round trip time definicion

Written by Vasilena Markova • September 27, 2023 • 12:58 pm • Internet

Round-Trip Time (RTT): What It Is and Why It Matters

Round-Trip Time (RTT) is a fundamental metric in the context of network performance, measuring the time it takes for data packets to complete a round trip from source to destination and back. Often expressed in milliseconds (ms), RTT serves as a critical indicator for evaluating the efficiency and reliability of network connections. In today’s article, we dive into the concept of RTT, exploring how it works, why it matters in our digital lives, the factors that influence it, and strategies to enhance it. Whether you’re a casual internet user seeking a smoother online experience or a network administrator aiming to optimize your digital infrastructure, understanding this metric is critical in today’s interconnected world.

Table of Contents

What is Round-Trip Time (RTT)?

Round-Trip Time is a network performance metric representing the time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination and back to the source. It is often measured in milliseconds (ms) and is a crucial parameter for determining the quality and efficiency of network connections.

To understand the concept of RTT, imagine sending a letter to a friend through the postal service. The time it takes for the letter to reach your friend and for your friend to send a reply back to you forms the Round-Trip Time for your communication. Similarly, in computer networks, data packets are like those letters, and RTT represents the time it takes for them to complete a round trip.

How Does it Work?

The concept of RTT can be best understood by considering the journey of data packets across a network. When you request information from a web server, for example, your device sends out a data packet holding your request. This packet travels through various network devices in between, such as routers and switches, before reaching the destination server. Once the server processes your request and prepares a response, it sends a data packet back to your device.

Round-Trip Time is determined by the time it takes for this data packet to travel from your device to the server (the outbound trip) and then back from the server to your device (the inbound trip). The total RTT is the sum of these two one-way trips.

Let’s break down the journey of a data packet into several steps so you can better understand the RTT:

• Sending the Packet: You initiate an action on your device that requires data transmission. For example, this could be sending an email, loading a webpage, or making a video call.
• Packet Travel: The data packet travels from your device to a server, typically passing through multiple network nodes and routers along the way. These middle points play a significant role in determining the RTT.
• Processing Time: The server receives the packet, processes the request, and sends a response back to your device. This processing time at both ends also contributes to the Round-Trip Time.
• Return Journey: The response packet makes its way back to your device through the same network infrastructure, facing potential delays on the route.
• Calculation: It is calculated by adding up the time taken for the packet to travel from your device to the server (the outbound trip) and the time it takes for the response to return (the inbound trip).

Why does it matter?

At first look, Round-Trip Time (RTT) might seem like technical terminology, but its importance extends to various aspects of our digital lives. It matters for many reasons, which include the following:

• User Experience

For everyday internet users, RTT influences the sensed speed and responsiveness of online activities. Low Round-Trip Time values lead to a seamless experience, while high RTT can result in frustrating delays and lag during tasks like video streaming, online gaming, or live chats.

• Network Efficiency

Network administrators and service providers closely monitor RTT to assess network performance and troubleshoot issues. By identifying bottlenecks and areas with high RTT, they can optimize their infrastructure for better efficiency.

• Real-Time Applications

Applications that rely on real-time data transmission, such as VoIP calls, video conferencing, and online gaming, are highly sensitive to RTT. Low RTT is crucial for smooth, interruption-free interactions.

In cybersecurity, Round-Trip Time plays a role in detecting network anomalies and potential threats. Unusually high RTT values can be a sign of malicious activity or network congestion.

Factors Affecting Round-Trip Time (RTT)

Several factors can influence the metric, both positively and negatively. Therefore, understanding these factors is crucial, and it could be very beneficial for optimizing network performance:

• Distance: The physical distance between the source and destination plays a significant role. Longer distances result in higher RTT due to the time it takes for data to travel the network.
• Network Congestion: When a network experiences high volumes of traffic or congestion, data packets may be delayed as they wait for their turn to be processed. As a result, it can lead to packet delays and increased RTT.
• Routing: The path a packet takes through the network can significantly affect RTT. Efficient routing algorithms can reduce the time, while not-so-optimal routing choices can increase it.
• Packet Loss: Packet loss during transmission can occur due to various reasons, such as network errors or congestion. When lost, packets need to be retransmitted, which can seriously affect the Round-Trip Time.
• Transmission Medium: It is a critical factor influencing RTT, and its characteristics can vary widely based on the specific medium being used. Fiber optic cables generally offer low RTT due to the speed of light in the medium and low signal loss. In contrast, wireless mediums can introduce variable delays depending on environmental factors and network conditions.

How to improve it?

Improving Round-Trip Time (RTT) is a critical goal for network administrators and service providers looking to enhance user experiences and optimize their digital operations. While some factors affecting it are beyond our control, there are strategies and practices to optimize Round-Trip Time for a smoother online experience:

• Optimize Routing: Network administrators can optimize routing to reduce the number of hops data packets take to reach their destination. This can be achieved through efficient routing protocols and load balancing .
• Optimize Network Infrastructure: For businesses, investing in efficient network infrastructure, including high-performance routers and switches, can reduce internal network delays and improve RTT.
• Upgrade Hardware and Software: Keeping networking equipment and software up-to-date ensures that you benefit from the latest technologies and optimizations that can decrease RTT.
• Implement Caching: Caching frequently requested data closer to end-users can dramatically reduce the need for data to travel long distances. The result really helps with lowering RTT.
• Monitor and Troubleshoot: Regularly monitor your network for signs of congestion or packet loss. If issues arise, take steps to troubleshoot and resolve them promptly.

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Round-Trip Time (RTT) is the silent force that shapes our online experiences. From the seamless loading of web pages to the quality of our video calls, RTT plays a pivotal role in ensuring that digital interactions happen at the speed of thought. As we continue to rely on the Internet for work, entertainment, and communication, understanding and optimizing this metric will be crucial for both end-users and network administrators. By reducing it through strategies, we can have a faster, more responsive digital world where our online activities are limited only by our imagination, not by lag.

Hello! My name is Vasilena Markova. I am a Marketing Specialist at ClouDNS. I have a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Economics and am studying for my Master’s Degree in Cybersecurity Management. As a digital marketing enthusiast, I enjoy writing and expressing my interests. I am passionate about sharing knowledge, tips, and tricks to help others build a secure online presence. My absolute favorite thing to do is to travel and explore different cultures!

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Home  >  Learning Center  >  Round Trip Time (RTT)  

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Round trip time (rtt), what is round trip time.

Round-trip time (RTT) is the duration, measured in milliseconds, from when a browser sends a request to when it receives a response from a server. It’s a key performance metric for web applications and one of the main factors, along with Time to First Byte (TTFB), when measuring  page load time  and  network latency .

Using a Ping to Measure Round Trip Time

RTT is typically measured using a ping — a command-line tool that bounces a request off a server and calculates the time taken to reach a user device. Actual RTT may be higher than that measured by the ping due to server throttling and network congestion.

Example of a ping to google.com

Factors Influencing RTT

Actual round trip time can be influenced by:

• Distance  – The length a signal has to travel correlates with the time taken for a request to reach a server and a response to reach a browser.
• Transmission medium  – The medium used to route a signal (e.g., copper wire, fiber optic cables) can impact how quickly a request is received by a server and routed back to a user.
• Number of network hops  – Intermediate routers or servers take time to process a signal, increasing RTT. The more hops a signal has to travel through, the higher the RTT.
• Traffic levels  – RTT typically increases when a network is congested with high levels of traffic. Conversely, low traffic times can result in decreased RTT.
• Server response time  – The time taken for a target server to respond to a request depends on its processing capacity, the number of requests being handled and the nature of the request (i.e., how much server-side work is required). A longer server response time increases RTT.

See how Imperva CDN can help you with website performance.

Reducing RTT Using a CDN

A CDN is a network of strategically placed servers, each holding a copy of a website’s content. It’s able to address the factors influencing RTT in the following ways:

• Points of Presence (PoPs)  – A CDN maintains a network of geographically dispersed PoPs—data centers, each containing cached copies of site content, which are responsible for communicating with site visitors in their vicinity. They reduce the distance a signal has to travel and the number of network hops needed to reach a server.
• Web caching  – A CDN  caches  HTML, media, and even dynamically generated content on a PoP in a user’s geographical vicinity. In many cases, a user’s request can be addressed by a local PoP and does not need to travel to an origin server, thereby reducing RTT.
• Load distribution  – During high traffic times, CDNs route requests through backup servers with lower network congestion, speeding up server response time and reducing RTT.
• Scalability  – A CDN service operates in the cloud, enabling high scalability and the ability to process a near limitless number of user requests. This eliminates the possibility of server side bottlenecks.

Using tier 1 access to reduce network hops

One of the original issues CDNs were designed to solve was how to reduce round trip time. By addressing the points outlined above, they have been largely successful, and it’s now reasonable to expect a decrease in your RTT of 50% or more after onboarding a CDN service.

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Round Trip Time (RTT)

Round Trip Time (RTT) is the length time it takes for a data packet to be sent to a destination plus the time it takes for an acknowledgment of that packet to be received back at the origin. The RTT between a network and server can be determined by using the ping command.

This will output something like:

In the above example, the average round trip time is shown on the final line as 26.8ms.

• Time to First Byte (TTFB)

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What is RTT(Round Trip Time)?

RTT (Round Trip Time) also called round-trip delay is a crucial tool in determining the health of a network. It is the time between a request for data and the display of that data. It is the duration measured in milliseconds. 

RTT can be analyzed and determined by pinging a certain address. It refers to the time taken by a network request to reach a destination and to revert back to the original source. In this scenario, the source is the computer and the destination is a system that captures the arriving signal and reverts it back. 

RTT(Round Trip Time) Measurement

What Are Common Factors that Affect RTT?

There are certain factors that can bring huge changes in the value of RTT. These are enlisted below:

• Distance: It is the length in which a signal travels for a request to reach the server and for a response to reach the browser,
• Transmission medium: The medium which is used to route a signal, which helps in faster transfer of request is transmitted.
• Network hops: It is the time that servers take to process a signal, on increasing the number of hops, RTT will also increase.
• Traffic levels: Round Trip Time generally increases when a network is having huge traffic which results in that, for low traffic RTT will also be less.
• Server response time: It is the time taken by a server to respond to a request which basically depends on the capacity of handling requests and also sometimes on the nature of the request.

Applications of RTT

Round Trip Time refers to a wide variety of transmissions such as wireless Internet transmissions and satellite transmissions. In Internet transmissions, RTT may be identified by using the ping command. In satellite transmissions, RTT can be calculated by making use of the Jacobson/Karels algorithm.  

Advantages of RTT

Calculation of RTT is advantageous because:

• It allows users and operators to identify how long a signal will take to complete the transmission.
• It also determines how fast a network can work and the reliability of the network.

Example: Let us assume there are two users, one of which wants to contact the other one. One of them is located in California while the other one is situated in Germany. When the one in California makes the request, the network traffic is transferred across many routers before reaching the server located in Germany. Once the request reverts back to California, a rough estimation of the time taken for this transmission could be made. This time taken by the transmitted request is referred to as RTT. The Round Trip Time is a mere estimate. The path between the two locations can change as the passage and network congestion can come into play, affecting the total period of transmission. 

How Does Round-Trip Time Work?

Consider a topology where an appliance named “Exinda” is located between the client and the server. The diagram shown below depicts how the concept of RTT works: 

RTT Calculation

  For the calculation of Average RTT, RTTS for server and client needs to be calculated separately. The performed calculations are shown below:

Server RTT: RTT1 = T2 – T1 RTT2 = T5 – T4

Client RTT: RTT3 = T3 – T2 RTT4 = T7 – T6 

Average RTT: Avg Server RTT = (RTTs1 + RTTs2) / 2 Avg Client RTT = (RTTc1 + RTTc2) / 2 Avg Total RTT = Avg Server RTT + Avg Client RTT 

You can refer to the Program to calculate RTT for more details.

Measures To Reduce RTT

 A significant reduction in RTT can be made using Content Delivery Network (CDN) . A CDN refers to a network of various servers, each acquiring a copy of the content on a particular website. It addresses the factors affecting RTT in the enlisted ways:

• Points of Presence (PoP)
• Web caching
• Load distribution
• Scalability
• Tier 1 access 

CDN has been largely successful in reducing the value of RTT and due to this, a decrease in RTT by 50% is achievable.

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Round-Trip Time (RTT)

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In the intricate domain of computer networking, Round-Trip Time, popularly known as RTT, plays an instrumental role. RTT signifies the time it takes for a data packet to travel from a source to a destination and back again. It serves as a key performance metric in networking, helping diagnose network speed and efficiency.

What is RTT?

To understand what RTT is, envision playing catch with a ball. You throw the ball (this represents the data packet), and your friend catches it (this is the packet reaching its destination). Then, your friend throws the ball back to you (the packet’s return journey). The total time from the initial throw to catching the ball again is akin to RTT in networking.

RTT is not about how quickly the ball is thrown or caught; rather, it’s about the total duration of the journey. Similarly, in the digital world, RTT measures the full journey of a data packet, irrespective of the data size or transmission speed.

The Importance of Round-Trip Time

RTT is pivotal for network administrators because it helps to measure network latency or delay. It’s a vital metric used to determine the performance of network connections, allowing administrators to identify potential issues and gauge the quality of the network.

A lower Round-Trip Time indicates a faster connection, resulting in improved data transfer and a superior user experience. Conversely, a high RTT may suggest network congestion, poor routing, or other issues leading to increased latency.

How to Measure RTT?

A common method to measure RTT is by using the ‘ping’ command . This command sends an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) request to a specified server, which then sends an ICMP reply back. The time it takes for this round-trip journey is the RTT, typically measured in milliseconds (ms).

Another method involves using Traceroute, a command-line tool that displays the path that a packet takes to reach its destination, recording the latency at each hop.

RTT and Its Impact on Applications

RTT is particularly critical for real-time applications such as video conferencing, VoIP calls, online gaming, and live streaming. High Round-Trip Time values in these applications can lead to noticeable delays, buffering, and synchronization issues, disrupting the user experience.

In non-real-time applications, like email or file transfer, high RTT might not be immediately noticeable to the user but could slow down overall data transfer rates.

Understanding RTT is a fundamental aspect of grasping how networks operate. It allows us to measure and diagnose network performance, directly impacting how we experience the internet and online services. By paying attention to RTT, network administrators can ensure optimal network performance, paving the way for efficient, seamless digital communication.

• RFC 7982 – Measurement of Round-Trip Time and Fractional Loss Using Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)

Capterra Glossary

RTT (Round-trip Time)

Round-trip time (RTT) or round-trip delay (RTD) is the number of milliseconds it takes for a network request to reach a destination, such as a server, and return to its starting point. Network administrators use this calculation to determine network latency and connection speeds. Various factors can influence RTT, such as:

The distance the signal has to travel to reach its destination and return to its starting point

The amount of traffic on the network

The time it takes for the server to respond to the network request

What Small and Midsize Businesses Need to Know About RTT (Round-trip Time)

SMBs should pay close attention to RTT because it can reveal the efficiency of a network. Networks with high latency might impact website performance, resulting in a poor user experience that jeopardizes sales and engagement.

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What is round-trip time? | RTT definition

By zpenterprises

Round-trip time (RTT) is the millisecond duration (ms) for a network request to go from a starting point to a destination and back to the starting point.

What is round-trip time.

Round-trip time (RTT) is the millisecond duration (ms) for a network request to go from a starting point to a destination and back to the starting point. RTT is an important metric in determining the health of a connection on a local network or the larger Internet and is commonly utilized by network administrators to diagnose the speed and reliability of network connections.

Reducing RTT is a primary goal of a  CDN . Improvements in  latency  can be measured by reducing round-trip time and eliminating instances where roundtrips are required, such as by modifying the standard  TLS/SSL handshake .

The ping utility, available on virtually all computers, is a method of estimating round-trip time. Here’s an example of several pings to Google with the round-trip time calculated at the bottom. Notice that one of the ping times – 17.604ms – is higher than the rest.

How does round-trip time work?

Round-trip time represents when it takes data to go roundtrip to another location. Borrowing from the  lesson on CDN latency benefits , let’s say that a user in New York wants to contact a server in Singapore.

When the user in New York requests, the network traffic is transferred across many routers in different physical locations before terminating at the server in Singapore. The server in Singapore then sends a response back across the Internet to the location in New York. Once the request terminates in New York, a rough estimate can be made of the time it takes to go round trip between the two locations.

It’s important to remember that round-trip time is an estimate and not a guarantee; the pathway between the two locations can change over time, and other factors, such as network congestion, can affect the overall transit time. Regardless, RTT is an important metric in understanding if a connection can be made and roughly how long it will take to make the trip.

What are the common factors that affect RTT?

Infrastructure components, network traffic, and physical distance along the path between a source and a destination are all potential factors that can affect RTT.

List of factors affecting RTT:

• The nature of the transmission medium  – how connections are made affects how fast the connection moves; connections made over optical fiber will behave differently than connections made over copper. Likewise, a connection made over a wireless frequency will behave differently than that of a satellite communication.
• Local area network (LAN) traffic  – the amount of traffic on the local area network can bottleneck a connection before it ever reaches the larger Internet. For example, if many users use streaming video services simultaneously, round-trip time may be inhibited even though the external network has excess capacity and functions normally.
• Server response time  – the amount of time it takes a server to process and respond to a request is a potential bottleneck in network latency. When a server is overwhelmed with requests, such as during a  DDoS attack , its ability to respond efficiently can be inhibited, resulting in increased RTT.
• Node count and congestion  – depending on the path a connection takes across the Internet, it may be routed or “hop” through a different number of intermediate nodes. Generally speaking, the greater the number of nodes a connection touches, the slower it will be. A node may also experience network congestion from other traffic, slowing the connection and increasing RTT.
• Physical distance  – although a connection optimized by a CDN can often reduce the number of hops required to reach a destination, there is no way of getting around the limitation imposed by the speed of light; the distance between a start and end point is a limiting factor in network connectivity that can only be reduced by moving content closer to the requesting users. A CDN will cache content closer to the requesting users to overcome this obstacle, reducing RTT.

How can a CDN improve RTT?

By maintaining servers inside  internet exchange points  and having preferred relationships with Internet service providers and other network carriers, a CDN can optimize network pathways between locations, reducing RTT and improving latency for visitors accessing content cached inside the CDN.

Explore the CDN performance lesson to learn how caching, data center placement, file size reductions, and other optimizations reduce latency and improve RTT.

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Definition of round trip

Examples of round trip in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'round trip.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1837, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near round trip

round-trip ticket

Cite this Entry

“Round trip.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/round%20trip. Accessed 13 Apr. 2024.

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