombs.

The town's old neighborhood, which radiates out from the modern town center, is home to some distinctive examples of Ottoman-Greek stone house architecture, remnants of Cappadocia's once thriving Ottoman-Greek community, which was forced to leave under the 1923 Population Exchange conditions of the Treaty of Lausanne.

For more Ottoman-Greek architecture head to the nearby village of Mustafapaşa. The Agios Konstantinos-Elini Church is right in the center of the village while some small cave churches are also just out of town in the aptly named Monastery Valley.

All of the central Cappadocia villages have accommodation, and all offer their own unique ambience. The three main places to stay are Göreme, Ürgüp, and Uçhisar. Göreme is right in the center of the region and has the biggest variety of small boutique hotels and guest houses. Ürgüp and Uçhisar concentrate on more luxurious hotels.

Luxury Hotels:

• Yunak Evleri is a swish boutique cave hotel in Ürgüp, known for its personalized service, cave-cut suite rooms, outdoor pool, and spa. Breakfast is included, and the terrace restaurant gets glowing reviews from guests.
• Hezen Cave Hotel in Ortahisar overlooks the village castle and has cave rooms decorated in chic modern style, excellent service, and huge included breakfasts.

Mid-Range Hotels:

• Kelebek Special Cave Hotel in Göreme has rooms (both cave and stone-cut), in a big variety of prices, set between rambling terraces with views across the village. Amenities include a pool and hammam (Turkish bath), and breakfast is included. Also in Göreme, Erenbey Cave Hotel has a range of stone-cut and cave rooms, an included breakfast, and friendly service.

Budget Hotels:

• Kismet Cave House has cozy stone-cut rooms, decked out with Turkish carpets and traditional textiles, and is located right in the heart of Göreme village. Rates include breakfast.
• Full-Day Tour: Organized tours of Cappadocia are a great option if you don't have time to explore independently and want to fit in a number of sights in one day. The full-day Highlights of Cappadocia tour whisks you through some of the region's top attractions, visiting the Göreme Open-Air Museum, Çavusin village, Paşabağı, Avanos for a pottery demonstration, Uçhisar village, and Kaymaklı Underground City, all with a local tour guide. Pickup and drop-off from your hotel, entrance fees for the open-air museum and the underground city, and lunch are included.
• Transport: There are excellent public transport links in Cappadocia, between the villages and passing by the major historic sights, making exploring independently a breeze.
• When to Go: Summer is high season, but spring, with its wild flowers, and autumn, with the valley rock colors at their brightest after the dust of summer has been washed away by rain, offer the best scenery for photographers.

More Related Articles on PlanetWare.com

Head to the Beach: After exploring the Anatolian heartland, head to the coast. Fethiye is a major center for boat trips and a base for exploring Turkey's major Lycian ruins, and both Antalya and Side are famed for their beaches and Roman ruins.

City Exploring: After spending time in this rural district, check out some of Turkey's city life. Konya with its glut of gorgeous Ottoman architecture and home to the Mevlana Museum , is a good next stop from Cappadocia, as it's an easy bus ride away.

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The Ultimate Eastern Turkey Itinerary

Eastern Turkey is an incredibly beautiful, diverse, vibrant and fascinating place to explore. Most people who travel to Turkey tend to stick to the western half of the country. However, those who venture further east are undoubtedly rewarded. Although if you’re reading this Eastern Turkey itinerary, then I’m assuming that you already know that.

Turkey is a huge country. It spans across two continents and has an incredibly diverse cultural and historical landscape. Yet, tourists tend to hang around the western part of the country which is home to the beautiful city of Istanbul, the Mediterranean coastline and famous sights like Cappadocia and Ephesus. On a map, the vast area that stretches further east from Cappadocia may just seem like a void between Europe and Asia. Whereas, in fact, there’s so much to see there.

I have put together this Eastern Turkey itinerary for anyone planning a trip based on my own experience in the region. Whether you have a couple of weeks of vacation or you’re planning on heading to Turkey as part of some longer overland adventure, this blog post will help you cover the best of Eastern Turkey in two weeks. 

Disclaimer:  This post contains affiliate links which means I get a commission if you buy a product through my link at no extra cost to you. By doing so, I can keep this blog going and continue to create helpful guides for you. Read more:  Privacy Policy

Why You Should Go to Eastern Turkey

If I haven’t already convinced you, then you might be wondering why go to Eastern Turkey at all.

Istanbul, Ephesus, Cappadocia, Pamukkale, Ephesus, Antalya, Fethiye… most of the places you’ve probably heard about or seen photos of are confined to the western half of the country. For many people, Cappadocia is as far east as they go, but this also means that you miss out on so much more.

If you  prefer less visited places  or obscure destinations that are “off the beaten track”, then Eastern Turkey is definitely for you. This doesn’t mean that it’s difficult to travel around though, with a very similar efficient bus network that you find in the more popular western region. 

Eastern Turkey is also incredibly  rich in culture and history . All of Turkey is littered with archaeological sites and fascinating stories from various bygone empires. However, many of Turkey’s best historical sites are actually found in the east, but these are far less visited than places like Ephesus and Pamukkale in the west. 

You’ll also find a vastly different  cultural and ethnic mix  of people in the east. Southeastern Turkey has a  Kurdish majority  and, although this has meant a complicated and often violent history, it makes for a really interesting experience. Kurds are incredibly hospitable and friendly people. 

Eastern Turkey certainly has a more Middle Eastern vibe with golden baked plains, rugged terrain and pretty, stone villages. At the same time, if you head up to the northern area around the Black Sea coast, you’ll find lush green hills and attractive summer vacation towns. So, no matter what you’re after, there’s  something to interest everyone .

Read next: Everything You Need to Know About Eastern Turkey

Where to Start This Eastern Turkey itinerary

There are two cities which are perfectly placed to start your Eastern Turkey itinerary;  Adana  in southern Turkey and  Erzurum  in eastern Turkey. They are great cities to anchor your Eastern Turkey trip and this itinerary has you starting from one and ending in the other.

These cities operate as  transport hubs  with well-connected airports and bus stations. For example, you can get flights from as little as $30 one way from Istanbul to either city.

If you want to avoid flying for a more environmentally conscious trip , then there are also long-haul buses running from most major cities in Turkey to Adana and Erzurum. Adana is closer to popular western Turkey destinations and might be easier to reach to start your trip. If you find yourself in Cappadocia or even near Antalya on the coast, it’s quite easy to get a bus to Adana.

Turkey has one of the greatest bus networks I’ve ever used, so there’s no problem in preferring to take the road. You can get some really comfortable VIP coaches, as well as, local minivans known as dolmuses. They are all relatively organised with schedules and set prices.

How to Use This Eastern Turkey itinerary

This itinerary is really designed for  independent travellers . If you like to travel by bus and public transport and organise your own day trips and sight seeing along the way, then this itinerary is for you.

I’m recommending this route and these stops based on the  reliable bus and minivan (or locally known as dolmuses) network  between the towns and cities. If you follow these stops in order then you won’t have too much problem working out how to get from A to B as there are frequent bus services. 

You can find some of the major bus services and routes with tickets prices and times on CheckMyBus  here . However, it’s still best to just physcially go to the bus station (“otogar” in Turkish) and buy your ticket there.

Alternatively, you can always arrange private transport if you prefer. Depending on the hotels you decide to stay in, they may be able to organise day trips and private transfers between places but this will obviously cost a lot more.

Two Week Itinerary for Eastern Turkey

This itinerary can be done in either direction. I have it starting from Adana and ending in Erzurum, but it can easily be done vice versa. 

Fly or take a bus to Adana to begin your Eastern Turkey trip. The city is not a huge tourist spot, but you can easily spend the night and use the spare time to see some of the old architecture and beautiful mosques. 

Where to stay in Adana: Hosta Otel (budget) or Hotel Senbayrak City (mid-range)

Top Adana sights include:

• Stone Roman Bridge
• Sabanci Merkez Mosque
• Buyuk Saat or Clock Tower from the 19th century
• Grand Mosque 

Then, you’ll want to get your bus ticket for Sanliurfa organised, which is your first stop on this itinerary.

Optional extra night:  You can also stop in Gaziantep for the night in between Adana and Sanliurfa. The buses run through Gaziantep anyway, so it’s easy to jump off. It’s an underrated city that has a state-of-the-art Archaeological Museum worth seeing, as well as, an incredible covered bazaar, considered one of the best in Turkey. 

Take a bus from Adana to Sanliurfa, or sometimes referred to as just Urfa, for a one-night stay. It’s known as the birthplace of Prophet Abraham and is a city visited by pilgrims all year round. It’s a pretty place with a few sights to keep you busy for the day. 

The main highlight is Abraham’s Cave, which is in the  Dergah Mosque Complex . There’s also a pretty park and old bazaar around the complex. Urfa is easily walkable so you don’t need to travel far to see the main highlights.

However, if you have time, take a half day trip out to  Gobekli Tepe  from Urfa. This archaeological site is still under excavation and ongoing research but it’s open to visitors. It’s considered the oldest temple ever found in the world and it has altered many historians’ beliefs about the origins of humans and faith/religion.

Where to stay in Sanliurfa: Hasbahan Konukevi Boutique Hotel (budget) or Kaliruha Boutique Hotel (mid-range)

Kahta and Mount Nemrut

From Urfa, your next destination is the incredible  Nemrut Dagi or Mount Nemrut . The easiest place to base yourself for a visit to this standout sight of Eastern Turkey is a town called Kahta. From Urfa, you might have to first get a dolmus to Adiyaman, and then change for another dolmus to Kahta, but you can still easily do this in a day.

It’s relatively easy to organise a trip to Mount Nemrut from any of the hotels in Kahta. The trip is usually a sunset or sunrise visit, with the night spent in Kahta. The mountain is difficult to reach otherwise, with no public transport to the mountain, so an organised tour is best.

Read more: How to Explore Mt Nemrut and Sanliurfa

Take a bus east from Kahta to the  capital of Kurdish-majority southeastern Turkey , Diyarbakir. This lively city is often considered extremely dangerous, but I found it to be a great insight into the Kurdish culture and worth a stop for a night or two. 

There’s not a whole lot to do in the city but the  bazaar  area and  old city walls  are a great place to explore and do some shopping. It’s only considered danergous because there have been clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish groups around the city. However, in the city centre things are pretty peaceful and it’s a bustling cosmopolitan place.

Where to stay in Diyarbakir: Hotel Birkent (budget) or Amida Boutique Hotel (mid-range)

It’s easy to get one of the frequent buses down to Mardin from Diyarbakir. This honey coloured town perched on the top of a plateau and overlooking the Mesopotamia Plain is a charming place to spend time. You can easily spend two nights here, or even three if you want to really relax. It’s quite tourist-oriented with plenty of Turkish tourists heading there for holiday, but I still found it enjoyable with incredibly  dreamy architecture and nice restaurants .

Don’t forget to take a  day trip out to Midyat  from Mardin. The old town in Midyat is similar to Mardin but I found it much quieter and a different look at this unique part of Turkey.

Option:  From Mardin, you can hop over the border to Iraqi Kurdistan for a quick visit. There are buses heading to Duhok and Erbil in Northern Iraq that pass through Mardin. You can read my Iraqi Kurdistan-Turkey border report  here .

Read more: 10 Best Things to Do In Mardin

From Mardin, it’s best to head back to Diyarbakir to get a bus onwards to Van. You should be able to make this trip in one long day. However, if you reach Diyarbakir late, you might have to spend the night there and take a bus to Van the following day (which is what I did). 

Van is a youthful Kurdish-majority city on the shores of  Lake Van . It’s worth spending two nights here to see the sights in and around the city. 

The  top sights around Van  include:

• Akdamar Island on Lake Van
• Van Fortress
• Hosap Castle

Read more: A Guide to Lake Van and Dogubayazit

Dogubayazit

From Van, it’s logical to head to Dogubayazit for a night. The main highlight here is  Ishak Pasa Palace , which is an impressive Ottoman-era palace complex with commanding views. However, a visit out to see  Mount Ararat  in its full glory is also a popular detour. 

Ishak Pasa Palace is easily accessible from the town itself with a local shuttle bus or taxi. If you want to head out to Mount Ararat and where Noah’s Ark apparently came to rest then you’ll have to hire a local taxi for a couple of hours. 

I actually visited Dogubayazit in one long day trip from Van which is also possible. However, for a more relaxing visit, I recommend spending the night in Dogubayazit and then travelling onwards from there to Kars.

Kars and Ani

From either Van or Dogubayazit, you can take a bus to Kars, a city in the far eastern side of Turkey. It’s best known as the gateway for visiting the  ruined Armenian city of Ani . 

You’ll probably need two nights in Kars. The bus trip from Dogubayazit to Kars will take most of the day and then you need a full day to get out to see Ani and back.

Option:  From Kars, you can hop over to Georgia if you want to extend your trip. There’s a bus that runs a few times a week from Kars to Tbilisi. You can read more about the border crossing here .

Read more: How to Visit Ani Ruins

The last stop on this Eastern Turkey itinerary is Erzurum. You can easily get a bus from Kars to Erzurum. It’s the  largest city  in Eastern Turkey and a huge transport hub for the region. It’s not overly touristy but if you have time to spare, the  historic part  of the city has some fantastic old buildings worth checking out.

From Erzurum you have a few options. You can head up to Trabzon and the Black Sea for an extra couple of days or take a long haul bus back towards western Turkey or fly out to another destination. 

Where to stay in Erzurum: Otel Cinar (budget) or Hotel Zade (mid-range)

Add on option: Trabzon

If you have a little longer than two weeks, consider adding a trip up to Trabzon from Erzurum. This  resort city  on the Black Sea coast is a popular holiday destination for Turks. It has incredibly lush surroundings which is a striking difference from most of eastern Turkey which is filled with sun-baked, golden hills. You can easily take one of the frequent bus services from Erzurum to Trabzon. 

From here, the real attraction is heading out to  Sumela Monastery  built into the rock face of the mountains, 45km south of Trabzon. The only downside is that the actual monastery itself is closed for renovations. It’s been this way for a few years now and projections put it at another two years (at least) before it will open again to visitors. You can still get to the monastery, just not inside, but some people say that it’s still worth a trip if you’re heading to Trabzon. I didn’t personally go out to see it, but when it opens again it will undoubtedly be a must-see in Eastern Turkey.

Option:  From Trabzon, you can take a bus across the border to Batumi in Georgia. This is the most popular crossing between Turkey and Georgia and is often used by many travellers.

Where to stay in Trabzon: Sulduz Hotel (budget) or Marvell City Otel (mid-range)

Some Essential Reading for Eastern Turkey

Everything you need to know about travelling in eastern turkey, pin this post.

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How to Visit Ani Ruins in Eastern Turkey

How to Explore Mt Nemrut and Sanliurfa in Turkey

A Guide to Lake Van and Dogubayazit in Eastern Turkey

14 comments.

[…] The Ultimate Eastern Turkey Itinerary […]

Exactly what I was searching for. Many thanks for sharing your travel experience in Eastern Turkey

Elisha! Thank you for this fabulous blog, It helped me a lot.

I need assistance regarding traveling between and within cities. I would really be grateful if you could help me in any/all of the following.

I am planning to visit following places, Could you please tell me what is the best way to travel between these cities and how to go for site seeing within these cities?

Diyarbakir (Do I need private ride within the city?) Egil, Çayönü, Hasankeyf (Can they be done in one day from Diyarbakir? ) Mardin, Dara (Google search is showing that Train+Taxi is the only option from Diyarbakir, is that true?) Urfa, Göbeklitepe(understood this from your blog) Harran (this is near Urfa so could be done in one day but how to get there and how to get around within this town) Nemrut (got it from your blog that it should be done from Urfa via some tour operator) Hatay

Thanks and regards.

Thank you, I’m so glad my blog was helpful.

1. There is a good public bus network within Diyarbakir, but you may need a local to point you to the right one. 2. Probably not in one day trip, but if you have private transport like a taxi then it would be easier. 3. No there are frequent buses and minibuses/dolmus running between Diyarbakir and Mardin, you can check my Mardin blog for more info on that. 4. Glad my Urfa blog was helpful! 5. A taxi would be quicker to get to Harran, but it’s likely that you’ll find shared minibuses/dolmus running to Harran as well. You’ll have to ask a local for departure place. 6. Yes, Nemrut is easier by tour, but I would recommend from Kahta instead as it’s closer, but it’s possible from Urfa too. 7. I can’t really comment on Hatay as I haven’t been there, sorry!

Hope that’s helpful and enjoy your time!

Elisha, Thank you again for your detailed response, I really appreciate it.

Could you please recommend Good places of stay in these areas?

The only places I can recommend are the ones mentioned in my individual blog posts, so you can check my Nemrut, Mardin, and Urfa blogs and they will include a section with accommodation. Thanks!

Elisha! What a fab idea thank you. I’m going to get the ferry from Cyprus to Tasucu and then bus it to Cappadocia. I thought I may fly/bus Cappadocia- Erzum and go backwards to Adana. What do you think? Also can I ask if you think the political situation is still conducive to Diyarbakir?(I’m nit sure when you wrote this) I’m intending on arriving late September.

Thanks so much for such a good piece!

Hi there! This would definitely work, you can easily travel from Erzurum and do what I have suggested backwards. The transport would work the same, just in reverse. I haven’t been back to Eastern Turkey for a couple of years now, so I’m unsure of the current situation. You could easily skip Diyarbakir if you don’t feel safe there, but the best thing to do would be to ask local people when you arrive because it can be hard to find up to date information online about the political situation there. The local people are extremely nice and friendly! Hope you enjoy your travels – it’s a unique part of the world!

https://flyforholidays.com/visa/turkey-visa/

This route is roughly what I plan to travel. Your info is really helpful. It gives me a peace of mind in taking buses and dolmuses in Eastern Turkey. (I had been to Western Turkey about 10 years ago.)

I will go beyond from Trabzon to Samsun and Boğazkale/Huttasa.

Planeo viajar en familia a Eastern Turkey el próximo año. Me recomendarían la mejor estación para ello y me recomendarían compañías de Turismo que hagan esta ruta?

Great article, thank you for sharing. https://flyforholidays.com/visa/turkey-visa/

¿Cuanto tiempo requiero para este tour (Partida y regreso a Estambul)?. ¿Cual es el costo por persona?. Fechas y ¿Que incluye?

This isn’t a tour, it’s a suggested itinerary for you to follow yourself.

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Turkey touristic map. Turkey tourism map (Western Asia - Asia) to print. Turkey tourism map (Western Asia - Asia) to download. Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. In the recent years, Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care tourism. In 2011, Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists as its shown in Turkey tourism map, ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. Istanbul is one of the most important tourism spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city, catering to both vacationers and visiting professionals. Turkey largest city, Istanbul, has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires.

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15 Best Cities to Visit in Turkey

By Alex Schultz · Last updated on April 30, 2024

Whether it’s stunning beaches and bays that you are after or ancient historical sites and marvelous mosques, Turkey’s cities will never disappoint. Delicious cuisine and a friendly and welcoming population await you, and Turkey’s rich cultural heritage makes for an intoxicating experience that will surely live long in the memory.

From the bustling streets of Istanbul to the quiet, laidback way of life in Urgup; there is something for everyone to enjoy in the country’s majestic cities. With so much to see and do in Turkey , visitors to this incredible country will find it hard to fit everything into their itinerary. To help you on your way, here are the best cities to visit in Turkey.

15. Fethiye

Set on a beautiful natural harbor, Fethiye is stunning, thanks to the pristine turquoise waters and the forest-covered hills that border it. A popular destination, its fine beaches are perfect for lounging on, and you can easily take a Turkish yacht cruise around the bay or head to one of the nearby pretty islands.

While the city was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1958, it has impressively sprung back to life and many of its ancient sites still remain intact. The stunning Amintas Rock Tombs are definitely worth checking out, as is Kadyanda Ancient City and the ghost town of Kayakoy – both nearby.

Lying only eight kilometers from the Geek island of Chios, this seaside resort town has a wonderful waterside promenade, a stunning Genoese castle and a lot more for visitors to enjoy.

While the castle is undoubtedly the main attraction, the modern marina is bustling with life, as are the many shops and restaurants in the wonderfully preserved old town. With lots of nice beaches on offer, Cesme is also a great place from which to explore the surrounding area.

The fourth-largest city in Turkey has grown quickly in recent years and was once the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. Now a modern city with a slightly chaotic feel to it, the ugly industrial outskirts of Bursa are in stark contrast with the historic center, which is delightful to wander around.

With some fantastic mosques, mausoleums, and museums to enjoy, Bursa has a lot to offer, and the devout population is very welcoming and friendly. The nearby Mount Uludag has great skiing, while there are lots of brilliant hamams about town if you’re looking for a warmer way to pass the time.

While the capital of the country is often overlooked by tourists, Ankara is a fascinating place. With a youthful, upbeat energy, it is well worth stopping by. Now a sophisticated modern city that is home to countless embassies, Ankara has many fine restaurants and trendy cafes for you to visit, although it can appear somewhat like a concrete jungle at times.

A fun and lively place to visit, the spectacular Museum of Anatolian Civilizations is a must-see in the city, as is the humongous Anitkabir mausoleum of Attaturk.

Also known as Sanliurfa, as well as ‘the Prophet’s City’, Urfa has a wealth of beautiful old buildings scattered about town and many people come here on pilgrimages or to replenish their spirits. With a very Middle Eastern feel about it, walking around the local bazaar is intoxicating as you try to take in everything that is happening around you.

While urban development projects mean the city is changing rapidly, its ancient past still shines through in the shape of the stunning Dergah Park and Mosque Complex. When stopping by Urfa, a visit to the ancient Gobekli Tepe temple is a must.

10. Trabzon

The busiest port on the Black Sea, Trabzon’s strategic location on the old Silk Road means that it has been fought over and ruled by different people and cultures for millennia. While the city is rapidly modernizing, the medieval mosque of Aya Sofya is the main attraction in town, although there a couple of places worth visiting nearby.

Teeming with life, Trabzon has some great restaurants and cafes, and going to watch the local football team play will certainly be a memorable experience. Head to nearby Uzungol Lake for a nice day-trip, or to the spectacular Sumela Monastery.

Once home to the famous Persian poet Rumi, Konya is known nowadays for its wealth of beautiful architecture that dates back to when it was the capital of the Rum Sultanate. A conservative city, it is an economic powerhouse in the region and more and more tourists are visiting every year.

Among the main attractions are the Mausoleum of Rumi, which is interesting to visit, and the ancient village of Sille nearby, which offers a fascinating look at the region’s past.

A trendy, cool place to hang out, Bodrum is a fantastic city that has everything you could want in a holiday destination. With lovely beaches and a picturesque look, the city’s Aegean character shines through in its traditional whitewashed houses and the delightful little cafes and cobbled alleys that you can find about town.

While it is a historic place with a stunning castle, ancient ruins and a spectacular amphitheater, Bodrum’s elegant bars, trendy restaurants, and lively nightclubs mean that there is something for everyone to enjoy.

Once the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Edirne’s grand past is visible all about you, as fantastic old imperial buildings, palaces and mosques are scattered about here and there. The Selimiye Mosque, for instance, is a must-see in this delightful city, and the Old Quarter is lovely to wander around.

Due to its strategic location and its proximity to Greece and Bulgaria, Edirne has a European feel about it and there is lots of delicious cuisine on offer. A great time to visit is in summer, when the prestigious and traditional oil-wrestling festival of Kirkpinar takes place.

6. Kusadasi

A lively and fun city to visit, Kusadasi is a popular holiday destination thanks to the plethora of package-tour companies that operate here. Lying on the coast, there are a multitude of hotels, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs for visitors to enjoy, with the party scene being particularly memorable.

Away from the lovely beaches and stunning views of the sea, Kusadasi’s proximity to some wonderful historical and natural sights makes it well worth stopping by. The archaeological site at Ephesus is mesmerizing to visit, while the Dilek Peninsula National Park is great if you are looking to immerse yourself in nature.

Lying on the shores of the delightful Bay of Izmir, the third-largest city in Turkey is home to a huge port and is a youthful place, teeming with life and energy. With a lovely waterfront promenade that is full of great restaurants, bars, and cafes, it is a fun city to visit; its multicultural heritage means that there is lots of delicious food to sample.

The fantastic bazaar is amazing to wander around and there are lots of old churches and mosques for you to visit, as well as a brilliant history and art museum. Lying on the Aegean Sea, Izmir has some great beaches on offer and its welcoming population will make you feel at home in no time at all.

Located on the south coast, Alanya is a popular place to visit; lots of companies offer cheap package tours here. As such, the city is full of sunseekers who come to enjoy the all-inclusive hotels, the pounding nightlife, and, of course, the sun and sea.

While many people simply come to kick back and relax, Alanya has a lovely waterfront, some great historical sights and a scenic look to it; the hills that surround the center of town are coated in traditional houses.

Consequently, you can be enjoying a boat trip one minute, marveling at the spectacular old Citadel the next, and later on be reveling in the raucous nightlife after a sun-kissed day of activities.

The small town of Urgup is a quiet, laidback place for the most part, and is the perfect base from which to explore the stunning Cappadocia region of Turkey. Despite being a rural town, its lively downtown area means that there are more than enough nice hotels, restaurants, and cafes for visitors to enjoy, and some of the cave hotels truly are memorable to stay in. While there aren’t any attractions per se, the beautiful stone houses and old rocky hillside make it a scenic town to visit.

Because it is set in the heart of the wine-producing region, there are lots of great wines to try. From here, you should visit the spectacular Churches of Goreme nearby or take a hot air balloon ride over the incredible countryside.

Lying on the Gulf of Antalya, Antalya’s coastline looks absolutely stunning and the towering cliffs offer up spectacular views of the mountains off in the distance. A wonderful city to visit, Antalya is drenched in history and the old center of Kaleici is delightful to explore, with fine Ottoman houses lining the narrow streets and alleys.

Nearby, the Roman-era harbor is a lovely place to stop off and take in the sea breeze and there are a couple of nice beaches that are perfect for relaxing on. Once seen as the gateway to the Turkish Riviera, it is well worth visiting; the wealth of attractions, fine dining options, and great weather make for an intoxicating mix.

1. Istanbul

One of the most remarkable cities in the world, Istanbul straddles the Bosphorus Strait and has long been a place where the East and West meet. Due to its long and tumultuous history, various cultures and people have impacted the city over the ages; you can find delightful traces of the Greeks, Romans, and Venetians scattered about town.

See also: Where to Stay in Istanbul

Thanks to its strategic location, merchants flocked to Istanbul bringing their wares and wealth, and this translated into the beautiful buildings, delightful mosques and fantastic palaces that we see today. Packed full of ancient sights such as the famous Byzantine church of Haghia Sophia, Istanbul is a delight to visit.

There are a plethora of brilliant restaurants, bars and nightlife options for visitors to check out. A magical place to wander around, Istanbul’s friendly and welcoming population will have you falling in love with the city in no time at all.

Map of cities in Turkey

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Assessment and mapping of noise pollution in recreation spaces using geostatistic method after COVID-19 lockdown in Turkey

• Research Article
• Open access
• Published: 29 April 2024

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• Rifat Olgun   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-057X 1 , 2 ,
• Nihat Karakuş 1 , 4 ,
• Serdar Selim 3 &
• Buket Eyileten 4  

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Increased use of recreational areas after the lifting of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions has led to increased noise levels. This study aims to determine the level of noise pollution experienced in recreational areas with the increasing domestic and international tourism activities after the lifting of pandemic lockdowns, to produce spatial distribution maps of noise pollution, and to develop strategic planning suggestions for reducing noise pollution in line with the results obtained. Antalya-Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area, the most important international tourism destination of Turkey, is determined as the study area. To determine the existing noise pollution, 31 measurement points were marked at 100 m intervals within the study area. Noise measurements were taken during the daytime (07:00–19:00), evening (19:00–23:00), and nighttime (23:00–07:00) on weekdays (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) and weekends (Sunday) over 2 months in the summer when the lockdown was lifted. In addition, the sound level at each measurement point was recorded for 15 min, while the number of vehicles passing through the area during the same period was determined. The database created as a result of measurements and observations was analyzed using statistical and geostatistical methods. After the analysis of the data, it was found that the co-kriging-stable model showed superior performance in noise mapping. Additionally, it was revealed that there is a high correlation between traffic density and noise intensity, with the highest equivalent noise level (Leq) on weekdays and weekend evenings due to traffic and user density. In conclusion, regions exposed to intense noise pollution were identified and strategic planning recommendations were developed to prevent/reduce noise sources in these identified regions.

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Noise Pollution and Urban Planning

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Introduction

The escalation of the global population, rapid urbanization, and advancements in industry and transportation contribute to the emergence of various forms of pollution, encompassing air, water, soil, and noise (Alimohammadi et al. 2013 ; Oyedepo 2013 ; Munir et al. 2021 ). These pollutants that tend to be more effective in urban areas demonstrate a gradual increase over time attributable to anthropogenic influences (Margaritis and Kang 2017a ; Rocha et al. 2017 ; Lagonigro et al. 2018 ; Hien et al. 2020 ). Recent study findings suggest that noise pollution will become one of the prominent issues among urban challenges. Highlighted in the study conducted by the European Noise Directive ( 2017 ), the adverse impact of noise pollution on the quality of life in both advanced and developing nations is underscored. Additionally, it is stated that this phenomenon negatively impacts human health, thereby constituting a significant health concern such as headaches, hypertension, cardiac issues, hearing difficulties, attentional disturbances, restlessness, and cognitive impairments (Arana et al. 2010 ; Oyedepo and Saadu 2010 ; Dal and Yugruk Akdag 2011 ; Oyedepo et al. 2019 ; Kalawapudi et al. 2020 ; Sonaviya and Tandel 2020 ; de Lima Andrade et al. 2021 ). The World Health Organization (WHO), taking into consideration the health implications of noise, has formally acknowledged ambient acoustic disturbances as an adverse pollutant impacting human health (WHO 2011 ; Begou and Kassomenos 2021 ). According to the European Environment Agency, approximately 82 million people are exposed to sound levels above 55 dB, which has a negative impact on human health (Khan et al. 2021 ).

In today’s world, the development of environmental noise in urban areas is primarily driven by transport vehicles (such as highway noise, railway noise, and airport noise), along with construction and industrial activities (Licitra et al. 2011 , 2012 ; Bozkurt 2021 ; Salem 2021 ). Another significant noise source in urban areas is recreational activities (Jakovljević et al. 2006 ). Upon examining noise pollution resulting from recreational activities, it is observed that urban tourism activities amplify noise levels, thus it is assessed as a factor augmenting the residents’ discomfort levels. Over the past years, particularly in nations with coastal proximity, problems related to this issue have been escalating. Therefore, study endeavors are being undertaken in the field of recreational noise pollution (Victoria State Government 2016 ; Akbulut Çoban et al. 2018 ; Ottoz et al. 2018 ; Petri et al. 2021 ).

Researchers conduct scientific studies to mitigate or prevent noise pollution, and various institutions and organizations analyze noise maps and formulate comprehensive action plans. Collaborative initiatives between researchers and institutions form a platform, that leads to the development of various strategies in response to study findings (Iglesias-Merchan et al. 2015 ; Bunn and Zannin 2016 ; Licitra et al. 2016 , 2017 ; Ruiz-Padillo et al. 2016 ; Gagliardi et al. 2017 ; Ozkurt et al. 2018 ; Tezel et al. 2019 ). Nevertheless, the acoustic environment in a city or region can vary temporally and spatially depending on factors such as the city’s architectural configuration, the structure of the city’s road network, weather conditions, and existing vegetation (Torija et al. 2011 ; Maruyama et al. 2013 ; Prieto Gajardo and Barrigón Morillas 2015 ). Hence, diverse methodologies and tools are available to detect and map noise pollution (Lee et al. 2014 ; Vogiatzis and Remy 2014 ; Gulliver et al. 2015 ). Noise mapping studies are conducted utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) based software, notably widely used in the majority of European Union (EU) countries as well as in nations like Turkey, Japan, and the USA (Cai et al. 2015 ; Harman et al. 2016 ). In conjunction with the mentioned GIS-based software, interpolation techniques such as kriging, inverse distance weighted, natural neighbor, radial basis function, and spline are used for the acquisition of noise maps (Harman et al. 2016 ; Gheibi et al 2022 ; Nasser et al. 2023 ; Princess Okimiji et al. 2023 ). Noise maps are graphical representations of the spatial distribution of sound levels in a given area and provide an effective method for evaluating urban noise. Noise maps serve as a crucial resource for planning strategies aimed at reducing noise pollution (Pandya 2003 ; Licitra and Ascari 2014 ; Oyedepo et al. 2019 ; Arani et al. 2022 ; Kumari et al. 2023 ).

Widespread infectious diseases and events like natural disasters or large-scale emergencies result in restrictions on people’s pursuits and recreational activities. One example includes the “Coronavirus (COVID-19)” pandemic, which is recognized as the most severe global health crisis of the current century. The disease was first observed in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (Chen et al. 2020 ; Jones 2020 ; Wang et al. 2020 ). Subsequently, the WHO officially declared it a pandemic (global epidemic) on March 11, 2020 (Cucinotta and Vanelli 2020 ; Sülkü et al. 2021 ). While the global spread of the coronavirus continued, the initial case in Turkey was recorded on March 10, 2020 (Cakir 2020 ; Çalışkan et al. 2022 ). In alignment with global strategies, this situation revealed the need to implement some extensive measures and impose restrictions at various scales in Turkey to prevent the spread of the pandemic. Consequently, limitations were imposed on various sectors, particularly in areas such as travel, and as a natural outcome of this process, the tourism sector was directly affected (Rivas Ortega et al. 2021 ; Urfa et al. 2021 ; Rita et al. 2023 ). In this context, the city of Antalya, a prominent tourism hub in Turkey with its natural and cultural endowments, has also been negatively affected by this situation. During the summer months of June, July, and August, the number of visitors to Antalya reached 6,178,419 in 2018 and 7,291,753 in 2019. However, due to the impacts and restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decrease in 2020, and the number of visitors dropped to 1,046,559 (Türob 2020 ). However, the lifting of COVID-19 lockdowns in Turkey has resulted in an increase in tourism activities, as of July 1, 2021. Thus, Antalya’s Konyaaltı Beach, recognized among the world’s important shores, became intensively used again. Additionally, the negative developments between Russia and Ukraine have particularly caused a significant influx of people and vehicles from the relevant regions to Antalya. Within the scope of tourism activities, the increasing number of vehicles in Antalya has also contributed to the escalation of noise pollution. In this context, stemming from events that manifest periodically, it becomes crucial to thoroughly address the potential impacts of noise pollution on the quality of urban life. Additionally, it becomes a necessity to evaluate the compliance of sound with legal regulations and the implementation of effective preventative measures to ensure that sound levels remain within the boundaries of legal parameters.

This study aims to determine the level of noise pollution experienced in recreational areas with the increasing domestic and international tourism activities after the COVID-19 pandemic, to produce spatial distribution maps of noise pollution, and to develop strategic planning suggestions for reducing noise pollution in line with the results obtained. In this context, the renowned Antalya-Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area, one of Turkey’s prominent international tourism destinations, was determined as the study area. Noise models were produced based on national and international noise legislation, and prevention/reduction suggestions were developed for the detected noise pollution and its sources.

Materials and methods

Turkey is surrounded by seas on three sides, possessing coastal cities with distinctive historical and geographical features. One such city is Antalya, situated in the south of Turkey, within the boundaries of the Mediterranean Region, and stands out as an important center for both agriculture and tourism. According to the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute for the year 2022 , the population of Antalya province is recorded as 2,688,004. Furthermore, owing to its roughly 657 km long coastlines, Antalya experiences a serious increase in population density as a result of increasing tourism activities, particularly in the summer months (Ozcelik and Sarp 2018 ; Tan et al. 2021 ). Nevertheless, in the summer of 2020, there was a 77.7% decrease in Antalya’s tourism density due to the restrictive measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic (Association of Turkish Travel Agencies 2020 ). Following the removal of pandemic restrictions in July 2021, the previous tourism intensity was reached again by the region. The coastal areas of Antalya have a Mediterranean climate type, characterized by hot and arid summers and warm and rainy winters. The average temperature in summer is between 30 and 34 °C, while in January, the average temperature varies between 9 and 15 °C. The average relative humidity in the province is around 64% annually. On average, 40–50 days of the year are overcast and rainy. Antalya is one of the rare regions where tourism activities can be carried out 12 months of the year with its meteorological features (Antalya Metropolitan Municipality 2021 ; The Turkish State Meteorological Service 2021 ).

Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area, which was designated within the scope of the study area (Fig.  1 ), is located within the boundaries of Konyaaltı district in the west of Antalya. Konyaaltı’s coast is approximately 7.5 km long (Dipova 2016 ), and ranks among the important tourism and recreation milieu of the region and nation (Yiğit et al. 2022 ).

Location of study area and distribution of noise measurement points

ArcGIS basemap image was used as the base map of the study. Then, the devices used for noise measurement were calibrated and made ready for use. Two identical PCE-322A devices were used in tandem. The devices have a measurement range of 30 dB to 130 dB and their sound measurement sensitivity is ± 1.4 dB (Table  1 ). The other dataset used for analysis was the coordinate values of the measurement points. A database was created by transferring the coordinate values taken from the noise measurement points with high precision to GIS software.

The number of vehicles is another variable in the data set. The number of vehicles passing by was also monitored to determine the fluctuation in sound levels in the study area that changed based on the traffic density level at different times of the day. In this context, while the sound level at each measurement point was recorded, the number of vehicles traversing the area during the same period was determined.

Sampling point experimental procedure for noise measurement

After the evaluations made as a result of natural, cultural, and socio-economic structure features, interviews with local governments, and field observations, 31 different noise measurement points were determined at 100 m intervals. Care was taken to ensure that these points were distributed approximately equally throughout the study area. Then, the sound measuring devices were mounted on tripods 1.5 m above the ground, according to the norms determined by the “Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)” and the “Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise” (Koushki 1999 ; WHO 2000 ; Baaj et al. 2001 ; Öden and Bilgin 2019 ; Kalawapudi et al. 2020 ). These devices are positioned at points at least 3–3.5 m away from reflective and blocking surfaces, in accordance with the relevant legal legislation. Since meteorological factors have an impact on the values ​given by the sound meter (Miškinytė and Dėdelė 2014 ), measurements were taken on days when the wind speed was below 5 m/s and there was no rain, and the wind noise suppressing sponge that came with the device was attached to the microphone of the devices. In the measurement, “a weighted” frequency was used to evaluate the relative loudness perceived by the human ear, and the data was recorded in the system with a sample rate of 1 s. Measurements were transferred to the computer via Sound Level Meter software, where they were monitored and evaluated in real-time (Tripathy 2008 ; Munir et al. 2021 ). Measurements were carried out in the summer (01.07.2021/31.08.2021) after the lifting of COVID-19 lockdowns. Noise measurements were made during the daytime (07:00–19:00), evening (19:00–23:00), and nighttime (23:00–07:00) periods on weekdays (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) and weekends (Sunday) under the “Regulation on Evaluation and Management of Environmental Noise”. Since a set of three 15-min measurements represents daily noise levels in urban environments (Rey Gozalo et al. 2013 ; Romeu et al. 2011 ; Morillas et al. 2021 ), 15 min at each point was measured by researchers. Simultaneous measurements were made with 2 sound measuring devices of the same brand throughout. With the measurements performed, minimum noise levels ( L min ), maximum noise levels ( L max ), and equivalent noise levels ( L eq ) (Eq.  1 ) parameters for the L day , L evening , L night time periods were obtained (Princess Okimiji et al. 2023 ).

where N is the number of samples in the reference time interval, ( L eq ,T ) is the rating level specific sound level plus any adjustment for the characteristic features of the sound.

Noise pollution mapping using geostatistical models

To determine the best spatial distribution model that can be used in mapping noise pollution, the noise data measured during weekday and weekend L day , L evening , and L night time periods were digitized using the Leq parameter according to their geographical coordinates in the database created in the GIS software. The number of vehicles counted was also digitized, taking into account the locations where they were counted. Then, employing the Leq parameter data, the data of the new points were subjected to kriging interpolation, a geostatistical method that allows a more impartial and minimally variant estimation compared to other methods (Isaaks and Srivastava 1989 ; Tercan and Saraç 1998 ; Tunçay et al. 2017 ). Kriging is a minimum-variance, spatial interpolation method that makes predictions with the weighted values of neighboring data of the point or area to be predicted, utilizing spatial dependence models obtained from covariance or semi-variogram functions (Krivoruchko 2005 ). In this specific context, ordinary kriging, which is a simple and widely used approach to estimate the study variable, was preferred due to its capability to provide both prediction values and associated prediction errors (Webster and Oliver 2007 ; Oliver and Webster 2015 ; Khan et al. 2023 ; Vedurmudi et al. 2023 ). Ordinary kriging is calculated with the following Eq.  3 :

where at point \({{x}_{0}, Z}^{*}\left({x}_{0}\right)\) signifies the non-sampled value, while \(Z\left({x}_{i}\right)\) represents the value of the sample for the point \({x}_{i}\) , \({\lambda }_{i}\) is the weight of point i , and n indicates the total number of samples (Webster and Oliver 2007 ; Vedurmudi et al. 2023 ; Nasser et al. 2023 ).

In this study, co-kriging interpolation was applied to analyze the noise data along with the number of vehicles. While estimating the values of unobserved points through co-kriging interpolation, semivariogram models (Stable, Circular, and Spherical) that compute the spatial variation of regional variables were utilized (Liu et al. 2024 ). The co-kriging method is based on the ability to use non-detailed or incomplete secondary data and to take into account spatial cross-correlation between primary and secondary variables (Goovaerts 1997 ). Co-kriging was preferred within the scope of this study because it is used to estimate values at points where no observations have been made in multivariate data sets. Kriging and co-kriging interpolations were applied separately for weekday and weekend L day , L evening , and L night time periods. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to compare the prediction accuracy of the models obtained as a result of the analyses. MAPE is expressed in statistics as a measure of the success of a prediction method in predicting (Ahlburg 1995 ; de Myttenaere et al. 2016 ; Baykal et al. 2022 ). MAPE is obtained by dividing the mean of absolute errors by the actual observation values (Ahlburg 1995 ; de Myttenaere et al. 2016 ; Molla et al. 2022 ). The equality is expressed in Eq.  4 :

where x i and y i are measured and correspond to the predicted values at location i , respectively, and n signifies the total number of observations.

MAPE ranges from 0 to positive infinity; MAPE = 0% indicates an excellent model, while MAPE > 100% indicates an inferior model. However, the flaw of MAPE is that even a small quantitative error makes the calculated value enormous when the observed value is small. Therefore, the closer the value for MAPE is to 0, the higher the accuracy of the interpolation model (Molla et al. 2022 ). Models with a MAPE value below 10% are considered “excellent,” models between 10 and 20% are considered “good,” models with a MAPE value between 20 and 50% are considered “acceptable,” and models above 50% are considered “incorrect” (Yang and Xing 2021 ; Baykal et al. 2022 ).

Statistical analysis

IBM SPSS and JMP software were used to determine the statistical significance levels and analyze the data obtained from both noise measurements and vehicle counts. In this context, descriptive statistics values for each variable, whether the data showed a normal distribution, skewness, and kurtosis values of the variables were computed and graphs were created. In the analyses, values between − 2 and + 2 for skewness and kurtosis were considered statistically significant to prove normal univariate distribution (Gravetter and Wallnau 2014 ; George and Mallery 2019 ). Furthermore, regression analysis was performed to determine the existence of a relationship between the traffic density, and noise intensity of the study area, and in cases where a correlation was identified, it aimed to measure the magnitude and direction of this relationship (Eq.  2 ).

where Y i denotes the i th response, β 0 is the intercept, β1 represents the regression coefficient, X i is the i th predictor, and ε i stands for the i th random error.

The last stage of the study involves assessing the map creation in alignment with the spatial distribution model deemed optimal based on the acquired findings. Subsequently, strategic planning recommendations are formulated, incorporating measures and planning aligned with both national and international noise pollution regulations, as well as insights gleaned from academic literature.

Results and discussion

Urbanization and noise levels.

Legal regulations in Turkey target noise control either directly or indirectly (Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey 2010 ). However, the current legal legislation concerning noise pollution in the country can be considered inadequate on its own to effectively improve the acoustic quality of cities, as the latter depends on a multitude of factors. The main reason for the poor acoustic quality of cities in developing countries, such as Turkey, is the various confusions regarding zoning and the resulting irregular and unplanned growth. This situation causes an increase in the number of sound sources due to the lack of adequate urban planning (Zannin et al. 2001 ; da Paz and Zannin 2010 ) and leads to the concentration of construction around transportation infrastructures such as highways, train stations, and airports. Consequently, a significant portion of the urban population is exposed to prolonged periods of noise (Lee 2018 ; Traoré 2019 ; Gilani and Mir 2021 ). In this context, studies on strategic planning are important in improving the acoustic quality of cities (Munir et al. 2021 ). Studies on this subject focus on different areas. While some studies concentrate on urban traffic planning (Oiamo et al. 2018 ; Khomenko et al. 2020 ), others emphasize the design of architectural structures or facades in cities (Memoli et al. 2008 ; Wang et al. 2015 ; Montes González et al. 2018 ). However, it is not enough to examine only these features of urban layers in improving the acoustic quality of cities. In addition, the strategic planning of urban open green areas plays a crucial role in mitigating noise pollution and enhancing the welfare and health of urban residents (Kogan et al. 2018 ; Rey Gozalo et al. 2013 ; Morillas et al. 2021 ). For these reasons, Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area was chosen as the study area, not only serving as a significant open green space for recreational activities but also as the focal point of the city where the sea and green elements seamlessly integrate.

Noise during and after the COVID-19 lockdown

Due to the restrictions imposed on indoor spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the use of urban open green spaces for recreational purposes by residents has increased (Douglas et al. 2020 ; Samuelsson et al. 2020 ; Venter et al. 2020 ). However, this surge was not as pronounced as during periods of heightened domestic and international tourism activities. Analyzing data from The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) on the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector reveals a 73% decrease in the number of international tourists in 2020 (January–December). This decline emerged as a significant factor in reducing noise pollution, particularly in cities characterized by intense tourism. In this context, a study conducted in various cities around the world, such as Barcelona (Bonet-Solà et al. 2021 ), Dublin (Basu et al. 2021 ), Buenos Aires (Said et al. 2020 ), Madrid (Asensio et al. 2020 ), and Milan (Pagès et al. 2020 ), reveals a decrease in equivalent noise levels ( L eq ). Throughout Turkey, there was a very high decrease in the number of tourists in April (99%), May (99%), and June (96%), when there were pandemic restrictions (UNWTO 2021 ). Antalya, which is described as the capital of tourism, was also affected by the decrease in the number of tourists coming to Turkey. During this period when the density was not high, residents of the region used both the sea, the beach, and the open green areas for recreational purposes without being exposed to noise pollution and in accordance with social distance rules. However, with the start of the 2021 tourism season, many local, national, and international tourists came to the region. Especially with the lifting of COVID-19 lockdowns in Turkey on July 1, 2021, tourism activities have become more intense. These intense human activities have also caused noise pollution to increase.

The relationship between noise pollution and the number of vehicles

This study, which was conducted specifically for the city of Antalya, one of the most important tourism spots in Turkey and Europe, aimed to develop strategic planning decisions within the scope of the results obtained by focusing on the detection, modeling, and mapping of noise pollution. According to the measurement results, the normality test of the measured noise data and vehicle numbers for the weekday and weekend L day , L evening , and L night time periods is shown in Fig.  2 .

Normality test performed on the measured noise data and vehicle numbers

Figure  2 shows that the skewness coefficient is between − 0.928 and 0.475, and the kurtosis coefficient is between − 1.200 and 0.162. Since the skewness coefficient of the number of vehicles is between − 0.036 and 0.713 and the kurtosis coefficient is between − 1.063 and − 0.288, these data show a normal distribution. This implies that if the kurtosis coefficient has a positive value, the data shows a steeper distribution than the normal distribution, and if it has a negative value, it shows a flatter distribution (Field 2013 ; Tabachnick and Fidell 2013 ). Since the noise measurement data and vehicle number data used in the study showed normal distribution, data normalization was not performed in the analyses.

Regression analysis was performed to determine the amount and direction of the relationship between traffic density and noise intensity of the study area, and the results are given in Fig.  3 . Accordingly, it was determined that there was a high correlation between traffic density and noise intensity between 0.79 and 0.90. Although Aletta et al. ( 2020 ) and Hemker et al. ( 2023 ) emphasize that there are potentially many factors affecting noise intensity, many studies have stated that traffic density is the main factor affecting noise intensity (Čurović et al. 2021 ; Steele and Guastavino 2021 ; Asensio et al. 2020 ). In addition, it can be said that the correlation between weekend and night data is even higher.

Regression analysis results of measured noise data and number of vehicles

Optimal geostatistical model for noise mapping

In comparing predicted values with measured values (Webster and Oliver 2007 ), MAPE was used to evaluate all models in terms of performance prediction accuracy, and the performance of the resulting models was evaluated (Fig.  4 ).

MAPE values of the models used in the analysis

When the data obtained as a result of MAPE analysis is examined, the performance of all models tested using both kriging and co-kriging analysis is excellent in terms of prediction accuracy (Fig.  4 ). However, the interpolation created with the co-kriging-stable model showed better performance than the interpolations created with other models. Because models with lower MAPE values perform better (Webster and Oliver 2007 ; Sajjadi et al. 2017 ; Yang and Xing 2021 ; Baykal et al. 2022 ; Molla et al. 2022 ). Therefore, the co-kriging-stable model, which shows the best performance in data estimation, was used for noise mapping. The noise map created according to this model is given in Fig.  5 .

Noise map of the study area created with the co-kriging-stable model

Temporal and spatial assessment

The study area has heavy road traffic, especially during the summer season, which is the tourist season. However, today, the noise level caused by this highway traffic is not as high as in previous years. Because, with the winning project implemented as a result of the Konyaaltı Coast, Architectural and Coastal Landscaping Idea Project Competition, held in 2014 for the Konyaaltı coast, the wide double-lane vehicle road was narrowed in order to obtain more green areas and pedestrian paths. Del Pizzo et al. ( 2020 ), de León et al. ( 2020 ), and Gilani and Mir ( 2021 ) stated in their studies, in addition to reducing the flow speed of vehicles, the pavement texture and material of the road are important parameters that should be taken into consideration in reducing noise pollution. In this context, speed bumps and traffic lights were positioned along the road in the project to keep the speed of vehicles under control. This caused the vehicles to reduce their speed and thus helped reduce noise pollution caused by the road. Additionally, vehicles were tried to slow down with the help of road geometry and different road pavement materials.

Noise level measurements in the study area were made at different time periods on weekdays and weekends, as the noise level in an area varies depending on vehicle traffic density and human activities (Basu et al. 2021 ). The findings show that the highest equivalent noise level ( L eq ) in the study area is during weekdays and weekend evenings (19:00 to 23:00). Because, as stated in the study conducted by Miškinytė and Dėdelė ( 2014 ) in the city of Kaunas (Lithuania), the times of the highest traffic and pedestrian density are the times when noise pollution is the highest. Especially in this time period, the extreme temperature that is the effect of the season is less, which causes people to generally choose this region as a recreational activity and increases the rate of intensive use. Due to this intense use, the noise level is high. In addition, during this time period, the music playing in cafes and clubs along the beach, loud music coming from vehicles moving on the highway, sounds coming from children’s playgrounds and sports fields, and sounds from motorcycles used in the area increase noise pollution. The renovations carried out in the businesses along the beach, the loud communication of young people in the skateboarding and skating area, and the loud entertainments of people swimming in the sea are among the noise sources of the area.

Since weekdays (07:00–19:00) are working hours, it was observed that there were fewer users and traffic density in the study area compared to weekends (07:00–19:00). For this reason, the overall noise pollution is less during the daytime on weekdays. However, noise pollution caused by traffic can sometimes be more severe during off-peak hours than during peak hours, depending on the traffic flow speed. Because during rush hours, traffic flow speed and traffic volume decrease. Thus, engine noise and road noise caused by vehicles during rush hours are reduced and traffic noise is reduced. As seen in the data obtained from the study, the time periods with the lowest equivalent noise levels ( L eq ) are weekdays and weekend night hours. On the other hand, it was observed that the Lmax value was high in the measurements made during these time intervals, especially at the roadside measurement points.

According to studies on reducing noise pollution, vegetation, regardless of its type or form, is an important material in reducing the noise level and ensuring noise control (Erol 1993 ; Mutlu 2010 ; Margaritis and Kang 2017b ). Studies have found that the leaves and green biomass of plants absorb acoustic energy and thus reduce noise (Samara and Tsitsoni 2011 ; Attenborough 2002 ; Van Renterghem et al. 2012 ; Tashakor and Chamani 2021 ). In reducing noise pollution, Pathak et al. ( 2011 ), it is more appropriate to use plants that do not shed their leaves and have dense green mass. In addition, this will make a significant contribution to the design in terms of aesthetics and functionality (Tashakor and Chamani 2021 ). When the vegetation of the study area is evaluated, it is seen that the plant population density is modest. As a result of the landscape design of the “Konyaaltı Beach, Architectural and Coastal Landscaping Idea Project Competition” implemented in the area, young and small plants were implemented in the project area. Similarly, the fact that the plants used along the driveway and walking path are young reduces the effect of the plants on reducing acoustic energy. Preferring tall and broad-leaved plant species in the revisions to be made in the work area in the future will both increase acoustic energy absorption and provide shade to the users on hot summer days. In addition, the highway and its surroundings in the study area connect many ecological focal points (city parks, urban forests, stream beds) along the east–west direction. This route should be considered the ecological corridor of the green infrastructure system on a city scale. The European Commission defines Green Infrastructure as a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental elements. This structure, designed to provide and develop a wide range of ecosystem services, is supportive of human well-being and contributes to the protection of biodiversity and climate change adaptation (Nieuwenhuijsen 2021 ). In addition to all these, this study area should be considered an ecological corridor within the scope of increasing human welfare, protecting biological diversity, improving mobility by providing connections between habitats, and producing ecosystem services, and should be planned as a part of the green infrastructure system (Liu and Russo 2021 ). This corridor, which will be defined as a result of such a planning approach, would be able to achieve many ecological benefits in addition to the essential role it plays in reducing noise pollution.

Conclusions

After the lifting of the COVID-19 lockdowns, noise pollution has become an important problem in recreation areas due to increased user and traffic density. The findings of the study show that there is a strong positive correlation between traffic density and noise level in Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area and that these hours constitute the noisiest time intervals since traffic and user density are highest between 19:00 and 23:00 on weekdays and weekends. In addition, it was determined that the co-kriging-stable model is the best model used in the creation of spatial distribution maps of noise and the spatial distribution maps of the noise in the study area were created with this model.

There are some limitations to this study though. One of them is that it could not be monitored the seasonal variation in noise levels since noise levels were measured during the summer period after the lifting of pandemic lockdowns in Turkey. Another limitation is that the noise measurement could not be carried out during the whole day and with more noise monitoring stations since the study was conducted with limited resources. Also, for this reason, all instantaneous variables affecting the noise level could not be included in the study. In future studies, increasing the sample size and the number of variables affecting the noise level, monitoring noise levels seasonally or periodically, and creating noise maps of certain time intervals to determine the spatial distribution of noise are recommended for a better understanding of noise dynamics in developing cities.

Overall, incentives should be provided to relevant institutions/organizations to close down motor vehicle traffic causing noise pollution at Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area, which is an important recreational activity area of the region, and transportation systems and facilities should be built for this purpose. The recreational value of the study area will be enhanced by converting the existing vehicle road into bicycle and walking paths, increasing green areas, and planning vegetation belts between road traffic and recreation areas. In conclusion, this study is expected to contribute to researchers and decision-makers for studies to be carried out in tackling noise pollution, which varies dynamically according to urbanization and demographic changes.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon reasonable request.

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Olgun, R., Karakuş, N., Selim, S. et al. Assessment and mapping of noise pollution in recreation spaces using geostatistic method after COVID-19 lockdown in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33434-3

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33434-3

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