world heritage festival tour de las misiones

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American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions

7th Annual World Heritage Festival – BIKE RIDE, WALK & RUN – TOUR DE LAS MISIONES

SAVE THE DATE!  Join the City of San Antonio  World Heritage Office  for the 7th Annual World Heritage Festival,  September 7-11, 2022 ! The World Heritage Festival is an annual collaborative event to celebrate and promote the  San Antonio Missions , a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and raise funds to preserve, promote, and connect.

For more information and updates, follow us on  Facebook  or call us at 210-207-2111.

Share your photos of participating in this year’s event by tagging us (Facebook @worldheritagefestival or Instagram @worldheritagesa) and using our hashtag #worldheritagesa.

Check it out here! https://www.worldheritagefestival.org/

Stop by our booth to experience that taste of bison burgers, the hydration of the agua fresas, and the warmth of nopal tacos!

Be sure to also visit our community engagement booth to learn more about what’s going on with AITSCM.

We would be excited to see you! Bring some water and have fun!

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8th annual World Heritage Festival: Tour de Las Misiones celebration

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The 8th annual World Heritage Festival will take place Sept. 6-10 with a vast array of exciting events. The festival allows residents and visitors alike the opportunity to celebrate San Antonio’s unique history and culture through fun, family-friendly events, including Tour de Las Misiones, a one-of-a-kind opportunity to visit and learn about the historic San Antonio Missions, on Saturday, Sept. 9 from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m.

Tour de Las Misiones events include a leisurely 7-, 14-, or 22-mile guided bike tour with stops at two or all of the missions, as well as a 5K/10K walk and a timed 5K/10K run through Mission San Jose, the scenic trails of the Mission Reach and the Hot Wells ruins. All events will begin at Mission Park Pavilion, located at 6030 Padre Dr. 78214, where the public can also enjoy live music, local artists, food and more.

Interested in riding in this year’s Tour de las Misiones, but don’t have a bike? No problem! San Antonio BCycle is offering registered participants a free BCycle rental for the event. Email [email protected] with proof of registration to receive a promo code.

Registration for Tour de Las Misiones is now open. Sign up by Aug. 21 to be guaranteed a commemorative bib, finisher’s medal, T-shirt and a keepsake passport to use while exploring the Missions. Volunteer opportunities are also available; visit WorldHeritageFestival.org for more information.

Gather your family and friends and join the celebration that promotes San Antonio’s unique history and culture. Register today!

World Heritage Festival schedule of events:

• Sept. 6: Nopal y Tu | Mission San Juan
• Sept. 7: Texas’ Oldest Grist Mill Tour | Mission San Jose
• Sept. 7: The Many Lives of the Alamo Long Barrack | The Alamo
• Sept. 8: River to Farm Hike | Mission San Juan
• Sept. 8: Music and Movie Under the Stars | Mission Marquee Plaza
• Sept. 9: Tour de Las Misiones | Mission Park Pavilion
• Sept. 9: Junior Ranger Day | Mission San Juan
• Sept. 10: El Camino de San Antonio: Caring for Creation Mass and Walk | Mission Espada
• Sept. 10: Rancho de las Cabras Tour | Rancho de las Cabras

Visit WorldHeritageFestival.org for more information.

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The City of San Antonio World Heritage Office promotes the UNESCO World Heritage and Creative Cities designations through community events, work plans and related projects. More by City of San Antonio World Heritage Office

World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones

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World Heritage Festival Tour de Las Misiones Bike Ride, Walk & Run Saturday, September 9, 2023 @ 7 a.m.

About: Tour de Las Misiones is a one-of-a-kind opportunity to visit and learn about the historic San Antonio Missions. This Bike Ride Tour, Walk, and Run will feature enlightening activities throughout your chosen course. All events will begin and end at Mission Park Pavilion.

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Tour de Las Misiones

Join us for the 8th Annual World Heritage Festival, September 6-10, 2023! The World Heritage Festival is an annual collaborative event to celebrate and promote our San Antonio Missions, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Tour de Las Misiones:

Tour de Las Misiones is a one-of-a-kind opportunity to visit and learn about the historic San Antonio Missions. The events will include a leisurely ride ranging from 7- to 22 miles with stops at one or all the missions and an enjoyable 5K and 10K walk and run through the scenic Mission River Reach and Mission San Jose. All events will begin and end at Mission Park Pavilion (6030 Padre Drive) from 7:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Participants who register by August 21, 2023, are guaranteed to receive a commemorative t-shirt, finishers medal, bib, and passport. Registration is available on the event page https://www.worldheritagefestival.org/EVENT-INFORMATION/BIKE-RIDE-WALK.

Please visit www.worldheritagefestival.org or call 210-207-2111 for more information and updates. Follow us on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/worldheritagefestival.

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World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones

The  World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones  page provides you with the official registration information, ride distances, etc.

Date:  September 9, 2023

Event:  World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones

Route:  7, 14, 22 miles

About the Ride:

Tour de Las Misiones is a one-of-a-kind opportunity to visit and learn about San Antonio’s historic Missions. This Bike Ride, Walk, and Run will feature enlightening activities throughout your chosen course. All events will begin and end at Mission Park Pavilion.

What to Expect After the Bike Ride, Walk, and Run: Commemorative Finishers Medal, Collectible T-shirt, Goodie Bag, and Passport to the San Antonio Missions are guaranteed to participants that register by Monday, August 21, 2023.   Photos will be posted at  https://www.worldheritagefestival.org  Music and complimentary food and beverages will be served post-event for registered participants.

Packet Pickup will be from 4-7 p.m. on September 7th and 8th at the Mission Branch Library (3134 Roosevelt Ave., 78214) on September 9th Event Day packet pickup will be available from 5:30-7 a.m. at Mission County Park Pavilion #1 (6030 Padre Drive, 78214)

Interested in riding in this year’s Tour de las Misiones, but don’t have a bike? No problem! With San Antonio BCycle, registered participants can ride BCycle for $5. Use promo code WHO910 and look for the BCycle tent at the Tour de las Misiones on September 10.

Organized by the City of San Antonio World Heritage Office, in partnership with San Antonio River Authority, Bexar County, SATX Social Ride, America’s Walking Club (AVA), and  www.iaapweb.com

Bike Ride Tour: The  Bike Ride Tour will kick off with a 7, 14, and 22-mile bike ride tour of the southside of San Antonio and The Alamo, stopping at each of the missions.  

Safety Tips:   This Bike Ride is not a race and can be completed on an open road with motor vehicles.  All riders must follow the rules of the road and all regulations as defined in the Texas vehicle code.  Participants must follow all instructions of law enforcement and/or fire officials, public safety vehicles always have the right of way.  Riders are encouraged to wear bike helmets on the course and buckle them.  We strongly suggest bringing at least two water bottles.

Location: Mission Park Pavilion, 6030 Padre Drive, San Antonio, TX US 78214

Event Website: worldheritagefestival.org | Facebook Page

Registration: Online registration

Contact Information: [email protected] or 210-207-2111

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World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones

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About the Event

Join us for the World Heritage Festival Tour de las Misiones on Saturday, September 9, 2023, at 7 a.m. at Mission County Park Pavilion in San Antonio, TX. This unique event offers a chance to explore the historic San Antonio Missions through a guided bike ride tour, walk, or run. Choose from 7-, 14-, or 22-mile bike rides, 5K or 10K runs, or 5K or 10K walks. All events start and end at Mission Park Pavilion. Early bird registration ends on June 30, 2023, and the overall registration deadline is August 21, 2023. Participants who register by the deadline will receive a commemorative bib, finisher’s medal, collectible T-shirt, goodie bag, and keepsake passport to the San Antonio Missions. Music and complimentary food and beverages will be served post-event for registered participants. Safety tips and regulations will be enforced for all events. Fees range from $20 to $55, and military discounts are available. Packet pick-up will be available on September 7 and 8, 2023, at Mission Branch Library, and event day packet pick-up and registration will be available from 5:30-7:00 a.m. Don't miss this opportunity to experience the beauty and history of the San Antonio Missions!

How to Get There

22-Mile Bike Ride

14-mile bike ride, 7-mile bike ride, adults 18 & up, youth 12 to 14, youth 5 to 11, youth 17 & under, youth 13 to 17, youth 12 & under, more information, report event.

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15 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions & Things to Do in Moscow

Written by Diana Bocco Updated Dec 23, 2023 We may earn a commission from affiliate links ( )

Moscow is one of Europe's most enigmatic destinations, home to a fascinating history and colorful, awe-inspiring architecture you won't find anywhere else in the world. Moscow might be one of the most populous cities in the world with over 11 million inhabitants, but this hasn't changed its strong cultural and social traditions.

Walk the cobblestone streets of the Red Square or the banks of the Moskva River early in the morning, and it's hard to tell what century you're in.

Tsarist architecture, must-see churches, and glamorous shopping opportunities blend together for a visual experience you won't forget. For ideas on what to see and do while visiting Russia, here's our list of top tourist attractions in Moscow.

1. Marvel at the Size of the Kremlin

2. catch a performance at the bolshoi theatre, 3. shop at the luxurious gum, 4. make your way into lenin's mausoleum, 5. spend an hour (or three) at red square, 6. discover history at the museum of cosmonautics, 7. ride the stunning moscow metro, 8. explore the moscow state integrated museum-reserve, 9. spend a rainy day at the tretyakov gallery, 10. walk up and down arbat street, 11. stop by the vdnkh all-russian exhibition centre, 12. wander around gorky park, where to stay in moscow for sightseeing, map of tourist attractions & things to do in moscow.

Moscow's most recognizable structure is without a doubt the Kremlin, a 15th-century fortified complex that covers an area of 275,000 square meters surrounded by walls built in the 1400s.

The Grand Kremlin Palace -which has over 700 rooms- was once home to the Tsar family and is now the official residence of the president of the Russian Federation, although most heads of state choose to reside elsewhere.

The massive complex also includes many other buildings, some of which are open to the public and can be visited regularly. Aside from three cathedrals (including one where the Tsars were once crowned) and a number of towers, the Kremlin is also home to the Armory building, a museum holding everything from the royal crown and imperial carriages to the ivory throne of Ivan the Terrible and Fabergé eggs.

The Bolshoi Theater is home to the largest and one of the oldest ballet and opera companies in the world . While the theater has undergone several major renovations over the past century-including a recent one in 2011 to restore some of the imperial architectural details-it still retains all of its Neoclassical grandeur.

The Bolshoi Theater you see today opened in 1824, after several older versions burned down. Inside, red velvet, a three-tiered crystal chandelier, and gilt moldings give the place a Byzantine-Renassaince grandiose feel like no other.

Catching a show from the resident ballet and opera troupes is a treat, as the theater often presents a number of classic performances, such as Tchaikovsky's Mazeppa and Rachmaninoff's Francesca da Rimini, both of which originally premiered here.

Moscow's oldest and most upscale shopping center is an architectural marvel. GUM (short for Glávnyj Universálnyj Magazín or "Main Universal Store") was built in the late 1800s in neo-Russian style to showcase a beautiful mix of a steel skeleton and 20,000 panels of glass forming an arched roof.

This was a unique construction at the time, since the glass had to be strong enough to support the snow-heavy Russian winters. The building is just as impressive outside, with all three levels covered in marble and granite.

While GUM is no longer the largest shopping center in Moscow, it's still by far the most beautiful. Home to brands like Gucci and Manolo Blahnik, this might not be the ideal destination for most budget-conscious visitors, but the beauty of the building itself is worth a visit.

On the third floor, there are also great dining options, including a Soviet-style canteen that serves traditional Russian food, and a stand selling ice cream made by hand using an original 1954 recipe originally approved by the Soviet government.

Lenin's Mausoleum, the final resting place of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, occupies a central spot in Red Square. His body has been in the mausoleum since his death in 1924-and although the original plan was for him to be buried after a short period of public display for mourning, the plan quickly changed.

After over 100,000 visited the tomb over a period of six weeks, it was decided that a new sarcophagus and a more permanent display space could actually preserve Lenin's body for much longer than expected-and Lenin's Mausoleum was built.

Over the years, the mausoleum and its marble stairs also became the main spot from where Soviet leaders would watch parades and events happening in Red Square.

Lenin's embalmed body can still be seen today, lying down in a bulletproof glass sarcophagus as if he's sleeping. While a visit to the mausoleum is certainly unusual, it has become a must-do for history buffs looking to understand how Lenin's legacy truly changed the nation. Come ready to wait, though -there are usually lines to get in.

All of Moscow's main streets start at Red Square, so it's easy to see why this is considered the heart of the city. A massive space of 330 meters by 70 meters, the square is flanked by the Kremlin, Lenin's Mausoleum, two cathedrals, and the State Historical Museum.

In 1945, a massive Victory Parade was held here to celebrate the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Soviet Armed Forces.

St. Basil's Cathedral , one of the most recognizable buildings on the square, was built in 1555. The unique cathedral has architectural details inspired by Byzantine and Asian design, as well as details that resemble those found in famous mosques. There are nine individual chapels inside the church, all decorated with colorful mural art.

Both the square itself and the Kremlin are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . On weekends, there are sometimes stalls selling souvenirs and traditional items here, such as matryoshka (Russian nesting dolls), at the entrance of the square.

At one point, Russia and the US were toe-to-toe when it came to space exploration. While that might no longer be the case, the museum's amazing collection-which includes over 85,000 items-is still awe-inspiring.

Main exhibits include the space capsule used by Yuri Gagarin , the first human to travel into outer space; a USSR flag with moon fragments; a Soviet spacesuit; and a rocket propulsion unit from the 1960s. A special two-story hall showcases sections of the Mir space station interior, and there are also models of the first sputniks and a replica miniature spaceship.

English-language tours are available, and there's also a Cinema Hall showing subtitled short films about the history of space exploration programs and the first manned space flight.

The museum is located inside the base of the monument to the Conquerors of Space, which was built almost 20 years before the museum opened.

Riding the Moscow metro is an experience all in itself, but even just heading underground to walk through the stations is something no visitor should miss. With 223 stations and 12 metro lines crosscutting through Moscow, however, this can be tricky, so visiting at least a few of the most impressive ones is a good start.

Arbatskaya station was designed by a skyscraper architect, so it's no surprise that it features multicolored granite slabs and impressive bronze chandeliers.

Park Kultury station , located next to Gorky Park, is covered in marble and features reliefs of people involved in sports, while Teatralnaya station is decorated with porcelain figures dancing and wearing traditional Russian costumes.

The metro is open between 5:30am and 1:00am but it's very crowded in the early morning and after 4pm, so it's better to visit in the late morning or early afternoon to really appreciate the architecture without the crowds.

The Moscow State Integrated Art and Historical Architectural and Natural Landscape Museum-Reserve is a cultural open-air museum complex comprised of four different historical sites.

The most important site, the Kolomenskoye Estate, was once the summer residence of Tsars as far back as the 14 th century. The complex, which covers almost 300 hectares, is home to fairy-tale wooden palaces; a tent-roof stone church built in the 1500s; a water tower; fort towers and structures; and the 24-room Museum of Wooden Architecture , which includes the restored dining room of Tsar Alexei I.

Beautiful manicured gardens , riverside picnic areas, and a massive collection of both artifacts and structures make this a great destination to help you see what medieval Russia looked like. English-language tours are available, but you're also free to wander the grounds on your own.

The largest collection of Russian art in the world sits here, with over 180,000 paintings, sculptures, and religious art dating back to over a millennia ago. The gallery, built using beautiful red and white colors from classical Russian architecture, is located near the Kremlin and it was built in the early 20 th century.

Significant art pieces include the Vladimir Mother of God; a Byzantine icon of the Virgin and child dating back to the 1100s; Andrei Rublev's The Trinity icon from the 15 th century; and several works by Ilya Repin, the most famous realist painter in Russia.

On the grounds of the museum, there is also an 86-meter-tall statue of Peter the Great, as well as a number of Socialist Realism sculptures.

Moscow's one-kilometer-long pedestrian street has been around since the 15 th century. Originally a trade route in the outskirts of the city, Arbat Street is now very centrally located, home to posh buildings and lots of places to eat and shop.

Beautiful street lamps and two significant statues-one of Princess Turandot (from Puccini's last opera) and one of Soviet-era poet Bulat Okudzhava-adorn the street, which fills up with both locals and tourists on evenings and weekends.

A great place to pick up souvenirs or sit down at an outdoor café, Arbat Street also offers a chance to visit the former home of poet Alexander Pushkin and the café both Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy used to visit.

Although it was originally designed as a general-purpose trade show venue, this park complex now houses amusement rides , ice rinks , and a number of galleries and other attractions for all ages.

The park's most famous landmarks are the Moskvarium, a marine biology center home to over 8000 species of marine animals, the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, and a shopping center selling traditional products from former Soviet countries.

There's even a film museum showing Soviet cartoons or even a full-length film (for an extra fee) and an education center offering masterclasses on everything from becoming a barista to video montage (call or write in advance to find out which ones are English-friendly).

Soviet-era pavilions, sculptures, and fountains abound here as well, including the famous Friendship of the Peoples Fountain, which features statues of women dressed in costumes from different former Soviet countries.

Named after the famous Russian writer Maxim Gorky (who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times but never won it) and sitting right across the Moskva River, Gorky Park covers 120 hectares of beautiful ponds and green spaces.

Popular with both locals and tourists, the park offers a variety of things to enjoy-from sunbeds, hammocks, and drinking fountains to free yoga classes and children's playgrounds. There's free Wi-Fi and sockets for charging your phone, as well as many food stands and plenty of wild animals, including deer, rabbits, and pheasants.

Visitors can rent paddle boats and bicycles to explore the park-and from May to October, there is also an open-air movie theater, as well as scheduled presentations by street performers, musicians, and artists. Gorky Park attracts the young and old, so don't be surprised to see a mix of people exercising, playing chess, and sunbathing.

Luxury Hotels :

• Lotte Hotel Moscow is one of the top 5-star properties in Moscow offering the largest Royal Suite in Russia. The trendy rooms and suites here all have contemporary style and great city views. On-site amenities are plentiful. There are two restaurants: one serving contemporary Italian fare, and the other Japanese. There is an impressively lit indoor swimming pool, a well-known spa, and a state-of-the-art gym.
• Another excellent luxury hotel is the Ararat Park Hyatt Moscow . The residential-style property is in the heart of Moscow just next to the Bolshoi Theatre and within walking distance of the Kremlin and Red Square. The rooms and suites have been opulently designed by Tony Chi. The on-site restaurant serves a mix of European and Armenian specialities. There is also a Japanese sushi bar and a rooftop lounge with fabulous city views.
• The St. Regis Moscow Nikolskaya also has a central location just a few minutes from the Kremlin and Red Square. The 5-star property has a mix of elegant rooms and suites, including interconnecting room options for families with kids. There are multiple restaurants on-site including an Italian bistro. Other amenities include the fabulous Iridium Spa, which does a full range of treatments and has an indoor swimming pool, sauna, and steam room.

Mid-Range Hotels :

• Palmira Business Club is a top mid-range choice. The contemporary lifestyle hotel offers well-appointed rooms and suites, including options for families. Suites are quite spacious and have kitchenettes. Amenities here include a complimentary breakfast at the on-site restaurant, a hot tub, sauna, and spa. There is also a fitness center.
• The trendy Mercure Moscow Baumanskaya offers a mix of rooms and suites with contemporary decor. The mid-range hotel can arrange airport transportation and offers baggage storage. Other amenities include a restaurant and room service. The front desk is open 24 hours.
• Boutique Hotel Brighton is about 10 minutes from the city center in a leafy park area. It offers excellent value for money and has charming rooms and suites with sound-proof windows and doors, as well as blackout curtains. A complimentary breakfast is served, and there is also an indoor swimming pool.

Budget Hotels :

• Hotel Ibis Budget Moscow Panfilovskaya is about a 15-minute drive from Moscow's downtown, and it's within walking distance from a metro station that will take you there. The soundproof rooms at this budget property are clean, comfortable, and can sleep up to three people. The hotel is pet friendly, has paid parking available on-site, and also has a salon.
• If you just need a budget hotel near the airport then check out Aviator Hotel Sheremetyevo . Located right at the airport, it has soundproof rooms, including options for families. Amenities include an indoor play area for kids, a sauna and swimming pool, and a free breakfast.

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Exploring Russia: Whether you are interested in history, nature, or architecture, there's much to see in Russia. For a good introduction to some of the most fascinating spots in the country, take a look at our article on the Best Places to Visit in Russia . For more on Russia's second-largest city and all it has to offer, check out our piece on the Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in St. Petersburg .

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Unesco social media, kremlin and red square, moscow.

• Description

Inextricably linked to all the most important historical and political events in Russia since the 13th century, the Kremlin (built between the 14th and 17th centuries by outstanding Russian and foreign architects) was the residence of the Great Prince and also a religious centre. At the foot of its ramparts, on Red Square, St Basil's Basilica is one of the most beautiful Russian Orthodox monuments.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Le Kremlin et la place Rouge, Moscou

Indissolublement lié à tous les événements historiques et politiques les plus importants survenus en Russie depuis le XIII e siècle, le Kremlin a été construit entre le XIV e et le XVII e siècle par des architectes russes et étrangers exceptionnels. C'était la résidence du grand-prince ainsi qu'un centre religieux. Au pied de ses remparts, sur la place Rouge, s'élève la basilique Basile-le-Bienheureux, l'un des plus beaux monuments de l'art orthodoxe.

الكرملين والساحة الحمراء، موسكو

يرتبط الكرملين ارتباطاً وثيقاً بجميع الأحداث التاريخيّة والسياسيّة المهمّة التي توالت على روسيا منذ القرن الثالث عشر ولقد جرى تشييده بين القرنين الرابع والسابع عشر على يد مهندسين روس وأجانب استثنائيين. وكان الكرملين مقرّ الأمير الكبير كما كان مركزاً دينيّاً. عند أسفل أسواره في الساحة الحمراء شيدت بازيليك القديس بازيل وهي من أروع تحف الفنّ الأرثوذكسي.

source: UNESCO/CPE Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

莫斯科克里姆林宫和红场

由俄罗斯和外国建筑家于14世纪至17世纪共同修建的克里姆林宫，作为沙皇的住宅和宗教中心，与13世纪以来俄罗斯所有最重要的历史事件和政治事件密不可分。在红场上防御城墙的脚下坐落的圣瓦西里教堂是俄罗斯传统艺术最漂亮的代表作之一。

El kremlin y la Plaza Roja de Moscú

Indisolublemente vinculado a los más trascendentales acontecimientos históricos y políticos de Rusia desde el siglo XIII, el kremlin de Moscú fue construido entre los siglos XIV y XVII por toda una serie de excelentes arquitectos rusos y extranjeros. Además de ser la residencia del Gran Príncipe, fue un importante centro religioso. Al pie de sus murallas, en la Plaza Roja, se alza la basílica de San Basilio el Bienaventurado, uno de los más hermosos monumentos de arte ortodoxo.

モスクワのクレムリンと赤の広場

source: NFUAJ

Kremlin en Rode Plein, Moskou

Het Kremlin is onlosmakelijk verbonden met alle belangrijke historische en politieke gebeurtenissen in Rusland sinds de 13e eeuw. Het werd door de Grote Prins Yuri van Kiev gesticht als residentie en religieus centrum. De bouw vond plaats tussen de 14e en 17e eeuw en het ontwerp was in handen van uitstekende Russische en buitenlandse architecten. Binnen de muren van het Kremlin vindt men een reeks meesterwerken qua architectuur, maar ook beeldende kunst en religieuze monumenten van uitzonderlijke schoonheid. Aan de voet van de stadsmuren, op het Rode Plein, bevindt zich een van de mooiste Russisch-orthodoxe monumenten, de Pokrovkathedraal ook wel Basiliuskathedraal genoemd.

Source: unesco.nl

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

At the geographic and historic centre of Moscow, the Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of the city. First mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle in 1147 as a fortification erected on the left bank of the Moskva river by Yuri Dolgoruki, Prince of Suzdal, the Kremlin developed and grew with settlements and suburbs which were further surrounded by new fortifications - Kitaigorodsky Wall, Bely Gorod, Zemlyanoy Gorod and others. This determined a radial and circular plan of the centre of Moscow typical of many other Old Russian cities.

In 13th century the Kremlin was the official residence of supreme power - the center of temporal and spiritual life of the state. The Kremlin of the late 15th – early 16th century is one of the major fortifications of Europe (the stone walls and towers of present day were erected in 1485–1516). It contains an ensemble of monuments of outstanding quality.

The most significant churches of the Moscow Kremlin are situated on the Cathedral Square; they are the Cathedral of the Dormition, Church of the Archangel, Church of the Annunciation and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki. Almost all of them were designed by invited Italian architects which is clearly seen in their architectural style. The five-domed Assumption Cathedral (1475–1479) was built by an Italian architect Aristotele Fiorvanti. Its interior is decorated with frescos and a five-tier iconostasis (15th–17th century). The cathedral became the major Russian Orthodox church; a wedding and coronation place for great princes, tsars and emperors as well as the shrine for metropolitans and patriarchs.

In the same square another Italian architect, Alevisio Novi, erected the five-domed Church of the Archangel in 1505-1508. From the 17th to 19th century, its interior was decorated by wonderful frescos and an iconostasis. In this church many great princes and tsars of Moscow are buried. Among them are Ivan I Kalita, Dmitri Donskoi, Ivan III, Ivan IV the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich Romanovs.

The Cathedral of the Dormition was built by Pskov architects in 1484–1489. Inside the cathedral some mural paintings of 16th–19th century have been preserved and the icons of Andrei Rublev and Theophanes the Greek are part of the iconostasis.

In 1505-1508 the bell tower of Ivan Veliki was built. Being 82 metres high it was the highest building in Russia which became the focal point of the Kremlin ensemble.

Among the oldest civil buildings of the Moscow Kremlin, the Palace of the Facets (1487–1491) is the most remarkable. Italian architects Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solario built it as a great hall for holding state ceremonies, celebrations and for receiving foreign ambassadors. The most noteworthy civil construction of the 17th century built by Russian masters is the Teremnoi Palace.

From the early 18th century, when the capital of Russia moved to St. Petersburg, the Kremlin mainly played a ceremonial role with religious functions. By the end of the century the architectural complex of the Kremlin expanded with the Arsenal reconstructed after the Fire of 1797 by Matvei Kazakov. The Senate was built in 1776–1787 according to the plans of the same architect as the home of the highest agency of State power of the Russian Empire - the Ruling Senate. Today it is the residence of the President of Russia.

From 1839 to 1849 a Russian architect K.A. Thon erected the Great Kremlin Palace as a residence of the imperial family which combined ancient Kremlin buildings such as the Palace of the Facets, the Tsarina’s Golden Chamber, Master Chambers, the Teremnoi Palace and the Teremnoi churches. In the Armory Chamber built by K.A. Thon within the complex of the Great Kremlin Palace, there is a 16th century museum officially established by the order of Alexander I in 1806.

Red Square, closely associated with the Kremlin, lies beneath its east wall. At its south end is the famous Pokrovski Cathedral (Cathedral of St Basil the Blessed), one of the most beautiful monuments of Old Russian church architecture, erected in 1555–1560 to commemorate the victory of Ivan the Terrible over the Kazan Khanate. In the 17th century the cathedral gained its up-to-date appearance thanks to the decorative finishing of the domes and painting both inside and outside the cathedral. The construction of Red Square was finished by the late 19th century together with the erection of the Imperial Historic Museum (today the State Historical Museum), the Upper Trading Rows (GUM) and the Middle Trading Rows. In 1929, , Lenin’s Mausoleum, designed by A.V. Shchusev and an outstanding example of the Soviet monumental architecture, was finished.

Criterion (i) : The Kremlin contains within its walls a unique series of masterpieces of architecture and the plastic arts. There are religious monuments of exceptional beauty such as the Church of the Annunciation, the Cathedral of the Dormition, the Church of the Archangel and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki; there are palaces such as the Great Palace of the Kremlin, which comprises within its walls the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin and the Teremnoi Palace. On Red Square is Saint Basil the Blessed, still a major edifice of Russian Orthodox art.

Criterion (ii) : Throughout its history, Russian architecture has clearly been affected many times by influences emanating from the Kremlin. A particular example was the Italian Renaissance. The influence of the style was clearly felt when Rudolfo Aristotele Fioravanti built the Cathedral of the Dormition (1475-79) and grew stronger with the construction of the Granovitaya Palace (Hall of the Facets, 1487-91) by Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solario. Italian Renaissance also influenced the towers of the fortified enceinte, built during the same period by Solario, using principles established by Milanese engineers (the Nikolskaya and the Spasskaya Towers both date from 1491). The Renaissance expression was even more present in the classic capitals and shells of the Church of the Archangel, reconstructed from 1505 to 1509 by Alevisio Novi.

Criterion (iv) : With its triangular enceinte pierced by four gates and reinforced with 20 towers, the Moscow Kremlin preserves the memory of the wooden fortifications erected by Yuri Dolgoruki around 1156 on the hill at the confluence of the Moskova and Neglinnaya rivers (the Alexander Garden now covers the latter). By its layout and its history of transformations (in the 14th century Dimitri Donskoi had an enceinte of logs built, then the first stone wall), the Moscow Kremlin is the prototype of a Kremlin - the citadel at the centre of Old Russian towns such as Pskov, Tula, Kazan or Smolensk.

Criterion (vi) : From the 13th century to the founding of St Petersburg, the Moscow Kremlin was directly and tangibly associated with every major event in Russian history. A 200-year period of obscurity ended in 1918 when it became the seat of government again. The Mausoleum of Lenin on Red Square is the Soviet Union’s prime example of symbolic monumental architecture. To proclaim the universal significance of the Russian revolution, the funerary urns of heroes of the revolution were incorporated into the Kremlin’s walls between the Nikolskaya and Spasskaya towers. The site thus combines in an exceptional manner the preserved vestiges of bygone days with present-day signs of one of the greatest events in modern history.

From the date of including the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square on the World Heritage List all the components representing the Outstanding Universal Value of the property are within its boundaries. The territory and the integrity of the World Heritage property have also remained unchanged. Within its boundaries the property still comprises all the elements that it contained at the date of nomination. The biggest threat, however, is unregulated commercial development of the adjacent areas.

Authenticity

The history of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is reflected in the archival documents of 12th–19th century, for example in medieval chronicles, cadastral surveys, estimated construction books, painted lists, inventories, foreign notes and in graphic matters such as manuscripts, chronicles, plans, drafts, engravings, lithographs, sketches of foreign travelers, paintings and photographs. These documents are exceptionally valuable information sources. Comparison of the data received from archival documents and those obtained in the process of field study gives the idea of authenticity of  the property and its different elements. This comparison also serves as the basis for project development and for the choice of the appropriate methods of restoration that may preserve the monuments’ authenticity.

On the border of the ensemble a number of monuments destroyed in the 1930s were reconstructed according to measured plans.

Protection and management requirements

The statutory and institutional framework of an effective protection, management and improvement of the World Heritage property “Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow” has been established by laws and regulations of the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow.

According to the decree of the President of RSFSR of 18 December 1991 № 294, the Moscow Kremlin was included among especially protected cultural properties of nations of Russia - the highest conservation status for cultural and historical monuments in Russian legislation.

“Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow” is a Cultural Heritage Site of federal importance. State protection and management of federal sites is provided by Federal Law of 25.06.2002 № 73-FZ “On cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of nations of the Russian Federation”. The federal executive body responsible for protection of the cultural property is the Department for Control, Supervision and Licensing in the Cultural Heritage Sphere of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.It is in charge of all methodological and control functions concerning restoration, usage and support of cultural heritage sites and the territories connected.

The World Heritage property is situated in the urban environment of Moscow. The city policy regarding cultural heritage protection and town-planning regulation is the responsibility of Moscow City Government, represented by the Department of Cultural Heritage, the Department of Urban Development and the Committee for Urban Development and Architecture of Moscow. In 1997 the boundaries of the protective (buffer) zone were approved in order to preserve the property, and to maintain and restore the historical architectural environment as well as the integral visual perception of the property.. There is a need to ensure the creation of an appropriate buffer zone and to develop close liaison between all stakeholders, including the Moscow City authorities, to ensure that constructions around the property do not impact adversely on its Outstanding Universal Value.

The World Heritage property is used by the following organizations: FGBUK (Federal Government Budgetary Institution of Culture), the State Historical and Cultural Museum-preserve “The Moscow Kremlin”, the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation and OJSC “GUM Department Store”.

• Official site of 'The Moscow Kremlin' State Historical and Cultural Museum and Heritage Site
• Moscow Kremlin Museums Telegram Group (in Russian only)
• Moscow Kremlin Museums VKontakte Page (in Russian only)
• Moscow Kremlin Museums Dzen Page (in Russian only)
• State Historical Museum VKontakte Group (in Russian only)
• Msk Guide Page (in Russian only)
• Official site of the State Department Store
• State Historical Museum (in Russian only)

State of Conservation (SOC)

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6 Days / 5 Nights Moscow Tour, Russia

About the Destinations: The Moscow tour in Russia will take travellers on a wonderful journey through some of Moscow’s most well-known streets and areas. Along the way, one will also be able to visit landmarks and places of interest like Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow State University, the Sparrow Hills as well as Theatre and Pushkin squares, Boulevard Ring, The Armoury and the Tsar Bell. These iconic landmarks speak volumes of the rich and varied history of the city and the country of Russia. The well-informed guide will articulately guide you through each stop with informed snippets and anecdotes. The city of Moscow will come alive on this tour, giving you a ton of memories to take home. Duration of the Tour: 5N/6D Meal Types: Breakfast only throughout the tour Activities: Sightseeing and leisure activities Maximum Altitude: Most activities are centred in and the city limits with little exposure to high altitude areas or mountain ranges. Temperature Range: -10 to 23 degrees Celsius

Day 1 - Arrival in Moscow

Arrive in Moscow; start of the tour

Today is the first day of your Great Moscow Tour, so upon arriving in Moscow, get a transfer to the hotel. Checking-in into the hotel, spend the day relaxing and visiting local places in and around the hotel.

Day 2 - Moscow City Tour

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow State University, Several other Landmarks

Today, after breakfast, visit some of the iconic landmarks of Moscow. The list includes Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, monument to Peter I, Moscow State University, Hill of Respectful Salutation, Sparrow Hills, New Arbat, Tverskaja Streets, Theatre, Pushkin Squares and  Boulevard Ring.

Catch a scenic view of the Kremlin from the Sifiyskaya embankment and the New Maiden Nunnery. Spend some time at the Old Arbat Street, where one can find sidewalk artists, cafes and shops. Enjoy some free time to explore the historical Red Square. Proceed to St. Basil’s Cathedral which is an enduring symbol in Moscow. Also, a visit to Tretyakov Gallery will expose tourists to the best Russian art collection in the world.

Day 3 - Tour to Kremlin

The Armory and other historical places in the Kremlin

Waking up today morning, visit The Armoury, which is a treasury museum. Some parts of this museum houses artefacts and other historical pieces of interest like gowns and thrones, gold and silver items created by Russian and European jewellers as well as the armour worn by knights.

In addition to all these, you will also get the opportunity to visit Cathedral Square, Assumption, Archangel’s and Holy Annunciation Cathedrals in addition to the Tsar Cannon, the Tsar Bell, Alexander garden and take a ride on the Moscow metro train.

Day 4 - Cultural & Religious Tour in Moscow

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

Today, you will be visiting the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which was destroyed in 1931, and was converted and used as a swimming pool for close to 35 years. Also visit Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts which is among the largest museums in the world and houses a large collection of famous antiques and Renaissance masterpieces. Spend the rest of the day exploring other places in the city.

Day 5 - Another Day of Moscow Tour

New Maiden Nunnery, New Maiden Cemetery

Today will be the last day of the great Moscow tour. On this day, you will be visiting the New Maiden Nunnery, a convent known for housing sacred relics while also serving as a safe house for exiled girls who come from noble households if they get pregnant out of wed lock. Also visit New Maiden Cemetery, the burial ground for a number of powerful Russian and Soviet politicians, World War II heroes, musicians, authors and actors. Spend the rest of the day indulging in some personal sightseeing.

Day 6 - Departure from Moscow

Tour Ends Here

After enjoying breakfast at the hotel, check-out and proceed towards availing an airport transfer to your respective destination.

Things To Carry

• Do not carry valuables like jewellery or similar possessions
• Consumption of alcohol or any other intoxicants during the tour
• Usages of plastic bags are strictly prohibited
• Avoid using earphones, as you may not be able to hear what the guide is saying during the course of the tour

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