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The ultimate guide to reducing carbon footprint for businesses

How to reduce carbon footprint from business travel, measures your organization can take to reduce its environmental impact caused by business travel, 1. calculate your business travel carbon footprint, 2. create a green business travel program, 3. fly in economy class, 4. choose low-emission airlines.

• Amount of CO2 generated by a specific flight and airline. You also have access to this information when you use TravelPerk’s business travel booking platform .
• If the airline offers the possibility to offset your carbon footprint.
• If the airline has a sustainability policy, which you can usually find on their website or ask about by email.

5. Avoid layovers

6. choose sustainable accommodations, 7. consider the greenest form of transport depending on the circumstances, 8. reduce your fuel consumption, 9. make use of green travel tax breaks, 10. consider carbon offsetting.

How to run a green travel program? Our e-book guides you.

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The new order of business travel

It is possible to reduce your carbon footprint when flying. Image:  Unsplash/Anete Lūsiņa

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• Business travel was one of the biggest casualties of the pandemic, and remote and hybrid work are bringing its future into question.
• Travel remains an important way for people to connect, but aviation accounts for 2-3% of global emissions.
• Travelling economy class has half the CO2 footprint of business class, because passengers take up half the space.
• Sustainable aviation fuel made from 100% renewable waste and residue raw materials, such as used cooking oil, is another option for reducing aviation emissions.

Among many casualties of the pandemic, business travel was one of the biggest. In 2020, the total amount of business travel expenses dropped 52% , according to McKinsey. Today, as we are learning to live with the Coronavirus and what feels like normality largely resuming, the dilemma around what that means for travel and face-to-face meetings is real.

It is clear that the old ways of working are no more – and that includes business travel. Remote and hybrid work are now the new normal, leaving business travel in an interesting position. “Business travel has reduced a lot,” says Katharina Riederer, co-founder of eco.mio, a consultancy that helps businesses choose sustainable travel solutions. “And we have these new opportunities: we’re meeting on Zoom.”

It’s a significant shift that may have come from expediency, rather than a desire to save the environment - but can the sustainability agenda make the need and want to think twice about travel last? From the necessity brought on by lockdowns we now have far better and widely adopted alternatives to choose from to help us do business remotely instead of making the trip.

It seems however, that those new opportunities are not always being taken up - or at least, cannot fully replace business travel. “In the new normal, travel remains an important way we connect, but aviation accounts for two to three percent of global emissions - and the number of flights are expected to grow significantly,” says Susanne Bouma, Head of Partnerships and Programs, Renewable Aviation at Neste , the world’s leading producer of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) made from 100% renewable waste and residue raw materials, such as used cooking oil.

To meet or not to meet

Riederer admits that considering whether or not to make a trip is a business-driven decision. “Oftentimes, you can’t really control how much travel is in the company,” she says. “Take consulting: some customers really want you to be there.”

It’s also often cultural. “Two years ago, it was felt people would never need to meet again,” says Clive Wratten, chief executive of the British Travel Association. “But conversely, the reverse happened culturally: in Asia, it was seen as very important to get back out and meet people in the room, so you can understand all the nuances that come with doing business in a totally different culture.”

Yet if you can choose to not take the trip, what should you consider when deciding whether or not to book a flight, hop on a train, or rent a car to make your next meeting?

“The big consultancy firms and finance firms are very much getting back out and seeing customers, making sure they're in front of them,” says Wratten. “And that is really important. But do we really need to go and have an internal meeting in New York, where we meet our colleagues?”

For important meetings where you’re trying to close a key business deal, where it’s important to see the whites in your counterpart’s eyes, that flight may be necessary. But when you’re already well-established with partners, any meetings could well be via a video call.

What is the most sustainable way of traveling?

As well as questioning what the purpose of any trip is, it’s also worth considering what methods of transport are available to you.

Riederer points to Germany, where many people will choose to travel on trains rather than fly because of great connectivity. Another country that does well when it comes to internal land connections is Japan, whose high-speed train system means that the time taken for trips is often equal to or less than a corresponding flight.

“You can’t do that in the US,” Riederer says, conceding that this is not going to be an option for everyone. Helpfully, sites like Chronotrains tell would-be travelers how far they can travel from each train station across Europe in five hours – which is roughly the amount of time it’d take even the most seasoned business traveler to traverse check-in queues, security lines, and travel to and from airports even on the shortest of short-haul flights.

But even if you can’t change the mode of transport, you can take action to reduce your carbon footprint if you have to fly. “Economy class emits half the CO2 footprint of business class, because you take up half the space,” points out Riederer.

Individual companies can also take steps to ensure they’re helping, rather than harming, the planet. Whenever Bouma or any of her colleagues at Neste have to travel on planes, they fully compensate the carbon footprint equivalent of their flights with the equivalent of sustainable aviation fuel. “We’re walking the talk, and showing how it’s done,” she says. “That gives us a massive platform to be able to make and drive change.”

Acting now while innovating for the future

While the future of business travel and travel at large is possibly more unpredictable now than it has been for a long time, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA) the number of air passengers is set to exceed pre-Covid-19 levels in 2024. This means that the need for alternatives to fossil fuels in aviation is urgent and sustainable aviation fuel, or SAF, is widely acknowledged as a key solution here. SAF is already commercially available as a direct replacement for fossil-based jet fuel cutting greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80% compared to traditional fuel used in planes*.

For now, SAF is the only viable and direct option for reducing aviation emissions but there are more innovations in the pipeline for the longer term, says Bouma. “Sustainable aviation fuel alone will not be the silver bullet. Hydrogen and electric flying will all be part of the equation - but not available at commercial scale in the short-term.”

Until those innovations arrive and are deployed, we all have to play our part in upholding the new order of business travel. Of course it’s not simple to travel more sustainably. It’s easier said than done, the experts admit.

“There are no shortcuts to heaven,” says Bouma. “It’s important to acknowledge that, but at the same time we should choose the most sustainable options for travel where we can.”

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Reporting by Joanna Plucinska; Editing by Alexander Smith

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Joanna reports on airlines and travel in Europe, including tourism trends, sustainability and policy. She was previously based in Warsaw, where she covered politics and general news. She wrote stories on everything from Chinese spies to migrants stranded in forests along the Belarusian border. In 2022, she spent six weeks covering the war in Ukraine, with a focus on the evacuation of children, war reparations and evidence that Russian commanders knew of sexual violence by their troops. Joanna graduated from the Columbia Journalism School in 2014. Before joining Reuters, she worked in Hong Kong for TIME and later in Brussels reporting on EU tech policy for POLITICO Europe.

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Corporate Travel Targets Business Class to Cut Its Carbon Footprint

Jamie Freed and Rajesh Kumar Singh, Reuters

October 11th, 2021 at 3:33 AM EDT

Companies learned during the pandemic that not all business travel was as necessary as previously thought, which makes choosing what's right for the future of the planet both a smart short- and long-term business decision.

Jason Clampet

As major companies look at drastic ways to cut carbon emissions from corporate travel, airlines are bracing for a major hit to business-class travel, a key revenue driver, industry executives and experts say.

Several companies, such as HSBC, Zurich Insurance , Bain & Company and S&P Global, have already announced plans to quickly cut business travel emissions by as much as 70%.

Some are considering a “carbon budget” as they come under growing pressure from environmental advocates and investors to reduce indirect emissions that contribute to climate change.

Flights account for about 90% of business travel emissions. That makes it the lowest-hanging fruit for companies setting reductions targets.

The airline industry last week committed to reach “net zero” emissions by 2050  at a meeting in Boston, decades beyond the corporate travel emissions cut targets.

“It’s going to be hard on airlines and they’re going to need to adapt,” Kit Brennan, co-founder of London-based Thrust Carbon, which is advising S&P and other clients on setting up carbon budgets.

“I think what we’re going to see, funnily enough, is more of an unbundling of business class where you might get all perks of business class without the seat,” he said, referring to airport lounges and nicer meals. “Because ultimately it all comes down to the area on the aircraft and it takes up.”

Flying business class emits about three times as much carbon as economy class because the seats take up more room and more of them are empty, according to a World Bank study.

Change Already Under Way

Pre-pandemic, about 5% of international passengers globally flew in premium classes, accounting for 30% of international revenue, according to airline group IATA.

The pandemic-related drop in travel and a switch to more virtual meetings have led many companies to save money by resetting travel policies.

Sam Israelit, chief sustainability officer at consulting firm Bain, said his company was evaluating carbon budgets for offices or practice areas to help cut travel emissions per employee by 35% over the next five years. “I think more broadly, it’s something that companies really will need to start to do if they’re going to be successful in meeting the aggressive targets that everyone’s putting out,” he said.

Companies and corporate travel agencies are also investing heavily in tools to measure flight emissions based on factors such as the type of plane, the routing and the class of service.

“We’re not seeing a lot of companies take a very draconian approach like simply cut travel because that impacts their bottom line,” said Nora Lovell Marchant, vice president of sustainability at American Express Global Business Travel. “But we are seeing an increased ask for transparency so those travelers can make decisions.”

Global ratings agency S&P, which plans to reduce travel emissions by 25% by 2025, found that 42% of its business class use was for internal meetings, its global corporate travel leader, Ann Dery, said at a CAPA Centre for Aviation event last month.

Airlines Going Green

U.S. carrier JetBlue plans for about 30% of its jet fuel for flights in and out of New York to be sustainable within two to three years.

“Businesses, of course, are going to want to address this climate change issue aggressively,” JetBlue Chief Executive Robin Hayes said on the sidelines of the Boston meeting. “But we think they’re going to be able to do it in a way that still enables business travel to take place.”

The emissions target airlines set last week relies on boosting use of sustainable aviation fuel from less than 0.1% today to 65% by 2050 as well as new engine technologies.

“If we are getting to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 everybody has got to play their part here,” said Air New Zealand Chief Executive Greg Foran. “It is not just the airlines. It is going to be fuel providers, it is going to be governments. And ultimately customers are going to have to buy into this as well.”

(Reporting by Jamie Freed in Sydney and Rajesh Kumar Singh in Boston; Editing by Miyoung Kim and Gerry Doyle)

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Photo credit: The business class seats in JetBlue's Mint section. Airlines expect business class to shrink as companies examine their carbon footprint. JetBlue

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The Road to Net Zero: Changing travel patterns to decarbonize business travel

December 02, 2022

By Siddharth Singh Director (APAC), Global Corporate Communications, CWT

The recently concluded COP27 summit in Egypt once again brought into focus the urgency of making travel—which accounts for an estimated 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions —more sustainable. A report published by the UK-based Travel Foundation described current strategies that rely solely on carbon offsetting, technological efficiencies, and biofuels are “woefully inadequate”, warning that such measures alone would fail to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

Changes to purchase behaviors and travel patterns will be key to accomplishing decarbonization. This entails giving travelers relevant information, like the carbon footprint of a flight or hotel stay, at the point of booking . It also means reducing the environmental impact of certain types of trips that generate the most carbon emissions. For example, the Travel Foundation’s research suggests that long-distance trips are “by far, the most polluting”, and need to be capped at 2019 levels. According to the study, these comprised 2% of all trips and 19% of total travel emissions in 2019 – but at the current growth rate, they will account for 4% of trips and 41% of travel emissions by 2050.

One way to limit the proliferation of long-haul trips is for travelers to consider “trip-batching” , which entails visiting multiple destinations in a single trip. Interestingly, this trend appears to have gained momentum during the pandemic. Complicated and expensive covid testing and quarantine requirements prompted travelers to visit multiple cities in one go to make the trip worth the cost and hassle. 

CWT’s booking data shows that in 2019, there was an almost even split between simple, point-to-point trips and itineraries with multiple stops – but, in 2021, more than two-thirds of business trips (68%) were multi-destination. While the proportion of multi-city trips has dropped to 56% in 2022 as travel restrictions have been lifted, it still remains above pre-pandemic levels.  

“With sustainability becoming a bigger priority, there’s a good chance we’ll continue to see more multi-destination trips than we did pre-pandemic,” says Nick Vournakis, CWT’s Chief Customer Officer. “The idea of carbon budgets, similar to spend budgets, is gaining traction. It's very conceivable that the more progressive corporates who are really leaning into this will have clear carbon budgets by 2024. So, a traveler based in New York who is planning meetings in London, Paris, and Amsterdam, and now has to be very judicious with their carbon emissions, may look to combine those meetings into a single trip and do some of that travel by train or car, instead of flying back and forth.”

The booking data also reveals a decline in one-day trips. Globally, one-day trips have recovered slightly less than three-quarters relative to all domestic trips, following the pandemic. This trend has been more pronounced in the United States and Europe, where same-day returns have only recovered by around half to two-thirds as much as all domestic and continental trips. 

As Akshay Kapoor, CWT’s Head of Sales for Asia Pacific, explains: “These trips were seen as a way to reduce travel budgets as you could save on the hotel cost. But the growing emphasis on sustainability and employee wellbeing has resulted in some of these being replaced by online meetings, with travelers taking fewer and longer trips instead.”

On the flipside, new categories of business trips are emerging. “The shift towards flexible working, for example, is leading some companies to organize regular internal meetings and retreats to boost collaboration and ensure face time for their increasingly dispersed teams,” adds Kapoor. 

Even so, does achieving our collective net zero ambitions necessitate less globetrotting altogether?

“Without a doubt,” says Vournakis. “Measures such as choosing airlines that use more sustainable aviation fuel or booking greener hotels will help reduce the carbon footprint of business travel to a certain extent—and these are definitely a step in the right direction. But, at the end of the day, if you want to make real progress towards carbon neutrality, you will have to travel less and take fewer business trips. In this new paradigm, an important part of CWT’s role is to help our customers understand the value of different business trips so they can make informed decisions.”

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How to reduce the carbon footprint of business trips

Travel is an inevitable part of the corporate world—and it’s big business. Annual growth in business travel is expected to reach $1.6 trillion in 2020 1 , while on average, 30% of European business travellers fly once a month 2 . But companies and individuals are becoming more and more aware of the weight of their carbon footprint. How can organisations reduce the carbon footprint of business trips?

5 ways to reduce the carbon footprint of business travel

1. start with awareness.

To make the first step to reduce the carbon footprint of corporate travel, people need to have awareness so they can adjust their habits. Many companies have a strong role to play in driving this change. It starts with being educated about the environmental impacts of different forms of transport. Having a good understanding of the issues will help employees make informed choices about the way they move around.

In many cases, a train trip is a more sustainable option than a short-haul flight. For example, taking the train from London to Paris emits 90% less carbon dioxide than a short-haul flight 3 . And when you consider airport check-in and security processes, flying from Amsterdam to Brussels takes longer than going by train. Companies should clearly list transportation options in their corporate travel policies and provide guidelines about when to choose one mode over another.

2. Introduce green commuting options

Business travel starts with the journey to the office—it’s not limited to external meetings. That’s why companies should also pay attention to the daily commute of their employees.

Strong CSR and travel & expense policies can impact the attitudes and behaviours of people in an organisation. If companies introduce office bike storage, ridesharing options , and public transport allowances, then they can encourage employees to take greener journeys.

3. Consider the alternatives to business travel

Face-to-face meetings have their benefits, but it’s important to think about their cost, time, and environmental impact. The purpose of business travel needs to make sense. Does the meeting or course really require a trip? Can you achieve the same outcome if it’s done online?

One of the questions business travellers ask themselves on the road is whether a business trip is a good use of their time. An international flight for a 30-minute meeting might not be the best use of resources. If the same goals can be met via video conferencing, then maybe you should reconsider booking that flight. Rethinking one’s movements isn’t about reducing the scope—it’s about becoming aware that there are greener alternatives.

4. Choose eco-friendly suppliers

Transport and accommodation make up the bulk of business travel expenses. But flights and rental cars also produce a lot of CO2 emissions, while hotels consume a lot of energy and create waste. Defining preferred eco-friendly suppliers in a travel policy can help support efforts to be green and reduce the environmental impact of business travel.

One way to find eco-friendly suppliers is to find out who has been officially recognised for their efforts. The SAM Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA) is an annual review of sustainability across several industries. In 2019, Air France-KLM won the top honour as the most sustainable airline 4 . The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC), the international accreditation body for sustainable travel, provides certification to hotels and other accommodation providers who have sustainable operations 5 .

5. Contribute to carbon offset programmes

There are times when business travel can’t be avoided. Maybe it’s a must-attend conference or a key meeting with a CEO. In cases like these, organisations have the opportunity to neutralise the carbon footprint of business trips via carbon offsetting, which is the practice of contributing funds to projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Many airlines have carbon offset programmes, with offsets on a per-flight basis to support initiatives for the development of clean energy or reforestation. Companies can also invest in offset project portfolios if they want to offset their business travel on a larger scale. Calculate your carbon emissions and do your research before choosing what works best for your company.

What is Uber doing to reduce the carbon footprint of ground travel?

Over 15 million Uber trips happen every day. As a global mobility platform, we have a responsibility to find more sustainable ways to move people.

• We believe that the future of mobility is electric, which is why we launched Uber Green. It’s a pilot project in select cities that offers rides in hybrid and electric vehicles.
• UberPool gives people the option to share their rides. 20% of all trips are UberPool trips in cities where it is available. In 2017, 35 million riders took UberPool and Express Pool trips. If these riders had instead driven by themselves, cities might have seen an additional 314 million vehicle miles and 82,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions .
• In several major cities around the world, Uber users can now plan their journey by public transit with real-time information directly integrated into the app.
• JUMP bicycles and electric scooters are also available directly in the Uber app in several cities in Europe and North America , which can help employees make short-distance journeys.

Having a range of transport options can help reduce the carbon footprint of business trips. When people use the Uber app, they have efficient and environmentally friendly options at their fingertips.

Organisations who want to reduce the carbon footprint of business trips know it’s not an easy feat. But taking steps to create awareness, encourage greener behaviour, and support sustainable partners all help contribute to a greener world.

1 GBTA Forecasts Global Business Travel Spend to Reach $1.6 Trillion by 2020, Travelpulse 2 The Business Flight Travel Survey Statistics, Fly Aeolus 3 Planes vs. trains: The environmental impact of taking a train compared to flying, Bookaway 4 Corporate Sustainability Assessment Industry Leaders, SAM 5 Why Become a Certified Hotel/Accommodation, GSTC

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The Business Travel Carbon Footprint: Spend-Based Measurement and Benchmarking Exercise

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In the face of inadequate international governmental action to prevent climate change, many multinational companies have begun to measure and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Scope 1, 2, and, less commonly, Scope 3 sources. This project considers a Scope 3 GHG emissions source, business travel. The GHG Corporate Protocol defines the activities producing GHG emissions from business travel as Scope 3 Category 6 carbon sources. Air travel represents the fastest-growing source of global GHG emissions, with up to 20% driven by business travel. With increasing awareness of these environmental costs, added to shifting perceptions of travel due to COVID-19, and continued improvement in virtual meeting technology, many organizations are assessing and reconsidering their business travel carbon footprints. On behalf of one such company (“The Client Company”) which is an international manufacturing business, this study totaled the expenses resulting from GHG Protocol identified travel activities and non-emissions producing travel activities. Business travel expenses from the years 2019 and 2020 were compared to highlight potential cost savings from a minimized travel scenario approximated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using these travel expense accounts, a beginner tier spend-based carbon footprint was calculated for company-wide business travel in 2019 and 2020. To provide context for The Client Company, a peer benchmarking review was performed to identify business travel practices among similar companies and to identify innovative business travel practices.

Key findings include:

• Business travel expenses decreased by 80% between 2019 and 2020, while sales and headcount remained essentially constant (less than 2% variation).
• The business travel carbon footprint decreased by 80% between 2019 and 2020, with almost 80% of the carbon footprint resulting from air travel. The business travel carbon was underestimated, especially for passenger car travel, due to the challenges of collecting car mileage and/or expense data. Business-related restaurant meals, which are not included elsewhere in the GHG Protocol, would have contributed more than 6% to the overall business travel carbon footprint.
• Business travel carbon footprint reducing activities can be categorized from most beneficial to least beneficial as follows: a) Travel volume-reducing AND GHG emissions-reducing AND cost-reducing (e.g., choosing to meet virtually rather than traveling to a meeting); b) Travel volume-maintaining with different choices AND GHG emissions-reducing AND neutral to higher cost (e.g., selecting an electric rental car rather than a fossil fuel-powered rental car); c) Travel volume-maintaining AND GHG emissions-reducing AND higher cost (e.g., buying carbon offsets).

Key recommendations include:

• Carefully consider the opportunity cost of focusing on business travel as a manufacturing company.
• Aim for complete and easy travel data collection through travel providers.
• When implementing business travel carbon footprint lowering initiatives due to cost considerations, companies benefit most from travel reducing strategies, followed by cleaner travel activities, followed lastly by targeted carbon-reducing strategies.

Description

Quisel, Anna (2022). The Business Travel Carbon Footprint: Spend-Based Measurement and Benchmarking Exercise . Master's project, Duke University. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/24893 .

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Dukes student scholarship is made available to the public using a Creative Commons Attribution / Non-commercial / No derivative (CC-BY-NC-ND) license .

Which form of transport has the smallest carbon footprint?

How can individuals reduce their emissions from transport.

This article was first published in 2020. It was updated in 2023 with more recent data.

Transport accounts for around one-quarter of global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from energy. 1 In some countries – often richer countries with populations that travel often – transport can be one of the largest segments of an individual’s carbon footprint.

If you need to travel – either locally or abroad – what is the lowest-carbon way to do so?

In the chart here we see the comparison of travel modes by their carbon footprint. These are measured by the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per person to travel one kilometer .

This data comes from the UK Government’s Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. It’s the emission factors used by companies to quantify and report their emissions. While the overall rankings of transport modes will probably be the same, there may be some differences across countries based on their own electricity mix, vehicle stock, and public transport network.

Greenhouse gases are measured in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 eq), and they account for non-CO 2 greenhouse gases and the increased warming effects of aviation emissions at high altitudes. 2

Walk, bike or take the train for the lowest footprint

Over short to medium distances, walking or cycling are nearly always the lowest carbon way to travel. While they’re not in the chart, the carbon footprint of cycling one kilometer is usually in the range of 16 to 50 grams CO 2 eq per km depending on how efficiently you cycle and what you eat. 3

Using a bike instead of a car for short trips would reduce your travel emissions by around 75%.

If you can’t walk or cycle, then public transport is usually your best option. Trains are particularly low-carbon ways to travel. Taking a train instead of a car for medium-length distances would cut your emissions by around 80%. 4 Using a train instead of a domestic flight would reduce your emissions by around 86%. 5

In fact, if you If you took the Eurostar in France instead of a short-haul flight, you’d cut your journey’s footprint by around 97%. 6

What if you can’t walk or cycle, and have no public transport links?

If none of the above are options, what can you do?

Driving an electric vehicle (EV) is your best mode of private transport. It emits less than a petrol or diesel car, even in countries where the electricity mix is fairly high-carbon. Of course, powering it from low-carbon grid offers the greatest benefits.

The chart above only considers emissions of EV during its use phase – when you’re driving it. It doesn’t include emissions from the manufacturing of the car. There have been concerns that when we account for the energy needed to produce the battery, an EV is actually worse for the climate than a petrol car. This is not true – while an EV does have higher emissions during its production, it quickly ‘pays back’ once you start driving it. 7

Next best is a plug-in hybrid car.

Then, where you take a petrol car or fly depends on the distance. For journeys less than 1000 kilometers, flying has a higher carbon footprint than a medium-sized car. For longer journeys, flying would actually have a slightly lower carbon footprint per kilometer than driving alone over the same distance.

Let’s say you were to drive from Edinburgh to London, which is a distance of around 500 kilometers. You’d emit close to 85 kilograms CO 2 eq. 8 If you were to fly, this would be 123 kilograms – an increase of almost one-third. 9

Some general takeaways on how you can reduce the carbon footprint of travel:

• Walk, cycle or run when possible – this comes with many other benefits such as lower local air pollution and better health;
• Trains are nearly always the winning option over moderate-to-long distances;
• If travelling internationally, going by train or boat is lower-carbon than flying;
• Electric vehicles are nearly always lower-carbon than petrol or diesel cars. The reductions are greatest for countries with a cleaner electricity mix;
• If travelling domestically, driving – even if it’s alone – is usually better than flying;
• Car-sharing will massively reduce your footprint – it also helps to reduce local air pollution and congestion.

Appendix: Why is the carbon footprint per kilometer higher for domestic flight than long-haul flights?

You will notice that the CO 2 emissions per passenger-kilometer are higher for domestic flights than short-haul international flights; and long-haul flights are slightly lower still. Why is this the case?

In its report on the CO 2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation , the International Council on Clean Transportation provides a nice breakdown of how the carbon intensity (grams CO 2 emitted per passenger kilometer) varies depending on flight distance. 10

This chart is shown here – with carbon intensity given as the red line. It shows that at very short flight distances (less than 1,000 km), the carbon intensity is very high; it falls with distance until around 1,500 to 2,000 km; then levels out and changes very little with  increasing  distance.

This is because take-off requires much more energy input than the ‘cruise’ phase of a flight. So, for very short flights, this extra fuel needed for take-off is large compared to the more efficient cruise phase of the journey. The ICCT also notes that often less fuel-efficient  planes are used for the shortest flights.

The IEA  looks at CO 2  emissions  from energy production alone – in 2018 it reported 33.5 billion tonnes of energy-related CO 2  [hence, transport accounted for 8 billion / 33.5 billion = 24% of energy-related emissions.

Aviation creates a number of complex atmospheric reactions at altitude – such as vapour contrails – which create an enhanced warming effect. In the UK’s Greenhouse gas methodology paper , a ‘multiplier’ of 1.9 is applied to aviation emissions to account for this. This is reflected in the CO 2 eq factors provided in this analysis.

Researchers – David Lee et al. (2020) – estimate that aviation accounts for around 2.5% of global CO 2 emissions, but 3.5% of radiative forcing/warming due to these altitude effects.

Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Skowron, A., Allen, M. R., Burkhardt, U., Chen, Q., ... & Gettelman, A. (2020). The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018 .  Atmospheric Environment , 117834.

Finding a figure for the carbon footprint of cycling seems like it should be straightforward, but it can vary quite a lot. It depends on a number of factors: what size you are (bigger people tend to burn more energy cycling); how fit you are (fitter people are more efficient); the type of bike you’re pedalling; and what you eat (if you eat a primarily plant-based diet, the emissions are likely to be lower than if you get most of your calories from cheeseburgers and milk). People often also raise the question of whether you actually eat more if you cycle to work rather than driving i.e. whether those calories are actually ‘additional’ to your normal diet.

Estimates on the footprint of cycling therefore vary. Some estimates put this figure at around 16 grams CO 2 e per kilometer based on the average European diet. In his book ‘ How bad are bananas: the carbon footprint of everything ’, Mike Berners-Lee estimates the footprint based on specific food types. He estimates 25 grams CO 2 e when powered by bananas; 43 grams CO 2 e from cereal and cow’s milk; 190 grams CO 2 e from bacon; or as high as 310 grams CO 2 e if powered exclusively by cheeseburgers.

National rail emits around 35 grams per kilometer. The average petrol car emits 170 grams. So the footprint of taking the train is around 20% of taking a car: [ 35 / 170 * 100 = 20%].

National rail emits around 35 grams per kilometer. A domestic flight emits 246 grams. So the footprint of taking the train is around 14% of a flight: [ 35 / 246 * 100 = 14%].

Taking the Eurostar emits around 4 grams of CO 2 per passenger kilometer, compared to 154 grams from a short-haul flight. So the footprint of  Eurostar is around 4% of a  flight: [ 4 / 154 * 100 = 3%].

The ‘carbon payback time’ for an average driver is around 2 years.

An average petrol car emits 170 grams per kilometer. Multiply this by 500, and we get 85,000 grams (which is 85 kilograms).

A domestic flight emits 246 grams per kilometer. Multiply this by 500, and we get 123,000 grams (which is 123 kilograms).

Graver, B., Zhang, K. & Rutherford, D. (2018). CO2 emissions from commercial aviation, 2018 . International Council on Clean Transportation.

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Calculate the Carbon Footprint of Your Business Travel

• Steven DeMaio

Steven DeMaio is a manuscript editor at Harvard Business Review. Making a business trip by air requires lots of totaling: your hours out of the office and away from home, the cost of flying, the number of carry-on bags, the weight of your checked luggage. Now, business travelers are starting to include one more total […]

Steven DeMaio is a manuscript editor at Harvard Business Review.

• Steven DeMaio is a teacher and writer. This blog chronicles his experiences after he chose to change careers just as a terrible recession took hold. Steve now writes his own blog called “ Working for Yourself .”

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4 ideas for travelers who want to reduce their carbon footprint

This article is reprinted by permission from NerdWallet . 

Travel, by nature, takes energy. Moving our bodies around the globe requires fuel, often in the form of carbon-emitting fossil fuels.

Air travel generates 11% of total U.S. transportation emissions, according to a 2021 White House fact sheet. That’s a huge number, but it points to another big carbon toll: 89% of emissions happen on the ground.

Thankfully, being a more sustainable traveler doesn’t require enormous sacrifice — or expense. Reducing the impact of getting around on the ground at your destination is easy and can improve the quality of your trip.

See: Earth-warming carbon-dioxide emissions hit a record high in 2022 as air travel roared back to life

For many destinations, the airport signs that point to “ground transportation” have only a couple of options: rideshares and rental cars. Neither of these is very carbon-friendly, according to a 2022 report from the Congressional Budget Office, which estimates that cars release just under half a pound of carbon dioxide per passenger mile traveled.

On the other hand, rail transit releases less than half as much carbon per passenger mile, making it far less emission intensive.

Choosing to visit destinations with robust public train networks, such as New York City or Tokyo, can significantly improve the eco-friendly options for getting around.

Conversely, visiting destinations that all but require a rental car, such as the island of Maui in Hawaii, can balloon your carbon footprint on top of the emissions from a long flight.

This doesn’t have to be a sacrifice. Scooting around Japan by high-speed rail is a tourist attraction in its own right, as is marveling at the miraculously on-time performance of German rail. Even taking the D train to Brooklyn has its charms.

Only a few years ago,  renting an electric car  was something only the rich or very eco-conscious would have considered. Now, the logic has changed as these vehicles go mainstream and charging stations pop up everywhere from grocery stores to  hotel parking lots .

Rental car company Hertz made a splash by placing an order for 100,000 Tesla vehicles in 2021. Teslas made up 10% of Hertz’s fleet by the end of 2022, according to regulatory filings.

When we checked on Hertz, you could rent a Tesla Model 3 for $78 a day plus taxes out of Los Angeles — a reasonable rate, especially given the  high costs of rental cars  these days. Avis Sixt and Enterprise also have electric vehicles in their fleet in select locations.

Alternative car rental platforms such as Turo offer Teslas and other EVs, making them a good choice in locations where traditional car rental companies have only gasoline-powered options.

Bonus: Renting an EV is a great way to test the pros and cons before purchasing one yourself.

Check out: Four valuable lessons I learned taking a road trip in an electric car

This option for reducing ground transportation emissions is so simple that it’s easy to overlook. Rather than trying to see every national park in California (there are nine, after all), consider sticking to one and taking it slow.

See: 7 off-the-radar places worth stopping on a California road trip

Not only is this a great way to avoid guzzling gas , it’s also rewarding in its own right. “Slow travel” promotes connecting with local culture and people rather than checking every item off the bucket list. It also means spending less of that precious vacation time in the car.

Beyond the metaphysical and environmental benefits of taking it slow, this approach can also reduce the cost of a trip. Rather than spending money on gas, take a local class or tour, or save it for the next trip.

See: This style of travel is growing more popular among the 50-plus set, and it can offer a richer, more relaxing experience

A single-occupancy car emits almost half a pound of carbon dioxide per passenger mile. That number scales with the number of passengers, meaning the more passengers, the fewer (relative) emissions.

This is good news for environmentally conscious families, who tend to fill cars and vans more than couples and solo travelers. And it’s a good reason to carpool for driving-intensive trips, such as those for weddings.

Again, this is an option to reduce emissions that doesn’t cost anything. In fact, it saves money.

Don’t miss: 5 travel hacks to beat the summer crowds and high prices

Travel is literally world-expanding, but it comes with built-in environmental costs.

And while it can seem like there’s no alternative to renting a car or hiring an Uber (and sometimes there isn’t), there are ways to reduce the footprint of ground transportation without sacrificing the quality of your trip.

Consider destinations that offer public transportation where renting a car isn’t necessary. If that isn’t an option, you can always rent an EV or fill your rental car with more passengers to reduce the impact. And you can even consider slowing down and embracing “slow travel” as a personal and environmental win-win.

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Study says remote work could cause drop in carbon emissions

Working from home could help combat climate change but could also negatively impact mass transit systems.

Is remote work the answer to solving climate change? A new University of Florida study indicates that increasing remote work could reduce Americans' carbon footprint. 

According to research published this week  in Nature Cities, a 10% reduction in on-site workers from 2019 levels could cause an annual reduction of 191.8 million metric tons in CO2 emissions. 

The researchers, however, noted that a reduction in on-site work would cause a significant drop in public transit revenue. They said a 10% decline in on-site workers would cause transit systems to lose $3.7 billion nationally every year, a 27% drop.

Numerous studies  have indicated that mass transit can help combat climate change given buses and trains are capable of carrying a large number of passengers. 

“Transit agencies need to be very concerned,” Shenhao Wang, a professor of urban planning at University of Florida who supervised the study, said in a press release. “Yet overall we would expect less energy consumption from reduced car travel. So the picture is very complicated, and whether the effects are positive or negative depends on the stakeholder.”

Court rules Switzerland's inaction on climate violated human rights

Although activists have had success with lawsuits in domestic proceedings, this was the first time an international court ruled on climate change.

The study follows previous studies that show that at-home work helps reduce carbon emissions. Last year, Cornell University and Microsoft researchers published findings in the  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  that indicated employees who work from home could have a 54% lower carbon footprint than employees who work in an office. 

Hybrid work can also help lower someone's carbon footprint. Their study found that working from home two to four days a week helps someone reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29% compared to on-site workers.

University of Florida researchers said that studying the impact of remote work on carbon emissions was challenging before the pandemic because of the limited number of people working from home. They were able to use a time period from April 2020 to October 2022 in their study. 

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