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How Cruise Control Systems Work

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Cruise control is an invaluable feature on Ameri­can ­cars. Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, for the driver at least, and those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome would probably get a lot more speeding tickets.

­Cruise control is far more common on American cars than European cars, because the roads in America are generally bigger and straighter, and destinations are farther apart. With traffic continually increasing, basic cruise control is becoming less useful, but instead of becoming obsolete, cruise control systems are adapting to this new reality -- soon, cars will be equipped with adaptive cruise control, which will allow your ­car to follow the car in front of it while continually adjusting speed to maintain a safe distance.

In this article, we'll learn how a conventional cruise control system works, and then we'll take a look at adaptive cruise control systems that are under development.

What Cruise Control Does

Cruise control acceleration and deceleration, controlling the cruise control, adaptive cruise control.

The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control pictured below can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster. There are also several important safety features -- the cruise control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph).

The system pictured below has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control.

• The on and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button does not do anything except tell the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the driver hits the set button.
• The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster.
• If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal, hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent speed setting.
• Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
• The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.

The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do -- by adjusting the throttle position . But cruise control actuates the throttle valve by a cable connected to an actuator , instead of by pressing a pedal. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by limiting how much air the engine takes in (see How Fuel Injection Systems Work for more details).

In the picture above, you can see two cables connected to a pivot that moves the throttle valve. One cable comes from the accelerator pedal, and one from the actuator. When the cruise control is engaged, the actuator moves the cable connected to the pivot, which adjusts the throttle; but it also pulls on the cable that is connected to the gas pedal -- this is why your pedal moves up and down when the cruise control is engaged.

Many cars use actuators powered by engine vacuum to open and close the throttle. These systems use a small, electronically-controlled valve to regulate the vacuum in a diaphragm. This works in a similar way to the brake booster , which provides power to your brake system.

The brain of a cruise control system is a small computer that is normally found under the hood or behind the dashboard. It connects to the throttle control seen in the previous section, as well as several sensors. The diagram below shows the inputs and outputs of a typical cruise control system.

A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without overshooting, and then maintains that speed with little deviation no matter how much weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car is a classic application of control system theory . The cruise control system controls the speed of the car by adjusting the throttle position, so it needs sensors to tell it the speed and throttle position. It also needs to monitor the controls so it can tell what the desired speed is and when to disengage.

The most important input is the speed signal; the cruise control system does a lot with this signal. First, let's start with one of the most basic control systems you could have -- a proportional control .

In a proportional control system, the cruise control adjusts the throttle proportional to the error, the error being the difference between the desired speed and the actual speed. So, if the cruise control is set at 60 mph and the car is going 50 mph, the throttle position will be open quite far. When the car is going 55 mph, the throttle position opening will be only half of what it was before. The result is that the closer the car gets to the desired speed, the slower it accelerates. Also, if you were on a steep enough hill, the car might not accelerate at all.

Most cruise control systems use a control scheme called proportional-integral-derivative control (a.k.a. PID control). Don't worry, you don't need to know any calculus to make it through this explanation -- just remember that:

• The integral of speed is distance.
• The derivative of speed is acceleration.

A PID control system uses these three factors -- proportional, integral and derivative, calculating each individually and adding them to get the throttle position.

We've already discussed the proportional factor. The integral factor is based on the time integral of the vehicle speed error . Translation: the difference between the distance your car actually traveled and the distance it would have traveled if it were going at the desired speed, calculated over a set period of time. This factor helps the car deal with hills, and also helps it settle into the correct speed and stay there. Let's say your car starts to go up a hill and slows down. The proportional control increases the throttle a little, but you may still slow down. After a little while, the integral control will start to increase the throttle, opening it more and more, because the longer the car maintains a speed slower than the desired speed, the larger the distance error gets.

Now let's add in the final factor, the derivative . Remember that the derivative of speed is acceleration. This factor helps the cruise control respond quickly to changes, such as hills. If the car starts to slow down, the cruise control can see this acceleration (slowing down and speeding up are both acceleration) before the speed can actually change much, and respond by increasing the throttle position.

Two companies are developing a more advanced cruise control that can automatically adjust a car's speed to maintain a safe following distance. This new technology, called adaptive cruise control , uses forward-looking radar , installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.

Adaptive cruise control is similar to conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle's pre-set speed. However, unlike conventional cruise control, this new system can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane. This is achieved through a radar headway sensor , digital signal processor and longitudinal controller . If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will re-accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed.

The 77-GHz Autocruise radar system made by TRW has a forward-looking range of up to 492 feet (150 meters), and operates at vehicle speeds ranging from 18.6 miles per hour (30 kph) to 111 mph (180 kph). Delphi's 76-GHz system can also detect objects as far away as 492 feet, and operates at speeds as low as 20 mph (32 kph).

Adaptive cruise control is just a preview of the technology being developed by both companies. These systems are being enhanced to include collision warning capabilities that will warn drivers through visual and/or audio signals that a collision is imminent and that braking or evasive steering is needed.

For more information on cruise control, check out the links below.

Cruise Control FAQ

How does cruise control work, how does adaptive cruise control work, will adaptive cruise control stop the vehicle, when would you use cruise control, how useful is cruise control, lots more information, related articles.

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How Does Cruise Control Work?

Cruise control is awesome, be it regular or adaptive cruise. But, how does cruise control work, and can you trust it while driving?

We invented cars as means of transportation, to go faster and to go further. But the evolution of cars didn't stop there. Comfort has become a necessity, leading to the invention of features purely for driver convenience—features such as cruise control.

Cruise control lets you take your foot off the gas pedal without your car losing speed. With cruise control, you enter the speed, and then the car keeps cruising at that speed.

It's bliss for driving long distances on highways, but how does cruise control actually work?

What Is Cruise Control?

Cruise control is a driving assist that maintains a constant driving speed without your foot on the gas pedal. Cruise control has been around for a long time, but only in the past few years has it become more common in economy cars.

There are various types of cruise control mechanisms, and these usually work according to the type of throttle system in your car. However, some manufacturers take this feature to the next level with adaptive cruise control, automatically altering cruise speed.

Cruise control has evolved many times since it was first used in automobiles. As mentioned before, cruise control's working mechanism revolves around the throttle system. Right now, there are mostly two types of throttle systems in the cars you see out in the streets: the older cable throttle and the newer drive-by-wire throttle.

Cruise Control in Older Cars with Cable Throttle

Cable throttle systems use mechanical connections, and thus, the cruise control on these cars works mechanically as well.

In cars with cable throttle systems, the cruise control actuator is connected to the throttle body through a cable on one side. On the other side, the actuator is connected to a pump.

Most cruise control actuators in cable throttle bodies use a set of springs and rely on vacuum pressure. The pump connected to the actuator creates a vacuum that tightens the springs in the actuator and this, in turn, puts tension on the cable. This cable is connected to the throttle body, and when the actuator puts tension on the cable, the throttle body opens in response. This ultimately gives your car gas without the gas pedal being used.

Related: What Is an Immobilizer and Does My Car Have One?

Now remains the question of how a specific speed is set for the actuator. This all goes through the car's electronic control unit or ECU. You press a button in your car to activate cruise control, and the ECU powers the pump in just the right amount to put the right tension on the cable. Lo and behold your car drives without your foot on the gas pedal!

The ECU also takes info from the speed sensor to see if the current speed and the target speed match. If your car is going faster than it should, then the ECU will release some tension on the cable, and if it's going slower, it will increase the tension.

Some cars use valves instead of pumps to create the vacuum in the cruise control actuator. In that case, the ECU is responsible for opening and closing that valve.

Keep in mind that there are various types of cruise control actuators, and not all use springs, though most do.

Cruise Control in Newer Cars with Drive-By-Wire Throttle

The cruise control system in newer cars with drive-by-wire throttle bodies is entirely electronic. Since there are no mechanical parts involved, the ECU gets the current speed and decreases or increases it to reach the target speed.

In these cars, the ECU talks directly to the electronic control module (ECM). The ECM is responsible for controlling the throttle body to accelerate or decelerate. Once you set your preferred speed, the ECU grabs that and sorts it out with the ECM and just like that, your car drives at your preferred speed.

How Does Adaptive Cruise Control Work?

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an advanced form of cruise control that takes in information from sensors other than the speed sensor to determine the ideal speed in real-time.

ACC talks to proximity sensors such as radar and lidar, speed sensors, and a combination of cameras to take in the other vehicles on the road and the road itself. Once the signals are received and processed, ACC determines the safe distance and speed.

This system then alters the speed accordingly, reducing your car's speed if you're getting too close to another car in front or if you're nearing a turn. Once the road is clear, ACC accelerates the car to the target speed you have set.

In some cars, ACC can even trigger the brake systems to decelerate the car quickly in case the car in front suddenly brakes or a hazard appears.

Related: How Does Adaptive High Beam Assistance Work?

Cruise Control in Motorcycles

Unlike cars, motorcycles don't have gas pedals. They have gas handles instead. Unfortunately, holding a gas handle for a long duration is much more frustrating than holding a gas pedal. This nuisance has called for a technology similar to cruise control in function but different in design: throttle lock.

Throttle lock functions similarly to cruise control in cable throttle cars, except it skips the actuator and the ECU and directly deals with the throttle body.

Throttle lock works by locking the throttle cable and maintaining a constant amount of tension on the cable. This keeps the motorcycle cruising at a steady speed.

The simplicity of the throttle lock has a catch. Throttle lock doesn't check in with the speed sensors to see if it's going any faster or slower than the target speed, so it only works well on flat roads.

When to Use (and Not to Use!) Cruise Control

Use cruise control on straight roads with little traffic. As a safety measure, braking will disengage cruise control, and on a road with lots of vehicles, you'll need to brake often.

Cars naturally decelerate when you take your foot off the gas pedal, but that won't be the case when you have cruise control activated. It might be too late by the time you hit the brakes when you use cruise control on a crowded road.

This also goes for roads with lots of turns and twists. Entering a sharp turn with high speed is often dangerous. Put the turns behind you and once you have a straight road, engage the cruise control.

Though the point of cruise control is to make your ride more comfortable, it's prone to make you a bit too comfortable. Falling asleep behind the wheels with cruise control engaged is likelier to happen. Albeit this time, the car won't decelerate and will keep going.

Related: Standalone vs. Integrated Car Navigation Systems: What's the Best Option?

Adaptive cruise control solves most of the limitations that come with ordinary cruise control systems, but it still isn't flawless. Adaptive cruise control relies on your car's sensors to decide the appropriate speed, and these sensors can get blocked in bad weather. Snow, mud, rain, and other natural hazards can get in the way of your car's sensors and make the adaptive cruise control less reliable.

Adaptive cruise control has limited access to the braking system, and it won't be able to stop a head-on collision. Use the brakes yourself and remember that cruise control is only a driver assist feature, not an autopiloting system.

With this in mind, please take full control of your vehicle in bad weather and tricky roads. Don't trust the cruise control, be it normal or adaptive.

Cruising with Control

The cruise control system was first strictly found on high-end luxury cars, but now even economy cars are often equipped with this feature. This system makes driving long trips much easier, as you don't have to keep your foot on the gas pedal for hours.

Though cruise control makes things easier, it doesn't mean that you should use cruise control all the time. There are times where you need to take things into your own hands.

Fixing Faulty Cruise Control

Alarmingly, the speedometer needle steadily winds down from 75 mph toward 50. Just as you uncurl your feet and try to accelerate back to traffic speeds, the vehicle downshifts with a lurch and abruptly climbs back to over 80 mph. So you tap the brakes and disengage the cruise control to avoid a conversation with one of the many law enforcement officers lurking behind every other billboard. Toggling the Resume switch settles things down, holding to a legal speed on both the uphill and downhill sections of the interstate. The kids in the back seat have stopped threatening to throw up, too. Then you look in your mirror 20 miles later and see the lights. Red and blue flashing lights. You're doing over 85 mph and, odds are, Smokey isn't going to believe you have the cruise set to 70. Time to find out why your cruise control has a mind of its own.

IT'S NOT A BUG, IT'S A FEATURE Does your cruise control fall out of engagement partway up steep hills? Actually, it will normally drop out if the engine has to work too hard, mainly because after a while there isn't enough vacuum left to pull in the servo after sustained near-wide-open-throttle. You'll just have to put your foot into it. Downshifting helps.

Does your Japanese car not remember the set speed after tollbooths? Unlike most American and European cars, some Toyotas and Hondas are designed not to remember their set speed if the vehicle speed falls below 25 mph, and you're supposed to accelerate the vehicle to your set speed and hit the Set button again. Annoying, but that's the way they were designed.

Do you have to ride the brakes on longer downhills to keep from building up excess speed? That's normal too. The cruise control only has authority to reduce engine speed to idle. It doesn't activate the brakes. Modern cars, in an attempt to improve mileage, have very tall gear ratios, low-friction engine designs, low-rolling-resistance tires and optimized aerodynamics. That long downgrade outside of town may have accelerated your '60s-era Pontiac to only a couple of miles per hour above legal. But, it may well propel your new economy car to blatantly illegal velocities unless you intervene by braking or downshifting.

WHAT'S THAT HISS?: Most common cause of erratic cruise control? Vacuum leaks caused by deteriorated hoses.

SMOOTH AND STEADY Cruise control on your vehicle is a terrific device. It substantially reduces the driver's workload on longer trips, and can save substantial amounts of fuel and expense over the life of the vehicle--until it stops working.

We'll get to the scenario of not holding a steady speed later, but here are a couple of things to check immediately if the cruise control is on strike.

Does the Cruise icon on the dash light up when you turn the switch on? Duh. Check the fuse. You may need to look in the owner's manual to see which one if it's not tagged on the fuse box cover. An aftermarket cruise may have an inline fuse holder in the wiring to the controller.

If there is power to the system, the next check is the brake lights. Brake lights? Yup, cruise controls have a switch to toggle them off when you touch the brake pedal, and many use the same switch as the brake lights. If one of the brake lights has failed, the cruise control thinks the brakes are on all the time and won't come on. Same result if the switch is incorrectly adjusted or broken or jammed. Wait, there's more--if your vehicle has a manual transmission, there's a similar switch on the clutch pedal. You may need to break out a test light or multimeter to verify the function of this array of switches. These switches usually are normally closed switches, and close their contacts when the pedal is depressed. We've seen several cases of intermittent cruise control dropout caused by a brake light switch that was adjusted very tight. Any small bump would jiggle the brake pedal down far enough to toggle the brake lights on for a brief instant--long enough to shut down the cruise. Adjusting the switch to specs (usually so the brake lights come on after the pedal travels 1/2 in.) fixed it.

Once you verify all of these things, it's time to look for more subtle causes. Check underhood. Inspect the linkage between the cruise control actuator and the throttle. It may be as simple as a toilet-tank bead chain or a separate throttle cable with its own actuator cam to the throttle body. Look for disconnected or damaged wiring to the controller or actuator, particu-larly if it's an aftermarket system, which may have been installed by someone with poor mechanical skills.

Another obvious failure point is the vacuum line to the actuator. If it has fallen off, there's no vacuum to the actuator and no force can be applied to the throttle. We'll get ahead of ourselves here and mention that a vacuum line that looks fine may have a subtle leak caused by aging, brittle rubber or connections that don't seal well. A lot of the cruise controls we've seen with issues in regulating their speed correctly are fixed by simply replacing all the vacuum lines between the servo, vacuum reservoir (if there is one) and the intake manifold vacuum supply.

WHOA, NELLIE!: If your brake light switch is incorrectly adjusted, your cruise control may not lock in. A burned-out brake light can do the same.

WHAT'S THIS THING?: The cruise control servo motor could be anywhere in the engine compartment.

CONTROL ISSUE WITH YOUR SERVO There are two main components of the cruise control system: the controller and the servo.

The controller integrates all the inputs and tells the servo how far to actuate the throttle plates. Normally, there is no way you can service this item, so if you trace a problem to the controller, you'll have to buy a new one. A bad controller probably will require a service manual for specific diagnostics. You'll also need a scan tool to access any computer trouble codes to boot.

The servo does the work of moving the throttle blades to speed up the vehicle. Conventional systems are actuated by manifold vacuum. Check the linkage from the servo to the throttle to ensure it's properly hooked up and not binding or sticky. Inside the servo is a diaphragm that moves to pull on the linkage. Some older systems, used on cars or trucks that don't have throttle-position sensors, may have a rod that moves in and out of a magnetic coil to tell the controller the throttle position. There are also two electrically operated solenoid valves. One valve admits vacuum to the diaphragm chamber to add more throttle. The other bleeds air back into the chamber to reduce throttle. Normally, they will never be open at the same time, so if one is sticky or leaking, cruise control operation will be erratic at best. Check for leakage with a handheld vacuum pump. A leaky valve may benefit from a quick shot of silicone spray.

Diesels and some late models may use a servo that is completely electrical. These usually are mounted on the fenderwell or firewall, and are connected to the throttle by a second throttle cable. Other than keeping the cable lubricated and properly adjusted, there's not much to fiddle with. As always, check the shop manual for specifics on your vehicle.

Many late-model cars have throttle plates connected directly to an actuator controlled by the engine management computer. There is no physical connection between your right foot and the throttle blades (Scary, eh?), and there may or may not be a separate cruise control servo or controller.

HOW FAST WAS I GOING, OFFICER? If you still have no engagement, there may be an issue with the cruise control's speed input. Modern cars use information from the ABS's vehicle speed sensor (VSS) because the engine-management computer needs to know road speed. If your Check Engine light is on, the cruise may not work, especially if the VSS is malfunctioning. Older vehicles may use speed information from the speedometer. Aftermarket systems may resort to a ring of magnets clamped to a driveshaft or axle shaft, with a magnetic coil positioned nearby. If the magnets have fallen off or the coil has been smashed by a rock or road debris, there's no speed data for the controller.

URBAN LEGEND The legend has been related to us by all manner of people, including a couple of state police officers. Using the cruise control in rainy or slick conditions will make your car speed up uncontrollably, until you lose control and crash. It's a myth. Engaging the cruise will not make the car speed up. The cruise will attempt to maintain a steady speed. If the wheels lose traction and the car starts to slow down, the cruise will speed up the engine to attempt to accelerate back to the set speed. This will make the drivewheels spin more briskly. The vehicle speed will go slower, regardless of how furiously the wheels spin. If you have a rear-wheel-drive car, the effect is to destabilize the vehicle, and you probably will spin out unless the vehicle regains traction in a reasonable length of time. A front-wheel-drive car with spinning tires will attempt to continue in a more or less straight line--which will make steering control dodgy at best.

Heavy rain or snow makes use of the cruise control inadvisable, but such conditions certainly won't make your car accelerate to ludicrous speeds while you hang on for dear life. If the cruise is engaged and you perceive a loss of traction, the best bet is to tap the brake to disengage the system, and then add just enough throttle to maintain steering until the vehicle slows down to a more appropriate speed.

WHERE'S THIS THING?: Speed sensor may be buried under the dash near speedo head.

SUCK IT UP: The vacuum reservoir provides an added source of vacuum for those long uphill grades.

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Cruise Control: What It Is and How to Use It

How to use cruise control.

The location of the cruise control buttons can vary per car. For your car, check the manufacturer’s manual for the location and specific instructions. To set cruise control, press the ON/OFF button or switch. If you press this button again, it typically turns the system off. The Res + (resume / increase seed) button increases the cruising speed by 1 mph, while the Set – (set speed / reduce speed) button decreases it by 1 mph. To shut off the cruise control, you can press the Cancel button or simply press the brake pedal. [1]

What is cruise control?

Cruise control locks your car’s accelerator at a specific speed, allowing you to take your foot off the pedal and remain at a constant speed. Because it’s so convenient for commuters and drivers who use the highway frequently, cruise control is a feature that generally comes standard on most models of cars. [2]

What is adaptive cruise control?

Adaptive cruise control is very similar to conventional cruise control, only it automatically adjusts the speed of your vehicle depending on how fast the vehicle in front of you is going. It may also reduce your speed around tight curves and adjust to speed limit changes, depending on your car’s technology. [3]

How to set cruise control

Follow these steps when setting the cruise control:

• Evaluate weather conditions: Check for hazardous weather conditions and any oncoming obstacles before applying cruise control.
• Build your speed: The ideal speed for cruise control is between 55 and 70 mph.
• Turn cruise control on: The button is usually on or near your steering wheel.
• Set cruise control: Press another button on your steering wheel and remove your foot from the accelerator.
• Watch the road carefully: You will have a slower reaction time if your foot is off of the brake or accelerator pedal. [1]

How does cruise control work?

Cruise control adjusts the throttle position in your car to control your speed. It does this by a cable connected to an actuator, instead of just by pressing the pedal to adjust the speed. [4]

Cruise control safety tips

Follow these safety tips while using cruise control on the road:

• Use it only on highways: Roads with lower speeds often have traffic lights, turns and other cars that require frequent stops.
• Don’t use it in heavy traffic: If you hit traffic and use the brakes a lot, cruise control isn’t ideal.
• Don’t use it on wet streets: Wet roads are dangerous, and it’s important to keep control of your car and its speed in those conditions.
• Keep your distance from other cars: A set speed could cause you to get dangerously close to other vehicles. Not every car as the distance-monitoring system that adjusts your car’s speed based on what’s in front of you.
• Hover your foot over the brake: Always be prepared to break whenever necessary.
• Be aware of your surroundings: Look out for other cars on the road and stay in your lane. [5]

Cruise control when it’s raining

Avoid using cruise control when the roads are wet . You might not be able to stop as quickly as you’d like when using cruise control. This could lead to dangerous situations and even accidents. Wet roads can affect your car’s ability to maintain a constant speed. There’s even a possibility if you’re using cruise control while it’s raining that your vehicle could hydroplane . [6]

Frequently asked questions about cruise control

Does cruise control save gas.

Cruise control can help you save an average of 7% to 14% on gas. When you don’t use cruise control and constantly press the accelerator and brake pedals, more gas is usually used. Cruise control works best to save gas when driving on flat roads that are free of congestion. [7]

Is cruise control bad for your card?

In general, cruise control isn’t bad for your car. It can actually reduce heavy acceleration and deceleration. It doesn’t damage your car in any way, and the frequent use of it doesn’t affect your vehicle. [8]

Is cruise control safe?

Cruise control is convenient for long stretches of driving and it can keep you from speeding if you set your speed to the correct limit. However, if the road conditions are rainy or snowy, cruise control can be dangerous. To use cruise control safely, it’s best to know when you should and shouldn’t use it. [9]  Using cruise control on the highway makes your driving more predictable to other drivers.  Instead of constantly changing speeds, cars know how fast you’re driving and can follow safely behind you or pass.

When should cruise control not be used?

You shouldn’t use cruise control in the following conditions:

• When the roads are wet and slippery.
• During heavy traffic.
• On hills and winding roads. [9]

[1] “What is cruise control?” kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/what-is-cruise-control.html (accessed July 11, 2023).

[2] “How to Use Cruise Control: 7 Specific Things You Need to Know Well,” driving-tests.org/beginner-drivers/how-to-use-cruise-control (accessed July 11, 2023).

[3] “What Is Adaptive Cruise Control? Is It Worth Paying For?” Stefan Ogbac, motortrend.com/features/adaptive-cruise-control (accessed June 2, 2020).

[4] “How Cruise Control Systems Work,” Karim Nice auto.howstuffworks.com/cruise-control.htm (accessed Feb. 9, 2021).

[5] “6 Cruise Control Safety Tips You Should Never Ignore,” Marisol Pereira and Carrie Adkins, getjerry.com/advice/6-cruise-control-safety-tips-you-should-never-ignore-by-marisol-pereira (accessed April 27, 2022).

[6] “How Does the Cruise Control in Cars Work?” mapfreinsurance.com/blog/how-does-cruise-control-in-cars-work (accessed July 11, 2023).

[7] “Does cruise control save gas?” kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/does-cruise-control-save-gas.html (accessed July 11, 2023).

[8] “Everything You Need to Know about Cruise Control,” Dave Johnston, mycarmakesnoise.com/electronics/cruise-control-guide (accessed July 11, 2023).

[9] “Is Cruise Control Safe to Use?” kaufmanlawatlanta.com/is-cruise-control-safe-to-use (accessed July 11, 2023).

Disclaimer:

The information included here is designed for informational purposes only. It is not legal, tax, financial or any other sort of advice, nor is it a substitute for such advice. The information may not apply to your specific situation. We have tried to make sure the information is accurate, but it could be outdated or even inaccurate in parts. It is the reader’s responsibility to comply with any applicable local, state or federal regulations. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, its affiliates and their employees make no warranties about the information nor guarantee of results, and they assume no liability in connection with the information provided. Nationwide and the Nationwide N and Eagle are service marks of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. © 2024 Nationwide

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Cruise Control Explained: How It Works, And When You Should Use It

Self-driving cars are becoming increasingly intelligent , but whether they'll ever be ubiquitous and fully capable remains unclear. Tesla notes (for now) that its Full Self Driving Capability is "intended for use with a fully attentive driver, who has their hands on the wheel and is prepared to take over at any moment." For many drivers at present, the automatic functions of their cars are limited to the likes of beeping sensors, flashing displays, and features like cruise control.

Cruise control is a feature provided as standard on a wide range of vehicles; it's one of those functions that some drivers adore and others barely use. While the feature doesn't take over from the driver by any means, it can significantly ease their burden. Essentially, cruise control allows drivers to select an appropriate speed for the road, conditions, and general journey they're currently on, and automatically prevents the vehicle from deviating from that speed.

Experienced drivers, of course, will probably be familiar with the basics of what cruise control does, even if they haven't really used it themselves. Rather more complex than that, though, is the question of exactly how it keeps the vehicle moving at a specific speed. If you've ever wondered how cruise control works, what the pros and cons of using it are, how it's developed since its introduction, and/or when to use it, this is just the piece for you.

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The Essentials Of How Cruise Control Works

Cruise control as we know it today has its roots in the ingenuity of Ralph Teetor. Though he lost his vision following an accident, Teetor rose to become the president of the Society of Automotive Engineers. In that capacity, he used both his passion for auto safety and his extensive experience with other drivers to create the first example of cruise control. In 1950, Teetor held a patent for technology referred to as a "Speed Control Device For Resisting Operation Of The Accelerator," also called the Speedostat, and it worked just as the name implied: the driver could opt for a certain speed by selecting it from the dash, then, through the drive shaft, a piston would provide resisting force on the pedal after arriving at that speed.

The basics of how cruise control functions haven't actually changed very much. Depending on the vehicle model, the input for choosing the desired speed may now be a touchscreen, but the effect is the same: a connected actuator receives the signal from the control device, and, as it runs to the valve for the throttle, is used to control the strength of the force acting on the throttle. Accelerating faster or slower depending on how much faster the inputted speed is, the vehicle will then reach said speed and hold the accelerator in place (though not necessarily physically as Teetor's Speedostat did). This is a mechanically-oriented form of cruise control, but some modern vehicles utilize adaptive cruise control instead.

How Is Adaptive Cruise Control Different?

The basic concept of cruise control, of course, is centered more around what the specific vehicle is doing, rather than what's on the road around it. Drivers can simply brake as they typically would in response to other drivers, overriding the constant-speed effect of cruise control, which means that autonomy isn't really a factor in cruise control beyond maintaining the speed. Adaptive cruise control like the kind found in some Acura vehicles , however, is a little more sophisticated.

Adaptive cruise control is a feature more able to do exactly that: adapt. This means that while the driver selects the vehicle's cruising speed as before, it is not locked to that speed. Another crucial thing to take into account is the vehicle's distance from others; adaptive or autonomous cruise control adds small and discreet radar systems (inputs situated somewhere near the vehicle's front lights) to the equation to monitor the surrounding area. These radars have ranges from approximately 100 feet to around 600 feet, depending on the vehicle.

A car with ACC will commonly boast small wheel-mounted units that measure its speed, along with a front-mounted one that can determine how far away other vehicles are. The former can adjust how fast your vehicle is moving relative to any motorists ahead, thereby ensuring that you always maintain your selected distance from them. Braking capacity while the system is active differs, but typically, the driver will be alerted to brake heavily if necessary (if a driver ahead does the same for instance).

When Cruise Control Should Be Used

Some drivers often have the luxury of wide, peaceful, near-empty roads. For others, driving tends to be a commuter's cacophony of traffic jams, honking horns, and slow stop-start-stop-start progress. The experience can differ greatly depending on the time of day and whether it's a weekday or the weekend. The bottom line, though, is that one of these scenarios is a far better fit for cruise control than the other.

Brakes remain operational during the use of cruise control, and engaging them will override the system. This means two things: the driver's attention must still firmly remain on the road as ever (we're not at  level 5 on the autonomous driving scale here) and cruise control has sharply decreased utility in congested areas. By contrast, if you're a driver who frequently takes long-distance trips on open roads, cruise control could be the perfect feature for you. An alert and rested driver is a safe driver, and where longer journeys can compromise those things, cruise control reduces some of that pressure.

Adaptive cruise control, which monitors the ever-changing road ahead continuously via radar or laser, is potentially better equipped to handle congested roads. There's no definitive answer on whether that's the case, however, because this feature is very different from vehicle to vehicle.

Different Manufacturers Have Different Cruise Control Features

Cruise control is a common feature, and adaptive cruise control is becoming increasingly widespread too. The matter of how the two types of cruise control work is a very complex one beyond the basics, though, because different vehicle manufacturers have developed their own unique features for it and implemented the system in different ways.

For example, Audi's Traffic Jam Assist technology can be activated in tandem with its adaptive cruise control, thereby supporting the driver in conditions that aren't optimal for the latter. By means of ultrasonic sensors, radar, and a windshield camera, the vehicle will maintain a consistent distance from the one ahead in traffic while staying oriented on the road. The driver takes full manual controlwhen the congestion clears or Traffic Jam Assist otherwise becomes unsuitable for the situation.

Similarly, select Ford models are among those that offer Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control, implementing advanced features such as Speed Sign Recognition (which aims to prevent adaptive cruise control users from being caught out by speed limits by adjusting the chosen speed to match them) and Stop-and-Go (limited capacity to stop entirely in response to a vehicle ahead doing the same). As always, drivers should consult their vehicle manual to determine which cruise control features are available and how to use them.

Pros And Cons Of Cruise Control And Adaptive Cruise Control

Cruise control can be advantageous for drivers in other ways too. In its capacity to ensure a vehicle remains at a steady speed, where possible, it can boost driving efficiency. According to Natural Resources Canada , varying your speed by around 6 mph every 18 seconds can be 20% more costly in terms of fuel. Cruise control, in a general sense, aims to be as efficient as possible within the parameters the driver provides, which can potentially translate to less fuel being used over time.

This is only the case when driving for longer stretches on wide, clear roads, however. The reason is that there are certain things human drivers are better at than their machine counterparts, and adjusting speed subtly in response to changes in elevation is one of them. Failing to do so can be wasteful. 

On a similar note, Vanderbilt University  found that drivers are more adaptable in their thinking and processing of multiple vehicles and their movements on the road, while cruise control features tend to have a rather narrower focus in terms of the vehicle(s) in front. Cruise control can serve as an invaluable tool for drivers, but isn't infallible. Ensuring that you use it for its intended purpose is the key to best taking advantage of it.

Read the original article on SlashGear

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• Add-On Cruise Control Systems

How Does Electronic Cruise Control Work?

Rostra is the world leader in the design and development of add-on cruise control systems for vehicles equipped with an Electronic Throttle Control - commonly referred to as "drive-by-wire." Our leadership status in the aftermarket cruise control product category is the byproduct of decades of research and development in vehicle testing and software architecture with a focus on passenger vehicles.

Add-on cruise control units for vehicles that are equipped with an Electronic Throttle Control System control the speed of the vehicle through the use of Rostra's custom E-Cruise Module , matched-fit accelerator pedal t-harnesses for a wide variety of vehicles, Onboard Diagnostic (OBD) port interface harnesses, and control switches designed to seamlessly blend into the steering column and dashboard environment.

The E-Cruise Module is the proverbial "brain" of the entire system and with the assistance of the included accelerator pedal interface harness, intercepts the communication between the pedal position sensor and the vehicle' Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Through the use of the included OBD port connector, the E-Cruise Module constantly monitors vehicle speed and loading and instructs the ECU to open or close the electronic throttle actuator to hold a set speed. Once the cruise control functionality is cancelled either by using the Off/Cancel button of the included control switch, depressing the brake pedal or depressing the clutch pedal (for manual transmissions), the E-Cruise Module returns full communication to the accelerator pedal leaving the driver completely in control of manual speed adjustments.

Electronic Cruise Control Layout

Below is a diagram that depicts a typical layout of an electronic cruise control system including the E-Cruise Module , accelerator pedal harness tie-in, OBD II port connector, control switch, and universal clutch disengagement switch (for some M/T vehicles).

Product Development

At Rostra, when we develop an electronic cruise control system, we only design platform-specific applications and only offer vehicle-specific installation kits. While this does result in a multitude of available part numbers, in order to control highway driving speed, cruise control software must issue commands to a vehicle's onboard computer that are unique to each platform via the CAN bus system. Bits of information sent over this network of computers and micro-controllers must contain specific identifying information that cannot be safely created and/or transmitted by so-called "universal" electronic cruise control systems. An extensive effort goes into the design of every Rostra cruise control and includes the following steps:

1. We begin cruise control development by recording data from the vehicle's CAN bus using special software to determine which signals need to be sent to the ECU to control speed.

2. We then need to determine which E-Cruise Module best suites a particular application based on the signal that we need to send to the ECU when cruise control is active.

3. Once a vehicle-specific software package has been created, it is then written to the E-Cruise Module inside of a Faraday cage in order to reduce incidences of outside EMI.

4. Once the loaded software package has been verified in triplicate, we then test drive the vehicle to confirm that cruising speed holds between 31 and 80 MPH with minimal fluctuation.

5. When the cruise control has been determined to be operational within a strict set of parameters, it receives its sign-off from our staff and the control switch is permanently installed.

Click image to enlarge...

Q: How long does it take to create a cruise control system for a specific application?

A: The timing of our cruise control development is generally dependent upon the availability of vehicles for testing in our local market. Normally a new cruise control system takes approximately 4 weeks to deliver after initial testing, creation of our installation instructions, software verification, and final validation on multiple trim levels of the same vehicle model.

Q: Why should I buy an official Rostra cruise control system?

A: At Rostra, the quality control built into our manufacturing processes is a great source of pride for us as a company. Our headquarters in North Carolina is an ISO 9001 certified and TS 16949 compliant manufacturing plant that submits to yearly quality control audits and implements changes based on audit findings. We add innovations to our manufacturing procedures at every chance we get in order to deliver a product on time that is free of defects. Because of this, we are so confident in our products that we offer a 3-year/36,000 mile guarantee.

Q: Are Rostra's cruise control systems developed with DIY-type customers in mind?

A: Due to the sensitive nature of low-voltage vehicle electronics, we always recommend a professional or experienced installer perform the installation of a cruise control system. Many of our installation kits include plug-and-play harnesses, but still require locating a low resistance chassis ground and true 12-volt ignition source for operation. The connections are required to be soldered for secure fitment. Connections that are not soldered can seriously damage the onboard computer.

Q: Why should I not attempt the install of a "universal" electronic cruise control system?

A: To begin with, most "universal" electronic cruise control systems are of suspect origin. Generally these come from obscure overseas suppliers with little to no regard for quality control in manufacturing, and are never actually validated for proper operation on vehicles in the domestic market. Likewise, due to variations in emission control systems and requirements from one country to another, these "universal" systems do not include the requisite software that allows them to properly "talk" to your vehicle's computer. Commands issued to the network from these systems typically flood the onboard computer with malformed data which results in what is known as a "packet collision", or a condition in which the information sent over the network confuses the original equipment computer. This can have the effect of decreasing your gas mileage - the exact opposite of what a cruise control should do - and can even causes delays in vehicle emergency systems.

Q: How should I go about selecting a cruise control manufacturing supplier?

A: The short answer - question everything. Has the company been manufacturing cruise control systems for vehicles equipped with Electronic Throttle Control systems for many, many years? Does the company design every piece of the installation kit including accelerator pedal harnesses, control modules, control switches, and software themselves? Are their items manufactured and tested on vehicles in the United States before sale, or are they purchased in bulk from overseas and distributed wantonly? Do they employ multiple hardware and software engineers to develop these systems? Is technical support provided by the individuals that actually designed the cruise control you purchased? When you call them, can they detail the ways in which the cruise control system interacts with your specific CAN bus system? Do they maintain a quality audited manufacturing plant, or are they precariously assembling these items in their home's garage?

Q: What happens if I am installing a cruise control system and cannot get it to function?

A: We are pleased to offer technical support to anyone who has purchased our products. Our Technical Services department is available Monday-Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. EST to assist. Please note that we do require callers to register for a Technician Identification Number (TIN) before being connected to a representative. Click here to register for your TIN number now! Also, please keep in mind that we have a growing library of installation videos available on our YouTube channel that show in great detail the various steps taken to install a cruise control system.

Q: Where can I find a complete listing of the cruise control system Rostra manufactures?

A: At the top of this webpage, our Vehicle Search will allow you to view the products for a specific car based on its year of manufacture, make, and model. Likewise, you can visit our Global cruise universal cruise control page, our drive-by-wire cruise control page, our custom pedal interface cruise control page, or our custom pedal bypass cruise control page. As always, a listing of our latest cruise control systems is available as a PDF download via our Quick Reference Guide .

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General Installation Kit Contents (Part Number 250-9507 Pictured)

Cruise Control Installation Video (Part Number 250-9507)

For safety's sake, please remember that a universal electronic cruise control systems cannot provide the same level of safety and convenience that a custom-designed cruise control system can.

Rostra is a leading manufacturer of automotive comfort, safety, and convenience accessories including electronic cruise control systems, vehicle speed limiters, backup camera relocation kits, LED lighting, exterior vehicle camera systems, automotive lumbar supports and seat heaters, driver alert systems, and more.

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2003 Honda Civic - Replacing the Cruise Control Servo/Actuator

My cruise control does not work and the mechanic has diganosed the cruise control servo as the problem. The shop gave me an estimate of $700 (parts & labor) to replace it. Given the age of the car and the cost of repair, I am leaning towards doing it myself. I am handy with tools but have not done this type of repair before.

My question: Is there a downside to doing this repair myself. If I elect to do it myself, what do I need to watch for?

Thank you in advance for all help/suggestions.

I have done this sort of repair before, on a Dodge Neon. It was a straightforward job, but time-consuming because I had to remove the battery box to get to it. The bolts were in hard-to-reach places.

The downside? After doing the job, the cruise control still didn’t work! The trouble was actually in the car’s computer. I verified the cause by temporarily swapping in a computer from a similar car. After making a permanent replacement the CC worked just fine.

The factory service manual can tell you how to diagnose cruise control problems. I suggest you get yourself a copy and verify the shop’s verdict.

Have you had any brake work done lately, especially if the brake light switch or brake power booster or master cylinder were involved? The adjustment of the brake light switch is critical and the tolerance in near zero.

keith - The brakes were adjusted but the clutch master cylinder was replaced. I asked the mechanic to check the adjustment and he said it was fine.

SteveF - Good suggestion on testing the actuator. I am taking the mechanic’s word but it will not hurt for me to test it. The actuator is relatively easy to get to.

I will report back after I have tested (maybe more than a few days…)

Thanks for your suggestions

I replaced the master cylinder on my Accord and it threw off the adjustment on my brake light switch just enough that the cruise control would not engage. When I replaced the master cylinder, I had to adjust the piston on the power booster, which, on a Honda, is done under the dash and that is why the brake light switch was affected.

The brake light switch seemed to be OK as far as the brake lights were concerned, but it kept the cruise control from engaging. I made a tiny adjustment to the brake light switch and now the cruise control works again. BTW, Honda does not make it easy to adjust either of these, really bad design IMO.

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• How does cruise control work?

“Connected to the accelerator, cruise control uses an actuator to control the throttle to maintain the pre-set speed. Adaptive cruise control is an enhanced system that manages the speed electronically.”

How Cruise Control Works

While driving on an open road for a long time, it would be pretty tiring to keep pressing the accelerator pedal. Cruise control is a feature that helps reduce such fatigue drivers would feel while driving a long distance. The system imitates the way human drivers drive. But instead of pressing the accelerator pedal, it uses an actuator to control the throttle and helps your car continue cruising at the same speed. 

The cruise control system used in older cars is connected to the accelerator through a cable to maintain the gas pedal in a certain position to keep the pre-set speed.   Whereas the system in newer cars electronically manages the speed through a program without a cable. Instead, a computer connected with various sensors and throttle controls operates the feature through a wireless system. This newer technology can automatically adjust the speed based on how fast the vehicle ahead is going while maintaining a safe distance.   It dramatically reduces drivers’ fatigue since drivers do not have to press and release the accelerator pedal repeatedly. Drivers will find the system particularly useful on highways or roads with traffic jams during rush hour.

Cruise Control vs. Adaptive Cruise Control

Adaptive cruise control is an advanced version of the existing cruise control system. With the conventional system, the vehicle cruises at the speed previously set by the driver without the need to keep pressing the accelerator pedal. On the other hand, the adaptive cruise control system does the same; however, it can also calculate the speed of the car ahead of you by using the data from radar sensors and automatically adjust the speed of your vehicle to keep a safe following distance between the vehicles. If the vehicle ahead slows down, the system detects the reduction of speed and operates the controls to decelerate your car. If the car in front of you changes to another lane, the system gives the engine a signal to accelerate and reach the initially set speed.

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How do I use Lincoln Adaptive Cruise Control * ?

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) lets you set a cruising speed and distance from the vehicle ahead of you. When it slows down, you automatically do too. When traffic picks back up, you resume your preset speed and distance. 

Watch the video or read the instructions below to learn how to use this feature.

Choosing an Adaptive Cruise Control Mode

• Select  Driver Assist on your instrument cluster   using the five-way steering wheel controls ** .
• Select  Cruise Control .
• Choose  Adaptive  to enable Adaptive Cruise Control.

Note : To use conventional cruise control, choose  Normal † .

Setting an Adaptive Cruise Control Speed

• Press  ON  on the cruise control switch on your steering wheel.
• Drive to your desired speed.
• Press and release the  SET+  button.
• Take your foot off the accelerator.

Additional Information

What is Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop-and-Go? What is Active Park Assist?

* Driver-assist features are supplemental and do not replace the driver’s attention, judgment, and need to control the vehicle. See your  Owner’s Manual  for details and limitations.

** Location and appearance of buttons may vary. See your Owner's Manual  for information specific to your vehicle.

† Normal Cruise Control will not brake when your vehicle is approaching slower vehicles. Always be aware of which mode you have selected and apply brakes when necessary.