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• Published: 07 May 2018

The carbon footprint of global tourism

• Manfred Lenzen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0828-5288 1 ,
• Ya-Yen Sun 2 , 3 ,
• Futu Faturay   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-1794 1 , 4 ,
• Yuan-Peng Ting 2 ,
• Arne Geschke   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-5829 1 &
• Arunima Malik   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-9869 1 , 5  

Nature Climate Change volume  8 ,  pages 522–528 ( 2018 ) Cite this article

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Tourism contributes significantly to global gross domestic product, and is forecast to grow at an annual 4%, thus outpacing many other economic sectors. However, global carbon emissions related to tourism are currently not well quantified. Here, we quantify tourism-related global carbon flows between 160 countries, and their carbon footprints under origin and destination accounting perspectives. We find that, between 2009 and 2013, tourism’s global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO 2 e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries. The rapid increase in tourism demand is effectively outstripping the decarbonization of tourism-related technology. We project that, due to its high carbon intensity and continuing growth, tourism will constitute a growing part of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.

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The economic commitment of climate change

Worldwide divergence of values

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Change history, 23 may 2018.

In the version of this Article originally published, in the penultimate paragraph of the section “Gas species and supply chains”, in the sentence “In this assessment, the contribution of air travel emissions amounts to 20% (0.9 GtCO2e) of tourism’s global carbon footprint...” the values should have read “12% (0.55 GtCO2e)”; this error has now been corrected, and Supplementary Table 9 has been amended to clarify this change.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Australian Research Council through its Discovery Projects DP0985522 and DP130101293, the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources project (NeCTAR) through its Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory, and the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (no. 105-2410-H-006-055-MY3). The authors thank S. Juraszek for expertly managing the Global IELab’s advanced computation requirements, and C. Jarabak for help with collecting data.

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Manfred Lenzen, Futu Faturay, Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik

Department of Transportation & Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China

Ya-Yen Sun & Yuan-Peng Ting

UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Y.-Y.S. and M.L. conceived and designed the experiments. M.L., Y.-Y.S., F.F., Y.-P.T., A.G. and A.M. performed the experiments. F.F., Y.-P.T., M.L. and Y.-Y.S. analysed the data. Y.-P.T., A.G., Y.-Y.S. and M.L. contributed materials/analysis tools. M.L., Y.-Y.S. and A.M. wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Arunima Malik .

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Lenzen, M., Sun, YY., Faturay, F. et al. The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Clim Change 8 , 522–528 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x

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Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Framework for Analysis and Evaluation

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Tourism grew rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s, but it was soon realised that this growth was not without costs. The social, cultural, economic, and environmental impacts of tourist growth became subjects of serious study and research, and entered in the policy agendas of national and international organisations. Tourism is no longer considered a ‘clean industry’ as opposed, say, to heavy manufacturing. Tourism planning is advocated as a tool for controlling the negative impacts of tourism development and for protecting the very same resources upon which the profitability of the industry depends. However, many tourism development studies and plans as well proposed policies have not been (and still are not) based on rigorous quantitative and integrated analyses of the several dimensions of tourism, neither have they placed the impacts of tourism development within the broader spatio-temporal context of their occurrence. There are many reasons for this omission, the analytical complexity of the task and the lack of proper data being among the most important of them. This chapter focuses on the environmental impacts of tourism and proposes an integrated framework for their analysis and evaluation. It is a revised version of the original chapter which appeared seven years ago in the first edition of this volume. It keeps the essential methodological orientation and gist but attempts to refine the integrated modelling framework, which was proposed originally. Moreover, it addresses explicitly the question of sustainability, which, in the meantime, became a central concern in all discussions about tourism development. The first section of the chapter reviews briefly the literature on tourism and its environmental impacts and identifies the main methodological issues in their analysis. The second section details the proposed methodological framework while the last section discusses its advantages and drawbacks.

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Briassoulis, H. (2000). Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Framework for Analysis and Evaluation. In: Briassoulis, H., van der Straaten, J. (eds) Tourism and the Environment. Environment & Assessment, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9584-1_2

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