the western hemisphere travel initiative (whti)

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An Introduction to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI): What You Need to Know

An Introduction to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI). Prior to 2007 American citizens traveling to and from certain countries such as Canada and areas in the Caribbean did not need a passport. After 9/11, the US government responded with new laws to protect our borders. More effectively, identify who comes into the country.

The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) states that all citizens of Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. must present a passport or another form of valid and accepted documentation to enter or leave the US.

The primary purpose of WHTI is to assist with the entry of US Citizens and legitimate foreign travelers while at the same time strengthening American borders.

Related: Do You Need a Passport to Go To Cancun

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What is a WHTI Document?

The Initiative commenced in January of 2007 for all air travel. By June 2009, the land and sea requirements were put into effect. Under (WHTI) a citizen from Canada wishing to enter the US must present one of the following documents: an enhanced driver’s license, an enhanced identification card, a Trusted Traveler Program card, or a Canadian passport.

A US citizen coming back to the US from Bermuda, the Caribbean, Canada, or Mexico must have an enhanced driver’s license . They may also have a Trusted Traveler Program card or a US passport or passport card .

Related: Do You Need a Passport to Go to Canada

What Countries Are in The Western Hemisphere Initiative?

The Western Hemisphere Initiative is a US foreign policy commitment in the Americas. It aims to support inclusive economic growth, strengthen democratic institutions, and foster mutual security. The initiative covers countries in the Western Hemisphere, excluding the United States and Canada.

North America

• British Virgin Island
• Cayman Island
• Dominican Republic
• Puerto Rico
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
• Trinidad and Tobago
• US Virgin Islands

Some special groups mustn’t necessarily present one of these cards or licenses. This includes the US and Canadian children under age 16 who are entering by land or sea. Hence, they may use a birth certificate for sea or land crossings. There are also exceptions and other forms of documentation that can be used.

This applies to the Native Americans, Merchant Mariners, and US military personnel.

Travel between the US and its territories did not change. These include Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Swains Island, and American Samoa. The U.S. Government has built a blog to help travelers who need more information on the WHTI here.

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Home » Passports » How to Obtain a U.S. Passport

• U.S.Passport: U.S. citizens may present a valid U.S. passport when traveling via air, land or sea between the U.S. and the Western Hemisphere countries.
• The Passport Card : The passport card is only valid for land and sea travel between the U.S. and Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean region, and Bermuda.
• WHTI-Compliant Travel Documents for U.S. citizen travel via land or sea, as of June 1, 2009:
• Trusted Traveler Programs (NEXUS, SENTRI, or FAST)
• State Issued Enhanced Driver's License (when available)
• Enhanced Tribal Cards (when available and approved by DHS)
• U.S. Military Identification with Military Travel Orders
• U.S. Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business
• Form I-872 American Indian Card

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Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, Panel 3

A panel moderated by Janice Kephart talked about the necessary coordination across federal departments and with Canada and Mexico to success… read more

A panel moderated by Janice Kephart talked about the necessary coordination across federal departments and with Canada and Mexico to successfully implement the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative.

The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) mandated that all people traveling by air outside of the U.S. are required to present a passport or other valid travel document to enter the U.S. and that U.S. citizens need to present either a passport or a government issued photo ID to enter the country.

The Center for Strategic and International Studies' Canada Project and its Homeland Security Program held a day of discussion on the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative. close

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• Filter by Speaker All Speakers Elaine Dezenski Janice Kephart Kathleen L. Kraninger Eric Marquis Alan Snyder
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Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Requirements

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. Department of State (DOS) remind the traveling public that as of Jan. 31, 2008, all adult travelers will be required to present proof of citizenship, such as a birth certificate, and proof of identity, such as a driver’s license, when entering the United States through land and sea ports of entry. DHS will be issuing a notice in the Federal Register formally announcing the change. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers may accept oral declarations of citizenship from U.S. and Canadian citizens seeking entry into the United States through a land or sea border until January 30, 2008. As of January 31, 2008, U.S. and Canadian citizens will need to present either:

• U.S. Passport
• U.S. Passport Card
• Trusted Traveler Card (SENTRI, NEXUS, FAST)
• Valid Merchant Mariner Document (MMD) when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business
• Valid U.S. Military identification card when traveling on official orders
• Government-issued photo ID, such as a driver’s license
• Proof of citizenship, such as a birth certificate.

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Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative

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Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative

What is the western hemisphere travel initiative (whti).

WHTI is the joint Department of State (DOS) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) plan to implement a key 9/11 Commission recommendation and the statutory mandates of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). IRTPA, in part, required the DHS and DOS to develop and implement a plan to require all travelers, U.S. citizens and foreign nationals alike, to present a passport or other acceptable document that denotes identity and citizenship when entering the United States.

• Currently, U.S. Citizens need to present either a passport or passport card or a “WHTI” compliant document or government issued photo ID, such as a driver’s license, along with proof of citizenship, such as a birth certificate.
• U.S. Passport Card
• Enhanced Driver's License
• Enhanced Tribal Card
• U.S. Passport
• NEXUS Card - Trusted Travel Program
• SENTRI Card - Trusted Travel Program
• FAST Card - Trusted Travel Program

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• Citizenship and Immigration

Citizenship and Immigration Results

DHS has taken steps to make sure that immigration benefits are not granted to individuals who pose a threat to national security. This is done through the Visa Security Program (VSP), Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), and International Agreements.

Visa Security Program (VSP)

The Visa Security Program (VSP) permits citizens of participating countries to travel to the United States for business or tourism for stays of up to 90 days without a visa. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), with the Department of State (DOS), deploys trained special agents overseas to high-risk visa activity posts to identify potential terrorist and criminal threats before they reach the U.S. The VSP was created after 9/11 and is currently deployed to 19 posts in 15 countries.

Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)

The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) requires that U.S., Mexican, and Canadian citizens present a passport or other secure travel document that denotes identity and citizenship when entering the U.S.

Prior to WHTI, U.S. or Canadian travelers could present any one of numerous documents and simply make an oral declaration of citizenship. In 2005, DHS checked five percent of all passengers crossing land borders by vehicles against law enforcement databases. Today, due to WHTI, the national query rate is over 97 percent.

International Agreements

DHS and DOS have worked with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to develop routine sharing of biometric information collected for immigration purposes. To date, this effort has identified many cases of routine immigration fraud, as well as dangerous people traveling under false identities.

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8 Beautiful Places Where You Can Go Without a Passport

R ight now, there are unprecedented delays with the State Department issuing new passports and passport renewals , due to a bottleneck after pandemic shutdowns. With 500,000 weekly applications now rolling in, there's a huge backlog for passports. And if you're one of the unlucky Americans anxiously waiting for the State Department to catch up, you may be wondering what places you can travel to without a passport.

If you don't have a passport altogether, you're also not alone. In 2022, according to the State Department, there were 151,814,305 valid U.S. passports in circulation, while the U.S. population was 333,287,557—meaning approximately 55 percent of Americans don't have a passport.

Luckily, there are many exciting places in the U.S. that you can check off your travel bucket list without a passport or visa. America is home to adorably quirky small towns , beautiful national parks, and even gorgeous beaches —all reachable without a passport. And there are even U.S. islands and some territories, such as the U.S. Virgin Islands, where you can visit without a passport.

It can get confusing, however, as there are also other U.S. territories, like Guam, where you do need a passport to visit. You may also have concerns about whether to bring a passport when it comes to closed-loop cruises, especially ones that dock in other countries like Canada and Mexico. After all, bringing a passport when you don't need it makes for just one more important thing you have to worry about losing. 

To help make your trip planning as stress-free as possible, we spoke with travel agents and citizenship advisors to better understand where exactly U.S. citizens can travel without a passport—and why it's smart to travel with one in certain circumstances.

READ THIS NEXT: 5 Things You Should Never Bring on a Cruise, Experts Warn .

Why Don't I Need a Passport to Travel to Certain Areas?

If you're traveling within the U.S. and certain territories, you may not need a passport, says Tonya Waite , travel agent and founder of Belle Vie Travel .

"This encompasses the familiar 50 states and the U.S. territories including destinations like Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands," Waite explains. Travel to these areas is considered domestic travel, similar to a flight from New York to Chicago.

As far as closed-loop cruises go (cruises that depart from the U.S. to Bermuda, Canada, Caribbean, and Mexico that end at the same port), Ilisa Oman , a travel agent at One World Family Travel , assures travelers that they don't need proof of passport because of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) . For this type of travel, a state-issued driver's license or ID is typically fine.

However, there are exceptions. Keep reading for specific identification requirements related to certain areas.

Where Can I Go Without a Passport?

U.s. territories.

With its stunning white sand beaches, snorkeling, and Danish colonial architecture, St. Thomas is beloved a Caribbean island. As a U.S. citizen, you don't need a passport to visit U.S. Virgin Islands, but you do need one to visit the British Virgin Islands. St. Thomas is located in the U.S. Virgin Islands, as Global Residence Index founder Mark Damsgaard notes, so you only need to present a government-issued ID with your photo.

Tropical paradise St. Croix also has pristine beaches, turquoise waters, and championship golf courses. And it's also another one of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Thus, you're not required to bring a passport when traveling to and from the island, Damsgaard says.

The smallest of the three U.S. Virgin Islands, St. John boasts the Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, which offers scuba diving, hiking, and prehistoric archaeological sites. Damsgaard notes that because St. John is part of the U.S. Virgin Islands, you don't need a passport in order to travel there.

Northern Mariana Islands

The same rules apply to the Northern Mariana Islands, which consist of 14 tropical islands, with sandy shores and blue waters, and offer activities like windsurfing, cavern dives, and jungle treks. "U.S. citizens can visit the remote islands of the Northern Mariana Islands without a passport, but you need to have a government-issued proof of identification with you," Damsgaard explains.

Puerto Rico

An unincorporated U.S. territory, this Caribbean island features its sandy beaches, mountains, waterfalls , and the only tropical rainforest in the U.S. National Forest System. If you're a U.S. citizen traveling from anywhere within the U.S., then you don't need a passport, Damsgaard says. However, by May 2025, the Real ID Act will be in effect, he adds, "so if your state isn't compliant with this Act, you will need a passport to visit Puerto Rico."

You do need a passport to visit the westernmost territory of the U.S. "In general, Guam requires U.S. citizens to have a valid passport when entering the island," Damsgaard says. "On a case-by-case basis, you might only be required to have a valid proof of identification or citizenship." However, it's better to travel with one, just in case. And it is well worth it to explore its white-sand beaches, the culture of the local Chamorro people, and unique stone structures.

American Samoa

An unincorporated U.S. territory, American Samoa includes seven volcanic islands in the South Pacific. "The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) does not exercise jurisdiction over the islands," Damsgaard explains. So, you still need to have a passport when traveling to its islands.

Closed-Loop Cruise Destinations

The Bahamas

With 16 islands, the Bahamas feature both white and pink sand beaches, blue-green waters and coral reefs, and golf courses—making it a popular cruise destination. According to Nassau Paradise Island, an island in the Bahamas, those arriving to the Bahamas on a cruise ship that departs from U.S. soil may be able to provide WHTI documents instead of a passport. But travelers should confirm that before setting sail. Also, be careful of making sure your passport won't expire within six months of your departure.

The Central American country is home to unparalleled natural wonders, including hot springs, tropical rainforests, and one of the most important nesting spots for sea turtles. For cruises stopping in Costa Rica, as long as the cruise begins and ends at the same U.S. port, you don't need a passport to travel there, per CostaRicaCruises.com. You will, however, have to show proof of U.S. citizenship, which can be done with a government-issued ID with a photo or a certified copy of your birth certificate.

Turks and Caicos

An archipelago of 40 coral islands, Turks and Caicos is renowned for its gorgeous white sand beaches and luxury resorts. According to Travel Visa Pro, closed-loop cruise passengers can use WHTI documents in replace of a passport.

The British Virgin Islands

Part of a volcanic archipelago, the British Virgin Islands incorporates about 60 islands of varying sizes. If your cruise docks at the British Virgin Islands (BVIs), you will need to present a passport to enjoy the islands.

Cruises to Mexico highlight the country's tropical jungles, sandy shores, and ancient architecture. Similar to Costa Rica, you only need a government-issued ID with a photo or a certified copy of your birth certificate if traveling via a cruise ship that begins and ends on U.S. soil.

If you're headed to Canada on a cruise, you'll likely see beautiful natural scenery, charming shorelines, and world-class cities. The same identification requirements apply to closed-loop cruises that stop in Canada.

Within the U.S.

The Florida Keys

The Florida Keys are a tiny collection of islands nestled between the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, about 120 miles off the tip of the state of Florida. The tropical destination is a southern extension of the state of Florida and home to Key West, an ultra-popular vacation spot in the spring and summer. Despite being super close to the Caribbean, U.S. citizens don't need a passport to travel there.

Hawaii is the only U.S. state that is both an archipelago and located in the tropics. And you don't need a passport to visit it and take in its gorgeous beaches, Polynesian culture, or epic natural wonders. However, similar to Puerto Rico, the state of Hawaii will be instituting the Real ID Act in May 2025, so be sure to obtain your Real ID by then.

The northernwest U.S. state, Alaska—with its snowy terrain, extraordinary wildlife, and famed dog sled races—might seem a world away from the continental U.S. Alaska is home to the country's largest national park (13 million-acre Wrangell-St. Elias) , highest peak ( 20,310-foot Denali) , and longest coastline, with 66,000 miles of Arctic and sub-Arctic shorelines.

But U.S. citizens only need a Real ID to travel to Alaska; a passport isn't required. The one caveat to this rule is if you're traveling to Alaska via Canada. Those driving to Alaska from Canada, taking a ferry, or with a layover in Canada, will need to bring a passport with them.

Can Americans go to Europe without a passport?

In short, the answer is no. Whether you're flying or setting sail, you will be prompted to show proof of passport identification upon arrival to a European border control officer. "Americans need a passport when traveling to Europe and the passport must be valid for at least three months prior to your departure from a European country," Damsgaard says.

For example, let's say you've had your passport for two months and three weeks. You will be allowed into the European country, but you will not be allowed back into the U.S. until you hit that three-month validation mark.

Should I bring my passport with me, even if I don't need to?

It's better safe than sorry, Damsgaard advises. "It's better to carry your passport with you even when your destination doesn't require it," he says out of caution.

Waite agrees, noting that traveling with a passport can serve as a valuable contingency plan. "Having a passport on hand can be highly beneficial in situations such as an unplanned layover in a foreign country or any unforeseen travel disruptions," she explains.

Can I use my birth certificate in place of a passport?

Very rarely does a birth certificate carry the same weight as a passport. "Your birth certificate isn't a substitute for a passport," Damsgaard warns. "You can only use it in place of a passport when you travel to other U.S. territories or closed-loop cruises, where you need a proof of identification and nationality."

That said, if you're traveling to an unfamiliar territory or are concerned about unplanned international affairs (like a flight change), Damsgaard highly recommends bringing a valid passport just to be safe. It's better to be prepared, especially if you're traveling solo or to a destination where you don't know anyone.

What happens if you travel without a passport?

Traveling domestically, including to U.S. territories, without a passport typically isn't an issue. It's traveling internationally without a passport when you start running into problems. If you travel without a passport to a country that requires proof of one, you likely will be denied entry, says Oman. Realistically, you probably won't even make it that far because security won't let you board the plane, or a ship if you're traveling by sea.

In terms of closed-loop cruises, you could get stranded in a foreign country, due to missing the ship or a medical emergency. In those cases, you will need to go to the nearest U.S. embassy and obtain an emergency passport to fly home. Oman warns that is an expensive and time-consuming process.

From Alaska's stunning arctic landscape to Puerto Rico's lush, tropical jungles and the pristine white sand beaches of St. Thomas, there are many beautiful and transportive places you can travel to without a passport as a U.S. citizen.

But while there are several places where you can go without one, it doesn't hurt to travel with a passport in the event of an emergency or unplanned travel disruption, such as a layover or flight cancellation. In any case, double check what identification documents are needed to enter the country you're visiting.

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Trains Moscow to Elektrostal: Times, Prices and Tickets

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Moscow to Elektrostal by train

The journey from Moscow to Elektrostal by train is 32.44 mi and takes 2 hr 7 min. There are 71 connections per day, with the first departure at 12:15 AM and the last at 11:46 PM. It is possible to travel from Moscow to Elektrostal by train for as little as or as much as . The best price for this journey is .

Get from Moscow to Elektrostal with Virail

Virail's search tool will provide you with the options you need when you want to go from Moscow to Elektrostal. All you need to do is enter the dates of your planned journey, and let us take care of everything else. Our engine does the hard work, searching through thousands of routes offered by our trusted travel partners to show you options for traveling by train, bus, plane, or carpool. You can filter the results to suit your needs. There are a number of filtering options, including price, one-way or round trip, departure or arrival time, duration of journey, or number of connections. Soon you'll find the best choice for your journey. When you're ready, Virail will transfer you to the provider's website to complete the booking. No matter where you're going, get there with Virail.

How can I find the cheapest train tickets to get from Moscow to Elektrostal?

Prices will vary when you travel from Moscow to Elektrostal. On average, though, you'll pay about for a train ticket. You can find train tickets for prices as low as , but it may require some flexibility with your travel plans. If you're looking for a low price, you may need to prepare to spend more time in transit. You can also often find cheaper train tickets at particular times of day, or on certain days of the week. Of course, ticket prices often change during the year, too; expect to pay more in peak season. For the lowest prices, it's usually best to make your reservation in advance. Be careful, though, as many providers do not offer refunds or exchanges on their cheapest train tickets. Unfortunately, no price was found for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal. Selecting a new departure or arrival city, without dramatically changing your itinerary could help you find price results. Prices will vary when you travel from Moscow to Elektrostal. On average, though, you'll pay about for a train ticket. If you're looking for a low price, you may need to prepare to spend more time in transit. You can also often find cheaper train tickets at particular times of day, or on certain days of the week. Of course, ticket prices often change during the year, too; expect to pay more in peak season. For the lowest prices, it's usually best to make your reservation in advance. Be careful, though, as many providers do not offer refunds or exchanges on their cheapest train tickets.

How long does it take to get from Moscow to Elektrostal by train?

The journey between Moscow and Elektrostal by train is approximately 32.44 mi. It will take you more or less 2 hr 7 min to complete this journey. This average figure does not take into account any delays that might arise on your route in exceptional circumstances. If you are planning to make a connection or operating on a tight schedule, give yourself plenty of time. The distance between Moscow and Elektrostal is around 32.44 mi. Depending on the exact route and provider you travel with, your journey time can vary. On average, this journey will take approximately 2 hr 7 min. However, the fastest routes between Moscow and Elektrostal take 1 hr 3 min. If a fast journey is a priority for you when traveling, look out for express services that may get you there faster. Some flexibility may be necessary when booking. Often, these services only leave at particular times of day - or even on certain days of the week. You may also find a faster journey by taking an indirect route and connecting in another station along the way.

How many journeys from Moscow to Elektrostal are there every day?

On average, there are 71 daily departures from Moscow to Elektrostal. However, there may be more or less on different days. Providers' timetables can change on certain days of the week or public holidays, and many also vary at particular times of year. Some providers change their schedules during the summer season, for example. At very busy times, there may be up to departures each day. The providers that travel along this route include , and each operates according to their own specific schedules. As a traveler, you may prefer a direct journey, or you may not mind making changes and connections. If you have heavy suitcases, a direct journey could be best; otherwise, you might be able to save money and enjoy more flexibility by making a change along the way. Every day, there are an average of 18 departures from Moscow which travel directly to Elektrostal. There are 53 journeys with one change or more. Unfortunately, no connection was found for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal. Selecting a new departure or arrival city, without dramatically changing your itinerary could help you find connections.

Book in advance and save

If you're looking for the best deal for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal, booking train tickets in advance is a great way to save money, but keep in mind that advance tickets are usually not available until 3 months before your travel date.

Stay flexible with your travel time and explore off-peak journeys

Planning your trips around off-peak travel times not only means that you'll be able to avoid the crowds, but can also end up saving you money. Being flexible with your schedule and considering alternative routes or times will significantly impact the amount of money you spend on getting from Moscow to Elektrostal.

Always check special offers

Checking on the latest deals can help save a lot of money, making it worth taking the time to browse and compare prices. So make sure you get the best deal on your ticket and take advantage of special fares for children, youth and seniors as well as discounts for groups.

Unlock the potential of slower trains or connecting trains

If you're planning a trip with some flexible time, why not opt for the scenic route? Taking slower trains or connecting trains that make more stops may save you money on your ticket – definitely worth considering if it fits in your schedule.

Best time to book cheap train tickets from Moscow to Elektrostal

The cheapest Moscow - Elektrostal train tickets can be found for as low as $35.01 if you’re lucky, or $54.00 on average. The most expensive ticket can cost as much as $77.49.

Find the best day to travel to Elektrostal by train

When travelling to Elektrostal by train, if you want to avoid crowds you can check how frequently our customers are travelling in the next 30-days using the graph below. On average, the peak hours to travel are between 6:30am and 9am in the morning, or between 4pm and 7pm in the evening. Please keep this in mind when travelling to your point of departure as you may need some extra time to arrive, particularly in big cities!

Moscow to Elektrostal CO2 Emissions by Train

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