stem travel valve

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Control Valves - Flow Characteristics

Flow capacities vs. stem opening..

The relationship between control valve capacity and valve stem travel is known as

the Flow Characteristic of the Control Valve

Trim design of the valve affects how the control valve capacity changes as the valve moves through its complete travel. Because of the variation in trim design, many valves are not linear in nature. Valve trims are instead designed, or characterized, in order to meet the large variety of control application needs. Many control loops have inherent non linearity's, which may be possible to compensate selecting the control valve trim .

Inherent Control Valve Flow Characteristics

The most common characteristics are shown in the figure above. The percent of flow through the valve is plotted against valve stem position. The curves shown are typical of those available from valve manufacturers. These curves are based on constant pressure drop across the valve and are called inherent flow characteristics .

Linear - flow capacity increases linearly with valve travel.
Equal percentage - flow capacity increases exponentially with valve trim travel. Equal increments of valve travel produce equal percentage changes in the existing C v .
A modified parabolic characteristic is approximately midway between linear and equal-percentage characteristics. It provides fine throttling at low flow capacity and approximately linear characteristics at higher flow capacity.
Quick opening provides large changes in flow for very small changes in lift. It usually has too high a valve gain for use in modulating control. So it is limited to on-off service, such as sequential operation in either batch or semi-continuous processes.
Square Root

The majority of control applications are with valves with linear, equal-percentage, or modified-flow characteristics.

Installed Control Valve Flow Characteristics

When valves are installed with pumps, piping and fittings, and other process equipment, the pressure drop across the valve will vary as the plug moves through its travel.

When the actual flow in a system is plotted against valve opening, the curve is called the Installed Flow Characteristic .

In most applications, when the valve opens, and the resistance due to fluids flow decreases the pressure drop across the valve. This moves the inherent characteristic:

A linear inherent curve will in general resemble a quick opening characteristic
An equal percentage curve will in general resemble a linear curve

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What is Travel Stop in Control Valve?

A travel stop in the control valve is used as a mechanical limiter for stem travel . In fact, these travel stops are used to limit the stem travel at certain % travel whether limited to travel in the up direction or down direction. This restriction usually comes because of the capacity limitation in the downstream of the control valve.

Travel Stop in Control Valve

For example, we have a pressure control valve that serves as the over-pressure control of a slug catcher separator. The downstream of this valve is a flare header.

The flare itself has a certain maximum flow rate capacity. If the flow rate that can go through the control valve at 100% open exceeds the flare capacity then we need to put some travel stops.

Let’s say flare capacity is 300 mmscfd, after selecting our control valve, we get the result that for 100% opening it will have 350 mmscfd flow rate. The flow rate of 300 mmscfd is around 80% opening. So, we will put travel stops at 80% opening so that the full opening of the valve will only 80% with a flow rate below 300 mmscfd.

Valve Articles:

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Self Actuated Control Valve Principle
Inspection of Control Valves

The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim . The trim typically includes a disk , seat , stem , and sleeves needed to guide the stem. A valve's performance is determined by the disk and seat interface and the relation of the disk position to the seat.

Because of the trim, basic motions and flow control are possible. In rotational motion trim designs, the disk slides closely past the seat to produce a change in flow opening. In linear motion trim designs, the disk lifts perpendicularly away from the seat so that an annular orifice appears.

Disk and Seat

For a valve having a bonnet, the disk is the third primary principal pressure boundary. The disk provides the capability for permitting and prohibiting fluid flow. With the disk closed, full system pressure is applied across the disk if the outlet side is depressurized. For this reason, the disk is a pressure-retaining part. Disks are typically forged and, in some designs, hard-surfaced to provide good wear characteristics. A fine surface finish of the seating area of a disk is necessary for good sealing when the valve is closed. Most valves are named, in part, according to the design of their disks.

The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface for the disk. In some designs, the body is machined to serve as the seating surface and seal rings are not used. In other designs, forged seal rings are threaded or welded to the body to provide the seating surface. To improve the wear-resistance of the seal rings, the surface is often hard-faced by welding and then machining the contact surface of the seal ring. A fine surface finish of the seating area is necessary for good sealing when the valve is closed. Seal rings are not usually considered pressure boundary parts because the body has sufficient wall thickness to withstand design pressure without relying upon the thickness of the seal rings.

The stem , which connects the actuator and disk, is responsible for positioning the disk. Stems are typically forged and connected to the disk by threaded or welded joints. For valve designs requiring stem packing or sealing to prevent leakage, a fine surface finish of the stem in the area of the seal is necessary. Typically, a stem is not considered a pressure boundary part.

Connection of the disk to the stem can allow some rocking or rotation to ease the positioning of the disk on the seat. Alternately, the stem may be flexible enough to let the disk position itself against the seat. However, constant fluttering or rotation of a flexible or loosely connected disk can destroy the disk or its connection to the stem.

Two types of valve stems are rising stems and nonrising stems. Illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, these two types of stems are easily distinguished by observation. For a rising stem valve, the stem will rise above the actuator as the valve is opened. This occurs because the stem is threaded and mated with the bushing threads of a yoke that is an integral part of, or is mounted to, the bonnet.

There is no upward stem movement from outside the valve for a nonrising stem design. For the nonrising stem design, the valve disk is threaded internally and mates with the stem threads.

Valve Actuator

The actuator operates the stem and disk assembly. An actuator may be a manually operated handwheel, manual lever, motor operator, solenoid operator, pneumatic operator, or hydraulic ram. In some designs, the actuator is supported by the bonnet. In other designs, a yoke mounted to the bonnet supports the actuator.

Except for certain hydraulically controlled valves, actuators are outside of the pressure boundary. Yokes, when used, are always outside of the pressure boundary.

Valve Packing

Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage from the space between the stem and the bonnet. Packing is commonly a fibrous material (such as flax) or another compound (such as teflon) that forms a seal between the internal parts of a valve and the outside where the stem extends through the body.

Valve packing must be properly compressed to prevent fluid loss and damage to the valve's stem. If a valve's packing is too loose, the valve will leak, which is a safety hazard. If the packing is too tight, it will impair the movement and possibly damage the stem.

Introduction to the Types of Valves

Because of the diversity of the types of systems, fluids, and environments in which valves must operate, a vast array of valve types have been developed. Examples of the common types are the globe valve, gate valve, ball valve, plug valve, butterfly valve, diaphragm valve, check valve, pinch valve, and safety valve. Each type of valve has been designed to meet specific needs. Some valves are capable of throttling flow, other valve types can only stop flow, others work well in corrosive systems, and others handle high pressure fluids. Each valve type has certain inherent advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these differences and how they effect the valve's application or operation is necessary for the successful operation of a facility.

Although all valves have the same basic components and function to control flow in some fashion, the method of controlling the flow can vary dramatically. In general, there are four methods of controlling flow through a valve.

Move a disc, or plug into or against an orifice (for example, globe or needle type valve).
Slide a flat, cylindrical, or spherical surface across an orifice (for example, gate and plug valves).
Rotate a disc or ellipse about a shaft extending across the diameter of an orifice (for example, a butterfly or ball valve).
Move a flexible material into the flow passage (for example, diaphragm and pinch valves).

Each method of controlling flow has characteristics that makes it the best choice for a given application of function.

Types of Valves

Due to the various environments, system fluids, and system conditions in which flow must be controlled, a large number of valve designs have been developed. A basic understanding of the differences between the various types of valves, and how these differences affect valve function, will help ensure the proper application of each valve type during design and the proper use of each valve type during operation.

Gate Valves

A gate valve is a linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow; however, it does not regulate or throttle flow. The name gate is derived from the appearance of the disk in the flow stream. Figure 4 illustrates a gate valve.

The disk of a gate valve is completely removed from the flow stream when the valve is fully open. This characteristic offers virtually no resistance to flow when the valve is open. Hence, there is little pressure drop across an open gate valve.

When the valve is fully closed, a disk-to-seal ring contact surface exists for 360°, and good sealing is provided. With the proper mating of a disk to the seal ring, very little or no leakage occurs across the disk when the gate valve is closed.

On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially open gate disk tends to vibrate from the fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. For these reasons, gate valves are not used to regulate or throttle flow.

A gate valve can be used for a wide variety of fluids and provides a tight seal when closed. The major disadvantages to the use of a gate valve are:

It is not suitable for throttling applications.
It is prone to vibration in the partially open state.
It is more subject to seat and disk wear than a globe valve.
Repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are generally more difficult to accomplish.

Gate Valve Disk Design

Gate valves are available with a variety of disks. Classification of gate valves is usually made by the type disk used: solid wedge, flexible wedge, split wedge, or parallel disk.

Solid wedges, flexible wedges, and split wedges are used in valves having inclined seats. Parallel disks are used in valves having parallel seats.

Regardless of the style of wedge or disk used, the disk is usually replaceable. In services where solids or high velocity may cause rapid erosion of the seat or disk, these components should have a high surface hardness and should have replacement seats as well as disks. If the seats are not replaceable, seat damage requires removal of the valve from the line for refacing of the seat, or refacing of the seat in place. Valves being used in corrosion service should normally be specified with replaceable seats.

Solid Wedge

The solid wedge gate valve shown in Figure 5 is the most commonly used disk because of its simplicity and strength. A valve with this type of wedge may be installed in any position and it is suitable for almost all fluids. It is practical for turbulent flow.

Flexible Wedge

The flexible wedge gate valve illustrated in Figure 6 is a one-piece disk with a cut around the perimeter to improve the ability to match error or change in the angle between the seats. The cut varies in size, shape, and depth. A shallow, narrow cut gives little flexibility but retains strength. A deeper and wider cut, or cast-in recess, leaves little material at the center, which allows more flexibility but compromises strength.

A correct profile of the disk half in the flexible wedge design can give uniform deflection properties at the disk edge, so that the wedging force applied in seating will force the disk seating surface uniformly and tightly against the seat.

Gate valves used in steam systems have flexible wedges. The reason for using a flexible gate is to prevent binding of the gate within the valve when the valve is in the closed position. When steam lines are heated, they expand and cause some distortion of valve bodies. If a solid gate fits snugly between the seat of a valve in a cold steam system, when the system is heated and pipes elongate, the seats will compress against the gate and clamp the valve shut. This problem is overcome by using a flexible gate, whose design allows the gate to flex as the valve seat compresses it.

The major problem associated with flexible gates is that water tends to collect in the body neck. Under certain conditions, the admission of steam may cause the valve body neck to rupture, the bonnet to lift off, or the seat ring to collapse. Following correct warming procedures prevent these problems.

Split Wedge

Split wedge gate valves, as shown in Figure 7, are of the ball and socket design. These are self-adjusting and selfaligning to both seating surfaces. The disk is free to adjust itself to the seating surface if one-half of the disk is slightly out of alignment because of foreign matter lodged between the disk half and the seat ring. This type of wedge is suitable for handling noncondensing gases and liquids at normal temperatures, particularly corrosive liquids. Freedom of movement of the disk in the carrier prevents binding even though the valve may have been closed when hot and later contracted due to cooling. This type of valve should be installed with the stem in the vertical position.

Parallel Disk

The parallel disk gate valve illustrated in Figure 8 is designed to prevent valve binding due to thermal transients. This design is used in both low and high pressure applications.

The wedge surfaces between the parallel face disk halves are caused to press together under stem thrust and spread apart the disks to seal against the seats. The tapered wedges may be part of the disk halves or they may be separate elements. The lower wedge may bottom out on a rib at the valve bottom so that the stem can develop seating force. In one version, the wedge contact surfaces are curved to keep the point of contact close to the optimum.

In other parallel disk gates, the two halves do not move apart under wedge action. Instead, the upstream pressure holds the downstream disk against the seat. A carrier ring lifts the disks, and a spring or springs hold the disks apart and seated when there is no upstream pressure.

Another parallel gate disk design provides for sealing only one port. In these designs, the high pressure side pushes the disk open (relieving the disk) on the high pressure side, but forces the disk closed on the low pressure side. With such designs, the amount of seat leakage tends to decrease as differential pressure across the seat increases. These valves will usually have a flow direction marking which will show which side is the high pressure (relieving) side. Care should be taken to ensure that these valves are not installed backwards in the system.

Some parallel disk gate valves used in high pressure systems are made with an integral bonnet vent and bypass line. A three-way valve is used to position the line to bypass in order to equalize pressure across the disks prior to opening. When the gate valve is closed, the three-way valve is positioned to vent the bonnet to one side or the other. This prevents moisture from accumulating in the bonnet. The three-way valve is positioned to the high pressure side of the gate valve when closed to ensure that flow does not bypass the isolation valve. The high pressure acts against spring compression and forces one gate off of its seat. The three-way valve vents this flow back to the pressure source.

Gate Valve Stem Design

Gate valves are classified as either rising stem or nonrising stem valves. For the nonrising stem gate valve, the stem is threaded on the lower end into the gate. As the hand wheel on the stem is rotated, the gate travels up or down the stem on the threads while the stem remains vertically stationary. This type valve will almost always have a pointer-type indicator threaded onto the upper end of the stem to indicate valve position. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate rising-stem gate valves and nonrising stem gate valves.

The nonrising stem configuration places the stem threads within the boundary established by the valve packing out of contact with the environment. This configuration assures that the stem merely rotates in the packing without much danger of carrying dirt into the packing from outside to inside.

Rising stem gate valves are designed so that the stem is raised out of the flowpath when the valve is open. Rising stem gate valves come in two basic designs. Some have a stem that rises through the handwheel while others have a stem that is threaded to the bonnet.

Gate Valve Seat Design

Seats for gate valves are either provided integral with the valve body or in a seat ring type of construction. Seat ring construction provides seats which are either threaded into position or are pressed into position and seal welded to the valve body. The latter form of construction is recommended for higher temperature service.

Integral seats provide a seat of the same material of construction as the valve body while the pressed-in or threaded-in seats permit variation. Rings with hard facings may be supplied for the application where they are required.

Small, forged steel, gate valves may have hard faced seats pressed into the body. In some series, this type of valve in sizes from 1/2 to 2 inches is rated for 2500 psig steam service. In large gate valves, disks are often of the solid wedge type with seat rings threaded in, welded in, or pressed in. Screwed in seat rings are considered replaceable since they may be removed and new seat rings installed.

Globe Valves

A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate fluid flow. A Z-body globe valve is illustrated in Figure 9.

As shown in Figure 9, the globe valve disk can be totally removed from the flowpath or it can completely close the flowpath. The essential principle of globe valve operation is the perpendicular movement of the disk away from the seat. This causes the annular space between the disk and seat ring to gradually close as the valve is closed. This characteristic gives the globe valve good throttling ability, which permits its use in regulating flow. Therefore, the globe valve may be used for both stopping and starting fluid flow and for regulating flow.

When compared to a gate valve, a globe valve generally yields much less seat leakage. This is because the disk-to-seat ring contact is more at right angles, which permits the force of closing to tightly seat the disk.

Globe valves can be arranged so that the disk closes against or in the same direction of fluid flow. When the disk closes against the direction of flow, the kinetic energy of the fluid impedes closing but aids opening of the valve. When the disk closes in the same direction of flow, the kinetic energy of the fluid aids closing but impedes opening. This characteristic is preferable to other designs when quick-acting stop valves are necessary.

Globe valves also have drawbacks. The most evident shortcoming of the simple globe valve is the high head loss from two or more right angle turns of flowing fluid. Obstructions and discontinuities in the flowpath lead to head loss. In a large high pressure line, the fluid dynamic effects from pulsations, impacts, and pressure drops can damage trim, stem packing, and actuators. In addition, large valve sizes require considerable power to operate and are especially noisy in high pressure applications.

Other drawbacks of globe valves are the large openings necessary for disk assembly, heavier weight than other valves of the same flow rating, and the cantilevered mounting of the disk to the stem.

Globe Valve Body Designs

The three primary body designs for globe valves are Z-body, Y-body, and Angle.

Z-Body Design

The simplest design and most common for water applications is the Z-body. The Z-body is illustrated in Figure 9. For this body design, the Z-shaped diaphragm or partition across the globular body contains the seat. The horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel at right angles to the pipe axis. The stem passes through the bonnet which is attached to a large opening at the top of the valve body. This provides a symmetrical form that simplifies manufacture, installation, and repair.

Y-Body Design

Figure 10 illustrates a typical Y-body globe valve. This design is a remedy for the high pressure drop inherent in globe valves. The seat and stem are angled at approximately 45°. The angle yields a straighter flowpath (at full opening) and provides the stem, bonnet, and packing a relatively pressure-resistant envelope.

Y-body globe valves are best suited for high pressure and other severe services. In small sizes for intermittent flows, the pressure loss may not be as important as the other considerations favoring the Y-body design. Hence, the flow passage of small Y-body globe valves is not as carefully streamlined as that for larger valves.

Angle Valve Design

The angle body globe valve design, illustrated in Figure 11, is a simple modification of the basic globe valve. Having ends at right angles, the diaphragm can be a simple flat plate. Fluid is able to flow through with only a single 90° turn and discharge downward more symmetrically than the discharge from an ordinary globe. A particular advantage of the angle body design is that it can function as both a valve and a piping elbow.

For moderate conditions of pressure, temperature, and flow, the angle valve closely resembles the ordinary globe. The angle valve's discharge conditions are favorable with respect to fluid dynamics and erosion.

Globe Valve Disks

Most globe valves use one of three basic disk designs: the ball disk, the composition disk, and the plug disk.

The ball disk fits on a tapered, flat-surfaced seat. The ball disk design is used primarily in relatively low pressure and low temperature systems. It is capable of throttling flow, but is primarily used to stop and start flow.

Composition Disk

The composition disk design uses a hard, nonmetallic insert ring on the disk. The insert ring creates a tighter closure. Composition disks are primarily used in steam and hot water applications. They resist erosion and are sufficiently resilient to close on solid particles without damaging the valve. Composition disks are replaceable.

Because of its configuration, the plug disk provides better throttling than ball or composition designs. Plug disks are available in a variety of specific configurations. In general, they are all long and tapered.

Globe Valve Disk and Stem Connections

Globe valves employ two methods for connecting disk and stem: T-slot construction and disk nut construction. In the T-slot design, the disk slips over the stem. In the disk nut design, the disk is screwed into the stem.

Globe Valve Seats

Globe valve seats are either integral with or screwed into the valve body. Many globe valves have backseats. A backseat is a seating arrangement that provides a seal between the stem and bonnet. When the valve is fully open, the disk seats against the backseat. The backseat design prevents system pressure from building against the valve packing.

Globe Valve Direction of Flow

For low temperature applications, globe and angle valves are ordinarily installed so that pressure is under the disk. This promotes easy operation, helps protect the packing, and eliminates a certain amount of erosive action to the seat and disk faces. For high temperature steam service, globe valves are installed so that pressure is above the disk. Otherwise, the stem will contract upon cooling and tend to lift the disk off the seat.

Ball Valves

A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or start fluid flow. The ball, shown in Figure 12, performs the same function as the disk in the globe valve. When the valve handle is turned to open the valve, the ball rotates to a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the valve body inlet and outlet. When the valve is shut, the ball is rotated so that the hole is perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve body and the flow is stopped.

Most ball valve actuators are of the quick-acting type, which require a 90° turn of the valve handle to operate the valve. Other ball valve actuators are planetary gear-operated. This type of gearing allows the use of a relatively small handwheel and operating force to operate a fairly large valve.

Some ball valves have been developed with a spherical surface coated plug that is off to one side in the open position and rotates into the flow passage until it blocks the flowpath completely. Seating is accomplished by the eccentric movement of the plug. The valve requires no lubrication and can be used for throttling service.

A ball valve is generally the least expensive of any valve configuration and has low maintenance costs. In addition to quick, quarter turn on-off operation, ball valves are compact, require no lubrication, and give tight sealing with low torque.

Disadvantages

Conventional ball valves have relatively poor throttling characteristics. In a throttling position, the partially exposed seat rapidly erodes because of the impingement of high velocity flow.

Port Patterns

Ball valves are available in the venturi, reduced, and full port pattern. The full port pattern has a ball with a bore equal to the inside diameter of the pipe.

Valve Materials

Balls are usually metallic in metallic bodies with trim (seats) produced from elastomeric (elastic materials resembling rubber) materials. Plastic construction is also available.

The resilient seats for ball valves are made from various elastomeric material. The most common seat materials are teflon (TFE), filled TFE, Nylon, Buna-N, Neoprene, and combinations of these materials. Because of the elastomeric materials, these valves cannot be used at elevated temperatures. Care must be used in the selection of the seat material to ensure that it is compatible with the materials being handled by the valve.

Ball Valve Stem Design

The stem in a ball valve is not fastened to the ball. It normally has a rectangular portion at the ball end which fits into a slot cut into the ball. The enlargement permits rotation of the ball as the stem is turned.

Ball Valve Bonnet Design

A bonnet cap fastens to the body, which holds the stem assembly and ball in place. Adjustment of the bonnet cap permits compression of the packing, which supplies the stem seal. Packing for ball valve stems is usually in the configuration of die-formed packing rings normally of TFE, TFE-filled, or TFE-impregnated material. Some ball valve stems are sealed by means of O-rings rather than packing.

Ball Valve Position

Some ball valves are equipped with stops that permit only 90° rotation. Others do not have stops and may be rotated 360°. With or without stops, a 90° rotation is all that is required for closing or opening a ball valve.

The handle indicates valve ball position. When the handle lies along the axis of the valve, the valve is open. When the handle lies 90° across the axis of the valve, the valve is closed. Some ball valve stems have a groove cut in the top face of the stem that shows the flowpath through the ball. Observation of the groove position indicates the position of the port through the ball. This feature is particularly advantageous on multiport ball valves.

Plug Valves

A plug valve is a rotational motion valve used to stop or start fluid flow. The name is derived from the shape of the disk, which resembles a plug. A plug valve is shown in Figure 13. The simplest form of a plug valve is the petcock. The body of a plug valve is machined to receive the tapered or cylindrical plug. The disk is a solid plug with a bored passage at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the plug.

In the open position, the passage in the plug lines up with the inlet and outlet ports of the valve body. When the plug is turned 90° from the open position, the solid part of the plug blocks the ports and stops fluid flow.

Plug valves are available in either a lubricated or nonlubricated design and with a variety of styles of port openings through the plug as well as a number of plug designs.

An important characteristic of the plug valve is its easy adaptation to multiport construction. Multiport valves are widely used. Their installation simplifies piping, and they provide a more convenient operation than multiple gate valves. They also eliminate pipe fittings. The use of a multiport valve, depending upon the number of ports in the plug valve, eliminates the need of as many as four conventional shutoff valves.

Plug valves are normally used in non-throttling, on-off operations, particularly where frequent operation of the valve is necessary. These valves are not normally recommended for throttling service because, like the gate valve, a high percentage of flow change occurs near shutoff at high velocity. However, a diamond-shaped port has been developed for throttling service.

Multiport Plug Valves

Multiport valves are particularly advantageous on transfer lines and for diverting services. A single multiport valve may be installed in lieu of three or four gate valves or other types of shutoff valve. A disadvantage is that many multiport valve configurations do not completely shut off flow.

In most cases, one flowpath is always open. These valves are intended to divert the flow of one line while shutting off flow from the other lines. If complete shutoff of flow is a requirement, it is necessary that a style of multiport valve be used that permits this, or a secondary valve should be installed on the main line ahead of the multiport valve to permit complete shutoff of flow.

In some multiport configurations, simultaneous flow to more than one port is also possible. Great care should be taken in specifying the particular port arrangement required to guarantee that proper operation will be possible.

Plug Valve Disks

Plugs are either round or cylindrical with a taper. They may have various types of port openings, each with a varying degree of area relative to the corresponding inside diameter of the pipe.

Rectangular Port Plug

The most common port shape is the rectangular port. The rectangular port represents at least 70% of the corresponding pipe's cross-sectional area.

Round Port Plug

Round port plug is a term that describes a valve that has a round opening through the plug. If the port is the same size or larger than the pipe's inside diameter, it is referred to as a full port. If the opening is smaller than the pipe's inside diameter, the port is referred to as a standard round port. Valves having standard round ports are used only where restriction of flow is unimportant.

Diamond Port Plug

A diamond port plug has a diamond-shaped port through the plug. This design is for throttling service. All diamond port valves are venturi restricted flow type.

Lubricated Plug Valve Design

Clearances and leakage prevention are the chief considerations in plug valves. Many plug valves are of all metal construction. In these versions, the narrow gap around the plug can allow leakage. If the gap is reduced by sinking the taper plug deeper into the body, actuation torque climbs rapidly and galling can occur. To remedy this condition, a series of grooves around the body and plug port openings is supplied with grease prior to actuation. Applying grease lubricates the plug motion and seals the gap between plug and body. Grease injected into a fitting at the top of the stem travels down through a check valve in the passageway, past the plug top to the grooves on the plug, and down to a well below the plug. The lubricant must be compatible with the temperature and nature of the fluid. All manufacturers of lubricated plug valves have developed a series of lubricants that are compatible with a wide range of media. Their recommendation should be followed as to which lubricant is best suited for the service.

The most common fluids controlled by plug valves are gases and liquid hydrocarbons. Some water lines have these valves, provided that lubricant contamination is not a serious danger. Lubricated plug valves may be as large as 24 inches and have pressure capabilities up to 6000 psig. Steel or iron bodies are available. The plug can be cylindrical or tapered.

Nonlubricated Plugs

There are two basic types of nonlubricated plug valves: lift-type and elastomer sleeve or plug coated. Lift-type valves provide a means of mechanically lifting the tapered plug slightly to disengage it from the seating surface to permit easy rotation. The mechanical lifting can be accomplished with a cam or external lever.

In a common, nonlubricated, plug valve having an elastomer sleeve, a sleeve of TFE completely surrounds the plug. It is retained and locked in place by a metal body. This design results in a primary seal being maintained between the sleeve and the plug at all times regardless of position. The TFE sleeve is durable and inert to all but a few rarely encountered chemicals. It also has a low coefficient of friction and is, therefore, self-lubricating.

Manually Operated Plug Valve Installation

When installing plug valves, care should be taken to allow room for the operation of the handle, lever, or wrench. The manual operator is usually longer than the valve, and it rotates to a position parallel to the pipe from a position 90° to the pipe.

Plug Valve Glands

The gland of the plug valve is equivalent to the bonnet of a gate or globe valve. The gland secures the stem assembly to the valve body. There are three general types of glands: single gland, screwed gland, and bolted gland.

To ensure a tight valve, the plug must be seated at all times. Gland adjustment should be kept tight enough to prevent the plug from becoming unseated and exposing the seating surfaces to the live fluid. Care should be exercised to not overtighten the gland, which will result in a metal-to-metal contact between the body and the plug. Such a metal-to-metal contact creates an additional force which will require extreme effort to operate the valve.

Diaphragm Valves

A diaphragm valve is a linear motion valve that is used to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. The name is derived from its flexible disk, which mates with a seat located in the open area at the top of the valve body to form a seal. A diaphragm valve is illustrated in Figure 14.

Diaphragm valves are, in effect, simple "pinch clamp" valves. A resilient, flexible diaphragm is connected to a compressor by a stud molded into the diaphragm. The compressor is moved up and down by the valve stem. Hence, the diaphragm lifts when the compressor is raised. As the compressor is lowered, the diaphragm is pressed against the contoured bottom in the straight through valve illustrated in Figure 14 or the body weir in the weir-type valve illustrated in Figure 15.

Diaphragm valves can also be used for throttling service. The weir-type is the better throttling valve but has a limited range. Its throttling characteristics are essentially those of a quick-opening valve because of the large shutoff area along the seat.

A weir-type diaphragm valve is available to control small flows. It uses a two-piece compressor component. Instead of the entire diaphragm lifting off the weir when the valve is opened, the first increments of stem travel raise an inner compressor component that causes only the central part of the diaphragm to lift. This creates a relatively small opening through the center of the valve. After the inner compressor is completely open, the outer compressor component is raised along with the inner compressor and the remainder of the throttling is similar to the throttling that takes place in a conventional valve.

Diaphragm valves are particularly suited for the handling of corrosive fluids, fibrous slurries, radioactive fluids, or other fluids that must remain free from contamination.

Diaphragm Construction

The operating mechanism of a diaphragm valve is not exposed to the media within the pipeline. Sticky or viscous fluids cannot get into the bonnet to interfere with the operating mechanism. Many fluids that would clog, corrode, or gum up the working parts of most other types of valves will pass through a diaphragm valve without causing problems. Conversely, lubricants used for the operating mechanism cannot be allowed to contaminate the fluid being handled. There are no packing glands to maintain and no possibility of stem leakage. There is a wide choice of available diaphragm materials. Diaphragm life depends upon the nature of the material handled, temperature, pressure, and frequency of operation.

Some elastomeric diaphragm materials may be unique in their excellent resistance to certain chemicals at high temperatures. However, the mechanical properties of any elastomeric material will be lowered at the higher temperature with possible destruction of the diaphragm at high pressure. Consequently, the manufacturer should be consulted when they are used in elevated temperature applications.

All elastomeric materials operate best below 150°F. Some will function at higher temperatures. Viton, for example, is noted for its excellent chemical resistance and stability at high temperatures. However, when fabricated into a diaphragm, Viton is subject to lowered tensile strength just as any other elastomeric material would be at elevated temperatures. Fabric bonding strength is also lowered at elevated temperatures, and in the case of Viton, temperatures may be reached where the bond strength could become critical.

Fluid concentrations is also a consideration for diaphragm selection. Many of the diaphragm materials exhibit satisfactory corrosion resistance to certain corrodents up to a specific concentration and/or temperature. The elastomer may also have a maximum temperature limitation based on mechanical properties which could be in excess of the allowable operating temperature depending upon its corrosion resistance. This should be checked from a corrosion table.

Diaphragm Valve Stem Assemblies

Diaphragm valves have stems that do not rotate. The valves are available with indicating and nonindicating stems. The indicating stem valve is identical to the nonindicating stem valve except that a longer stem is provided to extend up through the handwheel. For the nonindicating stem design, the handwheel rotates a stem bushing that engages the stem threads and moves the stem up and down. As the stem moves, so does the compressor that is pinned to the stem. The diaphragm, in turn, is secured to the compressor.

Diaphragm Valve Bonnet Assemblies

Some diaphragm valves use a quick-opening bonnet and lever operator. This bonnet is interchangeable with the standard bonnet on conventional weir-type bodies. A 90° turn of the lever moves the diaphragm from full open to full closed. Diaphragm valves may also be equipped with chain wheel operators, extended stems, bevel gear operators, air operators, and hydraulic operators.

Many diaphragm valves are used in vacuum service. Standard bonnet construction can be employed in vacuum service through 4 inches in size. On valves 4 inches and larger, a sealed, evacuated, bonnet should be employed. This is recommended to guard against premature diaphragm failure.

Sealed bonnets are supplied with a seal bushing on the nonindicating types and a seal bushing plus O-ring on the indicating types. Construction of the bonnet assembly of a diaphragm valve is illustrated in Figure 15. This design is recommended for valves that are handling dangerous liquids and gases. In the event of a diaphragm failure, the hazardous materials will not be released to the atmosphere. If the materials being handled are extremely hazardous, it is recommended that a means be provided to permit a safe disposal of the corrodents from the bonnet.

Reducing Valves

Reducing valves automatically reduce supply pressure to a preselected pressure as long as the supply pressure is at least as high as the selected pressure. As illustrated in Figure 16, the principal parts of the reducing valve are the main valve; an upward-seating valve that has a piston on top of its valve stem, an upward-seating auxiliary (or controlling) valve, a controlling diaphragm, and an adjusting spring and screw.

Reducing valve operation is controlled by high pressure at the valve inlet and the adjusting screw on top of the valve assembly. The pressure entering the main valve assists the main valve spring in keeping the reducing valve closed by pushing upward on the main valve disk. However, some of the high pressure is bled to an auxiliary valve on top of the main valve. The auxiliary valve controls the admission of high pressure to the piston on top of the main valve. The piston has a larger surface area than the main valve disk, resulting in a net downward force to open the main valve. The auxiliary valve is controlled by a controlling diaphragm located directly over the auxiliary valve.

The controlling diaphragm transmits a downward force that tends to open the auxiliary valve. The downward force is exerted by the adjusting spring, which is controlled by the adjusting screw. Reduced pressure from the main valve outlet is bled back to a chamber beneath the diaphragm to counteract the downward force of the adjusting spring. The position of the auxiliary valve, and ultimately the position of the main valve, is determined by the position of the diaphragm. The position of the diaphragm is determined by the strength of the opposing forces of the downward force of the adjusting spring versus the upward force of the outlet reduced pressure. Other reducing valves work on the same basic principle, but may use gas, pneumatic, or hydraulic controls in place of the adjusting spring and screw.

Non-variable reducing valves, illustrated in Figure 17, replace the adjusting spring and screw with a pre-pressurized dome over the diaphragm. The valve stem is connected either directly or indirectly to the diaphragm. The valve spring below the diaphragm keeps the valve closed. As in the variable valve, reduced pressure is bled through an orifice to beneath the diaphragm to open the valve. Valve position is determined by the strength of the opposing forces of the downward force of the pre-pressurized dome versus the upward force of the outlet-reduced pressure.

Non-variable reducing valves eliminate the need for the intermediate auxiliary valve found in variable reducing valves by having the opposing forces react directly on the diaphragm. Therefore, non-variable reducing valves are more responsive to large pressure variations and are less susceptible to failure than are variable reducing valves.

Pinch Valves

The relatively inexpensive pinch valve, illustrated in Figure 18, is the simplest in any valve design. It is simply an industrial version of the pinch cock used in the laboratory to control the flow of fluids through rubber tubing.

Pinch valves are suitable for on-off and throttling services. However, the effective throttling range is usually between 10% and 95% of the rated flow capacity.

Pinch valves are ideally suited for the handling of slurries, liquids with large amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey solids pneumatically. Because the operating mechanism is completely isolated from the fluid, these valves also find application where corrosion or metal contamination of the fluid might be a problem.

The pinch control valve consists of a sleeve molded of rubber or other synthetic material and a pinching mechanism. All of the operating portions are completely external to the valve. The molded sleeve is referred to as the valve body.

Pinch valve bodies are manufactured of natural and synthetic rubbers and plastics which have good abrasion resistance properties. These properties permit little damage to the valve sleeve, thereby providing virtually unimpeded flow. Sleeves are available with either extended hubs and clamps designed to slip over a pipe end, or with a flanged end having standard dimensions.

Pinch Valve Bodies

Pinch valves have molded bodies reinforced with fabric. Pinch valves generally have a maximum operating temperature of 250°F. At 250°F, maximum operating pressure varies generally from 100 psig for a 1-inch diameter valve and decreases to 15 psig for a 12-inch diameter valve. Special pinch valves are available for temperature ranges of -100°F to 550°F and operating pressures of 300 psig.

Most pinch valves are supplied with the sleeve (valve body) exposed. Another style fully encloses the sleeve within a metallic body. This type controls flow either with the conventional wheel and screw pinching device, hydraulically, or pneumatically with the pressure of the liquid or gas within the metal case forcing the sleeve walls together to shut off flow.

Most exposed sleeve valves have limited vacuum application because of the tendency of the sleeves to collapse when vacuum is applied. Some of the encased valves can be used on vacuum service by applying a vacuum within the metal casing and thus preventing the collapse of the sleeve.

Butterfly Valves

A butterfly valve, illustrated in Figure 19, is a rotary motion valve that is used to stop, regulate, and start fluid flow. Butterfly valves are easily and quickly operated because a 90° rotation of the handle moves the disk from a fully closed to fully opened position. Larger butterfly valves are actuated by handwheels connected to the stem through gears that provide mechanical advantage at the expense of speed.

Butterfly valves possess many advantages over gate, globe, plug, and ball valves, especially for large valve applications. Savings in weight, space, and cost are the most obvious advantages. The maintenance costs are usually low because there are a minimal number of moving parts and there are no pockets to trap fluids.

Butterfly valves are especially well-suited for the handling of large flows of liquids or gases at relatively low pressures and for the handling of slurries or liquids with large amounts of suspended solids.

Butterfly valves are built on the principle of a pipe damper. The flow control element is a disk of approximately the same diameter as the inside diameter of the adjoining pipe, which rotates on either a vertical or horizontal axis. When the disk lies parallel to the piping run, the valve is fully opened. When the disk approaches the perpendicular position, the valve is shut. Intermediate positions, for throttling purposes, can be secured in place by handle-locking devices.

Butterfly Valve Seat Construction

Stoppage of flow is accomplished by the valve disk sealing against a seat that is on the inside diameter periphery of the valve body. Many butterfly valves have an elastomeric seat against which the disk seals. Other butterfly valves have a seal ring arrangement that uses a clamp-ring and backing-ring on a serrated edged rubber ring. This design prevents extrusion of the O-rings. In early designs, a metal disk was used to seal against a metal seat. This arrangement did not provide a leak-tight closure, but did provide sufficient closure in some applications (i.e., water distribution lines).

Butterfly Valve Body Construction

Butterfly valve body construction varies. The most economical is the wafer type that fits between two pipeline flanges. Another type, the lug wafer design, is held in place between two pipe flanges by bolts that join the two flanges and pass through holes in the valve's outer casing. Butterfly valves are available with conventional flanged ends for bolting to pipe flanges, and in a threaded end construction.

Butterfly Valve Disk and Stem Assemblies

The stem and disk for a butterfly valve are separate pieces. The disk is bored to receive the stem. Two methods are used to secure the disk to the stem so that the disk rotates as the stem is turned. In the first method, the disk is bored through and secured to the stem with bolts or pins. The alternate method involves boring the disk as before, then shaping the upper stem bore to fit a squared or hex-shaped stem. This method allows the disk to "float" and seek its center in the seat. Uniform sealing is accomplished and external stem fasteners are eliminated. This method of assembly is advantageous in the case of covered disks and in corrosive applications.

In order for the disk to be held in the proper position, the stem must extend beyond the bottom of the disk and fit into a bushing in the bottom of the valve body. One or two similar bushings are along the upper portion of the stem as well. These bushings must be either resistant to the media being handled or sealed so that the corrosive media cannot come into contact with them.

Stem seals are accomplished either with packing in a conventional stuffing box or by means of O-ring seals. Some valve manufacturers, particularly those specializing in the handling of corrosive materials, place a stem seal on the inside of the valve so that no material being handled by the valve can come into contact with the valve stem. If a stuffing box or external O-ring is employed, the fluid passing through the valve will come into contact with the valve stem.

Needle Valves

A needle valve, as shown in Figure 20, is used to make relatively fine adjustments in the amount of fluid flow.

The distinguishing characteristic of a needle valve is the long, tapered, needle-like point on the end of the valve stem. This "needle" acts as a disk. The longer part of the needle is smaller than the orifice in the valve seat and passes through the orifice before the needle seats. This arrangement permits a very gradual increase or decrease in the size of the opening. Needle valves are often used as component parts of other, more complicated valves. For example, they are used in some types of reducing valves.

Needle Valve Applications

Most constant pressure pump governors have needle valves to minimize the effects of fluctuations in pump discharge pressure. Needle valves are also used in some components of automatic combustion control systems where very precise flow regulation is necessary.

Needle Valve Body Designs

One type of body design for a needle valve is the bar stock body. Bar stock bodies are common, and, in globe types, a ball swiveling in the stem provides the necessary rotation for seating without damage. The bar stock body is illustrated in Figure 21.

Needle valves are frequently used as metering valves. Metering valves are used for extremely fine flow control. The thin disk or orifice allows for linear flow characteristics. Therefore, the number of handwheel turns can be directly correlated to the amount of flow. A typical metering valve has a stem with 40 threads per inch.

Needle valves generally use one of two styles of stem packing: an O-ring with TFE backing rings or a TFE packing cylinder. Needle valves are often equipped with replaceable seats for ease of maintenance.

Check Valves

Check valves are designed to prevent the reversal of flow in a piping system. These valves are activated by the flowing material in the pipeline. The pressure of the fluid passing through the system opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Closure is accomplished by the weight of the check mechanism, by back pressure, by a spring, or by a combination of these means. The general types of check valves are swing, tilting-disk, piston, butterfly, and stop.

Swing Check Valves

A swing check valve is illustrated in Figure 22. The valve allows full, unobstructed flow and automatically closes as pressure decreases. These valves are fully closed when the flow reaches zero and prevent back flow. Turbulence and pressure drop within the valve are very low.

A swing check valve is normally recommended for use in systems employing gate valves because of the low pressure drop across the valve. Swing check valves are available in either Y-pattern or straight body design. A straight check valve is illustrated in Figure 22. In either style, the disk and hinge are suspended from the body by means of a hinge pin. Seating is either metal-to-metal or metal seat to composition disk. Composition disks are usually recommended for services where dirt or other particles may be present in the fluid, where noise is objectionable, or where positive shutoff is required.

Straight body swing check valves contain a disk that is hinged at the top. The disk seals against the seat, which is integral with the body. This type of check valve usually has replaceable seat rings. The seating surface is placed at a slight angle to permit easier opening at lower pressures, more positive sealing, and less shock when closing under higher pressures.

Swing check valves are usually installed in conjunction with gate valves because they provide relatively free flow. They are recommended for lines having low velocity flow and should not be used on lines with pulsating flow when the continual flapping or pounding would be destructive to the seating elements. This condition can be partially corrected by using an external lever and weight.

Tilting Disk Check Valves

The tilting disk check valve, illustrated in Figure 23, is similar to the swing check valve. Like the swing check, the tilting disk type keeps fluid resistance and turbulence low because of its straight-through design.

Tilting disk check valves can be installed in horizontal lines and vertical lines having upward flow. Some designs simply fit between two flange faces and provide a compact, lightweight installation, particularly in larger diameter valves.

The disk lifts off of the seat to open the valve. The airfoil design of the disk allows it to "float" on the flow. Disk stops built into the body position the disk for optimum flow characteristics. A large body cavity helps minimize flow restriction. As flow decreases, the disk starts closing and seals before reverse flow occurs. Backpressure against the disk moves it across the soft seal into the metal seat for tight shutoff without slamming. If the reverse flow pressure is insufficient to cause a tight seal, the valve may be fitted with an external lever and weight.

These valves are available with a soft seal ring, metal seat seal, or a metal-to-metal seal. The latter is recommended for high temperature operation. The soft seal rings are replaceable, but the valve must be removed from the line to make the replacement.

Lift Check Valves

A lift check valve, illustrated in Figure 24, is commonly used in piping systems in which globe valves are being used as a flow control valve. They have similar seating arrangements as globe valves.

Lift check valves are suitable for installation in horizontal or vertical lines with upward flow. They are recommended for use with steam, air, gas, water, and on vapor lines with high flow velocities. These valves are available in three body patterns: horizontal, angle, and vertical.

Flow to lift check valves must always enter below the seat. As the flow enters, the disk or ball is raised within guides from the seat by the pressure of the upward flow. When the flow stops or reverses, the disk or ball is forced onto the seat of the valve by both the backflow and gravity.

Some types of lift check valves may be installed horizontally. In this design, the ball is suspended by a system of guide ribs. This type of check valve design is generally employed in plastic check valves.

The seats of metallic body lift check valves are either integral with the body or contain renewable seat rings. Disk construction is similar to the disk construction of globe valves with either metal or composition disks. Metal disk and seat valves can be reground using the same techniques as is used for globe valves.

Piston Check Valves

A piston check valve, illustrated in Figure 25, is essentially a lift check valve. It has a dashpot consisting of a piston and cylinder that provides a cushioning effect during operation. Because of the similarity in design to lift check valves, the flow characteristics through a piston check valve are essentially the same as through a lift check valve.

Installation is the same as for a lift check in that the flow must enter from under the seat. Construction of the seat and disk of a piston check valve is the same as for lift check valves.

Piston check valves are used primarily in conjunction with globe and angle valves in piping systems experiencing very frequent changes in flow direction. Valves of this type are used on water, steam, and air systems.

Butterfly Check Valves

Butterfly check valves have a seating arrangement similar to the seating arrangement of butterfly valves. Flow characteristics through these check valves are similar to the flow characteristics through butterfly valves. Consequently, butterfly check valves are quite frequently used in systems using butterfly valves. In addition, the construction of the butterfly check valve body is such that ample space is provided for unobstructed movement of the butterfly valve disk within the check valve body without the necessity of installing spacers.

The butterfly check valve design is based on a flexible sealing member against the bore of the valve body at an angle of 45°. The short distance the disk must move from full open to full closed inhibits the "slamming" action found in some other types of check valves. Figure 26 illustrates the internal assembly of the butterfly check valve.

Because the flow characteristics are similar to the flow characteristics of butterfly valves, applications of these valves are much the same. Also, because of their relatively quiet operation they find application in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Simplicity of design also permits their construction in large diameters - up to 72 inches.

As with butterfly valves, the basic body design lends itself to the installation of seat liners constructed of many materials. This permits the construction of a corrosion-resistant valve at less expense than would be encountered if it were necessary to construct the entire body of the higher alloy or more expensive metal. This is particularly true in constructions such as those of titanium.

Flexible sealing members are available in Buna-N, Neoprene, Nordel, Hypalon, Viton, Tyon, Urethane, Butyl, Silicone, and TFE as standard, with other materials available on special order.

The valve body essentially is a length of pipe that is fitted with flanges or has threaded, grooved, or plain ends. The interior is bored to a fine finish. The flanged end units can have liners of various metals or plastics installed depending upon the service requirements. Internals and fasteners are always of the same material as the liner.

Butterfly check valves may be installed horizontally or vertically with the vertical flow either upward or downward. Care should be taken to ensure that the valve is installed so that the entering flow comes from the hinge post end of the valve; otherwise, all flow will be stopped.

Stop Check Valves

A stop check valve, illustrated in Figure 27, is a combination of a lift check valve and a globe valve. It has a stem which, when closed, prevents the disk from coming off the seat and provides a tight seal (similar to a globe valve). When the stem is operated to the open position, the valve operates as a lift check. The stem is not connected to the disk and functions to close the valve tightly or to limit the travel of the valve disk in the open direction.

Relief and Safety Valves

Relief and safety valves prevent equipment damage by relieving accidental over-pressurization of fluid systems. The main difference between a relief valve and a safety valve is the extent of opening at the setpoint pressure.

A relief valve, illustrated in Figure 28, gradually opens as the inlet pressure increases above the setpoint. A relief valve opens only as necessary to relieve the over-pressure condition. A safety valve, illustrated in Figure 29, rapidly pops fully open as soon as the pressure setting is reached. A safety valve will stay fully open until the pressure drops below a reset pressure. The reset pressure is lower than the actuating pressure setpoint. The difference between the actuating pressure setpoint and the pressure at which the safety valve resets is called blowdown . Blowdown is expressed as a percentage of the actuating pressure setpoint.

Relief valves are typically used for incompressible fluids such as water or oil. Safety valves are typically used for compressible fluids such as steam or other gases. Safety valves can often be distinguished by the presence of an external lever at the top of the valve body, which is used as an operational check.

As indicated in Figure 29, system pressure provides a force that is attempting to push the disk of the safety valve off its seat. Spring pressure on the stem is forcing the disk onto the seat. At the pressure determined by spring compression, system pressure overcomes spring pressure and the relief valve opens. As system pressure is relieved, the valve closes when spring pressure again overcomes system pressure. Most relief and safety valves open against the force of a compression spring. The pressure setpoint is adjusted by turning the adjusting nuts on top of the yoke to increase or decrease the spring compression.

Pilot-Operated Relief Valves

Pilot-operated relief valves are designed to maintain pressure through the use of a small passage to the top of a piston that is connected to the stem such that system pressure closes the main relief valve. When the small pilot valve opens, pressure is relieved from the piston, and system pressure under the disk opens the main relief valve. Such pilot valves are typically solenoidoperated, with the energizing signal originating from pressure measuring systems.

Valve Actuators

Some type of actuator is necessary to allow for the positioning of a valve. Actuators vary from simple manual handwheels to relatively complex electrical and hydraulic manipulators.

Valve actuators are selected based upon a number of factors including torque necessary to operate the valve and the need for automatic actuation. Types of actuators include manual handwheel, manual lever, electrical motor, pneumatic, solenoid, hydraulic piston, and self-actuated. All actuators except manual handwheel and lever are adaptable to automatic actuation.

Manual, Fixed, and Hammer Actuators

Manual actuators are capable of placing the valve in any position but do not permit automatic operation. The most common type mechanical actuator is the handwheel. This type includes handwheels fixed to the stem, hammer handwheels, and handwheels connected to the stem through gears.

Handwheels Fixed to Stem

As illustrated in Figure 30, handwheels fixed to the stem provide only the mechanical advantage of the wheel. When these valves are exposed to high operating temperatures, valve binding makes operation difficult.

Hammer Handwheel

As illustrated in Figure 31, the hammer handwheel moves freely through a portion of its turn and then hits against a lug on a secondary wheel. The secondary wheel is attached to the valve stem. With this arrangement, the valve can be pounded shut for tight closure or pounded open if it is stuck shut.

If additional mechanical advantage is necessary for a manually-operated valve, the valve bonnet is fitted with manually-operated gear heads as illustrated in Figure 32. A special wrench or handwheel attached to the pinion shaft permits one individual to operate the valve when two individuals might be needed without the gear advantage. Because several turns of the pinion are necessary to produce one turn of the valve stem, the operating time of large valves is exceptionally long. The use of portable air motors connected to the pinion shaft decreases the valve operating time.

Electric Motor Actuators

Electric motors permit manual, semi-automatic, and automatic operation of the valve. Motors are used mostly for open-close functions, although they are adaptable to positioning the valve to any point opening as illustrated in Figure 33. The motor is usually a, reversible, high speed type connected through a gear train to reduce the motor speed and thereby increase the torque at the stem. Direction of motor rotation determines direction of disk motion. The electrical actuation can be semi-automatic, as when the motor is started by a control system. A handwheel, which can be engaged to the gear train, provides for manual operating of the valve. Limit switches are normally provided to stop the motor automatically at full open and full closed valve positions. Limit switches are operated either physically by position of the valve or torsionally by torque of the motor.

Pneumatic Actuators

Pneumatic actuators as illustrated in Figure 34 provide for automatic or semi-automatic valve operation. These actuators translate an air signal into valve stem motion by air pressure acting on a diaphragm or piston connected to the stem. Pneumatic actuators are used in throttle valves for open-close positioning where fast action is required. When air pressure closes the valve and spring action opens the valve, the actuator is termed direct-acting. When air pressure opens the valve and spring action closes the valve, the actuator is termed reverse-acting. Duplex actuators have air supplied to both sides of the diaphragm. The differential pressure across the diaphragm positions the valve stem. Automatic operation is provided when the air signals are automatically controlled by circuitry. Semi-automatic operation is provided by manual switches in the circuitry to the air control valves.

Hydraulic Actuators

Hydraulic actuators provide for semi-automatic or automatic positioning of the valve, similar to the pneumatic actuators. These actuators use a piston to convert a signal pressure into valve stem motion. Hydraulic fluid is fed to either side of the piston while the other side is drained or bled. Water or oil is used as the hydraulic fluid. Solenoid valves are typically used for automatic control of the hydraulic fluid to direct either opening or closing of the valve. Manual valves can also be used for controlling the hydraulic fluid; thus providing semi-automatic operation.

Self-Actuated Valves

Self-actuated valves use the system fluid to position the valve. Relief valves, safety valves, check valves, and steam traps are examples of self-actuated valves. All of these valves use some characteristic of the system fluid to actuate the valve. No source of power outside the system fluid energy is necessary for operation of these valves.

Solenoid Actuated Valves

Solenoid actuated valves provide for automatic open-close valve positioning as illustrated in Figure 35. Most solenoid actuated valves also have a manual override that permits manual positioning of the valve for as long as the override is manually positioned. Solenoids position the valve by attracting a magnetic slug attached to the valve stem. In single solenoid valves, spring pressure acts against the motion of the slug when power is applied to the solenoid. These valves can be arranged such that power to the solenoid either opens or closes the valve. When power to the solenoid is removed, the spring returns the valve to the opposite position. Two solenoids can be used to provide for both opening and closing by applying power to the appropriate solenoid.

Single solenoid valves are termed fail open or fail closed depending on the position of the valve with the solenoid de-energized. Fail open solenoid valves are opened by spring pressure and closed by energizing the solenoid. Fail closed solenoid valves are closed by spring pressure and opened by energizing the solenoid. Double solenoid valves typically fail "as is." That is, the valve position does not change when both solenoids are de-energized.

One application of solenoid valves is in air systems such as those used to supply air to pneumatic valve actuators. The solenoid valves are used to control the air supply to the pneumatic actuator and thus the position of the pneumatic actuated valve.

Speed of Power Actuators

Plant safety considerations dictate valve speeds for certain safety-related valves. Where a system must be very quickly isolated or opened, very fast valve actuation is required. Where the opening of a valve results in injection of relatively cold water to a hot system, slower opening is necessary to minimize thermal shock. Engineering design selects the actuator for safetyrelated valves based upon speed and power requirements and availability of energy to the actuator.

In general, fastest actuation is provided by hydraulic, pneumatic, and solenoid actuators. However, solenoids are not practical for large valves because their size and power requirements would be excessive. Also, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators require a system for providing hydraulic or pneumatic energy. The speed of actuation in either case can be set by installing appropriately sized orifices in the hydraulic or pneumatic lines. In certain cases, the valve is closed by spring pressure, which is opposed by hydraulic or pneumatic pressure to keep the valve open.

Electrical motors provide relatively fast actuation. Actual valve speed is set by the combination of motor speed and gear ratio. This combination can be selected to provide full valve travel within a range from about two seconds to several seconds.

Valve Position Indication

Operators require indication of the position of certain valves to permit knowledgeable operation of the plant. For such valves, remote valve position indication is provided in the form of position lights that indicate if valves are open or closed. Remote valve position indication circuits use a position detector that senses stem and disk position or actuator position. One type of position detector is the mechanical limit switch, which is physically operated by valve movement.

Another type is magnetic switches or transformers that sense movement of their magnetic cores, which are physically operated by valve movement.

Local valve position indication refers to some visually discernable characteristic of the valve that indicates valve position. Rising stem valve position is indicated by the stem position. Nonrising stem valves sometimes have small mechanical pointers that are operated by the valve actuator simultaneously with valve operation. Power actuated valves typically have a mechanical pointer that provides local valve position indication. On the other hand, some valves do not have any feature for position indication.

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Globe Valve / Piping Enginnering / Valves

Introduction to Globe Valve

by TheProcessPiping · Published April 20, 2020 · Updated April 22, 2020

Globe valves are linear motion closing-down valves in which the closure member is moved squarely on and off the seat. Usually the closure member is referred as a disc , irrespective of its shape. The seat opening varies in direct proportion to the travel of the disc. This proportional relationship between valve opening and disc travel is ideally suited for duties involving regulation of flow rate. Globe valves are most suitable for throttling and controlling fluid flow and are generally employed in small size piping.

Globe valve design necessitates two changes in the direction of flow and this causes resistance in liquid lines and objectionable pressure drop. The installation of globe valves is made so that the flow is up through the seat ring and against the bottom of the disc. This prevents accumulation of dirt and debris above the disc.

Globe valves may be used for most duties encountered in fluid handling process piping systems. Although the globe valve can be used as a block or isolation valve, it is primarily designed to regulate flow in the partially open position, while gate valves are designed for either the fully opened or fully closed position. When considering globe valves for on-off isolation service, design selection should receive careful consideration because maintaining a tight seal against the strong force pushing up on the disc is difficult. The globe valve, compared to the gate valve, has a short stem travel between the open and closed positions, has relatively little wear and is easier to repair.

Globe Valve Working Principle

A globe valve is primarily designed to stop, start and regulate flow. It is comprised of a movable disk and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body. The seat of a globe valve is in the middle of and parallel to the pipe, and the opening in the seat is closed off with the disk. When the handle is turned, manually or through an actuator, a disc is lowered or raised by means of the valve stem. When the disc is fully lowered, the fluid flow is shut off. When the disc is fully raised, the fluid flow is at its maximum rate. When the disc is in raised to less then maximum level, the fluid flow is regulated with proportion to the vertical travel of the disc.

Globe Valve Body Patterns

There are three primary body patterns or designs for Globe valves, namely:

Standard Pattern (also known as Tee Pattern or T – Pattern or Z – Pattern)

Angle Pattern

Oblique Pattern (also known as Wye Pattern or Y – Pattern)

Standard Pattern or T – Pattern

Standard pattern globe valve body design is the most common body type. The horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel perpendicular to the flow direction of the fluid. Due to its tortuous flow passage this design offers highest resistance to flow among all of the available patterns. This design has the lowest coefficient of flow and highest pressure drop. They are used in severe throttling services, such as in bypass lines around a control valve. Standard pattern globe valves may also be used in applications where pressure drop is not a major concern and only throttling is required.

Angle pattern globe valve body design is a modification of the basic standard pattern globe valve. The ends of this Globe valve are at an angle of 90 degrees, and fluid flow occurs with a single 90 degrees turn. They have a slightly lower coefficient of flow than oblique pattern globe valves. They are used in applications that have periods of pulsating flow because of their capability to handle the slugging effect of this type of flow.

If the globe valve is to be mounted near a pipe bend, the angle pattern valve body offers two advantages. First, the angle pattern design has a greatly reduced flow resistance compared to the standard pattern design. Second, the angle pattern design reduces the number of pipe joints and saves a pipe elbow.

Oblique Pattern or Y – Pattern

Oblique Pattern globe valve body design is an alternative for the high pressure drop, inherent in globe valves. Oblique pattern design reduces the flow resistance of the globe valve to a minimum. Seat and stem are angled at approximately 45 degrees, what gives a straighter flow-path at full opening and offer the least resistance to flow. They can be cracked open for long periods without severe erosion. They are extensively used for throttling during seasonal or startup operations. They can be rod through to remove debris when used in drain lines that are normally closed.

Globe Valve Disc Designs

Globe valves are made in three basic disc designs, namely :

Conventional Disc (or Ball Disc)

Composition Disc

Plug type disc.

Conventional Disc or Ball Disc

The conventional type disc is the earliest type of disc and seat construction and is made of a ball shaped metal disc having a short taper which fits against a flat-surfaced seat in the body. This type of globe valve is fairly cheap and popular in low pressure service where severe throttling is not required. It is capable of throttling flow, but is primarily used to stop and start flow. Such a valve preferably should be used wide open or fully closed with little modulation of flow since the short tapered disc is subject to severe erosion and wire drawing. The seat and disc surfaces are easily reground if they are not too badly damaged.

The composition disc valve is an improvement over the conventional or ball type disc for many services, but still is not suitable for throttling purposes. Various types of composition discs are available making this type adaptable to many different services. This valve is easily and quickly repairable and requires less power to seat tightly. Small particles or foreign matter are not likely to cause any damage as they will likely imbed themselves in the relatively soft disc.

The plug type or disc globe valve is the best of the three types for throttling and hard service. The disc is a long tapered metal plug seating into a cone that produces a wide seating surface. This surface is not easily affected by foreign matter or by wire drawing and gives full flow when the valve is wide open. The construction of this valve permits easy and quick replacement of seat and disc if required.

Disc – Stem Configuration

The stem of a globe valve may be designed to rotate while raising or lowering the disc, or be prevented from rotating while carrying out this task. These modes of stem operation have a bearing on the design of the disc-to-stem connection. Also disc can be an integral part of stem causing the disc to rotate with the stem or disc can be designed to swivel freely on the stem. Accordingly we have following disc – stem configurations;

Rotating Stem with Integral Disc
Rotating Stem with Non Integral Disc
Non Rotating Stem with Integral Disc
Non Rotating Stem with Non Integral Disc

Most globe valves incorporate a rotating stem because of simplicity of design. The disc is an integral component of the stem in this case and the seating’s will mate while the disc rotates, possibly resulting in severe wear of the seating’s. Therefore, the main field of application of such valves is for regulating duty with infrequent shut-off duty.

For all other duties involving rotating stems, the disc is designed to swivel freely on the stem. However, swivel discs should have minimum free axial play on the stem to prevent the possibility of rapid axial movements of the disc on the stem in the near closed valve position. Also, if the disc is guided by the stem, there should be little lateral play between stem and disc to prevent the disc from landing on the seat in a cocked position.

In the case of non-rotating stems the disc may be either an integral part of the stem or a separate component from the stem. Non-rotating stems are required in valves with diaphragm or bellows valve stem seal. They are also used in high pressure valves to facilitate the incorporation of power operators.

Inside and Outside Stem Screw

The screw for raising or lowering the stem may be located inside the valve body or outside the valve body.

In Inside Stem Screw configuration, the threaded part of the stem is positioned inside the valve body, whereas the stem packing lays outside. With this design, the stem threads are in touch with the fluid flowing through the valve / piping. The inside screw permits an economical bonnet construction, but it has the disadvantage that it cannot be serviced from the outside. This construction is best suited for fluids that have good lubricity. For the majority of minor duties, however, the inside screw gives good service.

In Outside Stem Screw configuration, the external side of the stem is threaded while the part of the stem which is inside the valve is plain. The threads of the stem are isolated from the medium by the packing. This design keeps stem threads outside the body in order to avoid the damaging effects of high temperature, corrosives, and inline solids inside the valve. The outside screw can be serviced from the outside and is therefore preferred for severe duties. The only drawback is the packing, which is subject to wear because of the up and down movement of the stem, in addition to the turning motion.

Bonnet Connections

Bonnets are other important components for the gate and globe type valves. By dismantling the bonnet, the maintenance staff has access to the internal mechanisms and can replace components like the seat, the stem, etc (trim). The Bonnet – Valve Body connection on globe valves comes in a variety of designs. Bonnets may be joined to the valve body by means of bolts, flanges, welding, or by means of a pressure-seal mechanism; or the bonnet may be an integral part of the valve body. Few of the bonnet – valve body connections are detailed out further.

Bolted Bonnet Connection

The bolted (also referred as screwed-in) bonnet is one of the simplest and least expensive design. However, the bonnet gasket must accommodate itself to rotating faces, and frequent unscrewing of the bonnet may damage the joint faces. Also, the torque required to tighten the bonnet joint becomes very large for the higher size valves. For this reason, the use of bolted bonnets is normally restricted to valve sizes not greater than NPS 3.

Welded Bonnet Connection

If the bonnet is made of a weldable material, the bonnet connection may be made entirely by welding. Welded bonnets are not only economical but also most reliable irrespective of size, operating pressure and temperature. However a major drawback is that access to the valve internals can be gained only by removing the weld that may cause bonnet to distort. For this reason, welded bonnets are normally used only where the valve can be expected to remain maintenance-free for long periods, where the valve is a throw-away valve, or where the sealing reliability of the bonnet joint outweighs the difficulty of gaining access to the valve internals.

Flanged Bonnet Connection

Flanged bonnet joints have the advantage over bolted joints in that the tightening effort can be spread over a number of bolts. Flanged joints may therefore be designed for any valve size and operating pressure. However, as the valve size and operating pressure increase, the flanged joint becomes increasingly heavy and bulky. Also, at temperatures above 350◦C (660◦F), creep relaxation can, in time, noticeably lower the bolt load. If the application is critical, the flanged joint may be seal welded.

Union Ring Bonnet Connection

The bonnet may also be held to the valve body by a separate screwed union ring. This construction has the advantage of preventing any motion between the joint faces as the joint is being tightened. Repeatedly unscrewing the bonnet, therefore, cannot readily harm the joint faces. As with the screwed-in bonnet, the use of bonnets with a screwed union ring is restricted to valve sizes normally not greater than DN 80 (NPS 3).

Pressure Seal Bonnet Connection

The pressure-seal bonnet overcomes weight disadvantage by letting the fluid pressure tighten the joint. The bonnet seal therefore becomes tighter as the fluid pressure increases. This construction principle is frequently preferred for large valves operating at high pressures and temperatures.

Flow Direction through Globe Valves

Globe valve have specific flow directions. Depending on the application, a globe valve will have fluid flow above or below the disc. Globe valves can be arranged so that the disk closes against or in the same direction of fluid flow. When the disk closes against the direction of fluid flow, the kinetic energy of the fluid impedes closing but aids opening of the valve. When the disk closes in the same direction of fluid flow, the kinetic energy of the fluid aids closing but impedes opening.

For low temperature and low pressure applications, globe valves are ordinarily installed so that pressure is under the disk. This promotes easy operation, helps protect the packing, and eliminates a certain amount of erosive action to the seat and disk faces.

For high temperature and high pressure applications, like steam, globe valves are installed so that pressure is above the disk. This helps to prevent the stem from contracting when it cools down and will keep the disc from lifting off the seat that may cause leakage. If the pressure on top of the disc is higher, a bypass valve may have to be provided that permits the downstream system to be pressurized before the globe valve is opened.

Usually flow direction arrow is marked on the globe valve body for ease and simplification of installation purpose.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globe Valve

Good shutoff capability.
Moderate to good throttling capability.
Shorter stem travel between the open and closed positions as compared to a gate valve.
Available in many patterns, each offering unique capabilities.
Easy maintenance, as the discs and seats are readily refurbished or replaced.

Disadvantages

High Pressure Drop or Head Loss from two or more right angle turns of flowing fluid.
Large size glove valves require considerable power to operate and are especially noisy in high pressure applications.
Large openings necessary for disk assembly.
Heavier weight than other valves of the same flow rating.

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About On/Off Valves

Snap-shut threaded on/off valves.

For applications that require intermittent operation, such as spraying and washing, push or pull the lever on these valves to start flow. They spring closed when the lever is released.

Zinc valves are good for low-pressure applications. Use them as a control valve for tools such as blow guns and tire-changing machines.

Brass valves are stronger and less brittle than zinc valves for use in higher-pressure applications.

Push - lever valves are commonly used in car wash systems. However, you can’t use them as blow guns. Those with a Viton® fluoroelastomer rubber seal stand up to long-term use with harsh solutions, such as wheel and tire cleaners. Valves with a TFE plastic seat are more durable than those with a Viton® fluoroelastomer rubber seat. For even more durability, choose those with a thick spring — their spring is stronger and lasts longer than standard springs. You can install valves with a mounting stem and nut in a fixed position. Valves with offset ports come with a wand bracket to attach an upholstery cleaning wand, so they’re best for floor and upholstery cleaning equipment. Connect the bracket to the top of the offset ports.

Replace worn components on 30° elbow valves with a repair kit (sold separately).

Flow coefficient (Cv) is the amount of water (in gallons per minute) at 60° F that will flow through a fully open valve with a difference of 1 psi between the inlet and the outlet.

BG Series Globe Control Valves
BR Series Globe Control Valves
Critical Service Trim
Technical Library

Flow Characteristics

The Flow Characteristic of a Control Valve is the Relationship between the Control Valve Capacity and valve stem travel.

Inherent Characteristics represents this relationship with constant pressure drop across the valve.

Installed Characteristics represents the same relationship but with varying pressure drop due to losses in the pipeline and any equipment installed in series.

Equal Percentage

Equal Percentage is considered to be the most common characteristic used in process control. The inherent characteristic of a equal percentage plug allows for flow capacity to increase exponentially with valve stroke. i.e. equal increments in valve stroke result in equal percentage change in the existing Cv. When Installed, an equal percentage plug will tend to behave similarly to a Linear Characteristic valve in Inherent conditions.

The Linear characteristic creates equal changes in Cv per unit of valve stroke, when the pressure drop is constant. Linear plugs are frequently used in systems where the differential pressure through the valve corresponds to the major part of the total differential pressure of the system. When installed, and due to the changes in pressure drop across the valve, a Linear trim will tend to behave similarly to Quick-Open trim.

Quick-open plugs are used in on-off services and are designed to create large increments of flow rate, even from small opening percentages.

How To Fix a Leaky Street Valve on Your Water Line

Time: 10 minutes

Complexity: Beginner

Cost: $0 - $20

Repack a Stem Seal on a Valve

If you're dealing with a leaky street-side valve at your water meter, you don't have to pay the utility to come out and shut off the water so you can fix it. You can repack the stem with the water on.

You will get some water spray once you loosen the packing nut, however. So before starting, be sure to move anything you care about away from the meter area. It would be a shame to have to deal with water damage after such an easy fix.

Clear the valve

Most old valves have rust and mineral deposits in the receiving groove. That crud can jam the gate and damage the valve.

Gently close the valve first. Don't force it shut; you don't want to cause more damage. Then open the cold faucet at your laundry tub.

Next, open the street-side valve slightly. The rush of water will flush out the crud. Shut off the laundry faucet, then the street-side valve (in that order).

Wind on special packing rope

Buy Teflon packing rope at any hardware store or home center. With the valve in the off position, loosen the packing nut and slide it toward the handle. Then repack the stem .

Wrap one wind of stem packing rope around the stem. Tighten the packing nut and open the valve. If it still leaks , back off the packing nut and add a few more winds of packing rope.

And there you have it, a quick and easy fix for a leaky street valve. You can solve this problem in no time!

How To Fix A Leaky Street Valve On Your Water Line Gettyimages 654085128

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No Loss Black Tire Valve Caps - Never Lose Your Tire Valve Stem Caps Again - for Cars, SUVs, Trucks, Motorcycles, Bikes - Accessories para Carro, Tire Caps 4 Pack

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IMAGES

Sliding stem valve travel demonstration
How Sliding Stem Valves Work ?
Learn about valve stem packing and Fugitive emissions testing
Sliding-stem Valves
Valve Functions and Basic Parts of Valve
Types of Rising Stem (multi-turn) Valves

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The Tesla Valve

COMMENTS

Control Valves
The relationship between control valve capacity and valve stem travel is known as. the Flow Characteristic of the Control Valve; Trim design of the valve affects how the control valve capacity changes as the valve moves through its complete travel. Because of the variation in trim design, many valves are not linear in nature.
Valve Positioners
Total valve stem travel (like an odometer in an automobile) Additionally, the microprocessor embedded within an electronic valve positioner is capable of performing self-tests, self-calibrations, and other routine procedures traditionally performed by instrument technicians on mechanical valve positioners. Having access to such measurements as ...
What is Travel Stop in Control Valve?
A travel stop in the control valve is used as a mechanical limiter for stem travel. In fact, these travel stops are used to limit the stem travel at certain % travel whether limited to travel in the up direction or down direction. This restriction usually comes because of the capacity limitation in the downstream of the control valve.
Control Valve Characterization
"Linear" valve trim exhibits a fairly proportional relationship between valve stem travel and flow capacity ($C_v$), while "equal percentage" trim is decidedly nonlinear. A control valve with "linear" trim will exhibit consistent responsiveness only with a constant pressure drop, while "equal percentage" trim is designed to ...
PDF Fisher ET, EAT, and ETR Sliding Stem Control Valves
www.Fisher.com. Fisher™ET, EAT, and ETR Sliding-Stem Control Valves. Fisher ET, EAT, and ETR general-purpose control valves (figures 2, 3, and 4) are used for throttling or on-off control of a wide variety of liquids and gases. All three valve designs have single ports, balanced valve plugs, and cage guiding. Metal-to-PTFE seating for ...
Valves
The valve stem is connected either directly or indirectly to the diaphragm. The valve spring below the diaphragm keeps the valve closed. As in the variable valve, reduced pressure is bled through an orifice to beneath the diaphragm to open the valve. ... This combination can be selected to provide full valve travel within a range from about two ...
A Beginner's Guide to the Right Actuator (Consider the Valve!)
The stem nut is located in the top of the valve, so as the stem is rotated, it raises or lowers the closure element. The actuator is coupled to the valve stem with a sliding spline or "butterfly" nut arrangement. Typically the thrust of the valve is contained by the top works of the valve. Although the closure element moves in a linear ...
Sliding-stem Valves
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of sliding-stem valve body designs are shown here: Most sliding-stem control valves are direct acting, which means the valve opens up wider as the stem is drawn out of the body.Conversely, a direct-acting valve shuts off (closes) when the stem is pushed into the body.
Basics of Control Valve Positioners ~ Learning Instrumentation And
If no travel is fed back to the positioner, positioner output will continue to change until stem travel is confirmed. The plot of positioner output/LOAD versus % valve travel shows that the hysteresis present is very small compared to the one without a valve positioner. Typically valve hysteresis with positioners is 5% of valve stroke.
PDF Sliding-Stem Valve Product Guide
the valve plug resulting in an upward stem force that must be overcome by the actuator. Yoke, stem adaptor, travel scale, and spacers required to accomodate ISO 5210 mounted electric actuators. Piston actuator Sizes 25-130 up to 111kN (25,000 lbf) Max thrust Spring-return piston actuator Sizes 10 to 28 354 kN (79,000 lbf) Max thrust
PDF Fisher Sliding Stem Valve Selection Guide
Compact, state-of-the-art control valve and actuator system designed to control a wide range of process liquids, gases, and vapors. Capable of air supply pressures to 6.0 barg (87 psig), allowing valve shutoff at high pressure drops. Heavy-duty general service for controlling liquids and gases, including viscous and other hard-to-handle fluids.
Guide to Selecting Control Valves
The pressure drop for a quick-opening two-way valve should be 10 to 20 percent of the piping-system pressure differential, leaving the other 80 to 90 percent for the load and piping connections. Figure 5 shows the relationship of flow vs. stem travel for a quick-opening valve. To achieve 90-percent flow, the stem must open only 20 percent.
Stem Valves
Clippard offers a wide range of pneumatic and mechanical valve actuators that work with all Clippard stem valves. The GV series valves offer the same characteristics of its original line with flow 10 times more than the MAV series and 2.5 times the flow of the MJV series. These 2-Way and 3-Way valves are offered in 1/4" NPT and G1/4 ports ...
Introduction to Globe Valve
The globe valve, compared to the gate valve, has a short stem travel between the open and closed positions, has relatively little wear and is easier to repair. Globe Valve Working Principle. A globe valve is primarily designed to stop, start and regulate flow. It is comprised of a movable disk and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical ...
Stem Movement
Correction elements. W. Bolton, in Instrumentation and Control Systems, 2004 Example. A valve has a stem movement at full travel of 30 mm and has a linear plug which has a minimum flow rate of 0 and a maximum flow rate of 20 m 3 /s. What will be the flow rate when the stem movement is 15 mm? The percentage change in the stem position from the zero setting is (15/30) × 100 = 50%.
Stem Valves
90° Elbow. Valve Type: Stem. For Use With: Air, Argon, Helium, Krypton, Neon, Oil, Water, Xenon. Seal Material: PTFE Plastic. Flip the toggle to quickly turn these valves on and off. All have threads and a hex nut below the handle for installation in instrument panels.
Positioner Guidelines
Digital positioners can track valve reversal and total stem travel data that can be correlated with time and actual maintenance events to improve predictive maintenance forecasting. Valve stroke speeds can be slowed. Applications where hydraulic 'hammering' might occur can use a digital positioner to slow the valve stroke.
Rotary-stem Valves
An important advantage of rotary control valves over sliding-stem designs such as the globe valve and diaphragm valve is a virtually obstructionless path for fluid when the valve is wide-open. Ball valves. In the ball valve design, a spherical ball with a passageway cut through the center rotates to allow fluid more or less access to the ...
Flow Characteristics
The Flow Characteristic of a Control Valve is the Relationship between the Control Valve Capacity and valve stem travel. Inherent Characteristics represents this relationship with constant pressure drop across the valve. Installed Characteristics represents the same relationship but with varying pressure drop due to losses in the pipeline and ...
Gate Valves Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications
The flow rate does not change evenly with the stem travel and the disk in a partially opened gate valve will vibrate from the fluid flow. Since this vibration can cause the seat and disk to wear and cause leakage, gate valves should only be used in the fully open or fully closed position. ... Stem - The stem of a gate valve is either a rising ...
Globe Valves Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications
Since the seat is horizontal, the disk and stem travel at right angles to the pipe axis. The stem passes through the bonnet which is attached to a large opening at the top of the valve body. The symmetrical form simplifies manufacturing, installation, and repair. Globe valve body types. Image Credit: Valve Handbook
Sliding stem valve travel demonstration
About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...
How To Fix a Leaky Street Valve on Your Water Line
With the valve in the off position, loosen the packing nut and slide it toward the handle. Then repack the stem. Wrap one wind of stem packing rope around the stem. Tighten the packing nut and ...
Control Valve Sizing
Typical valve problems such as stem friction, hysteresis, and calibration error, therefore, become amplified when the valve is over-sized because any amount of imprecision in stem positioning becomes a greater percentage of the valve's useful travel range than if the valve were properly sized and able to use its full range of motion.
No Loss Black Tire Valve Caps
PREMIUM MATERIAL: Day Moon Designs Valve Stem Caps are made of high-grade light-weight aluminum alloy, anodized & powder coated finish for maximum strength and durability, surface anodic oxidation treatment makes the color brighter. EASY TO INSTALL: Simply place the leash over your valve stem, then screw the cap on! ...

Control Valves - Flow Characteristics

Inherent Control Valve Flow Characteristics

Installed Control Valve Flow Characteristics

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Valve Functions and Basic Parts

Introduction

Valve Bonnet

Disk and Seat

Valve Actuator

Valve Packing

Introduction to the Types of Valves

Types of Valves

Gate Valves

Gate Valve Disk Design

Solid Wedge

Flexible Wedge

Split Wedge

Parallel Disk

Gate Valve Stem Design

Gate Valve Seat Design

Globe Valves

Globe Valve Body Designs

Z-Body Design

Y-Body Design

Angle Valve Design

Globe Valve Disks

Composition Disk

Globe Valve Disk and Stem Connections

Globe Valve Seats

Globe Valve Direction of Flow

Ball Valves

Disadvantages

Port Patterns

Valve Materials

Ball Valve Stem Design

Ball Valve Bonnet Design

Ball Valve Position

Plug Valves

Multiport Plug Valves

Plug Valve Disks

Rectangular Port Plug

Round Port Plug

Diamond Port Plug

Lubricated Plug Valve Design

Nonlubricated Plugs

Manually Operated Plug Valve Installation

Plug Valve Glands

Diaphragm Valves

Diaphragm Construction

Diaphragm Valve Stem Assemblies

Diaphragm Valve Bonnet Assemblies

Reducing Valves

Pinch Valves

Pinch Valve Bodies

Butterfly Valves

Butterfly Valve Seat Construction

Butterfly Valve Body Construction

Butterfly Valve Disk and Stem Assemblies

Needle Valves

Needle Valve Applications

Needle Valve Body Designs

Check Valves

Swing Check Valves

Tilting Disk Check Valves

Lift Check Valves

Piston Check Valves

Butterfly Check Valves

Stop Check Valves

Relief and Safety Valves

Pilot-Operated Relief Valves