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How bad is space tourism for the environment? And other space travel questions, answered.

Six questions to consider before launching yourself into space.

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For many, the rise of commercial space tourism is a vulgar display of wealth and power . Amid several global crises, including climate change and a pandemic, billionaires are spending their cash on launching themselves into space for fun. When Amazon founder Jeff Bezos told reporters after his first space tourism trip on Tuesday that Amazon customers and employees had “paid” for his flight, that only intensified that criticism.

But critics won’t deter Bezos and the other superrich. Space tourism is now a reality for the people who can afford it — and it will have repercussions for everyone on Earth.

In fact, all signs indicate that the market for these trips is already big enough that they’ll keep happening. Jeff Bezos’s spaceflight company Blue Origin already has two more trips scheduled later this year , while Virgin Galactic , the space firm founded by billionaire Richard Branson, has at least 600 people who have already paid around $250,000 each for future tickets on its spaceplane.

Now, as the commercial space tourism market (literally) gets off the ground, there are big questions facing future space travelers — and everyone else on the planet. Here are answers to the six biggest ones.

1. What will people actually be able to see and experience on a space trip?

The biggest perk of traveling to space is the view. Just past the boundary between space and Earth, passengers can catch a stunning glimpse of our planet juxtaposed against the wide unknown of space. If a passenger is riding on a Virgin Galactic flight, they will get about 53 miles above sea level. Blue Origin riders will get a little bit higher, about 62 miles above sea level and past the Kármán line, the internationally recognized boundary between Earth and space. Overall, the experience on both flights is pretty similar.

Welcome aboard #Unity22 , Virgin Galactic's first fully-crewed test flight. Watch the historic moment through the eyes of our mission specialists. pic.twitter.com/DEwbBkgJYl — Virgin Galactic (@virgingalactic) July 13, 2021

The view is meant to be awe-inducing, and the experience even has its own name: the Overview Effect . “​​When you see Earth from that high up, it changes your perspective on things and how interconnected we are and how we squander that here on Earth,” Wendy Whitman Cobb, a professor at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, told Recode.

Another perk of these trips is that space tourists will feel a few minutes of microgravity, which is when gravity feels extremely weak . That will give them the chance to bounce around a spacecraft weightlessly before heading back to Earth.

But Blue Origin’s and Virgin Galactic’s flights are relatively brief — about 10 and 90 minutes long , respectively. Other space tourism flights from SpaceX, the space company founded by Elon Musk , will have more to offer. This fall, billionaire Jared Isaacman, who founded the company Shift4 Payments, will pilot SpaceX’s first all-civilian flight, the Inspiration4 , which will spend several days in orbit around Earth. In the coming years, the company has also planned private missions to the International Space Station, as well as a trip around the moon .

These trips are meant to be enjoyed by space nerds who longed to be astronauts. But there’s another reason rich people want to go to space: demonstrating exclusivity and conspicuous consumption. More than a few people can afford a trip to Venice or the Maldives. But how many people are privileged enough to take a trip to space?

“What a nice way of showing off these days than to post a picture on Instagram from space,” Sridhar Tayur, a Carnegie Mellon business professor, told Recode.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by Jeff Bezos (@jeffbezos)

2. Does commercial space travel have any scientific goals, or is it really just a joyride?

Right now, space tourism flights from Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin have only reached suborbital space , which means that flights enter space but do not enter orbit around Earth. Scientifically, that’s not a new frontier. Though these current flights use new technology, suborbital flight with humans aboard was accomplished by NASA back in the early 1960s , Matthew Hersch, a historian of technology at Harvard, told Recode.

Right now, it’s not clear these trips will offer scientists major new insights, but they might provide information that could be used in the future for space exploration. In fact, these trips are also being marketed as potential opportunities for scientific experiments. For instance, the most recent Virgin Galactic flight carried plants and tested how they responded to microgravity .

These private companies primarily see opportunities in their commercial vehicles that can be reused at scale, which will allow the same rockets (or in Virgin Galactic’s case, spaceplanes) to go to space again and again, which lowers the overall cost of space tourism.

Billionaires and their private space companies also see the development of these rockets as an opportunity to prepare for flights that will do even more, and go even farther, into space. Bezos, for instance, has argued that New Shepard’s suborbital flights will help prepare the company’s future missions, including its New Glenn rocket, which is meant for orbital space.

“The fact of the matter is, the architecture and the technology we have chosen is complete overkill for a suborbital tourism mission,” Bezos said at Tuesday’s post-launch briefing . “We have chosen the vertical landing architecture. Why did we do that? Because it scales.”

Beyond potential scientific advancements in the future, suborbital spaceflight might also create new ways to travel from one place on earth to another. SpaceX, for instance, has advertised that long-haul flights could be shortened to just 30 minutes by traveling through space.

3. Is it safe?

Right now, it’s not entirely clear just how risky space tourism is.

One way space tourism companies are trying to keep travelers safe is by requiring training so that the people who are taking a brief sojourn off Earth are as prepared as possible.

On the flight, people can experience intense altitude and G-forces. “This is sustained G-forces on your body, upwards of what can be 6 G in one direction — which is six times your body weight for upwards of 20 or 30 seconds,” Glenn King, the chief operating officer of the Nastar Center — the aerospace physiology training center that prepared Richard Branson for his flights — told Recode. “That’s a long time when you have six people, or your weight, pressing down on you.”

There’s also the chance that space tourists will be exposed to radiation, though that risk depends on how long you’re in space. “It’s a risk, especially more for the orbital flight than sub-orbital,” explains Whitman Cobb. “Going up in an airplane exposes you to a higher amount of radiation than you would get here on the ground.” She also warns that some tourists will likely barf on the ride.

There doesn’t seem to be an age limit on who can travel, though. The most recent Blue Origin flight included both the youngest person to ever travel to space, an 18-year-old Dutch teenager, as well as the oldest: 82-year-old pilot Wally Funk.

4. How much will tickets cost?

The leaders in commercial space tourism already claim they have a market to support the industry. While Bezos hinted on Tuesday the price would eventually come down — as eventually happened with the high prices of the nascent airline industry — for now, ticket prices are in the low hundreds of thousands, at least for Virgin Galactic . That price point would keep spaceflight out of reach for most of humanity, but there are enough interested rich people that space tourism seems to be economically feasible.

“If you bring it down to $250,000, the wait times [to buy a ticket] will be very long,” Tayur, of Carnegie Mellon, told Recode.

5. What impact will commercial space travel have on the environment?

The emissions of a flight to space can be worse than those of a typical airplane flight because just a few people hop aboard one of these flights, so the emissions per passenger are much higher. That pollution could become much worse if space tourism becomes more popular. Virgin Galactic alone eventually aims to launch 400 of these flights annually.

“The carbon footprint of launching yourself into space in one of these rockets is incredibly high, close to about 100 times higher than if you took a long-haul flight,” Eloise Marais , a physical geography professor at the University College London, told Recode. “It’s incredibly problematic if we want to be environmentally conscious and consider our carbon footprint.”

These flights’ effects on the environment will differ depending on factors like the fuel they use, the energy required to manufacture that fuel, and where they’re headed — and all these factors make it difficult to model their environmental impact. For instance, Jeff Bezos has argued that the liquid hydrogen and oxygen fuel Blue Origin uses is less damaging to the environment than the other space competitors (technically, his flight didn’t release carbon dioxide ), but experts told Recode it could still have significant environmental effects .

There are also other risks we need to keep studying , including the release of soot that could hurt the stratosphere and the ozone. A study from 2010 found that the soot released by 1,000 space tourism flights could warm Antarctica by nearly 1 degree Celsius. “There are some risks that are unknown,” Paul Peeters, a tourism sustainability professor at the Breda University of Applied Sciences, told Recode. “We should do much more work to assess those risks and make sure that they do not occur or to alleviate them somehow — before you start this space tourism business.” Overall, he thinks the environmental costs are reason enough not to take such a trip.

6. Who is regulating commercial space travel?

Right now, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has generally been given the job of overseeing the commercial space industry. But regulation of space is still relatively meager.

One of the biggest areas of concern is licensing launches and making sure that space flights don’t end up hitting all the other flying vehicles humans launch into the sky, like planes and drones. Just this June, a SpaceX flight was held up after a helicopter flew into the zone of the launch.

There’s a lot that still needs to be worked out, especially as there are more of these launches. On Thursday, the Senate hosted a hearing with leaders of the commercial space industry focused on overseeing the growing amount of civil space traffic .

At the same time, the FAA is also overseeing a surging number of spaceports — essentially airports for spaceflight — and making sure there’s enough space for them to safely set up their launches.

But there are other areas where the government could step in. “I think the cybersecurity aspect will also play a very vital role, so that people don’t get hacked,” Tayur said. The FAA told Recode that the agency has participated in developing national principles for space cybersecurity, but Congress hasn’t given it a specific role in looking at the cybersecurity of space.

At some point, the government might also step in to regulate the environmental impact of these flights, too, but that’s not something the FAA currently has jurisdiction over.

In the meantime, no government agency is currently vetting these companies when it comes to the safety of the human passengers aboard. An FAA official confirmed with Recode that while the agency is awarding licenses to companies to carry humans to space , they’re not actually confirming that these trips are safe. That’s jurisdiction Congress won’t give the agency until 2023.

There doesn’t seem to be an abundance of travelers’ insurance policies for space. “Passengers basically sign that they’re waiving all their rights,” Whitman Cobb said. “You’re acknowledging that risk and doing it yourself right now.”

So fair warning, if you decide to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars for a joyride to space: You’d likely have to accept all responsibility if you get hurt.

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Space Tourism: A Closer Look on Safety Sustainability

[Image credit: JPL , copyright notice : can be used without prior permission]

Looking at a rocket launch, it is difficult not to be amazed by the scene of a huge machine shooting straight up into the sky, creating enormous smoke clouds around it. The astronauts on the rocket have trained for years for this moment and have a hectic few months of important scientific work awaiting them. However, with the rise of space tourism, some things have changed. These new space travelers do not receive much training and go to space mostly for their entertainment. While it is impressive that within a few decades, space flight has become so much more accessible, it also raises the question of whether we are prepared for a large space tourism economy, especially from a safety and sustainability standpoint.

Soon after the start of large-scale space activities by the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s, the idea of sending ‘outsiders’ or non-professional astronauts into space started. This first included civilian payload specialists and invited astronauts from allied countries, but later plans for sending tourists into space kicked off – although for multi-million ticket prices. Space agencies were initially hesitant to allow for much space tourism and they only sent a handful of people to their space stations. With the arrival of private companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic, commercial space tourism for much more affordable prices is starting to become a reality, with dozens of tourists crossing the Kármán line in the past few years. Each rocket launched has its effect on the environment. But what is this effect exactly?

The environmental impact of rocket launches in general is difficult to estimate, especially for future rockets which will possibly be used for space tourism. In terms of carbon dioxide for example, rockets burning hydrogen and oxygen (like Blue Origin’s New Shepard) do not directly produce carbon dioxide, though emissions are possibly within the production processes of these fuels. Rockets with direct carbon dioxide emissions, like SpaceX’s Falcon 9, emit approximately 200 to 400 tons of carbon dioxide per launch, comparable to a commercial flight from New York to London [ s ]. However, rockets typically have 1% of the passengers of commercial flights, making the carbon footprint of these passengers much larger.

Carbon dioxide is not the only emission, however. Kerosene-based rockets do not produce ‘clean’ burns, which leads to an emission of black soot into the upper regions of the atmosphere. Even clean, hydrogen-based rockets emit nitrogen and water vapor, resulting in very bright, long-lasting clouds in the upper atmosphere [ s ]. These emissions could both create a cooling or a heating effect, dependent on the conditions. Scientists are also worried about the effects of rocket launches on the ozone layer since every launch creates a small, short-lived hole [ s ]. Private companies are certainly not the only ones to be blamed here, as NASA’s new Space Launch System appears especially polluting [ s ]. However, much is still unknown as much research and data is still missing. Innovations in launch technologies happen very quickly, both looking at capabilities and environmental impact and making long-term predictions are difficult.

While space tourism is a growing market, there are still clear limits to its growth, again related to the price of the journey. While tickets will probably not cost tens of millions anymore, just looking at the payload launch cost per kg of often-used rockets shows that launching someone into space will not cost less than $ 100,000 for the foreseeable future [ s ]. Currently, we are still looking at costs of at least $1 million, which is out of reach for almost anyone (however, the same can be said about private jets – or plane tickets in general [ s ]).

The launch industry, especially for space tourism, is therefore currently still very small and mostly has local and short-term effects on the environment. Even if in relative terms a space tourist has an enormous carbon footprint, in absolute terms the impact is still negligible, especially when looking at the airline industry, with which space flight is often compared. A key difference however is the extent of regulation. The aviation industry is heavily monitored by independent organizations providing air traffic management, standardized communications, and clear international laws. As a result, plane flights are among the safest modes of transport [ s ]. Space flight is more reliant on the safety standards of public or private organizations. Despite historically high safety standards, approximately 3% of astronauts died during their space flight [ s ]. This shows that space flight still is and probably will remain a dangerous industry. A growth in space tourism will inevitably result in more deaths among (largely untrained) tourists.

Luckily, space is not without regulation either. While internationally binding space law is still a challenging subject, one agreement from the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is especially relevant: the Liability Convention. In short, it mandates that a ‘launching state’ is absolutely liable to pay compensation for damages caused by their space assets (to foreign objects). A launching state in this case refers to the state from which a rocket is launched; the US would for example be liable for all damages caused by rockets and satellites launched by SpaceX [ s ]. The Liability Convention assigns absolute liability to States for damage suffered by other States on the ground or in airspace. However, in orbit damages would be assigned to States based on fault. The parameters and threshold of this fault have not been determined within the Liability Convention or other instruments of international law.

Still, this convention forms an enormous responsibility, and as a result, the US, together with countries such as France, Russia, and China, have implemented national regulation that makes launch companies liable through compulsory insurance for the first level of claims, ranging from $50 million to $500 million [ s ]. Any remaining claim above this is covered by the relevant ‘launching state’ (NB: the US has a slightly more complicated system). Apart from that, large space-faring countries often require space companies to obtain a license for launching, which includes a set of safety standards both for manned and cargo flights. While such measures should create a safe space flight environment, there is the fear that launch companies could follow examples from the maritime industry, where ships are registered in far-away tax havens. Space companies could launch from countries with fewer safety standards, making launches cheaper. The launching state would still be responsible for any damages caused by launches, even if they would not be able to actually pay in case of an incident [ s ].

These scenarios are still hypothetical. The only damage payment in such a structure was done by the Soviet Union to Canada in 1981 after they had to clean up a contaminated area in rural Canada due to a Soviet satellite break-up. The payment was done through a settlement after a few years of negotiations. Another request by a small Australian town to the US government to pay a ‘$400 littering fine’ for found satellite debris was unfortunately not answered. Space insurance claims on the other hand can be quite large, in the range of hundreds of millions of dollars, but they have always been between satellite operators, launchers, and manufacturers [ s ]. Claims between two unrelated parties in different parts of the world are a different story.

Insurances for space tourism are also still in the early steps and not enforced by the major space tourism companies [ s ]. The Liability Convention of UNOOSA does not mention anything about the harm done to potential passengers of the launch vehicles, only about other objects in space or on the ground. In fact, the US Federal Aviation Administration explicitly warns that they have not certified any launch and reentry vehicle for carrying people except SpaceX’s Dragon 2 capsule. That is not to say no attention is paid to it. The only deadly crash in commercial space flight testing, involving test pilot Michael Alsbury flying Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo, has been thoroughly investigated by US safety bureaus. The accident was deemed a human error and the result was a set of safety recommendations [ s ]. In the end, companies themselves are responsible for safety.

In conclusion, while the space tourism industry is not exactly a ‘Wild West’, there is still a lot of confusion and therefore freedom in organizing tourism trips into space. Though the total effect of space tourism on the environment is minor, it is very disproportionate to other industries and local effects can be significant. The policy gap that exists, both on the level of sustainability but also on safety, deserves attention and discussion as the sector can easily spiral out of control.

Author: Frank de Veld

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The Future of Space Tourism Is Now. Well, Not Quite.

From zero-pressure balloon trips to astronaut boot camps, reservations for getting off the planet — or pretending to — are skyrocketing. The prices, however, are still out of this world.

By Debra Kamin

Ilida Alvarez has dreamed of traveling to space since she was a child. But Ms. Alvarez, a legal-mediation firm owner, is afraid of flying, and she isn’t a billionaire — two facts that she was sure, until just a few weeks ago, would keep her fantasy as out of reach as the stars. She was wrong.

Ms. Alvarez, 46, and her husband, Rafael Landestoy, recently booked a flight on a 10-person pressurized capsule that — attached to a massive helium-filled balloon — will gently float to 100,000 feet while passengers sip champagne and recline in ergonomic chairs. The reservation required a $500 deposit; the flight itself will cost $50,000 and last six to 12 hours.

“I feel like it was tailor-made for the chickens like me who don’t want to get on a rocket,” said Ms. Alvarez, whose flight, organized by a company called World View , is scheduled to depart from the Grand Canyon in 2024.

Less than a year after Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson kicked off a commercial space race by blasting into the upper atmosphere within weeks of each other last summer, the global space tourism market is skyrocketing, with dozens of companies now offering reservations for everything from zero-pressure balloon trips to astronaut boot camps and simulated zero-gravity flights. But don’t don your spacesuit just yet. While the financial services company UBS estimates the space travel market will be worth $3 billion by 2030, the Federal Aviation Administration has yet to approve most out-of-this-world trips, and construction has not started on the first space hotel. And while access and options — not to mention launchpads — are burgeoning, space tourism remains astronomically expensive for most.

First, what counts as space travel?

Sixty miles (about 100 kilometers) above our heads lies the Kármán line, the widely accepted aeronautical boundary of the earth’s atmosphere. It’s the boundary used by the Féderátion Aéronautique Internationale, which certifies and controls global astronautical records. But many organizations in the United States, including the F.A.A. and NASA, define everything above 50 miles to be space.

Much of the attention has been focused on a trio of billionaire-led rocket companies: Mr. Bezos’ Blue Origin , whose passengers have included William Shatner; Mr. Branson’s Virgin Galactic , where tickets for a suborbital spaceflight start at $450,000; and Elon Musk’s SpaceX , which in September launched an all-civilian spaceflight, with no trained astronauts on board. Mr. Branson’s inaugural Virgin Galactic flight in 2021 reached about 53 miles, while Blue Origin flies above the 62-mile mark. Both are eclipsed by SpaceX, whose rockets charge far deeper in to the cosmos, reaching more than 120 miles above Earth.

Balloons, like those operated by World View, don’t go nearly as high. But even at their maximum altitude of 18 or 19 miles, operators say they float high enough to show travelers the curvature of the planet, and give them a chance to experience the overview effect — an intense perspective shift that many astronauts say kicks in when you view Earth from above.

Now, how to get there …

Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, which are both licensed for passenger space travel by the F.A.A., are open for ticket sales. (Blue Origin remains mum on pricing.) Both companies currently have hundreds or even thousands of earthlings on their wait lists for a whirl to the edge of space. SpaceX charges tens of millions of dollars for its further-reaching flights and is building a new facility in Texas that is currently under F.A.A. review.

Craig Curran is a major space enthusiast — he’s held a reserved seat on a Virgin Galactic flight since 2011 — and the owner of Deprez Travel in Rochester, N.Y. The travel agency has a special space travel arm, Galactic Experiences by Deprez , through which Mr. Curran sells everything from rocket launch tickets to astronaut training.

Sales in the space tourism space, Mr. Curran acknowledges, “are reasonably difficult to make,” and mostly come from peer-to-peer networking. “You can imagine that people who spend $450,000 to go to space probably operate in circles that are not the same as yours and mine,” he said.

Some of Mr. Curran’s most popular offerings include flights where you can experience the same stomach-dropping feeling of zero gravity that astronauts feel in space, which he arranges for clients via chartered, specialized Boeing 727s that are flown in parabolic arcs to mimic being in space. Operators including Zero G also offer the service; the cost is around $8,200.

You can almost count the number of completed space tourist launches on one hand — Blue Origin has had four; SpaceX, two. Virgin Galactic, meanwhile, on Thursday announced the launch of its commercial passenger service, previously scheduled for late 2022, was delayed until early 2023. Many of those on waiting lists are biding their time before blastoff by signing up for training. Axiom Space, which contracts with SpaceX, currently offers NASA-partnered training at Houston’s Johnson Space Center. Virgin Galactic, which already offers a “customized Future Astronaut Readiness program” at its Spaceport America facility in New Mexico, is also partnering with NASA to build a training program for private astronauts.

Would-be space tourists should not expect the rigor that NASA astronauts face. Training for Virgin Galactic’s three-hour trips is included in the cost of a ticket and lasts a handful of days; it includes pilot briefings and being “fitted for your bespoke Under Armour spacesuit and boots,” according to its website.

Not ready for a rocket? Balloon rides offer a less hair-raising celestial experience.

“We go to space at 12 miles an hour, which means that it’s very smooth and very gentle. You’re not rocketing away from earth,” said Jane Poynter, a co-founder and co-chief executive of Space Perspective , which is readying its own touristic balloon spaceship, Spaceship Neptune. If all goes according to plan, voyages are scheduled to begin departing from Florida in 2024, at a cost of $125,000 per person. That’s a fraction of the price tag for Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, but still more than double the average annual salary of an American worker.

Neither Space Perspective nor World View has the required approval yet from the F.A.A. to operate flights.

Unique implications

Whether a capsule or a rocket is your transport, the travel insurance company battleface launched a civilian space insurance plan in late 2021, a direct response, said chief executive Sasha Gainullin, to an increase in space tourism interest and infrastructure. Benefits include accidental death and permanent disablement in space and are valid for spaceflights on operators like SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, as well as on stratospheric balloon rides. They’ve had many inquiries, Mr. Gainullin said, but no purchases just yet.

“Right now it’s such high-net-worth individuals who are traveling to space, so they probably don’t need insurance,” he said. “But for quote-unquote regular travelers, I think we’ll see some takeups soon.”

And as the industry grows, so perhaps will space travel’s impact on the environment. Not only do rocket launches have immense carbon footprints, even some stratospheric balloon flights have potentially significant implications: World View’s balloons are powered by thousands of cubic meters of helium, which is a limited resource . But Ted Parson, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Los Angeles, said that space travel’s environmental impact is still dwarfed by civil aviation. And because space travel is ultra-niche, he believes it’s likely to stay that way.

“Despite extensive projections, space tourism is likely to remain a tiny fraction of commercial space exploration,” he said. “It reminds me of tourism on Mt. Everest. It’s the indulgence of very rich people seeking a transcendent, once-in-a-lifetime experience, and the local environmental burden is intense.”

Stay a while?

In the future, space enthusiasts insist, travelers won’t be traveling to space just for the ride. They’ll want to stay a while. Orbital Assembly Corporation, a manufacturing company whose goal is to colonize space, is currently building the world’s first space hotels — two ring-shaped properties that will orbit Earth, called Pioneer Station and Voyager Station. The company, quite optimistically, projects an opening date of 2025 for Pioneer Station, with a capacity of 28 guests. The design for the larger Voyager Station , which they say will open in 2027, promises villas and suites, as well as a gym, restaurant and bar. Both provide the ultimate luxury: simulated gravity. Axiom Space , a space infrastructure company, is currently building the world’s first private space station; plans include Philippe Starck-designed accommodations for travelers to spend the night.

Joshua Bush, chief executive of travel agency Avenue Two Travel , has sold a handful of seats on upcoming Virgin Galactic flights to customers. The market for space travel (and the sky-high prices that come with it), he believes, will evolve much like civilian air travel did.

“In the beginning of the 20th century, only very affluent people could afford to fly,” he said. “Just as we have Spirit and Southwest Airlines today, there will be some sort of equivalent of that in space travel, too. Hopefully within my lifetime.”

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How safe is space travel? An in-depth look at the risks and how they’re mitigated

Space tourism is seen as a glamorous and exciting adventure by many, but what is often forgotten are the significant risks involved in undertaking a journey to outer space. From the dangers of radiation exposure to the potential for collisions with space debris, there are many hazards that can occur during a space mission.  Space tourism may seem like the final frontier, but it’s actually been around for decades. With advances in technology, more and more people are looking to explore outer space. However, with this new frontier comes new risks. How safe is space travel today? And space travel in the future will be more safely? Is it worth the risk? 

The risks associated with spaceflight are numerous and include everything from accidents during launch to collisions with space debris.

In this blog post, we’re going to take a look at the risks involved in space travel and how they’re mitigated. We’ll also discuss the current state of oversight and regulation in the space industry and why it’s important for ensuring safety. 

How Dangerous are Rocket Flights?

One of the biggest dangers associated with space tourism is the risk of accidents during launch. Rockets are incredibly powerful and can cause a lot of damage if something goes wrong. In fact, there have been several major accidents over the years that resulted in the loss of life or significant damage.

The most famous crash occurred on January 27, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after takeoff, killing all seven crew members on board. The disaster was caused by a faulty O-ring that failed to seal one of the shuttle’s solid rocket boosters, causing hot gas to escape and ignite the external tank.

Other notable accidents include:

• The Apollo 13 mission, which suffered an explosion en route to the moon in 1970
• The Soyuz-11 flight, which crashed on its return to Earth in 1971
• Kalpana Chawla, who was killed in the Columbia disaster while on her second spaceflight in 2003
• The Soyuz-TMA-14M spacecraft lost pressure during reentry and had to make an emergency landing in Kazakhstan

These disasters illustrate just how dangerous rocket flights can be. Luckily, more recent missions have seen much higher levels of safety with no major accidents since 1986’s Challenger explosion. 

This is largely due to the increased use of automation and computer systems for controlling spacecrafts during lift-off. Most modern rockets are able to launch themselves without any human intervention at all from liftoff through landing back onto Earth’s surface.

However, even though there haven’t been many serious accidents recently – it doesn’t mean space tourism is completely safe! There’s still a lot that could go wrong with these types of missions, including engine failure or loss of communication links between the ground and the spacecraft. But in the same way that there are fewer accidents today than in years ago, with the advancement of technology, space travel in the future will be safer and safer. But let’s continue to analyze the current scenario of space tourism.

What is the Risk of Space Debris?

Space debris can be a major hazard for satellites and astronauts. However, there are many different types of space junk floating around Earth’s orbit. Some examples include:

• Meteoroids (small pieces of rock or metal that come from outer space) 
• Asteroids (larger than meteoroids but still small enough not to be considered planets) 
• Comets (large comets with tails made up of mostly water ice) 
• Meteorites (pieces of meteoroids that have fallen onto Earth) 
• Satellites and their parts like solar panels or antennae. This includes both operational satellites as well as defunct ones.

Space junk poses a serious risk for astronauts and spacecraft alike, particularly at low altitudes where it can be difficult to avoid collisions with larger objects, such as orbital debris from previous missions. The International Space Station has had several close calls over the years where pieces of space junk came within meters away before being detected by radar systems on board ISS’s Russian modules!

Accountable to no one?

The space industry is largely unregulated, and there are many safety concerns that have yet to be addressed. Not only space travel in the future, but even now, in our days, needs to have a serious and rigid regulatory system, especially in relation to safety.

For example, the United States has no laws on how much radiation astronauts can receive while in orbit or what kind of training they should receive before going into space. These issues are left up to individual companies who may not prioritize worker health over profit margins. 

There’s also little oversight regarding commercial space travel overall. More than important subject to be re-evaluated for space travel in the future. It’s basically an untapped market right now with no regulations in place at all! This means anyone can set up shop without having their plans properly vetted by experts first – posing a potential threat both financially (as consumers might lose money) but also physically/psychologically as well since people could suffer from illness due to exposure while on board the spacecraft.

The lack of regulation is particularly concerning when it comes to reusable rockets, which use a lot more fuel than traditional launch vehicles but can reduce costs by up to 50%. The increased fuel consumption could lead to explosions or other failures during the flight that may not be detected before lift-off if proper safety measures aren’t taken beforehand. 

Space tourism has always been a risky business – even today! There are many factors at play, and it’s impossible for us humans (or any species) ever truly know what will happen in space until we actually get there ourselves. As technology advances, though, so too does our understanding about how best to mitigate these risks and ensure maximum safety for all those involved, whether they’re on the ground or in orbit.

Current Oversight and Regulation

The space industry is currently overseen by a variety of different agencies, and it can be difficult to keep track of who’s responsible for what.

Some of the key players include:

• The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States is responsible for regulating all aspects of civil aviation, including commercial space travel
• NASA, as an agency within the Department of Defense, is primarily responsible for civilian and military space exploration
• Roscosmos is Russia’s federal space agency and oversees all Russian space programs
• SpaceX is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company
• Virgin Galactics is a British commercial spaceflight company founded by Sir Richard Branson

Each agency has its own specific regulations in place, and there’s some overlap as well, particularly when it comes to safety requirements for spacecraft and satellites.

There are also international agreements between countries that have been signed (like the 1967 Outer Space Treaty), which set out guidelines for how we should behave in space – but these treaties are often vague and open to interpretation, leading to further confusion.

So who’s responsible if something goes wrong? As you can see, it’s not always clear! This can lead to delays or even cancellations of launches when different agencies can’t agree on who should be footing the bill. It also makes it difficult to track down what went wrong.

While all these agencies have their own specific areas of expertise, there is often overlap and confusion about who’s in charge when it comes to safety. For example, the FAA has been known to defer regulation of commercial space launches to NASA , which can create a conflict since NASA is also responsible for conducting its own research and development programs.

There are also many different international organizations involved in space travel, such as the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). These groups work together to develop treaties and regulations governing outer space activities. However, given that no one agency is really in charge of ensuring overall safety across all industries.

There are also other international organizations like ESA (European Space Agency) that work together on various missions but don’t have any regulatory power themselves. As mentioned earlier, there are many concerns that have yet to be addressed when it comes to space tourism.

So, is space travel really safe? It depends on who you ask! There are many risks and hazards associated with both manned and unmanned missions into outer space, but thanks to advances in technology and safety protocols, the chances of something going wrong have been greatly reduced over the years. And we hope that space travel in the future will be regulated and supervised with the aim of increasing security. With that said, it’s important to keep a close eye on the industry as it continues to grow and evolve – we don’t want another Challenger disaster happening anytime soon.

Suborbital Rocket: How does a suborbital rocket land when it returns after space tourism?

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The industry of space tourism could exist in the future. Image:  Unsplash/NASA

.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:hover,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:focus,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);} Steven Freeland

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Stay up to date:.

• In July 2021, entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos went up into space, accompanied by fellow passengers.
• These trips created vast amounts of media coverage and brand recognition for Branson’s Virgin Galactic and Bezos’ Blue Origin.
• This could indicate that a commercial space tourism industry is on the horizon.
• Before space trips become commercially available, important factors such as environmental and safety laws need to be considered.

It’s been a momentous month for space-faring billionaires. On July 11, British entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson’s Unity “rocket-plane” flew him and five fellow passengers about 85 kilometres above Earth. And this week, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos’ New Shepard capsule reached an altitude of 106km , carrying Bezos, his brother, and the oldest and youngest people ever to reach such a height. Passengers on both flights experienced several minutes of weightlessness and took in breathtaking views of our beautiful and fragile Earth.

Both flights created an avalanche of media coverage and brand recognition for Branson’s Virgin Galactic and Bezos’s Blue Origin. There is renewed anticipation of a lucrative commercial space tourism industry that could eventually see thousands of paying passengers journey into space (or not quite into space, depending on your preferred level of pedantry).

This year marks 60 years since Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. Since then, almost 600 trained astronauts have gone into outer space, but very few people have become space tourists.

The first, US engineer Dennis Tito, paid a reported US$20 million to spend six days orbiting Earth in the Russian section of the International Space Station in April 2001, after three months’ training at Russia’s Star City complex. He was followed by a handful of other very wealthy “orbital tourists”, most recently Cirque de Soleil founder Guy Laliberté in 2009, whose ticket reportedly cost US$35 million.

Unlike their predecessors, Branson’s and Bezos’ flights were suborbital – they didn’t reach the velocity needed to orbit Earth. Bezos’s entire flight lasted just over 10 minutes. Suborbital flights are much less technically complex, and in theory cheaper (although one seat on the New Shepard flight was auctioned for US$28 million ).

While they might quibble over billionaire bragging rights, there’s no denying that suborbital “space” flights have the potential to be less eye-wateringly expensive than going into orbital outer space and beyond.

But before you sign up – assuming you’re lucky enough to afford it – here are a few things to consider.

Where does space start, anyway?

Have you read, how many space launches does it take to have a serious climate impact, from space squid to saliva: what's inside nasa's cargo missions and why, the big space clean-up - and why it matters.

Despite assertions to the contrary , there is no legal definition of “outer space”, and thus no official boundary where airspace ends and outer space begins. In the past, the International Aeronautical Federation has looked to the von Karman line , but this does not coincide with the boundary of any of the atmosphere’s scientifically defined layers, and the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space , which deals with such issues, has not yet resolved the question.

Conveniently for Branson, 80km has been proposed by some experts as an appropriate boundary.

Outer space is undeniably influenced by Earthly geopolitics. Essentially, the larger space-faring countries see no need to legally define a boundary that would clearly demarcate the upper limits of their sovereignty.

Will you be an ‘astronaut’?

The 1967 UN Outer Space Treaty designates astronauts as “envoys of (hu)mankind in outer space”. Certainly, that seemed to be the case as the world watched the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing and prayed for a safe return of the stricken Apollo 13 capsule. However, the 1968 UN Rescue Agreement refers to “personnel of a spacecraft”, which may imply not everyone on board should be considered a fully fledged astronaut.

Of course, these legal niceties won’t deter space tourism companies from awarding “astronaut wings” to their passengers.

What laws apply when things go wrong?

The 1986 Challenger and 2003 Columbia shuttle disasters are stark reminders of the dangers of space travel. Human space travel has always involved determining acceptable levels of risk for trained astronauts. But commercial space tourism is different to state-sponsored space programs, and will need the highest possible safety standards.

Commercial space travel will also require a system of responsibility and liability, for cases in which a space tourist suffers injury, loss or damage.

Space tourists (or their families) can’t claim for compensation under the 1972 UN Liability Convention which, in terms of space, applies only to collisions between space objects such as satellites and space debris. While there may be scope to take legal action under national laws, it is likely space tourists will be asked to sign carefully worded waivers of liability.

The same is probably true of international air law , which applies to “aircraft” — a designation space tourism operators will understandably be keen to avoid.

Ultimately, we may need to develop a system of “aerospace law” to govern these suborbital flights as well as “transorbital” transport such as the keenly envisaged flights that might one day take passengers from Sydney to London in just a few hours.

What activities should be allowed in space?

The advent of space tourism will give rise to some interesting ethical questions. Should there be advertising billboards in space? What about casinos, or brothels? On what legal basis should these things be restricted?

How does tourism fit with the underlying philosophy of space law: that the exploration and use of outer space “shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries”?

Will space tourism harm the environment?

Space tourism will inevitably put pressure on Earth’s environment – there are claims that space vehicles may one day become the world’s biggest source of carbon dioxide emissions. We will need to manage space traffic carefully to avoid disastrous collisions and steer clear of space debris .

If tourists go to the Moon, they may cause pollution or damage the heritage of earlier exploration, such as Neil Armstrong’s footprints .

Will tourism workers have to live in space?

If space tourism does become truly widespread, it will need infrastructure and perhaps even staff. People may end up living permanently in space settlements, perhaps having children who will be born as “space citizens”. What legal rights would someone have if they were born at a Moon base? Would they be subject to terrestrial laws, or some version of current international legal rules for outer space?

The World Economic Forum was the first to draw the world’s attention to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the current period of unprecedented change driven by rapid technological advances. Policies, norms and regulations have not been able to keep up with the pace of innovation, creating a growing need to fill this gap.

The Forum established the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Network in 2017 to ensure that new and emerging technologies will help—not harm—humanity in the future. Headquartered in San Francisco, the network launched centres in China, India and Japan in 2018 and is rapidly establishing locally-run Affiliate Centres in many countries around the world.

The global network is working closely with partners from government, business, academia and civil society to co-design and pilot agile frameworks for governing new and emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) , autonomous vehicles , blockchain , data policy , digital trade , drones , internet of things (IoT) , precision medicine and environmental innovations .

Learn more about the groundbreaking work that the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Network is doing to prepare us for the future.

Want to help us shape the Fourth Industrial Revolution? Contact us to find out how you can become a member or partner.

These are obviously questions for the future. But given the excitement generated by the brief journeys of a couple of wealthy entrepreneurs, we should start contemplating them now. Outer space is the new frontier, but it is not — and must not — be a lawless one.

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Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions

by Mike Lockwood, The Conversation

Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit , where commercial astronauts could make extended stays.

This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

Axiom, which was founded in 2016, was the first company to conduct privately funded missions to the ISS. Under Axiom's Space Access Program , it has been offering different countries the opportunity to design customized missions to orbit aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft. As such, it recently signed an agreement with the UK Space Agency for an all-UK astronaut mission to the ISS.

Nasa is increasingly partnering with private companies to accomplish its space missions. However, initiatives such as the one with Axiom to fly multiple tourist missions to the ISS mark a new kind of commercialization of space.

Axiom's planned commercial space station will first be built as an add-on to the ISS. It will then be detached so that it becomes independent. Space tourism is a key part of its business model.

Axiom is not alone in its aims. Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin, aerospace giant Northop Grumman, and smaller companies such as Nanoracks and Sierra Space are all developing their own space station designs. These are aimed at operating in low Earth orbit within the next decade.

Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman and Nanoracks have been awarded US$415 million (£335 million) by Nasa under the agency's Low Earth Economy strategy to develop their space station concepts. In effect, the Nasa strategy uses public money to enable private companies to bring in commercial money. This private investment then helps provide the infrastructure needed for science and operations in low Earth orbit.

The scientific case for putting humans in space has historically been very weak—though not non-existent. Modern robotics and remote-control systems are now so good that the case is even weaker today than it ever was.

To most scientists, human space missions are vanity projects to do with national prestige. However, most will concede that there are huge benefits in terms of public engagement and inspiration. If they were fully costed, though, it's unlikely that some experiments would be funded by the peer review panels of the science funding agencies.

Space junk concerns

There are also major concerns about risks posed by the increase in the general number of space missions , particularly because space junk is already a major problem in low Earth orbit. In 1978, Nasa scientist Donald J Kessler described the "Kessler syndrome" —a potential runaway effect where a collision in space could spark many more debris impacts, leading to the destruction of multiple spacecraft, or even the majority of low Earth orbit spacecraft .

Since 1999, the ISS has had to maneuver to avoid large pieces of space junk 32 times. Recently, the risk has been raised by a huge increase in the number of craft in low Earth orbit. In particular, since 2019, SpaceX and its competitors, such as OneWeb and Amazon Kuiper have embarked on programs of launching tens of thousands of satellites into low Earth orbit to provide internet access .

However, less than 0.5% of internet traffic is currently carried by satellite communications. Despite the potential benefits to unconnected people in rural areas , upfront and subscription costs mean that Starlink's current subscribers, make up less than 0.02% of the global population . They include many cruise ships , private jets and luxury yachts .

Environmental concerns

The other area of great concern is the environmental effect of sending more people to space. It would increase the climate impacts of space activities by an order of magnitude . This would exacerbate the problems society is already experiencing.

At present, the richest 1% of humans are emitting about 100 times more CO₂ than the poorest 10%. Internationally, policymakers are increasingly aware of the way that certain populations around the world may be affected more harshly by climate change than others. They are also aware of the pressures and instability generated by mass migration caused by climate change . Space tourism adds to this inequality.

There are other serious environmental concerns . Launches, particularly with solid rocket boosters, cause stratospheric ozone depletion . There are also worrying levels of atmospheric pollution by metals caused by so many launches and so much , re-entering debris .

This is an area that is moving forward with astounding speed. At first sight, it seems that we can harness the excitement and wonder of space travel to fund new opportunities for science and develop technology that's of great benefit to humankind.

However, it would be wise to take the time to think through the potential consequences carefully. The human, or crewed, element means that the financial model of commercial human spaceflight is vulnerable to just a single failure, as the recent Titan submersible implosion proved.

Even more importantly, activities in low Earth orbit are a hugely valuable, yet vulnerable resource. They provide us with environmental and disaster monitoring systems, weather and climate monitoring, vegetation and crop growth measurements, geolocation and navigation (such as GPS) as well as communications.

Despite my previous comments about their main rationale not being scientific, space stations such as the ISS have provided some unique opportunities for working in zero gravity. There have been some remarkable impacts in, for example, medical and materials research.

We must not destroy the vital resource of low Earth orbit with space junk. And we cannot just ignore the implications for the climate and environmental justice.

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Space tourism – 20 years in the making – is finally ready for launch

Professor of Strategy and Security Studies, Air University

Disclosure statement

Wendy Whitman Cobb is affiliated with the US Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. Her views are her own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any of its affiliates.

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For most people, getting to the stars is nothing more than a dream. On April 28, 2001, Dennis Tito achieved that lifelong goal – but he wasn’t a typical astronaut. Tito, a wealthy businessman, paid US$20 million for a seat on a Russian Soyuz spacecraft to be the first tourist to visit the International Space Station. Only seven people have followed suit in the 20 years since, but that number is poised to double in the next 12 months alone.

NASA has long been hesitant to play host to space tourists , so Russia – looking for sources of money post-Cold War in the 1990s and 2000s – has been the only option available for those looking for this kind of extreme adventure. However, it seems the rise of private space companies is going to make it easier for regular people to experience space.

From my perspective as a space policy analyst , I see the beginning of an era in which more people can experience space. With companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin hoping to build a future for humanity in space, space tourism is a way to demonstrate both the safety and reliability of space travel to the general public.

The development of space tourism

Flights to space like Dennis Tito’s are expensive for a reason. A rocket must burn a lot of costly fuel to travel high and fast enough to enter Earth’s orbit.

Another cheaper possibility is a suborbital launch, with the rocket going high enough to reach the edge of space and coming right back down. While passengers on a suborbital trip experience weightlessness and incredible views, these launches are more accessible.

The difficulty and expense of either option has meant that, traditionally, only nation-states have been able to explore space. This began to change in the 1990s as a series of entrepreneurs entered the space arena. Three companies led by billionaire CEOs have emerged as the major players: Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin and SpaceX. Though none have taken paying, private customers to space, all anticipate doing so in the very near future.

British billionaire Richard Branson has built his brand on not just business but also his love of adventure. In pursuing space tourism, Branson has brought both of those to bear. He established Virgin Galactic after buying SpaceShipOne - a company that won the Ansari X-Prize by building the first reusable spaceship. Since then, Virgin Galactic has sought to design, build and fly a larger SpaceShipTwo that can carry up to six passengers in a suborbital flight.

The going has been harder than anticipated. While Branson predicted opening the business to tourists in 2009, Virgin Galactic has encountered some significant hurdles – including the death of a pilot in a crash in 2014 . After the crash, engineers found significant problems with the design of the vehicle, which required modifications.

Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, respective leaders of SpaceX and Blue Origin, began their own ventures in the early 2000s.

Musk, fearing that a catastrophe of some sort could leave Earth uninhabitable, was frustrated at the lack of progress in making humanity a multiplanetary species. He founded SpaceX in 2002 with the goal of first developing reusable launch technology to decrease the cost of getting to space. Since then, SpaceX has found success with its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft. SpaceX’s ultimate goal is human settlement of Mars – sending paying customers to space is an intermediate step. Musk says he hopes to show that space travel can be done easily and that tourism might provide a revenue stream to support development of the larger, Mars-focused Starship system.

Bezos, inspired by the vision of physicist Gerard O’Neill , wants to expand humanity and industry not to Mars, but to space itself. Blue Origin , established in 2004, has proceeded slowly and quietly in also developing reusable rockets. Its New Shepard rocket, first successfully flown in 2015, will eventually offer tourists a suborbital trip to the edge of space, similar to Virgin Galactic’s. For Bezos, these launches represent an effort at making space travel routine, reliable and accessible to people as a first step to enabling further space exploration.

Outlook for the future

Now, SpaceX is the only option for someone looking to go into space and orbit the Earth. It currently has two tourist launches planned. The first is scheduled for as early as September 2021 , funded by billionaire businessman Jared Isaacman. The other trip, planned for 2022, is being organized by Axiom Space . These trips will be costly , at $55 million for the flight and a stay on the International Space Station. The high cost has led some to warn that space tourism – and private access to space more broadly – might reinforce inequality between rich and poor.

Blue Origin’s and Virgin Galactic’s suborbital trips are far more reasonable in cost, with both priced between $200,000 and $250,000 . Blue Origin appears to be the nearest to allowing paying customers on board, saying after a recent launch that crewed missions would be happening “soon.” Virgin Galactic continues to test SpaceShipTwo, but no specific timetable has been announced for tourist flights.

Though these prices are high, it is worth considering that Dennis Tito’s $20 million ticket in 2001 could pay for 100 flights on Blue Origin soon. The experience of viewing the Earth from space, though, may prove to be priceless for a whole new generation of space explorers.

[ Over 104,000 readers rely on The Conversation’s newsletter to understand the world. Sign up today .]

An updated version of this article was published on May 7, 2021. Read it here .

• Space tourism
• International Space Station (ISS)
• Virgin Galactic
• Space industry
• Blue Origin
• Private spaceflight

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You Won’t Hear Much About the Next Chapter of Space Travel

Space tourism is getting less transparent, and more like traveling by private jet.

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Of all the high-flying tourism ventures spawned by space-obsessed billionaires, Virgin Galactic, founded by Richard Branson, offers perhaps the most unconventional approach. It doesn’t use big rockets or gumdrop-shaped capsules. Instead, an airplane takes off with a spacecraft strapped to its wing. The spacecraft, shaped like a plane itself, holds the paying customers and more pilots. When the airplane reaches a certain altitude, it releases the spacecraft. The spacecraft’s pilots then ignite its engine, and the vehicle soars straight up, to the fuzzy boundary that separates us from the rest of the universe, before gliding back down and landing on a runway.

The spaceplane experience is a stark contrast to Blue Origin’s suborbital jaunts and SpaceX’s orbital missions, but Virgin Galactic’s passengers still have a few surreal minutes of weightlessness, and they get to see the planet gleaming against the darkness of space. Those passengers have included the first former Olympian to reach space, as well as the first mother-daughter duo and, most recently, the first Pakistani .

In the midst of all that, Virgin Galactic clocked a first that raised some eyebrows: The company withheld the passenger list from the public before a takeoff last month, divulging the travelers’ names only after they had landed. The company never publicly explained its preflight secrecy. (Virgin Galactic did not respond to a request for comment.) Yesterday, Virgin Galactic announced its next flight, scheduled for November; the company kept one of the three listed passengers anonymous, saying only that the person is “of Franco-Italian nationality.”

Virgin is of course within its rights to withhold passenger names before takeoff. After all, airlines and railroads keep private the names of their customers. But Virgin Galactic’s choice to do so marks a subtle shift—the latest in U.S. spaceflight’s arc from a publicly funded national mission to private tourism. NASA, as a taxpayer-funded organization, has always had to provide the public with launch lists and livestreams. But the age of space tourism raises a host of questions: How much openness do space-tourism companies owe the public? How much privacy do they owe their customers? Before the Virgin flight returned home last month, it operated almost like a privately chartered plane, its movements known to relevant aviation agencies but its passengers’ names undisclosed to the public. Commercial spaceflight and air travel are still far from alike, but in this particular aspect, the space-tourism industry may be drifting toward its private-jet era.

Read: The new ‘right stuff’ is money and luck

In practice, the space-tourism industry is barely more than two years old, and it’s “still finding its norms,” says Carissa Christensen, a space consultant and the CEO of BryceTech, an analytics and engineering firm. The first passenger rosters were marquee news in 2021, when Branson and Jeff Bezos were racing to be the first to ride their own spacecraft , and Elon Musk’s SpaceX was working to send a quartet of private astronauts with zero spaceflight experience into orbit.

All three of their companies publicized, and even hyped, the passenger lists, in some cases months in advance. Wally Funk, an octogenarian aviator who had outperformed male candidates in astronaut tests during the 1960s but was kept out of the astronaut corps because she was a woman, flew alongside Bezos . Jared Isaacman, a billionaire businessman, paid for three other people to fly into orbit with him on SpaceX; all of them gave countless interviews before launch. And who can forget the hype ahead of William Shatner’s flight, and the Star Trek star’s unfiltered, emotional remarks after landing?

The rosters became less noteworthy as time went on: The customers were no longer memorable guests who got free rides, but simply very wealthy people who could afford the trips on their own. Last month’s temporarily secret Virgin Galactic fliers included a real-estate investor from Las Vegas, a South African entrepreneur, and a British engineer who founded a company that builds race cars. Michelle Hanlon, a space lawyer and the executive director of the University of Mississippi’s Center for Air and Space Law, told me that she was mildly surprised by Virgin Galactic’s decision to withhold the passengers’ identities before takeoff, but that the decision did not strike her as inappropriate.

“From a paparazzi standpoint, if it’s Ashton Kutcher, the world’s gonna care a little bit more than if it’s Michelle Hanlon,” Hanlon said. (Kutcher did, in fact, purchase a Virgin Galactic ticket in 2012, but he later sold it back to the company after his wife and fellow actor, Mila Kunis, talked him out of going.) And from a legal standpoint, nothing inappropriate occurred, Hanlon said; there are no existing requirements for a private company to disclose passenger names. Space travelers must sign waivers from the Federal Aviation Administration outlining the risks associated with the activity, she said, but the companies they’re flying with are not required to provide the agency with a passenger list.

Read: Jeff Bezos knows who paid for him to go to space

Passenger names aren’t the only details of commercial spaceflight that are becoming more opaque. When SpaceX launched its first set of private astronauts, the company shared significantly less live footage of their experience in orbit than they did when NASA astronauts test-drove the capsule a year earlier. During its last two flights, Virgin Galactic decided not to provide a livestream, giving updates on social media instead.

Because there are no regulations, it’s difficult to say when the companies’ right to privacy becomes a concerning level of secrecy. NASA overshares when it comes to its astronauts and their mission, because the public—which funds the agency—expects it. Americans might also expect a good look at SpaceX customers who visit the International Space Station, which relies on billions of dollars of taxpayer money, and where private visitors share meals with government astronauts. But what about other kinds of SpaceX missions, which go into orbit without disembarking at any government-owned facility? The company developed its crewed launch services with significant investment from NASA, so virtually every SpaceX trip indirectly involves government money. That doesn’t necessarily mean SpaceX is obligated to share as the space agency does, even if people on the ground feel that it should.

Another major difference between NASA missions and private ones, of course, is that astronauts are at work, whereas many space tourists are presumably just having fun. Caryn Schenewerk, a consultant who specializes in commercial spaceflight at her firm CS Consulting, told me that she thinks commercial spaceflight will adopt the practices of other forms of adventure tourism. Take skydiving, for example: Schenewerk said that she has signed paperwork granting the skydiving company permission to use footage of her experience for its own purposes. “There’s some expectation of privacy on the individual’s behalf that then has to be actively waived for the company’s benefit,” she said.

The once-anonymous Virgin Galactic passengers on the September flight have since publicly shared their stories , basking in the awe of their experience. Christensen told me that most future tourists will likely do the same. “A big part of the fun is other people knowing that you’ve done it,” she said. Flying to space isn’t exactly something to be modest about: Fewer than 700 people have done it since human beings first achieved the feat, in the early 1960s, and we know all of their names. If Virgin’s new mystery passenger doesn’t reveal their name, they really will make history.

Read: Seeing Earth from space will change you

Many spacefarers—the Soviet cosmonauts who inhabited the first space station, the American astronauts who shuttled their way into orbit, the Chinese astronauts living in space right now, all of the people who have flown commercial—have spoken about the transformational wonder of seeing Earth from space, a phenomenon known as the overview effect . They reported that they better understood the reality of our beautiful, fragile planet, and that they felt a duty to share their impressions with people on the ground. Gene Cernan, one of the dozen men who walked on the lunar surface, once said, “If only everyone could relate to the beauty and the purposefulness of it … It wouldn’t bring a utopia to this planet for people to understand it all, but it might make a difference.” In this sense, for a space traveler to remain unknown forever would be a sort of anti–overview effect: Just as they may have the right to request some privacy, they have no obligation to bring the transcendent power of their journey back to Earth.

Three years ago, two NASA astronauts made a historic flight on a new SpaceX astronaut capsule. Ahead of the mission, I asked NASA what Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken were going to have for breakfast on the morning of the launch. It was a question with a long tradition in spacefaring history: During the Apollo days, the public was privy to the final Earth-bound meals of history-making astronauts. NASA officials balked, saying they couldn’t divulge that information for privacy reasons. But on the day of the launch, Hurley, as if to sate the space press corps, posted a picture of his steak and eggs on Twitter (as it was still known then).

Hurley and Behnken’s preflight hours seemed like fair game; after all, these men were government employees, doing their job on their assigned mission. But future passengers may decide that we have no business knowing their breakfast order—or even their name.

February 18, 2014

Can Space Tourism Companies Keep Their Customers Safe and Healthy?

Are overeager space tourists endangering their health?

By Katherine Harmon Courage

Keeping people healthy in space has been a major challenge since the first days of spaceflight. That is partly why NASA has always favored the crème de la healthy crème of human specimens for its missions. Now, however, the burgeoning business of commercial spaceflight is poised to open the galaxy's doors to a much larger—and unhealthier—pool of passengers. If private spaceflight companies keep their promise to allow people of average health to fly, space tourism could become a $1.3-billion industry with more than 25,000 customers by 2021, according to consulting firm Futron Corporation. Virgin Galactic has already booked at least 680 reservations for a two-and-a-half-hour-long trip, with about four minutes spent in what is technically “space”—just more than 100 kilometers above Earth's surface. And a Russian company called Orbital Technologies hopes to build a space hotel equipped for five-day stays at more than 320 kilometers above the highest suite on Earth.

Fewer than a dozen paying customers have made the journey into space so far. We can guess at the kinds of medical problems new waves of space tourists may encounter, however, by examining the experiences of professional astronauts between the 1960s and today. Major health issues for these explorers have included weakened bones and muscles, poor vision, nausea and insomnia. In addition to all these risks, untrained tourists will almost certainly face a wider array of “health problems that you haven't had to deal with in space before,” says Jeffrey Jones, a member of the Center for Space Medicine at Baylor College. Even a brief sojourn into space could present serious health concerns for the elderly and those with high blood pressure because of the enormous compression the body endures during takeoff and reentry. Longer voyages will likely aggravate many common medical disorders—including asthma, heart disease and cancer—that would usually disqualify someone from a NASA flight.

Currently there are no federal or state regulations that determine who is eligible for commercial spaceflight, so companies are free to set their own no-fly standards. A Virgin Galactic spokesperson says “most people” will be allowed to fly with them. Some doctors have begun drawing up screening guidelines for those who hope to vacation among the stars; others are considering how to modify a few Earth-bound medical procedures so that, if necessary, they can be applied in space.

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New Pressure

The issues to be tackled are formidable. In the past half a century, researchers have learned that space travel changes just about every system in the human body. Launch and reentry place people under strong gravitational forces ( g -forces), a measure of the stress to which the body is subjected during acceleration. High g -forces make the heart work extra hard to circulate blood, especially to the brain (which is one reason high g -forces can cause people to lose consciousness). Some commercial spaceflight companies have offered to help customers prepare for the intense strain by whipping them around in a giant centrifuge machine, but the training is not mandatory.

Orbiting Earth in free-fall at, say, 28,000 kilometers per hour and about 400 kilometers above the planet's surface—as is the case for the International Space Station—creates a state of weightlessness. On Earth, gravity keeps the bulk of our fluids in our lower half. When we are weightless, fluids spread out more evenly, draining from the legs and filling up the chest and head. In the process, fluid disperses through the inner ear tubes that help us keep our balance, resulting in nausea, which—even more than pain—is notoriously difficult to ignore and, if followed by vomiting, can lead to severe dehydration. Despite learning techniques to tolerate nausea, professional astronauts often feel queasy during the first days of a flight, so we can expect plenty of sick-to-their-stomach civilians.

Increased fluid in the head is also responsible for one of the most frequent complaints among astronauts after the all too common “space sickness”: poor eyesight. All of that excess cranial pressure can flatten the back of the eyeball and thus blur vision.

In addition to shifting fluids, prolonged weightlessness weakens the skeleton. Because astronauts are no longer walking or performing other weight-bearing activities, bone loses between 1 and 2 percent of its mineral density each month in space, says Jeffery Sutton, director of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute. As an added danger, calcium that leaches from bone can contribute to kidney stones—nuggets of minerals that can painfully obstruct the urinary tract.

Muscles also deteriorate in microgravity because they no longer have to work to support the body throughout the day. Although exercise in space can help slow such decay, fluid redistribution becomes a problem once again. Unusually high levels of lactic acid—which is responsible for cramps and aches during a workout—pool in the muscles of space exercisers, cutting their routines short.

Particularly concerning is how space alters the body's hardest-working muscle: the heart. Marlene Grenon of the University of California, San Francisco, and her colleagues have discovered that after just 24 hours in a simulated microgravity environment, the cells that line blood vessels change shape, adhere in different ways and use a different mix of genes than usual.

Space travel takes its toll on the mind as well as the body. Getting a good night's rest in microgravity can be difficult because of persistent lights and sounds on a spacecraft and the eerie feeling of weightlessness. In several grounded simulations of long-term space travel, astronauts living in close quarters occasionally became depressed and foggy. Considering how aggravated airline passengers can get after a flight across the Atlantic, sending a group of space tourists on a seven-month trip to Mars, as the Mars One organization wants to do, might be asking for mutiny.

Galaxy of Woes

Space tourists of average and poor health are bound to face a whole host of medical concerns on top of what even a NASA Adonis must worry about. Most commercial spaceflight customers are likely to be at least middle-aged, which means many will have high blood pressure and heart disease, common disorders for their age range.

Fluid redistribution is particularly dangerous for people with heart disease. As fluids move to the chest and head, rising pressure in the skull bumps up the risk of bursting blood vessels and damaging brain tissue. Similarly, increasing pressure inside the lungs from extra fluid can trigger an asthma attack—a sudden and acute constriction of the airways.

Even motion sickness could be extra dangerous to people with existing cardiovascular disorders. The dehydration, panting and racing blood pressure that come with excessive use of the barf bag, Jones points out, tire the cardiovascular system, which, if already weakened, could culminate in a heart attack. Some scientists have begun studying the heart in rats that are half-suspended (often by their tail), which somewhat mimics the fluid redistribution that happens in microgravity. So far they have learned that after a month—even in this experimental environment—the animals' heart muscle itself changes, becoming larger and less efficient; similar cardiac deconditioning has been reported in human astronauts.

Like microgravity, another one of the greatest dangers to space tourists is something they cannot see with their own eyes: radiation. Giant magnetic fields surrounding Earth deflect electromagnetic energy emanating from stars and black holes that would otherwise incinerate us. Once you leave Earth's magnetosphere behind, you are exposed to all that energy, which shreds DNA and can cause mutations that make a healthy cell start multiplying uncontrollably, leading to cancer.

Supremely healthy astronauts can spend hundreds of days in space without terribly increasing their rates of cancer. But if Mars One is serious about setting up colonies on the Red Planet, it will have to protect its passengers from radiation on the voyage—as well as at the atmosphereless destination. And skittering particles and electromagnetic waves could unfavorably tip the scales for anyone with a genetic predisposition to cancer.

Final Frontier Medicine

Pinpointing who is vulnerable to illness in space is still not enough to guarantee the well-being of space travelers. We must also learn how to adapt medical procedures we have perfected on Earth.

Dorit Donoviel, deputy chief scientist at the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, and her colleagues are exploring easy, noninvasive techniques as alternatives to standard medical practice in space. Traditionally doctors check for a change in brain pressure by sticking a needle into the spinal column or directly into the skull—a procedure that might not fly in space, especially without an attending physician. Instead Donoviel has been trying to gauge changes in internal pressure by recording how sound waves travel through the eye sockets and ear canals. And infrared light, which is absorbed and refracted differently by healthy and injured tissue, might be able to identify internal bleeding. Portable diagnostic devices based on infrared or ultrasound signals would be far more likely to make it to space than the bulky and heavy machines used for MRIs and CT scans.

In the meantime, a report published in 2012 in BMJ recommends that primary care clinicians start getting ready to evaluate patients who want to try commercial spaceflight. Conditions such as heart disease, uncontrolled asthma or high blood pressure should merit a warning and explanation of risks from a physician. Researchers are also devising simple ways to get hopeful tourists as healthy as possible before they ever set foot onboard a spacecraft. Low-tech solutions such as making sure people are well nourished and properly hydrated in the weeks before launch might go a fair way toward ensuring an emergency-free flight.

Virgin Galactic says it will offer customers three days of training that will include “physical tests” and “a medical screening” but is not disclosing the precise criteria used to approve tourists for flight, if any. For now the onus falls mainly on tourists and their doctors to take precautions. As a consolation to anyone who must stay grounded, just remember: there's so much to discover on our planet. I hear Iceland is out of this world.

Space Tourism Safety Protocols: Ensuring Security Beyond Earth

• February 23rd, 2024
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Table Of Contents

With the dawn of commercial space flights, the topic of space tourism safety protocols has never been more pressing. As we venture beyond the familiar confines of Earth, ensuring the safety of passengers in the vastly different environment of space is crucial. The industry has seen rapid growth, with private companies offering suborbital flights and outlining plans for orbital experiences. This burgeoning sector presents unique challenges and requires stringent safety measures.

Understanding the risks inherent to space travel is essential for both tourists and operators. From the intense forces experienced during launch to the exposure to cosmic radiation outside of Earth’s protective atmosphere, all potential hazards must be carefully evaluated. It’s not just about the thrill of venturing into space; it’s about returning home safely. Therefore, robust safety protocols and regular oversight are imperative. Regulations and best practices are continually being developed to standardise safety measures and training for space flight participants.

Key Takeaways

• Space tourism demands stringent safety protocols due to its unique risks.
• Regulatory frameworks are crucial for standardising safety in space travel .
• Continuous development in safety measures is essential for the growth of space tourism.

The Emergence of Space Tourism

As we explore the burgeoning domain of space tourism, it’s crucial to recognise the milestones that have paved the way, the significant contenders driving the industry, and the market dynamics shaping this novel realm of exploration.

Historical Milestones

Space tourism has transitioned from a science fiction dream to palpable reality. It began with Dennis Tito ‘s landmark journey in 2001 as the first private spacefarer aboard the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Since then, several self-funded individuals have journeyed to the International Space Station (ISS), showcasing the potential for a broader commercial space travel market.

Key Players in the Industry

Virgin Galactic , SpaceX , and Blue Origin have emerged as trailblazers in the commercial spaceflight industry. Virgin Galactic has been working on suborbital trips with its SpaceShipTwo, a vehicle designed for six passengers. SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, has plans to extend its offerings beyond current cargo missions to include manned flights. Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin aspires to cater to both orbital and suborbital tourism through its New Shepard rocket — a testament to the ongoing innovation within the sector.

Market Dynamics

The cost of engaging in space tourism is a defining factor in the market’s development. Initially, space experiences were afforded only by the ultra-wealthy, but ongoing technological advancements promise broader access in the near future. A component of this shift is visible at early space tourism websites like SpaceVoyageVentures.com , which details emerging and available space tourism opportunities. As cost decreases and access widens, we can anticipate greater public participation in this new frontier.

Understanding The Risks of Space Travel

When we consider travelling beyond Earth’s atmosphere, understanding the potential risks is crucial for ensuring safety. Factors such as the physical and mental strain on the body, the possibility of accidents, and the reliability of technical systems are all vital areas to address.

Physical and Mental Health Risks

Space travel exposes individuals to unique health risks that we must carefully manage. Radiation exposure is significantly higher outside of Earth’s protective magnetic field, which can lead to an increased risk of cancer and other health issues. Extended periods of weightlessness also have physical effects, such as muscle atrophy and bone density loss.

Mentally, the isolation and confinement can result in psychological stress. Pre-flight training includes preparation for these conditions, but the actual experience can still be taxing on space tourists. On websites like SpaceVoyageVentures.com , prospective travellers can find detailed explanations of these health risks.

Risk of Accidents

The history of space exploration has recorded incidents that highlight the risk of accidents during space travel. The disintegration of the Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after liftoff in 1986, and the Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003 during its re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere, serve as solemn reminders of the potential for catastrophic consequences.

Debris in space , such as disused satellites and spent rocket stages, poses additional collision dangers, potentially causing critical damage to spacecraft. Every mission must have a strict debris avoidance strategy to mitigate these risks.

Technical and Mechanical Failures

The complexity of spacecraft design inherently includes the risk of technical and mechanical failures . Spacecraft systems are engineered with multiple redundancies to prevent a single-point failure from ending a mission catastrophically.

We rigorously test all components for faults and lifespan under space conditions. However, the extreme environment of space can impact even the most robust systems unexpectedly. Continuous monitoring and the ability to perform in-flight repairs are integral to mission protocols to ensure the safety of space tourists.

Safety Protocols and Standards

In the burgeoning industry of space tourism, our commitment to safety is paramount. We address this through rigorous onboard safety measures, comprehensive pre-flight training, and strict adherence to regulatory compliance.

Onboard Safety Measures

For every space tourism mission, onboard safety is our top priority. Our spacecraft are equipped with the latest safety technologies to manage both routine and emergency scenarios. These measures include automated hazard detection systems , fire suppression capabilities , and life support redundancies to ensure travellers’ well-being in the unique environment of space. In-flight safety protocols are designed in alignment with established safety standards , drawing on aerospace best practices to minimise risks. Every craft undergoes regular inspections to maintain its license and certification from bodies such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) .

Pre-Flight Training and Simulations

Before embarking on a space voyage, passengers receive extensive training encompassing a range of simulations and educational modules. This includes familiarisation with spacecraft systems, emergency procedures , and managing the physical effects of space, such as microgravity. We ensure that everyone on board is thoroughly prepared for the journey ahead, which enhances their safety and overall experience.

Regulatory Compliance

Our operations strictly conform to the safety regulations and standards set forth by the FAA and other relevant authorities. Compliance is not just about adhering to existing laws, it’s about exceeding them to safeguard all aspects of our missions. We actively partake in ongoing dialogues to refine safety regulations and strive for continuous improvement. Our licensing process is comprehensive, embedding safety at the core of our company ethos, with all necessary certifications and regular safety audits reinforcing our determination to operate at the pinnacle of safety excellence.

As pioneers in space tourism, we at SpaceVoyageVentures.com stand at the forefront of shaping the future of safe space travel for everyone.

Regulatory Framework and Oversight

Safety is paramount in the burgeoning field of space tourism, where regulatory frameworks and oversight bodies ensure the wellbeing of civilians venturing beyond Earth’s atmosphere. We’ll explore the roles of the Federal Aviation Administration, international treaties, and industry self-regulation in safeguarding these flights.

FAA Regulations

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) plays a crucial role in regulating United States’ commercial space endeavours. It’s our responsibility to obtain a licence from the FAA before launching any space tourists. The Office of Commercial Space Transportation , a part of the FAA, oversees compliance with safety regulations. Their stringent protocols ensure that operators meet safety requirements to protect both passengers and crew during spaceflight operations.

International Treaties and Agreements

International treaties and agreements form the bedrock of space activity governance. Accords orchestrated by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs bind us together, obligating signatories to adhere to principles ensuring peaceful use of outer space. We follow these frameworks diligently when planning our missions , ensuring that our operations remain compliant with global standards and contribute to international space safety.

Industry Self-Regulation

In the nascent stage of space tourism, industry self-regulation plays a significant role. As pioneers in this sector, we commit to establishing best practices and crafting our internal safety protocols that often exceed the minimum requirements. Sharing information about past incidents and collaborating on safety standards allows us to continuously improve and maintain a high level of safety for our space tourists.

By adhering to these guidelines, we facilitate a safe environment for the advent of space tourism as it transitions from the visions on SpaceVoyageVentures.com to an attainable reality for humankind.

Preparation and Training for Space Tourists

Before embarking on the extraordinary journey to space, we must ensure our readiness through meticulous preparation and training. It’s not just about the thrill but also the safety of the individuals venturing beyond our atmosphere. Adequate physical conditioning and comprehensive safety training are paramount for the wellbeing of space tourists.

Fitness and Health Requirements

Eligibility for space travel hinges on meeting stringent health and fitness standards similar to those for professional astronauts. Prospective tourists undergo thorough medical evaluations to ensure they’re free from conditions that could be aggravated by space travel. With the potential risks of microgravity on the body, it is essential that tourists maintain a good level of physical fitness.

Safety and Emergency Training

All tourists receive detailed emergency procedures education. This training covers a range of scenarios, from spacecraft malfunctions to medical emergencies. Participants learn how to respond to cabin depressurisation, manage fire outbreaks, and administer first aid. It is crucial for them that they comprehend the informed consent documents that detail the inherent risks of spaceflight.

Tourists also practice using the specialist equipment they’ll need on their journey. They familiarise themselves with the layout of the spacecraft and learn how to move and operate in a weightless environment. This preparation is key to not only maximising their enjoyment but also ensuring their safety and that of their fellow passengers.

Our insights on preparation and training for space tourists are consistently evolving as we gather more data. By visiting SpaceVoyageVentures.com, space enthusiasts can stay abreast of the latest advancements and requirements for upcoming celestial journeys.

Launch Procedures and Safety Checks

Before a rocket launch, it’s crucial to have rigorous inspections and protocols in place. These steps ensure the safety of space tourists and the success of the mission.

Launch Vehicle Inspection

We conduct a thorough examination of the launch vehicle to guarantee its readiness for departure. Our checklist includes:

• Structural Integrity: Confirm the vehicle is free from damage or weaknesses.
• Systems Functionality: Verify all onboard systems operate correctly.
• Fuel and Propellant Checks: Ensure appropriate levels and stability of fuel and propellants.

Each of these points is crucial to mitigate the risk of malfunction during the mission.

Weather and Environmental Considerations

Before liftoff, we assess atmospheric conditions, including:

• Weather Forecast: Avoid launching in adverse weather that can jeopardise the mission.
• Environmental Impact: Examine potential environmental effects, such as rocket debris fallouts, and plan to minimise these.

These considerations help us reduce environmental impact and enhance launch safety.

Communication Protocols

Clear and reliable communication is paramount. We establish protocols to maintain constant contact between ground control and the space capsule , particularly the Crew Dragon capsule , throughout the mission. These include:

• Pre-Launch Briefings: Ensuring all crew members understand the mission plan .
• Emergency Channels: Implementing dedicated frequencies for rapid response in case of any unforeseen issue.

Through meticulous checks and protocols, we strive to provide a safe and exhilarating experience for our space tourists. Stay informed on the latest developments in space tourism at SpaceVoyageVentures.com .

In-Flight Safety Mechanisms

In ensuring the safety of passengers in space, critical systems are in place to address the unique challenges presented by a microgravity environment.

Life Support Systems

Oxygen Supply and Carbon Dioxide Removal: We enable a breathable atmosphere by managing oxygen levels and removing excess carbon dioxide. Oxygen is supplied to compensate for depletion due to consumption, and carbon dioxide is scrubbed from the air to prevent toxicity.

Temperature and Humidity Control: We ensure that the temperature and humidity within the spacecraft remain at safe levels. This is vital for both the comfort and the well-being of space tourists, as extreme variations could be harmful.

Monitoring and Diagnostics

Vital Signs Monitoring: The health of all our passengers is continuously monitored. Important data such as heart rate and blood pressure are tracked to ensure immediate response in case of any medical anomalies.

System Health Checks: We routinely perform diagnostics on all critical systems. This allows us to detect and rectify any irregularities within the spacecraft’s life support or navigation systems swiftly.

Automated Safety Systems

Emergency Protocols: In cases of sudden decompression or failure of critical systems, automated responses such as the closure of bulkhead doors or the deployment of oxygen masks are initiated without delay.

Radiation Shielding: The spacecraft is equipped with specialised materials to reduce radiation exposure during the journey. These protective measures are essential for safety in the high-radiation environment of space.

Italicised keywords are to denote emphasis on vital functions within the sections and lists are utilised for clarity and organisation of content.

Emergency Response and Contingency Plans

In the realm of space tourism, we recognise the paramount importance of emergency response and contingency planning . We ensure every measure is in place for the safety and well-being of our space tourists, addressing potential safety concerns and health risks with thorough procedures.

Onboard Emergency Supplies

We equip our spacecraft with comprehensive emergency supplies tailored to the unique nature of space travel. These include, but are not limited to, medical kits that are specifically designed for treating health risks related to microgravity, and emergency rations that are safe and accessible in the event of accidental containment breaches or sustenance systems failure.

Rescue and Evacuation Strategies

Our rescue and evacuation strategies are rigorously developed to handle incidents in the austere environment of space. Should the unthinkable occur, we have contingency routes defined for a swift evacuation. We employ protocols that include the immediate isolation of afflicted areas and the sequential engagement of emergency escape vehicles, if necessary, to ensure the safety of all aboard.

Medical Response and Support

We provide medical response and support inline with the highest standards for space travel. Our crew is thoroughly trained in emergency procedures to address accidents or medical emergencies promptly. We emphasise ongoing health monitoring of space tourists to pre-emptively respond to any arising health risks . In collaboration with SpaceVoyageVentures.com, we continually update and refine our medical response plans to align with current best practices.

Post-Flight Procedures and Participant Care

After a journey to the stars, it’s imperative that we ensure the safety and wellbeing of our space tourists continue even once they’re back on terra firma. We prioritise their health and gather valuable feedback to aid in research and development.

Health Assessments

Upon returning from space travel, we conduct thorough health assessments to monitor the tourist’s wellbeing. Health assessments include physical examinations to check for any physiological changes or signs of adverse effects due to microgravity or cosmic radiation. These examinations help us identify any immediate health concerns, which may range from minor issues such as space motion sickness to more serious conditions that could result from a space-related accident. We also utilise the latest biometric monitoring techniques to collect data for further analysis.

Debriefing and Feedback

Debriefing sessions serve to provide us with in-depth feedback from the perspective of the participants. During these sessions, space tourists are encouraged to share their experiences, specifically discussing any discomfort or issues they encountered. This feedback is critical not only for the continuous improvement of safety protocols but also for guiding future research and development. Furthermore, these debriefings are an opportunity to review potential risks and incidents, ensuring any accidents are meticulously analysed and learnt from. Our aim is to enhance the overall experience for the next wave of adventurers, and learns from NASA astronauts’ expertise to cover all bases in our procedures.

Future Challenges and Developments in Space Tourism

With the space tourism industry poised to expand beyond preliminary journeys, we must examine the impending challenges and the technological strides that will shape its future.

Advances in Spacecraft Technology

Innovations in space technology are crucial for bolstering the safety and viability of space tourism. The development of reusable rockets is at the forefront, aiming to reduce costs and increase the frequency of space travel. Private companies are leading the race, employing rigorous research and development efforts to create more efficient propulsion systems and improve spacecraft designs. Emphasis on technology that ensures the safety of tourists is paramount, as are robust training programmes for potential space travellers.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

As we progress in making space tourism a reality, the environmental implications cannot be overlooked. The quest for sustainability involves scrutinising the emissions from spacecraft and mitigating their impact on the Earth’s atmosphere. Our industry must adopt practices that align with environmental preservation and space science to ensure that our ventures into the cosmos do not compromise the health of our planet. This includes the potential for innovations such as green propellants and the implementation of international guidelines to safeguard our environment.

By addressing these challenges head-on and embracing continuous development in spacecraft technology, we bolster our quest to not just reach the stars but to do so responsibly.

Space Tourism’s Role in Broader Space Exploration

As pioneers in the burgeoning field of space tourism, we recognise our integral role in expanding the frontiers of space exploration. Our activities not only cater to the aspirations of private individuals to venture into space but also complement the ongoing scientific endeavours led by government space agencies.

Collaboration with Space Agencies

We work closely with organisations such as NASA and Roscosmos to ensure our space tourism initiatives align with global space exploration goals. Our partnerships enable us to use the infrastructure, such as the International Space Station, in ways that support larger space activities. We can provide opportunities for private citizens to experience space under the guidance of NASA astronauts , blending public interest with scientific pursuit.

Contribution to Space Research

Our space tourism missions serve as a platform for conducting space science experiments. These experiments often require the unique conditions of microgravity found in Low Earth Orbit. By facilitating access to entities like SpaceVoyageVentures.com, we’re not just promoting space tourism; we’re also contributing valuable data that aids in the development of safer and more efficient space travel for future astronauts and researchers.

Space Tourism Safety Protocols: Frequently Asked Questions

In light of the growing interest in space tourism, we’ve compiled answers to some of the most commonly asked questions regarding the safety protocols of commercial space flights.

What are the primary safety considerations for commercial space flights?

Our primary safety considerations for commercial space flights include the structural integrity of the spacecraft, the reliability of the launch systems, and life support systems’ functionality. We must assess and mitigate the risks of exposure to high levels of radiation and the effects of microgravity on the human body.

How do regulatory bodies ensure the safety of passengers in space tourism?

Regulatory bodies, such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) , enforce strict guidelines. Companies must acquire necessary licences and permits, and their vehicles must meet defined safety standards to transport passengers.

What emergency measures are in place for space tourists in the event of a mishap?

In the event of a mishap, space tourists can rely on the spacecraft’s emergency protocols, which include abort systems designed to quickly and safely return the craft to Earth. Comprehensive contingency plans are developed to handle potential in-flight emergencies, such as cabin depressurisation.

How does astronaut training contribute to the overall safety of space tourism?

Astronaut training is crucial for ensuring that space tourists are prepared for the rigours of space travel. Comprehensive training helps individuals understand how to react to various scenarios, including zero-gravity manoeuvres and emergency evacuation procedures.

Can space tourism companies guarantee the well-being of passengers throughout the journey?

While space tourism companies strive to ensure the safety of passengers, it’s important to remember that space travel inherently presents certain risks. Companies cannot guarantee well-being but are committed to minimising risks to passengers’ health.

What qualifications and protocols do space tourism vehicles adhere to for operational safety?

Space tourism vehicles must adhere to rigorous qualifications and safety protocols. Structural tests, rigorous inspections, and meeting specific design and performance criteria are integral to achieving operational safety and reliability.

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Eco-Friendly Space Travel: Pioneering Sustainable Exploration Beyond Earth

Educational space journeys: enhancing learning through orbital experiences, the psychological effects of space travel on tourists: insights into the astronaut experience, the evolution of space tourism: how cosmic travel became attainable, the role of private companies in advancing space exploration initiatives, spaceports around the world: unveiling global launch sites.

The future of space tourism: op-ed

Dylan Taylor is a global entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist who acts as the Chairman and CEO of Voyager Space Holdings and the founder of Space for Humanity , a nonprofit organization that seeks to democratize space exploration. He has also served as an active advocate and philanthropist in the space manufacturing industry and a strategic advisor for the Archmission and the Human Spaceflight Program while also acting as the co-founding patron of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation. He contributed this article to Space.com's Expert Voices: Opinions and Insights .

It's true that 2020 spawned a collective feeling of retreat coupled with a FOMO (fear of missing out) that inspires us to escape a chaotic world. For now, we have the silence of nature or an eventual trip abroad, but the future can provide a more adventurous escape: one to the stars.

The NewSpace industry has its sights set on space tourism , a growing market expected to be worth at least $3 billion by 2030 . As companies like SpaceX test reusable rocket technology to make spaceflight more affordable and accessible for humans, other private firms, including Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin, are investing in suborbital space tourism to take Earthlings into the very edge of space and back. While only uber-wealthy passengers and private researchers will have access to space tourism in the immediate future, the long term holds promises for ordinary citizens.

The evolution of technology plays a vital role in sending more tourists to space and a few influential trends will determine the future of space tourism, along with the progress we make both on and off our home planet.

Related: Space tourists will face big risks, as private companies gear up for paid suborbital flights

Commercial suborbital trips

Suborbital travel will likely be the space tourism subsector to materialize first, but it may also be the most short-lived. However, Blue Origin , backed by Jeff Bezos, is testing its New Shepard system that will launch customers to the edge of space in a capsule which separates from a small rocket and retreats back to Earth under parachutes. Richard Branson's company Virgin Galactic relies on a space plane, dropped from a carrier aircraft, with a rocket motor that speeds up and takes passengers high into the atmosphere.

Both companies' shuttle systems are designed to fly passengers over 50 miles above Earth's atmosphere, allowing customers to experience the feeling of weightlessness for a few minutes. Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo will launch its next human spaceflight test on Dec. 11 as Blue Origin eyes early 2021.

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These brief spaceflights hold opportunities for tourism and scientific research and present unique experiences for space observation at varying trajectories and regulatory requirements. However, Axios reports concerns over declined public interest in suborbital tourism as a passing interest due to high costs and a short-lived ride. This may deflate the market as passengers await new developments in the field.

But there's some hope. Some experts look to commercial suborbital trips to take the place of long-distance air travel that can eventually cater to everyday citizens. SpaceX plans to use its Starship rocket to fly 100 people around the world in mere minutes. The company stated that a 15-hour flight to Shanghai from New York would be capable of flying in 39 minutes. According to UBS, if even only 5% of the average 150 million passengers that travel on 10 hour or longer flights pay $2,500 per trip, then returns could skyrocket to $20 billion per year in today's value.

A recent UBS report mentions, "Space tourism could be the stepping stone for the development of long-haul travel on earth serviced by space."

Related: Virgin Galactic wants to send people on superfast trips across Earth  

Orbital vacations

Orbital tourism, which entails remaining in space for at least one full orbit, is another major focus of governmental agencies and private space companies, all of which have the long-term goal to inhabit the moon and Mars. Projects from Boeing, SpaceX and Axiom Space plan to start launching tourists to the International Space Station on commercial spacecraft beginning as early as this year. SpaceX is also partnering with Space Adventures to send four tourists to low Earth orbit for a few days in late 2021 or early 2022.

As more companies consider in-space tourism, orbital vacations are set to become a popular trend. Orbital vacationing infrastructure, including orbital and lunar-based hotels, is positioned to become lucrative as space infrastructure companies already hauled in a combined $3.6 billion so far this year . 

Much of this infrastructure remains in preliminary stages, but the first approach may be to establish low-orbit hotels. One hotel design expects to send guests in a hydrogen-filled balloon with a pressurized capsule, utilizing Earth's gravity. Other options include designing or renovating an existing space station to accommodate guests. NASA, for instance, is opening up the International Space Station for commercial tourism . The Aurora Station , a planned luxury hotel that will host six guests for a $9.5 million, 12-day stay in low Earth orbit, will charge $9.5 million for the trip. It's pricey, but experts predict prices will fall like they did in the tech industry for computers and mobile phones.

A proposal for expandable space habitats may also serve as orbital hotels. Made of unique materials and easily stored at home, they are launched to space where they're inflated to true size. Bigelow Space invented the B330 , a space habitat that enlarges to form a hotel or living area for humans in space. As demand increases, they are interconnected to other inflatable habitats to increase their size. Bigelow also plans to develop an attached inflated module to the International Space Station as one of the first hotels in space. In-space vacations will eventually be the gateway for moon and Mars habitation.

Nurturing the space and world economies

Private space companies are devotedly investing across space tourism and firms like UBS consider access to space an enabler to broader opportunities for investment.

More next-generation engineers will enter the space tourism sector for the scope of opportunities and innovation, eventually decreasing the barriers to entry that will increase competition, lower costs, and ultimately democratize space travel for everyday citizens. 

Of course, there are crucial safety, comfort and health factors to consider. Training, medical screenings and liability waivers will need to be examined before tourists head to space. 

Space tourism will be a small subsector of the industry, but it will bolster the entire NewSpace industry. Once space tourism does become mainstream, it will also positively impact many socioeconomic factors on Earth: creating jobs, educating citizens about space and fostering a new solar-based energy infrastructure. The sweet escape to the stars can eventually awaken us to the awe-inspiring potential of space exploration while also giving us a better appreciation of home.

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Space tourism explained: What, why and where

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Space tourism is an exciting development in the travel and tourism industry. A futuristic type of tourism , the prospect of being able to spend leisure time in space is a daunting concept for many. But whilst some of us may have expected only have to be able to experience space tourism using virtual reality software, several companies are turning holidays in space into a reality.

What is space tourism?

Space tourism definitions, history of space tourism, rocket launches, space museums, space tourism holidays, virgin galactic, blue origin, is space tourism safe, the cost of space tourism holidays, space tourism: conclusion, further reading.

Space tourism is a type of tourism that involves an interest in space. Whilst most people associate space tourism solely with trips to space, the concept of space tourism is, in fact, broader than this.

Space tourism can include visiting space-focussed museums, watching rocket launches or travelling to destinations popular for stargazing, amongst other space-related activities.

Most recently, there has been a lot of commercial attention centred around the concept of travelling to space as a tourist; this is something that several companies are working to achieve in the near future, including Virgin Galactic and SpaceX.

If you Google the phrase ‘what is space tourism’ you will quickly be informed by Google, Wikipedia and a range of other sources that it is travelling to space for leisure or business purposes.

I, however, contest that space tourism is solely focussed upon the act of travelling to space. There is so much more to space tourism than this! Yes, this is an exciting prospect that has grabbed the attention of the media and the public, but hold on a minute…. what about all the other space-related activities that we can do without boarding a rocket and leaving the solar system?

The people over at The Space Tourism Guide have the right idea. They state that;

‘Space Tourism is not — and should not be — confined to space alone… While we can and should consider all of the activities from space tourism companies like Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, Zero2Infinity, and others space tourism, we should not discredit the companies and destinations here on earth who meet the needs and desires for all of us who love to travel for space-related activities. These can vary widely, from cities and museums like Space Center Houston to hotels with space-themed rooms.’

Space tourism is so much more than taking a trip to space! In fact, I argue that space tourism should encompass all activities related to space and astrology!

To date, there is little academic research into space tourism. Yes, some people have looked into astrology and the like, but on the whole, there is a dearth of information. Most research that has been conducted has focussed on looking at potential demand and market demographics.

In light of the misleading definitions that you will find when asking your favourite search engine what is meant by the term space tourism, I have provided my own definition below.

‘Space tourism is the act of taking part in activities that involve or are related to space, either for business or leisure purposes.’

So there you have it- a definition of space tourism.

There are a total of 600 people that have been to space. The first man visited space in 1961, but it was actually long before this day that many people developed an interest in space. In fact, people have been star gazing as long as records go back. Heck, even the ancient pyramids of Egypt were built around the stars .

So, the concept of space tourism is not new.

The 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s saw huge progress in space research. The Soviet Union and The United States were world leaders in this area; undertaking many trips to space, exploring our solar system, nearby planets and moons. Space travel became more affordable and we learnt a lot during this time.

It was only at the turn of the new millennium that commercial space tourism ,whereby a tourist could travel to space, started to become a reality. A handful of wealthy citizens from around the world embarked on their leisure outings to space between 2001-2009. Observing this demand, a number of space tourism operators began to emerge, namely Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic and Rocket Lab. Said companies have since become household names.

In recent years the commercial hype and excitement towards space tourism has died down. The public continue to eagerly await the days that they may be able to exchange their all-inclusive holiday in Benidorm for a week of zero-gravity in space, but for most, this is an unrealistic and unachievable prospect.

For now, it appears that travelling into space will be available only for the super-rich, and we do not yet know when this might be attainable. BUT the space tourism industry in all its other forms (museums, star gazing, rocket launches etc) remains to be obtainable to all.

Types of space tourism

We might not realistically be able to travel into space for our annual leave days just yet, but there are still ways that we can get involved with the space tourism industry. Here are some examples.

Stargazing is a popular space tourism pastime for many. There are many parts of the world that are renowned for their stargazing potential. These are usually remote areas, where the light pollution is reduced, enabling maximum visibility.

Some popular stargazing destinations have capitalised on the tourist market by organising stargazing tours or stargazing-focussed accommodation options, such as bubble hotels. This CNN article shows you some of the best bubble hotel spots around the world. Many people use this opportunity to visit the Northern Lights or the Southern Lights too.

Lots of these destinations are perfect for practicing your astrophotography too!

Whilst a rocket launch may not be an everyday occurrence, it is possible to spectate when they do happen. Once operated only by Governments, there are now a range of private companies that undertake rocket launches.

If you travel to a destination with the sole intention of watching a rocket launch, or if you watch a rocket launch alongside other business or leisure pursuits, you can be classified as a space tourist.

A prominent part of the space tourism industry are space museums.

There are many museums throughout the world that are focussed around the concept of space, although these are most numerous in the United States and Russia. Here are some of the most highly-rated space museums.

• Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington DC, US
• Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Ottawa, Canada
• Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, Moscow, Russia
• Pima Air and Space Museum, Arizona , US
• Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum, New York City, US
• Le Bourget Air and Space Museum, Paris, France
• Kennedy Space Center, Florida , US
• Cité de l’espace, Toulouse, France

As I mentioned earlier, space tourism holidays are what many people think space tourism is all about. Whilst there are other activities that constitute space tourism, space tourism holidays have gained a lot of media attention in recent years, and rightly so. Who wouldn’t pick up the paper and read an article that tells them that they can swap their two weeks in the sun for two weeks in space?

OK, so it isn’t quite so simple. It will require some adjustment to spending time at zero gravity, you might get a little travel sick and you might not return home with quite the same tan lines, BUT space tourism holidays are set to become a reality.

There are a number of companies who have been developing their space tourism products for a number of years, although exactly when we can go on our next space tourism holiday, is yet to be determined.

Space tourism companies

There are several key players in the space tourism holiday market. See below for a brief summary of each.

Virgin Galactic is perhaps one of the best known space tourism holiday companies. It is part of the wider Virgin Group and therefore has the benefit of an already well-established brand and reputation. It is owned by Richard Branson.

The company plans to send range of tourists to space and already has an extensive waitlist for eager space travellers, including the likes of Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie, Leonardo DiCaprio, Ashton Kutcher and Justin Bieber.

Virgin Galactic has, however, had some negative publicity in recent times, with multiple delays and the in-flight loss of its VSS Enterprise spaceplane in 2014.

Unlike Virgin Galactic, SpaceX are an experienced rocket launching company that are now extending their operations to the commercial space tourism holiday market.

SpaceX was founded by Elon Musk. Their first holiday was initially scheduled for 2018, but has since been delayed.

Blue Origin plans to offer similar space tourism holidays to that offered by Virgin Galactic. With a traditional, vertical take-off rocket, the company plans to begin operations soon, although there is not firm date set yet.

Blue Origin was founded in 2000 by Mr Bezos.

Orion Span plans to send tourists to space to stay in their ‘space hotel’. The space hotel would accommodate up to six tourists at a time and would be positioned the private commercial space station, Aurora Space Station.

The CEO of Orion Span is Frank Bunger who states that the company’s ‘goal is to make space accessible to all’. They plan to begin operations in 2021.

Better known for their aircraft that do not leave the hemisphere, Boeing have also branched out into the space tourism holiday market.

Boeing’s involvement emerged from their working arrangement with NASA, whereby they have been working on the Commercial Crew Development programme, aimed at increasing involvement from private sector companies in the production of crew vehicles to be launched into orbit.

Boeing have developed a crew capsule, called the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, providing them with the opportunity to sell seats to space tourists.

There have been some concerns over the safety of space tourism, particularly after the negative publicity surrounding the Virgin Galactic loss of aircraft in 2014.

Because it’s so early in development of the space tourism industry and the FAA can’t control how companies design and manufacture their aircraft , it’s hard to say how safe space tourism holidays will be.

There have been many critiques, however, who have suggested that there will be deaths amongst tourists who seek to holiday in space. The number of accidents that have occurred during the testing phases hasn’t done much to people’s minds at ease, either.

Space tourism holidays are for everyday folk, at least not yet anyway, because you need to have a hefty sum of money in your pocket to be able to afford the ticket.

Prices start from US$250,000 and range up to tens of millions of Dollars. Whilst each space tourism holiday company will differ slightly, prices will typically include pre-departure training and equipment. For now, space tourism trips are set to be short in duration, lasting only a few hours. The intention is, however, that trips can be extended in the future to allow for prolonged stays in space.

As you can see, the space tourism industry is a prominent part of the wider tourism industry. Whilst most attention typically goes to the exciting prospect of space tourism holidays, there are also a number of other leisure pursuits that constitute space tourism.

It is likely that we will see many developments in the space tourism industry in the coming years, as research and development continues to be undertaken by a number of commercial operators. Watch this space and maybe you will be the next person to spend your annual leave days in space!

If you want to read up on the space tourism industry a little more then I can recommend the following texts-

• The Market for Space Tourism: Early Indications by Geoffrey Crouch- An overview of the Space Tourism market and its future potential
• Endurance: A Year in Space, A Lifetime of Discovery by Scott Kelly- A diary account of NASA astronaut’s experiences in space.
• Space Tourism by Patrick Stakem- A textbook introducing the concept of space tourism.

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Space Tourism: The Final Frontier for Vacationers

By GGI Insights | April 22, 2024

Table of contents

As technology advances and new opportunities present themselves, space tourism is becoming a tangible reality. In this article, we will explore the market landscape of space tourism, examine the economic viability, consider the health and safety parameters, and delve into the legal and ethical challenges that arise from this unique industry.

Market Landscape of Space Tourism

Space tourism has seen a rapid evolution in recent years, spurred by the emergence of private companies investing in the opportunities presented by space exploration. These companies, such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, have propelled the concept of space tourism beyond a mere dream. However, they face competition from government-backed missions, which have their own set of advantages and challenges.

Private companies have injected a new level of innovation and flexibility into the space tourism industry. They have developed reusable rockets, significantly reducing costs and making space more accessible to the general public. This breakthrough in technology has opened up new possibilities for space tourism, enabling more people to experience the wonders of space.

For example, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, with its ability to land and be reused, has revolutionized the economics of space travel. This innovation has not only made space tourism more affordable but has also paved the way for more ambitious projects, such as the colonization of Mars. With reusable rockets, the cost of sending supplies and equipment to other planets becomes more feasible, making long-term space missions a reality.

In addition to traditional space missions, recent advancements have introduced suborbital flight as an exciting option for tourists. Suborbital flights allow passengers to experience the weightlessness of space and the curvature of the Earth without the extensive training and duration of orbital missions. Companies are now offering these flights, promising a unique experience that was once only available to trained astronauts.

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On the other hand, government-backed missions have access to established infrastructure and substantial funding, allowing for more ambitious projects. Agencies like NASA and ESA have a long history of space exploration and have built a wealth of knowledge and expertise. This experience gives them an advantage when it comes to tackling complex missions, such as deep space exploration and planetary research.

One recent development in this area is the introduction of zero G flight experiences. These flights, often facilitated by government-backed programs, offer a taste of microgravity in a controlled environment. During these flights, passengers experience brief periods of weightlessness, simulating the zero-gravity conditions found in outer space.

Government-backed missions also have the advantage of international collaboration. The involvement of international space agencies adds a layer of cooperation and complexity to the market landscape. Countries around the world are working together to advance space exploration, sharing resources, knowledge, and technology. This collaborative approach not only fosters innovation but also promotes global unity in the pursuit of scientific discovery.

However, the balance between private and government-backed missions is crucial in shaping the future of space tourism. While private companies bring innovation and cost-effectiveness, government-backed missions provide the infrastructure and funding necessary for ambitious projects. Striking a balance between competition and cooperation is essential to ensure the sustainable growth of this nascent industry.

As space tourism continues to evolve, it is important to consider the ethical and environmental implications of commercial space travel. The increase in space tourism activities raises questions about the impact on celestial bodies and the preservation of outer space. It is vital for the industry to develop responsible practices and regulations to protect the integrity of space and minimize any potential harm.

The market landscape of space tourism is a dynamic and complex ecosystem, with private companies and government-backed missions competing and collaborating to push the boundaries of human exploration. The development of reusable rockets by private companies has made space more accessible, while government-backed missions bring expertise and infrastructure to tackle ambitious projects. The involvement of international space agencies adds a layer of collaboration and complexity, shaping the future of space tourism. As this industry continues to grow, it is crucial to strike a balance between competition and cooperation and to consider the ethical and environmental implications of commercial space travel.

Economic Viability

While the excitement surrounding space tourism is palpable, it is essential to assess its economic viability. One must consider the cost-benefit analysis associated with space tourism ventures.

Space tourism remains an expensive endeavor, accessible only to the wealthiest individuals at present. The high costs are primarily due to the complex technology required to launch humans into space and ensure their safety throughout the journey. However, as technology advances and the industry matures, costs are expected to decrease, making space tourism more accessible to a broader market.

As space tourism becomes more affordable, it has the potential to create a new industry that could drive economic growth and innovation. The development of spaceports, launch facilities, and spacecraft manufacturing plants would require significant investments, leading to job creation and economic stimulation in the regions where these facilities are located.

Space tourism could have a positive impact on local economies. As tourists venture into space, they would need accommodations, transportation, and various services before and after their space travel experience. This demand could lead to the development of hotels, restaurants, and other businesses in the vicinity of a spaceport , providing employment opportunities and boosting local economies.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

The economic benefits associated with space tourism are not limited to job creation and local economic growth. The industry could also drive technological advancements that have applications beyond space travel. The development of lightweight materials, advanced life support systems, and efficient propulsion systems could have spin-off benefits for other industries, such as aerospace and transportation.

However, it is crucial to strike a balance between economic viability and sustainability. The environmental impact of space tourism must be carefully managed to ensure the long-term viability of this industry. One of the concerns is the carbon emissions associated with space launches. While current space tourism ventures have a relatively small carbon footprint compared to other industries, it is essential to develop cleaner and more sustainable propulsion systems to minimize the environmental impact.

Another aspect to consider is the issue of space debris. With an increase in space tourism activities, there is a higher risk of adding to the growing amount of space debris orbiting the Earth. This debris poses a threat to operational satellites and future space missions. Therefore, it is crucial for space tourism companies to prioritize responsible practices, such as implementing strategies to mitigate space debris and actively participating in international efforts to ensure the sustainability of space activities.

While space tourism holds immense potential for economic growth and technological advancement, it is essential to carefully assess its economic viability and address the associated challenges. By striking a balance between economic benefits and sustainability, the space tourism industry can thrive while minimizing its environmental impact and contributing to the overall well-being of our planet.

Health and Safety Parameters

In the pursuit of space tourism, the well-being of tourists must be a paramount concern. Numerous health and safety parameters need to be addressed to ensure a safe and enjoyable journey for space tourists.

Space travel, with its allure of exploring the unknown, comes with its own set of challenges and risks. As we venture beyond the confines of our planet, we must take into account the effects of microgravity and radiation on the human body. These extreme conditions can have profound impacts on our physiology, making it essential to thoroughly prepare tourists for the physical demands of space travel.

Prepping the Human Body

Extensive medical screenings will be necessary to assess the health and fitness of potential space tourists. These screenings will not only evaluate their current physical condition but also identify any underlying medical conditions that may pose a risk during space travel. It is crucial to ensure that individuals embarking on this extraordinary journey are in optimal health.

Physical conditioning will also play a vital role in preparing the human body for the challenges of space. Astronauts undergo rigorous training programs that include cardiovascular exercises, strength training, and flexibility exercises. These exercises help build endurance, strengthen muscles, and improve overall fitness, enabling tourists to withstand the physical demands of space travel.

Moreover, psychological preparation is equally crucial when it comes to space tourism. The isolation, confinement, and unfamiliar surroundings experienced during space travel can have a significant impact on mental health and well-being. To address this, potential space tourists will undergo psychological evaluations to assess their resilience, adaptability, and ability to cope with the unique challenges they may encounter in space.

Collaboration between medical professionals and space agencies will play a pivotal role in establishing comprehensive guidelines for the health and safety of space tourists. Extensive research and development will be required to refine these parameters as our understanding of the interplay between space travel and human physiology evolves.

Furthermore, ongoing monitoring of space tourists' health during their journey will be essential. Continuous medical assessments and check-ups will help identify any potential health issues that may arise in the microgravity environment. This real-time monitoring will allow for prompt intervention and appropriate medical care, ensuring the well-being of the tourists throughout their space travel experience.

Additionally, the development of advanced medical technologies specifically designed for space travel will be crucial. Innovations such as telemedicine, where medical professionals can remotely assess and treat space tourists, will revolutionize healthcare in space. These advancements will enable astronauts to receive timely medical assistance, even when they are millions of miles away from Earth.

As the field of space tourism continues to evolve, it is imperative that health and safety parameters remain at the forefront of our considerations. By prioritizing the well-being of space tourists and continuously refining our understanding of the effects of space travel on the human body, we can ensure that this extraordinary adventure remains safe and enjoyable for all who embark on it.

Legal and Ethical Challenges

As with any emerging industry, space tourism also confronts legal and ethical challenges that must be addressed to ensure responsible and sustainable growth.

One of the key legal challenges that space tourism faces is the issue of cosmic jurisdiction. The legal framework governing outer space is complex and raises questions about jurisdiction and liability. With the increasing prevalence of space tourism, it becomes crucial to develop legal agreements and regulations that address issues such as accident liability, property rights, and the protection of celestial bodies.

Accident liability is a significant concern in the space tourism industry. As more and more people venture into space, the risk of accidents and mishaps increases. Determining who is responsible in the event of an accident and how liability should be allocated is a complex legal issue that requires careful consideration. Developing a clear legal framework that outlines the responsibilities of space tourism companies, passengers, and other stakeholders is essential to ensure the safety and well-being of all involved.

Another legal challenge is the issue of property rights in space. With the potential for mining and resource extraction on celestial bodies, questions arise regarding who has the right to exploit these resources. Should private companies be allowed to claim ownership of extraterrestrial resources? How can we ensure fair and equitable distribution of these resources? These are complex legal questions that require careful deliberation and international cooperation.

Ethical considerations also play a significant role in the development of space tourism. The use of space resources raises ethical questions about sustainability and the preservation of extraterrestrial environments. As humans venture further into space, it is essential to consider the impact of our activities on celestial bodies and the potential for irreversible damage. Developing ethical guidelines and regulations that promote responsible and sustainable practices in space tourism is crucial to ensure the long-term viability of the industry.

International cooperation will be vital in developing a cohesive legal and ethical framework that supports the sustainable growth of space tourism while safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders involved. Collaboration between nations, space agencies, and industry leaders is necessary to address the complex legal and ethical challenges that arise in this emerging field. By working together, we can ensure that space tourism develops in a responsible and sustainable manner, opening up new frontiers while preserving the integrity of outer space.

Space tourism holds immense potential. As private companies and government-backed missions push the boundaries of space exploration, the market landscape of space tourism continues to evolve. Addressing the economic viability, health and safety parameters, and legal and ethical challenges associated with space tourism will pave the way for a responsible and sustainable industry. While the future of space tourism may be uncertain, the desire to explore the final frontier remains a driving force for both vacationers and experts alike.

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Legal Considerations in Space Tourism: Navigating the Final Frontier

Introduction

Space tourism, once the realm of science fiction, is rapidly becoming a reality. Private companies are developing spacecraft that promise to take civilians on suborbital and orbital journeys, opening up the cosmos to tourists. However, this exciting frontier is not without its legal complexities. This article explores the emerging legal issues related to space tourism, including liability, safety regulations, and the commercialization of outer space.

The Commercialization of Space

Space tourism represents a new era in commercial space exploration. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are pioneering this industry, offering civilians the opportunity to experience space travel firsthand. However, this rapid commercialization raises several legal considerations:

1. Commercial Liability: As space tourism companies begin to offer their services to the public, questions about liability arise. What happens if a passenger is injured during a flight? Who is responsible for accidents or equipment failures in space? Clarifying liability in these scenarios is a crucial legal task.

2. Insurance: Space tourism companies must secure significant insurance coverage to protect themselves and their passengers. Ensuring adequate coverage is essential to address potential liabilities and damages.

3. Contractual Agreements: Passengers will likely sign contracts with space tourism providers, outlining the terms and conditions of their journey. These contracts must comply with existing consumer protection laws and ensure that passengers understand the inherent risks of space travel.

Safety Regulations and Oversight

Ensuring the safety of space tourists is paramount, and governments are developing regulatory frameworks to oversee this emerging industry:

1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): In the United States, the FAA regulates commercial spaceflight. Companies must obtain licenses and permits, and their vehicles must meet safety standards to carry passengers.

2. International Coordination: As space tourism transcends borders, international coordination and regulations become vital. The Outer Space Treaty, for example, prohibits harmful contamination of celestial bodies and requires nations to authorize and supervise space activities by non-governmental entities.

3. Safety Standards: Developing and enforcing safety standards for spacecraft and launch operations is crucial to protect passengers and ensure the viability of the space tourism industry.

Environmental and Ethical Considerations

Space tourism raises environmental and ethical concerns that require careful legal consideration:

1. Environmental Impact: The emissions and environmental effects of space travel, especially if it becomes a more common form of tourism, need to be assessed and regulated to minimize harm to the Earth’s atmosphere.

2. Space Debris: The increasing number of spaceflights could contribute to space debris, which poses a threat to other satellites and future space missions. Legal frameworks must address debris mitigation and management.

3. Ethical Concerns: Space tourism may exacerbate issues of space inequality, as only the wealthy can afford such trips. Legal frameworks should consider equitable access to space and potential social implications.

Informed Consent and Passenger Safety

Passengers embarking on space tourism journeys must provide informed consent, acknowledging the risks associated with space travel:

1. Risk Disclosure: Space tourism companies must disclose potential risks to passengers transparently. Legal requirements for informed consent should ensure passengers understand and accept these risks willingly.

2. Medical Screening: Passengers must undergo medical screening to assess their fitness for space travel. Legal considerations come into play in ensuring non-discriminatory medical evaluations.

3. Emergency Procedures: Spacecraft must have clear emergency procedures in place, and passengers should be informed about these procedures in advance.

International Collaboration

Space tourism necessitates international collaboration, as journeys may cross multiple jurisdictions and require cooperation on various levels:

1. Space Traffic Management: Coordinated international efforts are essential for tracking and managing the growing number of spacecraft in orbit to prevent collisions and ensure safety.

2. Diplomatic Agreements: Bilateral and multilateral agreements among nations are necessary to address space tourism’s legal complexities, including liability, emergency response, and environmental protection.

Space tourism is on the brink of revolutionizing how we explore the cosmos, offering civilians a glimpse of the stars. However, this exciting new frontier comes with a host of legal considerations, from liability and safety regulations to environmental and ethical concerns. Navigating the final frontier of space tourism requires a careful balance between fostering innovation and ensuring the safety, equity, and sustainability of this emerging industry. As the space tourism industry continues to evolve, it is essential that legal frameworks adapt to protect passengers, preserve the environment, and promote the responsible exploration of outer space.

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Passing Thru Travel

Travel Beyond Earth: Exploring the Future of Space Tourism

Posted: March 22, 2024 | Last updated: March 22, 2024

Space tourism, once a mere figment of science fiction, rapidly evolves into a tangible reality, offering the most intrepid travelers an unprecedented opportunity to venture beyond Earth’s confines. This burgeoning industry promises to redefine the boundaries of exploration, providing experiences ranging from suborbital flights to extended stays in space stations. As private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic spearhead this new era, the dream of gazing upon Earth from the vastness of space is closer than ever. This guide explores the forefront of space tourism, presenting ideas that mark the future of extraterrestrial travel.

1. Suborbital Spaceflights

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Dima Zel

Suborbital spaceflights represent the threshold of human space exploration, offering a brief yet profound journey beyond the confines of Earth’s atmosphere. This experience allows you to witness the curvature of the Earth against the backdrop of the infinite cosmos, a sight that has transformed the perspective of many astronauts.

During the flight, you’ll experience a few minutes of weightlessness, floating freely within the cabin, an exhilarating and serene sensation. Companies leading this venture, such as Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, utilize cutting-edge spacecraft designed for safety, comfort, and the optimal viewing experience. The flights are meticulously planned, with each phase — from the rocket’s ascent to the silent glide back to Earth — maximizing the passenger’s experience of space.

Insider’s Tip: Opt for a comprehensive training program offered by these companies to prepare physically and mentally for the rigors and euphoria of space travel.

2. Orbital Spaceflights

Orbital spaceflights are the next frontier for private space tourism, offering an extended stay in low Earth orbit. This experience goes beyond the brief moments of weightlessness, allowing you to live and move in space, witnessing multiple sunrises and sunsets in a single day from the vantage point of a spacecraft. Currently, this level of space travel is offered by companies like SpaceX, which plans to use its Crew Dragon spacecraft to transport private citizens to orbit.

While aboard, you’ll experience life as modern astronauts, from sleeping in zero gravity to observing the Earth from a unique orbital perspective. The journey is about experiencing the day-to-day life of an astronaut, making it a profoundly transformative experience.

Insider’s Tip: Engage in a rigorous pre-flight conditioning regimen to ensure you can fully enjoy and participate in the activities and demands of living in space.

3. Space Hotels

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Alones

The concept of space hotels is set to revolutionize space tourism, offering a luxurious stay in orbit. These hotels, planned by companies like Axiom Space, aim to attach habitable modules to the International Space Station or even construct free-flying space stations designed for commercial use.

Guests can expect accommodations that combine the thrill of space with the comforts of Earth, including rooms with views of the planet below, space-grown food, and recreational activities adapted for microgravity. The development of space hotels highlights the growing accessibility of space travel, promising an extraordinary vacation destination that was once the realm of astronauts.

Insider’s Tip: Keep an eye on the development progress of these stations and plan for a longer training period to acclimate to extended periods in microgravity.

4. Lunar Flybys

Lunar flybys mark an ambitious step in space tourism, offering private citizens the chance to journey around the Moon. This mission, reminiscent of the Apollo missions of the 1960s and 70s, promises an unparalleled adventure, bringing you up close to the lunar surface before witnessing the Earth rising over the Moon’s horizon.

SpaceX’s Starship is one of the spacecraft intended to make such missions possible, providing a comfortable and safe journey for those aboard. The experience of seeing the Moon up close and the Earth in full view offers an extraordinary sense of our place in the universe and the interconnectedness of all life on our planet.

Insider’s Tip: Such a mission requires physical preparation and a deep commitment, as it represents one of the longer-duration space tourism experiences currently planned.

5. Zero-Gravity Flights

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Frame Stock Footage

Embarking on a zero-gravity flight offers an unparalleled introduction to the sensations of space without leaving Earth’s atmosphere. This experience simulates the weightlessness of outer space through parabolic flight patterns, creating moments where gravity’s pull is momentarily negated.

Inside a specially modified aircraft, you’ll float, flip, and soar as if in space, providing a unique taste of what astronauts experience aboard the International Space Station. The flights are meticulously planned and executed, involving a series of steep climbs and descents, with each parabola offering around 20 to 30 seconds of weightlessness.

For those dreaming of space travel, this adventure is an accessible and exhilarating preview, requiring minimal training compared to orbital missions. It’s a favorite among space enthusiasts, researchers, and educators for its educational value and the sheer joy of experiencing microgravity.

Insider’s Tip: Focus on mastering movements in microgravity during the flight to maximize the experience. Quick acclimation allows for more freedom and enjoyment during the brief periods of weightlessness.

6. Spacewalk Simulations

Image Credit: Shutterstock / vicspacewalker

Spacewalk simulations offer an immersive experience that closely mimics the extravehicular activities (EVAs) performed by astronauts in the vacuum of space. Utilizing advanced virtual reality (VR) technology and neutral buoyancy labs, these simulations give participants a realistic sense of the challenges and exhilaration of conducting a spacewalk.

In neutral buoyancy labs, participants are submerged in large pools equipped with full-scale models of spacecraft and space station modules, allowing them to practice tasks under conditions that simulate microgravity. VR simulations, on the other hand, use cutting-edge graphics and motion-sensing technology to create detailed, interactive environments where participants can explore and work on virtual spacecraft or satellites.

These experiences are designed not only for entertainment but also as educational tools, offering insights into the physics of space, the complexity of astronaut tasks, and the teamwork required to complete a mission outside the Earth’s atmosphere.

Insider’s Tip: Take the time to learn about the intricacies of real space missions to enhance the realism and immersion of the simulation experience.

7. Astronaut Training Experiences

Astronaut training experiences are comprehensive programs designed to simulate the physical and mental preparation required for space travel. These programs cover a wide range of activities, from high-G force centrifuge training to simulate rocket launches to underwater neutral buoyancy sessions that mimic the weightlessness of space.

Participants also engage in classroom sessions where they learn about spacecraft operations, navigation, and the science behind human spaceflight. Additionally, survival training exercises prepare participants for emergency scenarios, including how to safely return to Earth in unforeseen circumstances.

These experiences are offered by various space agencies and private companies, aiming to provide an authentic glimpse into the life of an astronaut and the rigorous training they undergo.

Insider’s Tip: Embrace every aspect of the training for a holistic understanding of the physical and psychological demands of space travel.

8. Visits to Space Launch Facilities

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Northfoto

Visits to space launch facilities offer a unique opportunity to witness the intersection of human ingenuity and cosmos exploration. Facilities like NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida and SpaceX’s launch site at Boca Chica, Texas, provide guided tours where visitors can see launch pads, vehicle assembly buildings, and control rooms.

These tours often include exhibits on the history of space exploration, showcasing spacecraft, satellites, and memorabilia from historic missions. For those interested in the future of space travel, some facilities also offer the chance to see the latest aerospace technology and spacecraft being prepared for upcoming missions.

Witnessing a live rocket launch is a highlight of visiting these facilities, offering a tangible sense of the power and potential of space exploration.

Insider’s Tip: Plan your visit to coincide with a live rocket launch for an unforgettable experience, but be prepared for schedule changes due to weather or technical delays.

9. Space Camps for Adults

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Mike_shots

Space camps designed for adults blend the thrill of space exploration with the rigor of astronaut training in an immersive, educational environment. These camps offer a comprehensive overview of space science, including hands-on activities like building and launching model rockets, simulating space missions, and navigating obstacle courses designed to mimic the physical challenges of space travel.

Beyond the physical activities, workshops, and lectures from experts in the field provide insights into the complexities of spaceflight, the history of space exploration, and the future of humanity in space. This experience is about fulfilling childhood dreams and understanding the teamwork, problem-solving, and technical knowledge required for space missions.

Whether you’re a space enthusiast looking to deepen your understanding or simply seeking an adventure out of this world, adult space camps offer an unforgettable journey into the final frontier.

Insider’s Tip: Engage fully in the camp activities and network with fellow space enthusiasts to enrich your experience and foster connections within the space tourism community.

10. Virtual Reality Space Exploration

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Gorodenkoff

Virtual reality (VR) space exploration represents the cutting edge of technology, allowing you to traverse the cosmos from the comfort of your own home. High-definition visuals and immersive audio transport you to other worlds, from the International Space Station to the rugged terrain of Mars. These experiences are crafted with attention to scientific accuracy, offering not just entertainment but an educational journey through space and time.

You can embark on guided tours of extraterrestrial landscapes, participate in simulated space missions, and learn about the cosmos in an engaging, interactive format. VR technology continues to evolve, promising ever more realistic and expansive explorations of the universe. For those fascinated by space but not ready to leave Earth, virtual reality offers a compelling window into what lies beyond our planet.

Insider’s Tip: Invest in a high-quality VR headset and explore the various space exploration programs available to maximize the realism and depth of your virtual space experience.

The Bottom Line

Image Credit: Shutterstock / Skreidzeleu

As space tourism evolves, these journeys become increasingly accessible to those who dream of the stars. Whether through a brief parabolic flight or an ambitious journey around the Moon, the opportunities for adventure beyond Earth’s atmosphere are expanding. Each of these experiences requires financial investment, a commitment to preparation, and a willingness to embrace the unknown.

As you contemplate your place in the cosmos, remember that the essence of space tourism lies in pushing the boundaries of human experience, offering a new perspective on our planet and our place within the universe. The future of travel beyond Earth promises new destinations and a new understanding of what it means to explore.

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The post Travel Beyond Earth: Exploring the Future of Space Tourism republished on Passing Thru with permission from The Green Voyage .

Featured Image Credit: Shutterstock / Andrei Armiagov.

For transparency, this content was partly developed with AI assistance and carefully curated by an experienced editor to be informative and ensure accuracy.

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Mission Timeline Summary

While every mission's launch timeline is different, most follow a typical set of phases - from launch to science operations.

Pre-launch Activities 

Preparation for the mission, including pre-project planning, science definition and instrument selection, landing site selection, assembly and testing, and delivery to the launch site.

Liftoff from Earth.

Cruise: The Trip to Mars

The interplanetary cruise phase is the period of travel from Earth to Mars and lasts about 200 days. The phase begins after the spacecraft separates from the rocket, soon after launch. Engineers on Earth keep close tabs on the mission during cruise. Major activities include:

• Checking spacecraft health and maintenance
• Monitoring and calibrating the spacecraft and its onboard subsystems and instruments
• Performing attitude correction turns (slight spins to keep the antenna pointed toward Earth for communications, and to keep the solar panels pointed toward the Sun for power)
• Conducting navigation activities, such as trajectory correction maneuvers, to determine and correct the flight path and train navigators before orbit insertion or atmospheric entry. The last three correction maneuvers are scheduled during approach.
• Preparing for entry, descent, and landing (EDL) and surface operations, a process which includes tests of communications, including the communications to be used during EDL.

The mission is timed for launch when Earth and Mars are in good positions relative to each other for landing on Mars. That is, it takes less power to travel to Mars at this time, compared to other times when Earth and Mars are in different positions in their orbits. As Earth and Mars orbit the Sun at different speeds and distances, about once every 26 months they are aligned in a way that allows the most energy-efficient trip to Mars.

Orbiter’s Journey

The approach phase begins two months prior to Mars orbit insertion.

Mars Orbit Insertion

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Instead of using onboard jets and propellant to adjust a spacecraft's orbit, aerobraking uses the atmosphere as both a brake and a steering wheel. The technique, however, shares more elements with sailing than with driving: successful aerobraking depends upon precise navigation, knowledge of weather, and a solid understanding of the forces the craft can withstand.

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Communications Relay

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Relay activities and other activities in support of newly arrived missions have highest priority during the relay phase. Electra, the navigation and telecommunications relay payload, can provide UHF coverage to Mars landers and rovers on the surface using its nadir-pointed (pointed straight down at the surface) antenna.

Rover/Lander’s Journey

To ensure a successful entry, descent, and landing, engineers began intensive preparations during the approach phase, about 45 days before the spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere. It lasted until the spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere, which extends 2,113 miles (3,522.2 kilometers) as measured from the center of the Red Planet.

Entry, Descent, and Landing

Entry, Descent, and Landing – often referred to as "EDL" – is the shortest and most intense phase of a rover mission. It begins when the spacecraft reaches the top of the Martian atmosphere, traveling at high speeds. It ends about seven minutes later, with the rover stationary on the Martian surface. To safely go from those speeds down to zero in that short amount of time, while hitting a narrow target on the surface, requires “slamming on the brakes” in a very careful, creative, and challenging way.

Instrument Checks and First Drive  

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Surface Operations

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Money latest: Inflation falling doesn't mean we should cut interest rates, Bank of England economist says

Recent falls in inflation may have spurred talk of interest rate cuts, but the BoE's deputy has said this is not necessarily enough reason to act. Read this plus all the latest consumer and personal finance news below - and listen to the latest Ian King Business Podcast as you scroll.

Tuesday 23 April 2024 16:10, UK

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Recent falls in inflation may have spurred talk of interest rate cuts, but the Bank of England's deputy governor has said this is not necessarily enough reason to slash rates. 

Speaking at the University of Chicago, Huw Pill said it would be better to cut rates too late rather than too early. 

He said little had changed with the inflation and interest rate situation since late March, and that there were "greater risks" associated with going too early. 

Despite optimism among some, Mr Pill said there is still a "reasonable way to go" before inflation has stabilised to the level needed for the UK to meet its 2% inflation target in a sustainable way. 

"This assessment further supports my relatively cautious approach to starting to reduce Bank rate," he said. 

Mr Pill had voted to keep the Bank rate unchanged at 5.25% in the most recent meetings of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee in March. 

Inflation currently stands at 3.2% - the lowest rate since September 2021. 

This is still above the Bank's target of 2%. 

The next Bank rate decision is next week - but markets don't expect a cut then. June is seen as more likely - though Mr Pill's comments cast some doubt on that.

Petrol prices are exceeding 150p per litre for the first time since last November, according to new data.

Figures from the website Fuel Prices Online shows typical pump prices reached 150.1p per litre on Monday.

The average price of a litre of diesel is also at the highest level since November 2023, at 158.3p.

Experts say rising fuel prices in recent weeks can be attributed to an increase in the cost of oil and a weakening of the pound versus the US dollar.

AA fuel price spokesman Luke Bosdet said while inflation was heading downwards, petrol's rebound to 150p a litre left a "big boulder in the road".

He said: "Five days of falling wholesale costs, with the value of oil coming off the boil, offers hope that pump prices may not get much worse in the short-term.

"However, road fuel priced above 150p a litre grabs the attention of drivers and will lead some to re-tighten their belts on other spending."

The annual 100 fastest growing UK businesses list has been published, with the country's largest electric vehicle fast charging network in top spot.

Environmentally conscious companies dominate the ORESA Growth Index 2024 - with three of the top 10 companies participating in the clean and renewable energy market.

There was also success for the retail sector, with 24 businesses in the list, while the construction and logistics sectors have also seen signs of recovery since the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Topping this year's list is Basingstoke-based green energy business InstaVolt, which had an annual growth rate of 362.55%.

The company is the largest owner-operator of rapid public chargers in the UK, with 1,500 charging points.

In 2022-23, the company's third financial year, its revenues hit £18.6m.

Here's the top 10...

Regional success

While London and the South East dominate the list with 59 companies, Northern Ireland has four - up from zero in the past two years. 

Companies from Yorkshire and Humber and the North East have increased from six to 10 and from zero to one respectively, while the East Midlands has gone down to six from nine in 2023. 

Inheritance tax receipts surged to a record high last year due to the government freezing the threshold at which you start to pay.

Official figures show the government received £7.5bn in inheritance tax (IHT) receipts in the financial year to the end of March - an increase of £400m on the same period the previous year. 

(More widely, total tax receipts were £827.7bn - £39.1bn higher than the same period last year - due in part to inflation and other tax threshold freezes.)

Inheritance tax is a tax on the estate of someone who has died - including all property, possessions and money - and is only charged above the tax-free threshold of £325,000. 

This threshold has been frozen by the chancellor until 2028.

So, with inflation boosting the value of people's estates, more people are being dragged above the threshold.

The standard inheritance tax rate is 40%. 

Jonathan Halberda, specialist financial adviser at Wesleyan Financial Services, says more families "can expect to be caught in its net".

So what can be done to ensure families can keep their wealth? 

Use the inheritance tax spouse exemption

Mr Halberda says if you leave your entire estate to your spouse or civil partner, there will be no inheritance tax to pay - even if its value exceeds £325,000. 

Make a will

Doing this can mean you can distribute assets to take advantage of tax-free allowances. 

"Assets in trusts are no longer in your name and therefore not considered when valuing your estate for inheritance tax," Mr Halberda says. 

Gift giving 

Gifting money or assets to loved ones before you die can avoid inheritance tax, but there are limits on how much you can give away and who to. 

Gifts to charity 

Leaving gifts to registered UK charities in your will is exempt from inheritance tax.

By Daniel Binns, business reporter

The FTSE 100 has hit another all-time high this morning following its record performance yesterday.

The index, of the 100 most valuable companies on the London Stock Exchange, soared to 8,071 points shortly after the opening. It marks a new "intraday" (during the day) record.

Later in the morning, the FTSE 100 eased back to 8,060 points, but was still up nearly 0.5% on yesterday. The score is based on a calculation of the total value of the shares on the index.

It comes after the index reported a record-high closing figure of 8,023 yesterday following a fall in the value of the pound. A lower pound makes it cheaper for foreign investors to invest in FTSE companies.

One of the reasons the pound is falling against the dollar is interest rates are expected to stay higher for longer in the US - meaning investors will get better returns on their US investments.

The strong performance this morning raises the prospect we could see another record close at the end of today's trading.

Danni Hewson, from investment platform AJ Bell, said the figures were "psychologically important for investors and for London markets as a whole" as the capital has been lagging behind its rivals, particularly the US, in recent years.

Among the firms doing very well this morning is JD Sports. The retailer's shares are up more than 7% in early trading following reports that it is set to buy US rival Hibbett for $1.08bn (£0.87bn).

On the currency markets, £1 will buy you $1.23 US or €1.15, similar to yesterday's five-month lows for the pound.

The price of a barrel of Brent crude oil is up almost 1% at nearly $88 (£71) this morning.

Aldi has recalled one of its products and a police investigation has been launched over fears it "may have been tampered with".

The supermarket has pulled its Village Bakery 8 Tortilla Wraps White, citing safety fears over the "possible presence of metal". 

The recall affects items with best before dates up to and including 29 April 2024, and with a pack size of 8x62g.

Anyone who has bought the item is being urged to bring it back to their nearest Aldi. 

Notices have been posted at the stores telling customers not to eat the wraps. 

Aldi said its products go through "rigorous safety and quality checks" and the item was being recalled as a "precautionary measure".

"As there is an active police investigation we are not able to comment any further on this matter at this time," it said. 

The Food Standards Agency (FSA) also said Signature Flatbreads UK, which makes the wraps, is "working with the relevant food and police agencies to investigate the cause of the contamination".

No other items from the company are affected, it said.

Doubts have been raised over the government's ability to unveil tax cuts ahead of the next general election after official figures revealed borrowing was higher than expected in the past year.

The Treasury borrowed £120.7bn in the financial year ending March 2024 - down £7.6bn from the year before, according to provisional estimates from the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

However, the figure is £6.6bn more than forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) only a month ago.

Overall, government debt was around 98.3% of the UK's annual gross domestic product (GDP) in March - up 2.6 percentage points from the previous year and at levels not seen since the early 1960s.

Ruth Gregory, deputy chief UK economist from Capital Economics, said: "If the chancellor was hoping March's figures would provide more scope for tax cuts at a fiscal event later this year, he will have been disappointed."

Read the full story here ...

Basically, there might come a time when you can't make decisions for yourself - and in that event, having a lasting power of attorney (LPA) in place would allow someone who you trust to make decisions for you.

It's probably more important than a will in some cases because it affects decisions made about you while you're still living and breathing.

Here's what you need to know about LPAs...

What is a power of attorney?

It's a court-issued document that enables you to appoint someone (or a group of people) to make decisions on your behalf if you don't have the mental capacity to do so.

You're essentially giving them authority to manage your finances or make health and welfare decisions.

There are two types of LPA:

• Property and financial affairs 
• Health and welfare 

How do you apply for one?

There are two ways: do it yourself through the government website or have a solicitor draw one up.

To set one up you must:

• Be over 18;
• Have full mental capacity;
• Pay a fee to register it, unless you are exempt.

How many people can you appoint?

There is no limit but solicitors generally advise no more than four.

Your attorney needs to be 18 or over and they could be a partner, relative, friend or even a professional, for example a solicitor.

If you do decide to appoint more than one, you need to decide how you want them to act - either "jointly", which means all the attorneys have to agree, or "severally", where they act on their own.

Why are LPAs important and what happens if you don't have one?

If you don't have an LPA in place and you lose mental capacity, your loved ones must apply to the court of protection for a deputyship order - this can take anywhere between eight and 12 months.

"Power of attorneys are as important, if not more important, than wills because your choice of attorney can influence you while you are alive, whereas a will is dealing with things after you've died," Caroline Foulger, partner and head of private client at TWN Solicitors, told the Money blog. 

"If you lose capacity for whatever reason you're at a crisis point and decisions have to start being made potentially about selling your house, how to fund care etc. 

"If you don't have an LPA in place and you have to go down the route of being under a court protection there is a timeframe where nobody can help you and things don't get done."

Penny Wright, a partner in the wills, probate and estate planning team at Gardener Leader, said many assumed that a spouse or a next of kin automatically had such powers but that was not the case.

 "That's a common misconception," she said.

"To access your funds, to pay your bills, to arrange your care and make medical decisions on your behalf - it's not automatic."

'Treat it like house insurance'

Joanna Grewer, partner at Roythornes Solicitors, said a power of attorney was "like an insurance against mental incapacity".

She said: "We insure our houses so why shouldn't we insure the ability for someone to make decisions for us when we are not able to make them for ourselves?"

What are the costs?

If you were to make your LPAs using the government website you pay an £82 registration fee per LPA.

The price will be more if you chose to instruct a solicitor.

Ms Wright said a typical charge for LPAs at her firm would be £650 + VAT for one type or £950 + VAT for both types (health and welfare as well as property and financial).

Read other entries in our Basically... series:

Turkey has become the latest country to allow Britons who can work remotely to apply for a "digital nomad visa". 

People who earn $36,000 (just over £29,000) a year and are between the ages of 21 and 55 will be able to apply for the visa.

Italy opened applications for a similar scheme in the last few weeks.

Unlike the year-long visas being offered by Italy, it is unknown how long the "digital nomad visa" will last for in Turkey.

According to the Go Turkiye website , applicants are required to provide the following:

• A travel document/passport valid for at least six months as from the date of arrival in Turkey;
• Diploma or certification of degree document showing that you are a university graduate;
• Document showing the applicant works in the Digital Nomad field - jobs that use technology and communication tools to complete work remotely;
• Biometric photo.

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