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Conducting a Meaningful Site Visit

A site visit can be one of the most important tools you use, as a grantmaker, in determining your ultimate funding decisions. For example, an in-person look at a potential grantee’s activities can complement a grantee’s written proposal and give you a clearer picture of their request. In fact, site visits can be one of the most interesting parts of the grantmaking process.

What makes a site visit meaningful? Careful preparation, mutually understood goals, a willingness to see the event as part of an ongoing relationship. So how can you be a "good guest" while conducting a structured, but not stifling, site visit? Here grantmakers offer some helpful advice for:

"It's not surprising to feel a little nervous about site visits. One way to orient yourself is to put yourself in the shoes of the applicant and imagine how you'd like to be treated. Often, puzzles about what to say or how to say it will become immediately clear."

— A grantmaker recalling a first experience with site visits

Managing Your Role

Since the business of making grants primarily involves establishing a relationship between the grantor and the grantee, grantmakers often conduct site visits precisely to develop firsthand relationships with leaders and organizations in the communities and fields on which they focus. As such, a site visit can serve as an open-ended interview that allows you to ask pressing questions you may have and let potential grantees discuss the things they love to do. Talking at length and in depth with applicants about their work, and making certain they understand the fundamental purposes of your grant-making program, can also sometimes lead to exciting new ideas.

It can be a mistake, though, to think of a site visit as a discrete, one-time-only event. Site visits and one-to-one conversations are more likely to be continuing activities — at least with organizations directly involved in your program areas. Consequently, you may decide to make your first site visit to some organizations before you circulate a request for proposals, as a get-acquainted step, or as an element of your overall reconnaissance. Later, another visit may be part of your consideration of the group’s proposal. If you decide to award a grant, there are likely to be other visits — within reason — down the road, either to monitor the grant or maintain good relations.

Bear in mind that few organizations turn down a funder’s request for a meeting. They may be in the midst of their busiest season, rushing to prepare a proposal for another funder, or simply overwhelmed with work — they’ll probably still set aside two hours for you. As valuable as site visits can be, therefore, it’s important to make sure you’re not imposing on the organization’s time or distracting its staff. Remember: the organization is not likely to tell you — at least at first — that your request for a meeting comes at a bad time. You need to be alert and sensitive, and hope that at some point the group feels free to be more candid with you about its schedule.

Before You Visit

If the site visit is a first contact, do some homework. If you have not yet received a proposal from the organization, visit its Web site, if one exists, or research its area of work. This preparation allows you to use the time you spend with potential grantees efficiently, to ask pertinent, informed questions, and to understand what they’re trying to accomplish.

Even if the contact isn’t a new one, prepare yourself and the grantee before the visit. Be thoughtful and clear. For example, you might explain that you want to learn more about a particular aspect of the organization’s work. In any case, let them know how much time you have, and whether there are particular people or activities you would like to see.

Formulate some preliminary questions — but be careful of coming up with a long list. Narrow it down to the three most important ones, so as not to overwhelm your host. Notify the potential grantee of your questions ahead of time. You might also suggest that the organization send you an agenda of its own for the visit.

If possible, schedule site visits at times when you can observe some type of program activity. It helps to experience the work of the potential grantee firsthand.

While it can be helpful to conduct your visit with other staff from your foundation — the added perspective may be valuable — remember that having too many additional people can make it hard to have an informative, relaxed conversation.

Be aware that a site visit is a very important event to potential grantees. They will quite likely put a lot of energy into planning it and will hope to have your full attention. Difficulties in scheduling can create a misleading impression, as one grantmaker learned: "I remember a time when one of our team had to leave after half an hour. It wasn’t disrespectful; it was just someone juggling a tough working schedule. But it seemed as though perhaps we weren’t really that interested."

During the Visit

Begin by reminding people of the reason for your visit and about your role. You may have explained these points already, but nonprofits often play host to visitors, and may not remember what you told them. Be sure they understand that you’re there not only as an interested individual, but as your organization’s representative.

Since everyone's time is scarce, you may want to focus on what you most need to know to make a good grant, and on matters that call for the prospective grantee's impressions, interpretations, and personal reflection. In other words, the site visit is not usually the best time to bring up small, detailed matters that may require the applicant to do research or analysis. It is an opportunity to get to know the organization in a more personal way than is possible on paper

As the Visit Concludes

Don't forget to use the visit as an opportunity to expand your knowledge of the broader community or field. Ask applicants for suggestions about other organizations or activities that you should be looking at, or other people you should get to know.

Leave room for excitement: surprisingly good things can happen during a site visit. "I remember one visit," notes an experienced grantmaker, "when, after about an hour-and-a-half of talk and examination of the premises, the prospective grantee deferred going to another meeting so he could fill us in on his ideas for several different possible grants. It was a lively discussion, and I think curtailing it would have curtailed the making of the grant. You have to leave room for excitement."

And a final note. If the first one or two visits start off stiffly, don't worry. It takes more than an hour or two, and often more than a single visit, to establish the kind of trusting, open relationship in which a real exchange of ideas — the "excitement" — can take place.

MORE ON THIS SUBJECT

Learning from Site Visits (Funding Community Organizing) Managing Expectations: Site Visits (Saying Yes / Saying No)

Takeaways are critical, bite-sized resources either excerpted from our guides or written by Candid Learning for Funders using the guide's research data or themes post-publication. Attribution is given if the takeaway is a quotation.

This takeaway was derived from Building Community Inside and Out .

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Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. The Future of Public Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988.

The Future of Public Health.

• Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

Appendix D Site Visits: Site Selection and Methodology

• Objectives for the Site Visits

Site visits to six states were included in the study plan in order to augment the information available to the committee about the current state of public health activities in the United States. The site visits were intended to elicit directly the perceptions of key actors who shape public health activities either through direct participation in those activities or through influence in the establishment of public health policies. The visits were conceived as an opportunity to learn more about the actual functioning of public health in addressing health problems—eliciting information that goes beyond formal organizational statements to probe more deeply into decision processes. This information would add to the committee's understanding of how policies are established and implemented and what problems are encountered that inhibit effective actions.

• Site Selection

The selection criteria aimed at a purposive sample that would maximize the opportunities for the committee to learn from visits to only six states—a constraint imposed by time and resources. A purposive sample was viewed by the committee as much more useful and valid than any attempt at randomization with such small numbers. The site visit information would augment other data available to the committee about all states (e.g., the data from the Public Health Foundation), statements at the four regional meetings, and the extensive knowledge and experience of the committee, including detailed knowledge among the committee of 13 additional states.

The selection process sought variety across the following dimensions:

• proportion of urban and rural population
• strength of economy, principal economic activities, and tax base
• intensity of public health activities (absolute and per capita expenditures)
• range of public health activities
• structure of government for public health (e.g., inclusion of public health in "superagency" versus independent public health agency)
• relative roles of state and local government in public health
• continuity of public health leadership

The intention was to visit localities within each state selected as well as the state capital. Therefore, additional opportunity was provided in the selection to represent diversity over these dimensions.

Data and other information on all the states were compiled by staff for consideration by the committee. In addition to the above dimensions, the intent was to choose states to the extent possible where the committee members were not currently active in administration of public health activities.

The final choices were made by the committee. The sites selected included the capitals and several local areas in each of the following states: West Virginia, New Jersey, California, Mississippi, South Dakota, and Washington.

• Methodology

The design of the site visits drew on the recent literature concerned with policy implementation research. (Pressman and Wildavskey, 1973; Nakamura and Smallwood, 1980; Sabatier and Nasmanian, 1980; Tooner, 1985; Williams, 1980) The emphasis of this research is on the transformation, within an administrative system, of inputs (laws, funds, personnel, techniques) into outputs (people served, regulatory activities performed, transfer payments made), and outcomes (lower infant mortality rate, control of infectious disease outbreaks, etc.). The effort is directed toward understanding what is actually going on at the day-to-day operational level of public problem-processing.

The site visits lasted 4 or 5 days. An advance visit was made by staff to arrange the visits. Committee and staff participated in each visit. Descriptive data on each state and locality were distributed to site visitors in advance. Interviewees were selected through interaction with informed persons in each state and locality visited. Interviewees included:

• public health officials (state and local and various levels within each organization)
• officials of related agencies (welfare, environment, Medicaid, etc.)
• elected officials (state and local)
• staff at general-purpose government levels (budget officials)
• practicing physicians and nurses
• other health leaders in the private sector (hospital associations, nursing associations, social worker associations)
• consumer leaders
• media representatives

The interview process was semistructured. An interview guide was provided to each interviewer outlining objectives, emphasizing the need to elicit the perceptions of those being interviewed without prejudgment from the interviewer, giving examples of interview techniques to help achieve this purpose and sample questions. The questions were aimed at eliciting not only description and evaluation but also hopes and aspirations for public health. Many of the questions were open-ended rather than highly structured in order to assure that the interviewees' perceptions were guiding the discussion.

A document describing the study and the purpose of the site visits was sent in advance to interviewees. That document outlined a series of nine specific health problems agreed to in advance by the committee in order to provide some initial focus for the interviews. Those problems were:

Tobacco Use and Addiction

Unintended Injuries

Hazardous Waste Disposal

Exposure to Asbestos

Pertussis Vaccine

Alzheimer's Disease

Medical Indigence

Teen-Age Pregnancy

The problem list was used as a starting point. The interviews did not attempt to confine the dimensions to those problems. (Indeed, some interviewees were quite forceful in adding other problems to the discussion.)

Each interviewer wrote up the interviews immediately following the interviews. A summary report on each visit was prepared by staff for the use of the full committee. As confidentiality was promised to interviewees, those reports will not be published. Information from all interviewees was classified by topic and entered into a computer system for later retrieval and analysis.

A shorter visit was made to the health department in Toronto, Canada. This 1-day visit did not follow the process described above, but was intended to provide some additional perspective on public health issues as seen from another political, social, and cultural context. Substantial information on public health activities in Toronto and Ontario was provided to the committee.

• Nakamura, Robert T., and F. Smallwood. 1980. The Politics of Policy Implementation . St. Martin's Press, New York.
• Pressman, Jeffrey L., and A. Wildavskey. 1973. Implementation . University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Sabatier, Paul, editor; , and R. Nasmanian, editor. , eds. 1980. Special Issue on Implementation . Policy Studies Journal , vol. 19.
• Tooner, Theo A. J. 1985. Implementation Research and Institutional Design: The Quest for Structure . Martinus Nijhoff, The Netherlands.
• Williams, Walter. 1980. The Implementation Perspective . University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Cite this Page Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. The Future of Public Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988. Appendix D, Site Visits: Site Selection and Methodology.
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• Key Features
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This topic provides a reference for the Site Visits activity center .

Click here to download a PDF of the reference guide.

Create trip reports for team members who visit the jobsite at regular intervals.

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Series of recurring visits with numbered items that continue between reports.

Embedded action items to track accountability for follow-up activity.

Draft and Final status to protect report from inadvertent changes.

Full functionality through the Info Exchange website interface.

Tasks covered

Create a new site visit

Add site observations

Create similar site observations

Create action items

Add supporting documents

Finalize a site visit

Revert a site visit to draft status

Create the next site visit in the series

View site visits on Info Exchange

In the Create Site Visit dialog box , enter the Visit Name and Visit ID .

For a new series, the series name matches the visit name. After the first save, you can change each visit name, such as “October Regional Safety.”

Select the Type of visit. 

The type you select controls the default form template and the list of categories on the Observations tab.

Complete the Distribution list.

Enter the Walkthrough information including date, time and participants.

Click OK to create the site visit.

You can add observations directly from the Site Visits activity center or you can pull them from the Field Notes activity center .

To add new site observations, click Add New .  This adds a line item to the observation list.

Select a Category from the drop-down list.

The c ategories that appear are based on the Type chosen above.

You can easily create similar observations that allow information to carry over from observation to observation.

You can create action items in the Site Visit activity center that are automatically related to the site visit.

Any files linked on the Supporting Documents tab can be included as attachments to the final transmitted site visit. Examples include sketches, referenced spec sections, site photos or OSHA standard excerpts.

Select the observation, then select the Supporting Documents tab.

In order for external team members to see supporting documents on the Info Exchange website, each file must be specifically shared. Highlight the supporting document file name, click the Share with External dropdown and select Yes to share the file.

The Finalize action changes the status of the site visit report to Final . That makes the record read-only and a PDF of the report is saved in the Project Files Record Copies folder . If changes are needed before sending, the report can be reverted to Draft (see below).

To finalize a site visit, highlight a draft site visit in the Site Visits activity center and select Finalize from the Tasks panel.

Once finalized, the Send action takes you through the steps of distributing the report via email or Info Exchange. If you decide you are not ready to do this you can close the screen and perform this step later from the Tasks panel.

If you need to make changes to a finalized report, use the Revert to Draft task.

Make edits, re-finalize, and re-send the site visit. A new PDF of the revised report is saved in the Record Copies folder (along with all previous versions) and latest version is displayed on the site visit’s Preview tab.

The Change Log tab shows the history of each finalization.

Once a site visit is created and saved, you can use it as the basis for the next site visit within the same series.

Both internal and external project team members can view, edit, and create site visits from the Info Exchange website (depending on permissions).

By default external users can only see site visits they are a party to.

Supporting Documents are available by default for internal users on the Info Exchange website. To share them with external users, the file has to be set to Share with External from the site visit in Project Center.

Here are some important notes to remember when working with site visits:

Discussion builds a dated, threaded history of the observation development across visits. The most recent discussion item is displayed in the Observation grid. 

Text in the Internal Notes section is not included in the final report, and is not visible on the website to external team members.

Make edits and re-finalize the site visit. A new PDF of the revised report will be saved in the Record Copies folder (along with all previous versions) and the latest version is displayed on the site visit’s Preview tab.

Key Activities Before, During, and After the Site Visit

This image shows a cycle as signified by blue arrows. The cycle starts with the “Before the visit,” then goes to “During the Site Visit” and ends with “After the Site Visit.” Between the “Before the Site Visit,” arrow and the “During the Site Visit” arrow, the text states, “Review already collected site-specific information. Identify information needs. Prepare a list of information needs and questions to pursue. Determine if it is necessary to enter any restricted areas. Meet with the other site team members to plan the site visit. Print pathway-related checklists or data-gathering templates.” Between the “During the Site Visit” and “After the Site Visit” arrows,  the text states, “Identify possible source areas. Look for signs of human activities. Ask your prepared questions. Collect documents and data. Take photographs (if allowed). Record physical features. Meet with community, local/state office, and tribal representatives. Document site visit findings. Between the “After the Site Visit” and “Before the Site Visit” arrows, the text states, “Review and compile all the information gathered. Conduct a team debriefing meeting. Identify any further data needs. Reach out to additional contacts, as needed. Perform more file reviews, if necessary. Prepare a site visit report if needed for future reference.”

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Watch CBS News

Second temporary passage clears way for additional small vessels past Key Bridge collapse site in Baltimore

By Jessica Albert , Mike Hellgren , Christian Olaniran , Rohan Mattu , Adam Thompson

Updated on: April 2, 2024 / 11:16 PM EDT / CBS Baltimore

BALTIMORE --  A second temporary passage was cleared Tuesday for commercial and essential ships in the Patapsco River following the collapse of the Key Bridge.

The 14-foot channel along the south of the disaster site will allow marine vessels access to the Port of Baltimore. An 11-foot channel, 264-feet wide, opened on Monday on the northeast side.

A fuel barge and scrap barge already made their way through that passageway.

"I'm thankful that only a week after the collapse, we have pathways and channels so commercial traffic can now move through," Moore said.

The Tugboat Crystal Coast, pushing a fuel barge, was the first vessel to move through the original alternate channel on Monday, according to the U.S. Coast Guard. It was headed to Dover Air Force Base with jet fuel.    

Larger ships still can't pass

Governor Moore said larger ships need at least 35 feet of depth and a path at least 700-feet wide to move through to the Port of Baltimore. When clear, the depth of the river where the Dali crashed into the bridge is 50 feet.

"We are still a long way from getting the size and commercial back to where it was before the collapse," Moore said.

"Today was an important milestone in the process of beginning to pull the wreckage out, beginning to open channels. We know we still have work to do," he added.

A deeper third channel is in the works that would provide 25 feet of depth.

"I anticipate smaller draft commercial vessels, maybe some small tugs in the next few days," U.S. Coast Guard Captain David O'Connell said. "That's that 13 to 14 foot draft, but unfortunately, that's not a lot of vessels. But it certainly is a start on our way to phase three, which will hopefully get us to 20 to 25 foot draft and that would be a lot more commercial vessels."

Dangerous work

Moore said untangling the mangled mess of debris remains dangerous.

"We're talking about a situation where a portion of the bridge beneath the water has been described by Unified Command as 'chaotic wreckage,'" Moore said. "Every time someone goes into the water, they are taking a risk. Every time we move a piece of the structure, the situation could become even more dangerous. We have to move fast but we cannot be careless." 

Debris removal continues

The Unified Response team is continuing the difficult job of cutting away pieces of what remains of the Key Bridge, which collapsed when it was struck by the cargo ship Dali last week.

The salvage teams are working in a phased approach to opening the main channel, according to Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott's office.

The current 2,000-yard safety zone around the Francis Scott Key Bridge remains in effect and is intended to protect personnel, vessels, and the marine environment. No vessel or person will be permitted to enter the safety zone without obtaining permission from the COTP or a designated representative, the mayor's office said.

A survey is also underway to determine how hard the ground is around the Dali to help come up with a strategy for removal.

Who is working at the bridge disaster site?

The Unified Command is comprised of the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Maryland Department of the Environment, Maryland Transportation Authority, Maryland State Police, and business consultant Witt O'Brien's, which is representing Synergy Marine, the Singapore company that managed the striking ship.

The governor's office tells WJZ the cleanup effort at the wreckage site of the Key Bridge will be a "round-the-clock" effort until the Port of Baltimore is back open.

Moore said the priorities are recovering the four remaining victims, clearing the channel to open vessel traffic for the port, and supporting to those impacted by the disaster.

State and federal organizations are already working to  provide economic assistance  to individuals and small businesses that have been impacted by the collapse. 

Tradepoint Atlantic takes cargo to assist Port of Baltimore

Tradepoint Atlantic in Sparrows Point is taking redirected cargo to assist the Port of Baltimore until the channels are cleared for all vessels.

Its marine terminal is accepting previously scheduled arrivals, while also providing additional capacity for redirected cargo.

Tradepoint Atlantic officials say they are "committed to accepting redirected cargo to help maintain the supply chain and re-establish commercial activity."

A five-acre facility has also been cleared at TPA to store and process recovered bridge material.

CSX to redirect cargo to NY as Port of Baltimore remains closed

CSX added a new freight route to transport cargo to New York while the Port of Baltimore remains closed to larger ships. 

"CSX is taking proactive steps to help mitigate freight shipment disruptions in the transportation industry by launching a dedicated service solution between Baltimore and New York, in response to the devastating March 26 incident in which a cargo ship collided with the Francis Scott Key Bridge leading to its collapse," the train company said.

The routes will be implemented next week to help with managing the traffic flow that would typically transit through the Port of Baltimore and transport freight between New York and Baltimore.

"While the timeline for resuming freight operations at the Port of Baltimore remains uncertain, we are in constant communication with our customers, providing timely updates on the status of their shipments," CSX said. "CSX is fully dedicated to meeting our customers' transportation needs during this challenging period."

Aid sought for impacted workers

Eight people , part of a construction crew filling potholes, were on the bridge at the time of the collapse. Two were rescued, two bodies have been recovered, and four remain missing and are presumed dead. 

"My focus is on making sure these families are getting the comfort and the closure that they need, making sure that our first responders are getting the supports that they need, making sure that we can get these channels open and making sure that we can get this Key Bridge rebuilt," Moore said.

Maryland lawmakers are working on emergency legislation for  income replacement  to assist thousands of Port of Baltimore workers impacted by the disruption. 

President Biden to visit Baltimore

President Joe Biden is set to visit Baltimore on Friday, according to White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre.

The announcement follows Biden's vow last week to visit Baltimore following the collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge. 

The president also said he believes the federal government should pay for the bridge reconstruction. 

If you find debris, call the hotline at 410-205-6625 .

Jessica Albert joined the WJZ family in September 2021. She has been a huge fan of WJZ for years and is excited to be a part of the team.

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Dali's containers being removed in big step to clear Key Bridge from cargo ship

President Biden visits Baltimore to survey bridge collapse site

The visit comes as officials announce the first tentative timeline for reopening the port to regular traffic by the end of may.

DUNDALK, Md. — President Biden flew over the scene of the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse in Baltimore on Friday, surveying the wreckage as the recovery enters a pivotal new phase, 10 days after a massive container ship plowed into the span and brought it down in a jumble of twisted steel and concrete.

Biden pledged federal support “every step of the way” in a speech afterward, promising “your nation has your back” and pressing Congress to fund the cost of rebuilding the 1.6-mile bridge, which could total more than $1 billion. Officials announced plans to fully reopen the crippled Port of Baltimore by the end of May, setting a hard target for the first time.

“We’re going to move heaven and earth to rebuild this bridge as rapidly as humanly possible,” Biden said, speaking on the bank of the Patapsco River with the fallen bridge as a backdrop. “We will do so with union labor and American steel.”

Biden, Maryland Gov. Wes Moore (D) and other officials leading the cleanup did two loops around the disaster site in the Marine One helicopter on Friday, before the president met with first responders and with the families of the six construction workers who perished when the bridge plunged into Patapsco on March 26.

In the days since, recovery efforts have ground forward amid pelting rain and icy winds, but the tentative timeline adds a fresh urgency and political peril for Biden and state officials to clean up what one analysis said could eventually be the most expensive disaster in maritime history. Some Republicans have already signaled they have qualms about Biden’s funding plan, saying money should be recovered from the shipping companies involved before public dollars flow.

This week, two small channels opened to allow tugboat and barge traffic in and out of the port. Officials plan to open a larger one by the end of April that can accommodate some ships carrying cars and farm equipment that are key cargo at the port.

Aid has begun to flow to stem the economic pain caused by the port’s closure to shipping traffic. The U.S. Department of Transportation also announced Friday that a previously awarded $8 million grant can be used to expand cargo capacity at Tradepoint Atlantic, a port facility in Baltimore unaffected by the bridge collapse. Federal officials opened two offices this week to help small businesses get low interest loans. The Biden administration allocated $60 million in emergency relief funds last week.

Moore said in a speech introducing Biden on Friday that the state has launched a new initiative called “Maryland Tough, Baltimore Strong Alliance” that has raised $15 million to help Baltimore workers. Some of the private businesses involved — including Amazon, Domino Sugar and Home Depot — are pledging not to lay off workers affected by the port closure and return to the Port of Baltimore if they have to temporarily leave. Two-thirds of that sum came from the city’s sports teams: the Baltimore Ravens and the Baltimore Orioles.

Moore cast the partnership and the progress so far as evidence of the state’s tough character, a slogan he’s put on T-shirts.

“Baltimore has been tested before. We get knocked down,” Moore said. “We stand back up and we dust ourselves off and we move forward. That is what we do.”

Another key goal for responders has been recovering the bodies of four construction workers, who for 10 days have been missing and presumed buried in the rubble of the bridge 50-feet below the surface of the river. Authorities said late Friday the body of Maynor Suazo Sandoval, 38, was recovered .

Biden said one of the victims, a 24-year-old construction worker he identified only as Carlos, left a message for his girlfriend just seconds before the collapse saying they were waiting for some concrete to dry. He was part of a crew fixing potholes.

Biden pledged crews would locate the bodies and rebuild the bridge, saying “we will not rest, as Carlos said, until the cement is dry.”

He said his father was born and raised in Baltimore, and that his family’s ties to the area go back generations to watermen who worked the Chesapeake Bay in the 1850s. He pronounces the city’s name “Bawlmore,” like locals do.

The visit comes as his administration sent a letter Friday formally requesting that Congress allocate funds to pay for the entire cost of rebuilding a new span.

“The Federal Government should cover any needed costs for reconstructing the bridge,” Shalanda Young, director of the Office of Management and Budget, wrote in a letter to congressional leaders. “While we continue to assess those costs alongside our Federal and State partners, we are asking the Congress to join us in demonstrating our commitment to aid in recovery efforts by authorizing a 100 percent Federal cost share for rebuilding the bridge.”

Baltimore bridge collapse

The disaster has idled shipping at the Port of Baltimore and spread economic pain locally and nationally.

Baltimore County Executive John “Johnny O” Olszewski Jr. (D) grew up in the community on the north end of the bridge and said “this has been one of our darkest times.”

“To have your president standing in your community, having the chance to stand alongside him, and hearing him say, ‘I’ll have your back’? To have him already committed resources, to have his team constantly be on the ground and reinforcing point? The right word is ‘relief.’ It’s just such a relief,” Olszweski said after the event. “People are reeling in so many ways. People have lost loved ones. There are people who are facing an uncertain future. And we’ve got the leader of the free world, in your neighborhood saying, ‘I got you.’ It means a lot.”

Officials said this week that tests have shown no pollution in the waters surrounding the stranded 985-foot Dali container ship; they are working to move a 350-ton section of bridge and will begin lifting cargo containers from the vessel in the coming days.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Brig. Gen. John P. Lloyd said on a boat tour of the wreckage Thursday that conditions have been challenging, particularly for divers surveying and cutting up the wreckage 50 feet below the surface.

“It’s a very complex environment for the divers,” Lloyd said. “They are underwater, walking along the channel in the debris with almost zero visibility.”

Moore said Friday morning that “the state is still mourning” during an appearance on MSNBC’s “Morning Joe,” continuing to press his case that the catastrophe in Baltimore should be a nationwide concern.

The first call from the White House came within 90 minutes of the bridge collapse, Moore said, praising the consistency in help from the Biden administration, which has “continued to walk this path with us.”

Biden’s formal request to have Congress approve to pay for the total bridge replacement accelerates a lobbying effort already underway on Capitol Hill.

Moore plans to be personally involved; he will visit Tuesday to begin that process in person, meeting with Maryland’s 10-member congressional delegation and Young, according to two people familiar with the meeting.

The House Freedom Caucus, in a statement Friday morning, expressed reservations about Biden’s plan for rebuilding the bridge .

In an “ official position ” posted on X, the influential group of conservatives conditioned approval of bridge funding on several factors, including extinguishing all existing federal funds first, securing “maximum liability” from the shipping company up front and tying the negotiation for bridge money to Biden’s policies on liquefied natural gas terminals.

The group has also opposed the last three supplemental spending initiatives for disasters, but all three passed with bipartisan support anyway.

“If it proves necessary to appropriate taxpayer money to get one of America’s busiest ports back online,” the group stated, “Congress should ensure it is fully offset and that burdensome regulations … are waived to avoid all unnecessary delays and costs.”

Sen. Ben Cardin (D-Md.), who is from Baltimore, addressed concerns Thursday and vowed to “hold all responsible people fully accountable.”

“We know there’s some who people say, ‘Well, isn’t there a third party liabilities, isn’t there insurance?’” he said during a daily news briefing. “We’re not going to delay opening our channel or rebuilding our bridge with the lengthy process that may take.”

Attorneys for the companies that own and manage the Dali have asserted in federal court legal filings they were not to blame for what happened. They asked a judge to excuse them from any liability for the disaster or, alternately, cap damages at $43 million, the cost of the vessel minus damage and salvage.

A Morningstar analysis found insurance companies could ultimately pay out $2 to $4 billion for damage and economic fallout from the bridge collapse, which could top the costs for the wreck of the Costa Concordia cruise ship .

Mike Laris, Ian Duncan and Jacob Bogage contributed to this report.

Andrew Scott Is Utterly Charmless in Netflix’s Somber ‘Ripley’: TV Review

By Aramide Tinubu

Aramide Tinubu

• Andrew Scott Is Utterly Charmless in Netflix’s Somber ‘Ripley’: TV Review 6 days ago
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Shot in magnificent black and white, “Ripley” opens in Rome in 1961 as a man drags a dead body down a marble staircase. But the story doesn’t begin here. Dialing back in time six months, we find ourselves on New York’s Lower East Side. A far cry from the trendy neighborhood seen in films and TV shows today, the area is home to some of the Big Apple’s most unsavory citizens.

Here, in a cramped, rat-infested apartment, the audience is introduced to Ripley, a petty thief who makes his living tricking patients of chiropractors out of their money. Just as his latest scheme is drying up, he stumbles on the opportunity that will reshape his life forever. At a bar one evening, he’s approached by a private investigator (a criminally underused Bokeem Woodbine), who mistakes Tom for a friend of his wealthy client’s son. Shortly after, Tom is on a ship to Italy tasked with enticing his “friend” Dickie Greenleaf ( Johnny Flynn ) to return home to his concerned parents. Seeing his all-expense-paid trip to Europe and the Greenleafs’ wealth as the chance to grasp the lifestyle he believes he deserves, Tom sets off on a dark path marred by lies, deceit and murder.

While Dickie, a novice and untalented painter, receives Tom warmly, his girlfriend, Marge ( Dakota Fanning ), is immediately suspicious of her beau’s supposed acquaintance. Her instincts are correct: By the end of Chapter I, “A Hard Man to Find,” Tom begins formulating his plans to take Dickie’s lavish life for himself. What’s hard to reconcile is that Tom is utterly charmless. He’s a quick thinker who can meticulously plot his way out of dark corners but Tom’s sociopathic personality and inability to show even a sliver of humanity make “Ripley” an uncomfortable, somber watch.

Still, the show is a stunning cinematic display, boasting lingering shots of Italy’s monuments, canals and architecture. But the episodes are painfully overlong and full of dead space. Since Tom spends a great deal of time alone, plotting his next moves or cleaning up his various bloody messes, viewers are forced to bide their time with him as he completes the laborious tasks (typing false documents, cleaning up evidence).

Additionally, though Tom is a narcissist with limited people skills, Dickie and Marge aren’t much better. Whether or not the viewer roots for Tom’s lies and schemes, the show’s central couple has very little depth. Dickie is aloof and naive, a trust-fund baby who’s had the world handed to him. While he certainly doesn’t deserve to be one of Tom’s victims, his lack of astuteness makes him easy, pitiful prey. Meanwhile, despite seeing through Tom’s facade, Marge allows her discernment to be bulldozed by a perceived rejection from Dickie; her ensuing character arc is a total letdown.

“Ripley” stumbles in part because Tom is void of seduction and likability. The series has none of the homoeroticism of Minghella’s film, which is disappointing because Scott’s sensuality has radiated off the screen in other roles. In addition to her first “Ripley” novel, Highsmith wrote four sequels showcasing the con artist scheming his way through France and Germany. As an older, more seasoned Tom, Scott’s take on the swindler might have been better aligned in one of those stories. Also, given Tom’s hate-laced mentions of the aunt who raised him, flashbacks from his childhood might have made for a more robust narrative, lending the character much-needed dimension.

Ultimately, “Ripley” fails to offer a new or intriguing perspective on the infamous scammer. Previous projects have presented a more inviting experience in which the audience becomes enamored of Tom’s treacherous designs. Here, over eight tepid episodes, he never undergoes any fundamental transformation. From the beginning, he is just a grating grifter who lacks finesse.

“Ripley” premieres April 4 on Netflix .

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Your last-minute guide to Monday's total solar eclipse

A total solar eclipse will cross North America on Monday , offering millions a rare opportunity to see afternoon skies temporarily darken as the moon blocks the face of the sun.

Tune into NBC News NOW as Lester Holt hosts a two-hour special at 2 p.m. ET Monday from Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

The eclipse's path fortuitously cuts across Mexico, 15 U.S. states and a small part of eastern Canada. In all other states in the continental U.S., viewers will be treated to a partial solar eclipse, with the moon appearing to take a bite out of the sun and obscuring part of its light.

Here’s everything you need to know about the rare celestial event.

What is a solar eclipse?

Solar eclipses occur when the sun, moon and Earth align. The moon passes between Earth and sun, temporarily blocking the sun’s light and casting a shadow on Earth.

A total solar eclipse is when the moon fully obscures the sun, whereas a partial solar eclipse means it blocks just a portion of the sun’s face.

Solar eclipses occur only with the new moon. Because the moon’s orbit around Earth is tilted, the three bodies don’t always line up in a way that creates an eclipse.

“Imagine if the moon’s orbit were in the plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun — if that were the case, then every new moon, you’d have a total solar eclipse and every full moon, you’d have a lunar eclipse,” Neil DeGrasse Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History, told NBC News. “So, because things don’t always align, it lends to the rarity of the event and the specialness of the event.”

Where and when will the eclipse be visible?

This year’s eclipse will follow a slightly wider path over more populated areas of the continental U.S. than other total solar eclipses have in the recent past.

NASA estimates that 31.6 million people live within what’s known as the path of totality, where the total solar eclipse will be visible. An additional 150 million people live within 200 miles of the path, according to the agency.

The path travels through Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Tiny parts of Michigan and Tennessee will also be able to witness totality if conditions are clear.

After the eclipse crosses into Canada, it will pass over southern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton, at the eastern end of Nova Scotia.

Those outside the path of totality can still take part in the astronomical event by viewing a partial solar eclipse — visible throughout all 48 states of the contiguous U.S. — or a NASA livestream.

The timing, including how long totality lasts, depends on the location, but some spots will see the moon fully cover the sun for up to 4 minutes and 28 seconds.

Below is a list of timings for some cities along the path of totality, as  provided by NASA . A number of other resources, including NationalEclipse.com  and  TimeandDate.com , can also help people plan.

• Dallas: Partial eclipse begins at 12:23 p.m. CT and totality at 1:40 p.m.
• Little Rock, Arkansas: Partial eclipse begins at 12:33 p.m. CT and totality at 1:51 p.m.
• Cleveland: Partial eclipse begins at 1:59 p.m. ET and totality at 3:13 p.m.
• Buffalo, New York: Partial eclipse begins at 2:04 p.m. ET and totality at 3:18 p.m.
• Lancaster, New Hampshire: Partial eclipse begins at 2:16 p.m. ET and totality at 3:27 p.m.

How to safely view a solar eclipse

It is never safe to gaze directly at the sun, even when it is partly or mostly covered by the moon. Special eclipse glasses or  pinhole projectors  are required to safely view solar eclipses and prevent eye damage. Failing to take the proper precautions can result in severe eye injury,  according to NASA .

Eclipse glasses are thousands of times darker than normal sunglasses and specially made to enable wearers to look at the sun during these kinds of celestial events.

Sky-watchers should also never view any part of the sun through binoculars, telescopes or camera lenses unless they have specific solar filters attached. Eclipse glasses should not be used with these devices, as they will not provide adequate protection.

However, during the few minutes of totality, when the moon is fully blocking the sun, it is safe to look with the naked eye.

Beware of fake eclipse glasses. On legitimate pairs, the lenses should have a silver appearance on the front and be black on the inside. The manufacturer’s name and address should be clearly labeled, and they should not be torn or punctured. Check, as well, for the ISO logo and the code “IS 12312-2” printed on the inside.

If you don’t have eclipse glasses, you can make a homemade pinhole projector, which lets sunlight in through a small hole, focuses it and projects it onto a piece of paper, wall or other surface to create an image of the sun that is safe to look at. 

All you need is two pieces of white cardboard or plain white paper, aluminum foil and a pin or thumbtack. Cut a 1- to 2-inch square or rectangle out of the center of a piece of white paper or cardboard. Tape aluminum foil over that cut-out shape, then use a pin or thumbtack to poke a tiny hole in the foil.

During the eclipse, place a second piece of white paper or cardboard on the ground as a screen and hold the projector with the foil facing up and your back to the sun. Adjusting how far you hold the projector from the second piece of paper will alter the size of the image on the makeshift screen.

What to look for while viewing the total solar eclipse

For people along the path of totality, there are some fun milestones to keep track of as the total solar eclipse unfolds.

As the eclipse progresses and the sun gets thinner in the sky, it will start to get eerily dark, according to Tyson.

When the last beams of sunlight are about to become obscured, look out for the “diamond ring effect”: The sun’s atmosphere will appear as an illuminated halo, and the last light still visible will look like the diamond of a giant ring.

As the sunlight decreases even further, an effect known as Baily’s beads will be created by the moon’s rugged terrain. Tiny “beads” of light will be visible for only a few seconds around the dark moon, as the last bits of sunlight peer through the moon’s mountains and valleys.

When the moon is fully blocking the sun, it is safe to remove eclipse glasses and look at the total solar eclipse with the naked eye.

Some lucky sky-watchers may even catch a glimpse of a comet .

Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks — nicknamed the “ devil comet ” because an eruption last year left it with two distinct trails of gas and ice in the shape of devil horns — is currently visible from the Northern Hemisphere as it swings through the inner solar system.

The comet can be seen in the early evenings by gazing toward the west-northwest horizon. During the eclipse, when skies darken during totality, it may be possible to see the comet near Jupiter, but its visibility will depend on whether it’s in the middle of an outburst and thus brighter than normal.

Most likely, all eyes will be on the alignment of the moon and sun.

“Most people won’t even notice,” Tyson said. “But if you know to look, it’s there.”

When is the next solar eclipse?

The next total solar eclipse will be in 2026, but it will mostly pass over the Arctic Ocean, with some visibility in Greenland, Iceland, Portugal and northern Spain. In 2027, a total solar eclipse will be visible in Spain and a swath of northern Africa.

The next total solar eclipse visible from North America will be in 2033, but only over Alaska. Then in 2044, a total solar eclipse will cross Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, parts of Canada and Greenland.

The next total solar eclipse to cross the continental U.S. coast-to-coast in will occur in 2045. The path of totality for that eclipse will cut through California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia and Florida.

Denise Chow is a reporter for NBC News Science focused on general science and climate change.

Lucas Thompson is a content producer for the NBC News Climate Unit.

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• How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

Published on March 5, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite a page from a website, you need a short in-text citation and a corresponding reference stating the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the page, the website name, and the URL.

This information is presented differently in different citation styles. APA , MLA , and Chicago are the most commonly used styles.

Use the interactive example generator below to explore APA and MLA website citations.

Note that the format is slightly different for citing YouTube and other online video platforms, or for citing an image .

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Table of contents

Citing a website in mla style, citing a website in apa style, citing a website in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.

An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL.

The in-text citation usually just lists the author’s name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to locate the specific passage. Don’t use paragraph numbers unless they’re specifically numbered on the page.

The same format is used for blog posts and online articles from newspapers and magazines.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to generate your website citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Citing a whole website.

When you cite an entire website rather than a specific page, include the author if one can be identified for the whole site (e.g. for a single-authored blog). Otherwise, just start with the site name.

List the copyright date displayed on the site; if there isn’t one, provide an access date after the URL.

Webpages with no author or date

When no author is listed, cite the organization as author only if it differs from the website name.

If the organization name is also the website name, start the Works Cited entry with the title instead, and use a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation.

When no publication date is listed, leave it out and include an access date at the end instead.

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An APA reference for a webpage lists the author’s last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.

The in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the year. If it’s a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number and/or section title).

Note that a general reference to an entire website doesn’t require a citation in APA Style; just include the URL in parentheses after you mention the site.

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to create your webpage citations. Search for a URL to retrieve the details.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Blog posts and online articles.

Blog posts follow a slightly different format: the title of the post is not italicized, and the name of the blog is.

The same format is used for online newspaper and magazine articles—but not for articles from news sites like Reuters and BBC News (see the previous example).

When a page has no author specified, list the name of the organization that created it instead (and omit it later if it’s the same as the website name).

When it doesn’t list a date of publication, use “n.d.” in place of the date. You can also include an access date if the page seems likely to change over time.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, footnotes are used to cite sources. They refer to a bibliography at the end that lists all your sources in full.

A Chicago bibliography entry for a website lists the author’s name, the page title (in quotation marks), the website name, the publication date, and the URL.

Chicago also has an alternative author-date citation style . Examples of website citations in this style can be found here .

For blog posts and online articles from newspapers, the name of the publication is italicized. For a blog post, you should also add the word “blog” in parentheses, unless it’s already part of the blog’s name.

When a web source doesn’t list an author , you can usually begin your bibliography entry and short note with the name of the organization responsible. Don’t repeat it later if it’s also the name of the website. A full note should begin with the title instead.

When no publication or revision date is shown, include an access date instead in your bibliography entry.

The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.

In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.

If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:

• In APA and Chicago, omit the website or publisher name later in the reference.
• In MLA, omit the author element at the start of the reference, and cite the source title instead.

If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-website/

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