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Space-saving lifeboat sets new boundaries on cruise safety

by RINA | 5th October 2022 | The Naval Architect - News , Safety

Although rarely required, lifeboats are an essential component of a cruise ship. As the last line of defence in extreme emergencies they are subject to stringent regulations regarding the number onboard and their upkeep is of central importance for a ship to meet and pass safety standards. The trend over the last decade or so to treat the cruise liner as a floating resort, rather than means of transport, has led to larger vessels that are required to evacuate increasing numbers of passengers and crew – designs that present a number of challenges, not only for safe and rapid evacuation, but also for space to accommodate the required number of lifeboats.

To meet these challenges, the size and capacity of lifeboats have also evolved over time. According to Life Saving Equipment (LSA) code 4.4.2.1: “No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than 150 persons.” However, a provision on equivalent safety set down in SOLAS and advances in lifeboat manufacture and technology have resulted in high standard ‘mega’ lifeboats to serve the evacuation requirements of modern cruise ships.

The latest of several proposed designs to enter this field is the 2 x 530-person Seahaven advanced evacuation system (AES), “the world’s largest inflatable lifeboat”, developed by safety provider Survitec. The solution, which is self-launching, similar to that of a modern marine evacuation system (MES), provides a totally different outlook on evacuation at sea, according to Richard McCormick, Survitec product manager AES and MES.

“This advance in technology will see the inflatable lifeboat as the main means of evacuation in the coming years, bringing with it a revolution not just in the way in which passengers evacuate in an emergency but also how cruise ships are designed,” he tells The Naval Architect.

Tests and certification

Survitec was presented a Certificate of Type Approval for Seahaven by classification society Lloyd’s Register at last month’s SMM trade fair meaning it is now ready to be installed on cruise vessels. Certification follows the successful completion of heavy weather sea trials (HWST) – carried out in line with the SOLAS requirements for Novel Appliances with tests performed in conditions not dropping below six on the Beaufort Scale – and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) A.520 physical tests as required by Lloyd’s Register.

“The certification is the culmination of six years of R&D work with operators, yards and particularly with the regulatory bodies,” says McCormick.

“The solution is a breakthrough in innovative space-saving design and will present significant opportunities for cruise ship owners whilst prioritising safety at sea,” notes Mark Darley, chief operations officer at Lloyd’s Register.

The two-craft, 1,060-capacity system is stored in a container with a footprint of 16.3m x 3.6m that fits onto a single deck. Once deployed the 27m-long, 9m-wide lifeboats can sail independently at 6knots for 24 hours. A single-release button – either on the bridge or locally at the station where the lifeboats are stored – unrolls, lowers and inflates each lifeboat in under four minutes. The system is served by multiple helical slides, a solution pioneered and evolved by Survitec for more than 20 years.

“The slides allow quick evacuation for both able bodied and mobility impaired persons. It also permits family groups to descend together, including the mobility impaired, reducing stress during the evacuation process,” explains McCormick.

An evacuation time of under 22 minutes was achieved during the A.520 tests. According to SOLAS regulations, the evacuation time should not exceed 30 minutes.

“Seahaven has none of the risks or hazards associated with lifeboat deployment. You’re not putting her over the side, filling her with evacuees, and then lowering her down to the waterline. That risk of human interaction is removed,” says McCormick. “Another benefit in terms of safety is that it’s heavy weather sea trial proven. HWST is something that lifeboats don’t do.”

Seahaven is unusual in that it is the first lifeboat that has passed an exhaustive reliability testing programme that far exceeds the testing requirements set out by SOLAS, adds McCormick. “In SOLAS there’s not even a nod to reliability,” he says. “There are strict rules for what defines a lifeboat, liferaft, MES and lifejacket, and if you pass those tests you get a certificate. Because you’ve passed the test once doesn’t mean your equipment is reliable.”

The last of 10 successive reliability test deployments to prove component reliability was completed in September.

The system has been designed on a 30-month service interval and from an operator’s perspective is relatively maintenance free. “No longer will crew have to carry out launch and evacuation drills or spend time maintaining hooks, blocks, winches and paintwork,” says McCormick. “The unit comes off the ship every 30 months and a fresh unit, just like a cassette, goes into its place. The replaced unit goes to the workshop where it is serviced and repacked to meet the next service cycle.”

Survitec has teamed up with Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings, Independent Maritime Advisors, and a major shipbuilder to deliver a cruise ship design incorporating Seahaven. The companies have established an industry working group with a view to installing the system as the primary means of evacuation onboard Norwegian Cruise Line’s next Prima class of ships.

Survitec has also been engaged with a number of other operators throughout the six-year journey. “As you would expect, they’ve been keeping their powder dry because we’re breaking new ground in terms of innovation. Now we’ve got the certificate the conversation is very different. It’s not just conceptual, we’ve proven it and now it’s time to have a serious conversation around when and how they use it,” McCormick says.

Pushing the boundaries of vessel design

According to McCormick, work undertaken by Survitec shows that replacing conventional lifeboats with Seahaven can free up to an additional 85% of existing lifeboat deck space, yielding up to around US$8 million in increased revenue per year for cruise operators.

He says: “The traditional lifeboat and davit arrangement usually takes up two deck spaces of what is premium real estate on the outside of the ship. Because this solution fits on a single deck we’re freeing up essentially a top row. Some of those obscured cabin views could be turned into balcony cabins and some restaurant spaces could be expanded into an alfresco feature.

“And again, at the lifeboat deck we’re taking up considerably less space. Every ship design will be unique, but that’s space that can be turned over to retail, casino or restaurant space for example.”

As well as operators and shipyards, McCormick says Survitec is looking to engage further with naval architects, people for whom space matters. “That’s been missing to date. As a safety provider, we’ve been mainly focused on the safety and technical side. Now we need the creative side of the business to start thinking about how they’re going to move forward with this technology in terms of vessel design,” he says.

Seahaven is being targeted at newbuilds and older vessels requiring upgrades, with McCormick noting that retrofitting the system to existing ships should be straight forward during a scheduled drydock.

And despite the conservative nature of the industry, he believes that it is ready to consider news ways of approaching safety. “We’re very confident that the first installation will be the wedge in the door. I think ships that we see today, with lifeboats bow to stern, are going to look like a pony and trap in about 10 years’ time. That concept will be gone. Instead, you’ll have Seahaven or a competitor’s equivalent which will be a leap to the art of the possible in terms of what else you can do with that space. It’s going to lift design constraints and really enhance passenger experience and revenue generating opportunities,” he concludes.

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Cruise Ship Lifeboats (Are There Enough?)

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Cruise ship lifeboats are an essential safety feature on board any cruise vessel. These life-saving vessels are designed to protect passengers and crew in emergencies when evacuation is necessary.

Modern lifeboats are carefully constructed for optimal safety, ensuring quick and efficient evacuation in an emergency.

The capacity of lifeboats on cruise ships is a crucial aspect to consider when evaluating overall safety.

Passenger ships must have enough lifeboat space for a minimum of 75% of the ship’s maximum capacity. Cruise ships also provide liferafts for the remaining 25%.

However, it’s important to note that the provided lifeboats are often more than enough, as cruise ships rarely sail at maximum capacity.

Lifeboats on cruise ships also serve another purpose, acting as tender boats when needed. In certain situations, cruise ships must anchor away from the shore, requiring smaller tender vessels to transport passengers between the ship and the dock.

These multi-purpose lifeboats ensure cruise ships are well-equipped for routine and emergencies.

Table of Contents

Lifeboat Regulations and Standards

The  International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)  is the main regulatory body responsible for setting standards and regulations related to lifeboat safety on cruise ships. SOLAS aims to ensure that lifeboats are adequately maintained and can safely accommodate sufficient passengers and crew in an emergency.

Amendments to SOLAS, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, included additional measures for maintenance, thorough examination, operational testing, overhaul, and repair of lifeboats and rescue boats, as well as their launching appliances and release gear.

Cruise ship lifeboats must adhere to SOLAS regulations, which require lifeboat capacity and provisioning during drills to follow specific guidelines.

Although lifeboats are required to accommodate a certain percentage of passengers and crew, they do not necessarily need enough lifeboats for everyone on board.

Instead, SOLAS allows for a minimum of 75% lifeboat capacity, with a minimum of 37.5% of the ship’s passenger capacity accommodated on each side of the ship. Additional liferafts cover the remaining 25%.

Don’t let that number scare you. Cruise ships always have enough lifeboats and rafts to accommodate all passengers and crew members.

Cruise ships rarely sail at total capacity, so there is always ample space for guests. Additionally, most cruise ships provide more lifeboat capacity than the minimum standard. Modern cruise ships usually have enough capacity for 150% of the maximum ship capacity.

Lifeboat Types and Design

Cruise ship lifeboats are an essential safety measure designed to ensure the well-being of passengers and crew in an emergency.

There are several types of lifeboats, each with unique designs and features. This section covers the three most common types: Enclosed Lifeboats, Partially Enclosed Lifeboats, and Inflatable Life Rafts.

Enclosed Lifeboats

Enclosed lifeboats offer high levels of protection against the elements and are the most common type of lifeboat on cruise ships. These lifeboats are fully enclosed with a hard shell, providing shelter from harsh weather conditions, waves, and possible fire hazards.

Passengers and crew can find seating, life vests, and necessary survival equipment.

Depending on the design, enclosed lifeboats can accommodate a few dozen to several hundred passengers.

Enclosed lifeboats typically have built-in diesel engines, allowing them to move independently from the ship in an emergency.

Partially Enclosed Lifeboats

Partially enclosed lifeboats, also known as open lifeboats, are more commonly seen on older cruise ships. These lifeboats provide a level of shelter but are not fully enclosed like their modern counterparts.

They typically feature a partial roof or canopy to protect passengers from the weather while the sides remain open to provide visibility and ventilation.

Partially enclosed lifeboats can hold a similar number of passengers to enclosed lifeboats, depending on the design.

Inflatable Life Rafts

Inflatable life rafts are a lightweight and compact alternative to traditional lifeboats. While not as sturdy as their hardshell counterparts, they offer quick and efficient means of emergency evacuation.

Cruise ships often carry inflatable life rafts and enclosed and partially enclosed lifeboats to ensure adequate capacity for all passengers and crew.

Some attributes of inflatable life rafts include:

• Portability : Due to their compact and lightweight nature, inflatable life rafts can be stored easily on cruise ships.
• Ease of Deployment : Inflatable life rafts can be launched quickly, often with minimal assistance.
• Capacity : Inflatable life rafts come in various sizes, accommodating anywhere from a handful to over a hundred passengers depending on the design.

Boarding and Launching Lifeboats

When boarding and launching lifeboats on modern passenger ships, use Davit systems. These crane-like devices enable lifeboats to launch swiftly, even in rough seas.

During the launch, passengers and crew gather at their assigned assembly points, put on lifejackets, and board the lifeboats.

Three basic release mechanisms are used to launch a lifeboat from the davit. 

Lifeboats using an on-load mechanism can release at any point from the davit. This system allows lifeboats to be released when they are not in the water.

An on-load release allows for quick evacuation but must be watched to ensure no accidental release of the lifeboat.

The lifeboat is usually released right as it’s about to enter the water to minimize damage to the lifeboat or injuries to the occupants.

An off-load release requires the weight of the lifeboat to be off the hook. Once the lifeboat reaches the water, the weight transfers to the water.

When the ship’s weight is transferred to the water, the water pressure moves a hydrostatic piston to the up position, pushing a lever and releasing the hook.

The Titanic used a more basic type of off-load mechanism. When the Titanic’s lifeboats reached the water, the slack in the line allowed a person to release the hook attaching the rope to the lifeboat.

Free-fall release mechanisms are the most basic. The lifeboat is on a ramp and slides off the ship. It provides the fastest means of evacuation but may cause injuries to the boat’s occupants.

Emergency Procedures and Drills

Muster Station

A  muster station  is a designated area on a cruise ship where passengers gather in case of an emergency. Passengers are assigned to specific muster stations based on their cabin location.

The purpose of a muster station is to ensure that all passengers are accounted for and can be safely evacuated if necessary.

They also provide an organized evacuation means as passengers are assigned to a specific lifeboat.

Safety Drill

By law, all passengers must attend a  safety drill (also known as a muster drill)  before the cruise ship departs.

This mandatory briefing educates passengers about emergency procedures, the use of life vests, escape routes, and their designated muster stations. By participating in the safety drill, passengers become familiar with the ship’s layout and safety measures, better preparing them for potential emergencies.

Most cruise lines offer the safety drill via passenger TV for some time following the initial demonstration. Many cruise ships also provide virtual muster drills through the cruise line app.

Crew Training

Ensuring the safety of passengers and crew members is a top priority on cruise ships. To achieve this goal, crew members undergo extensive training and regular practice in emergency procedures.

They spend significant time learning how to:

• Evacuate the ship
• Launch and operate lifeboats and life rafts
• Fight fires
• Provide medical assistance

Lifeboat Maintenance and Testing

Regular maintenance and testing of lifeboats are crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and crew aboard cruise ships. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established guidelines and requirements for lifeboat maintenance, including the SOLAS.

The maintenance of lifeboats mainly involves checking and servicing essential components, such as engines, batteries, and other equipment. This process often includes cleaning, lubricating, and adjusting the various parts of the lifeboat to ensure proper functioning.

Additionally, thorough examinations help identify potential issues or defects that may impact the lifeboat’s performance or safety.

Operational testing is essential to lifeboat maintenance, as it ensures that lifeboats can be safely launched, maneuvered, and recovered. Crew members typically conduct these tests during scheduled drills, which may occur in various ports of call when most passengers are off the ship.

You’ll often hear an announcement by the ship’s captain before a drill.

Tests simulate emergencies, complete with alarms and the lowering and raising of lifeboats with crew onboard.

Survival Equipment and Supplies

Cruise ship lifeboats are equipped with essential survival equipment and supplies to ensure the safety and well-being of passengers and crew members in an emergency.

One of the critical components of a lifeboat is its  engine , which allows it to travel and bring people to safety.

Lifeboats also carry  oars  as a backup means of propulsion should the engine malfunction or run out of fuel. These buoyant oars enable the crew to navigate and steer the lifeboat when the engine is unavailable.

Lifeboats come with a food ration as part of the mandatory survival gear. This  food  usually comprises energy-rich and compact bars designed to provide sustenance during an emergency.

Lifeboats are equipped with water supplies to keep people hydrated.

Lifeboats carry  flares  and other signaling equipment to signal for help to nearby vessels. These pyrotechnic devices emit a bright light or colorful smoke to draw the attention of rescuers and facilitate locating the lifeboat.

Apart from flares, other  signaling  devices found in lifeboats include mirrors and whistles. These tools are helpful when visibility is limited or if there is a need to communicate with other lifeboats or rescuers nearby.

Lastly, lifeboats supply essential first-aid supplies for treating injuries and fulfilling medical needs during survival situations. These first-aid kits come in waterproof cases to ensure their contents remain usable and protected from the elements.

Notable Lifeboat Incidents

On December 1, 2022, a lifeboat accident occurred on the Royal Caribbean cruise ship, Quantum of the Seas. During maintenance, the ship’s number 12 lifeboat unexpectedly detached from its davits and fell into the water. Fortunately, no passengers were onboard the lifeboat, and no one reported any injuries. However, this incident highlights the potential risks of lifeboat operations on cruise ships.

Equipment failure, lack of maintenance, design flaws, and insufficient training are common factors contributing to lifeboat accidents. In the case of Quantum of the Seas, investigators believe that the davits responsible for securing the lifeboats to the ship may have been vulnerable due to wear and tear. Similar lifeboat accidents have been reported in the past, underscoring the importance of regular inspections and maintenance.

A similar incident occurred in December 2018 onboard the Carnival Dream when the lifeboat sheered from the davit hook and fell into the water. Fortunately, no one was in the lifeboat or injured during the incident.

While the Titanic tragedy is often associated with lifeboats – or, more specifically, the lack of them – it is essential to point out that cruise ship lifeboat operations have come a long way since 1912. In the aftermath of the disaster, maritime safety regulations have been significantly enhanced, with contemporary cruise ships now carrying enough lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew in an emergency.

Most recently, on May 22, 2023, port-side lifeboats on Royal Caribbean International’s Navigator of the Seas detached from the vessel and flipped upside down in the water during maintenance. No one reported any injuries.

Lifeboat accidents still occur despite these improvements, highlighting the need for vigilance in safety procedures, training, and equipment maintenance. By learning from past accidents and keeping a friendly and proactive attitude towards safety, the cruise ship industry can continue to work towards minimizing the risk of lifeboat-related incidents and providing a more secure environment for passengers and crew alike.

Are There Enough Lifeboats On A Cruise Ship?

Cruise ships have enough lifeboats and liferafts to accommodate passengers and crew members. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires a cruise ship to have lifeboats holding at least 75% of its maximum passengers and crew. The remaining 25% can be accommodated using life rafts and other life-saving equipment.

Do Cruise Ship Lifeboats Have Engines?

Yes, modern cruise ship lifeboats have engines. The engines enable lifeboats to navigate in the water. They also provide oars and other manual propulsion methods as a backup in case the engine fails.

Is There Food In A Lifeboat?

Yes, lifeboats store food as a part of emergency supplies. The food typically consists of high-energy food bars, water, and other non-perishable items. Food storage ensures passengers can survive for a specified period, usually at least three days, until help arrives.

Is There A Toilet In The Lifeboat?

Cruise ship lifeboats do not have toilets. The only means of relieving yourself is out the door or in a bucket or bag.

Why Didn’t Titanic Have Enough Lifeboats?

The Titanic tragedy resulted from multiple factors, including insufficient lifeboats.

At that time, lifeboat regulations were based on the ship’s gross tonnage rather than its passenger capacity, leading to fewer lifeboats than needed for the number of passengers on board. The Titanic actually sailed with four more lifeboats than the legal minimum requirement.

Additionally, the belief in the “unsinkable” nature of the ship contributed to the inadequate number of lifeboats. Many believed the vessel could stay afloat for several hours before sinking into a disaster.

Surprisingly, the Titanic was designed with enough lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew at full capacity. However, the ocean liner’s owners thought that the lifeboats cluttered the top deck and would obscure the views of the first-class passengers.

What Is The Capacity Of A Cruise Ship Lifeboat?

Most cruise ship lifeboats can hold 150 people. However, the larger lifeboats used by Royal Caribbean’s Oasis-class vessels can accommodate up to 372 individuals.

Marcello De Lio

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Safety At Sea - Lifeboat History & Requirements

While cruising is about relaxing, fun, enrichment, and telling your office that you’ll be completely unreachable for a week, for the crew and the cruise line there is another important element: safety.  The last line of defense is the lifeboat, but it’s far more than a wooden dinghy out of a Hitchcock film.  Modern lifeboats have evolved for enhanced safety, reliability, and even visibility - let’s look at how.

Who regulates lifeboats?

In 1912 the world saw what is, to date, easily the most famous maritime tragedy: the sinking of the White Star Line’s Titanic.  It was clear that there needed to be better not only oversight, but research into safety at sea, so in 1914, as a response to this disaster, The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) was drafted.  This first pass prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures, such as continuous radio watches.  Unfortunately, with The Great War (later called WWI) brewing, SOLAS 1914 was never adopted by any government or other body.  Over the decades however many amendments to the first draft have been made and adopted by an increasing number of signatory nations.  As of 2017 there are 162 nations who are signatories to SOLAS, meaning over 99% of vessels in the world must be in compliance.

The Evolution of Lifeboats

The first lifeboats were simply small boats with open tops and oars for passengers to use for propulsion.  Prior to modern compact engine designs rowing was the only way of controlling a small craft other than sailing.  This presented some obvious challenges, as even with adequately strong persons, synchronous rowing is a skill so difficult that even Olympians use a coxswain.  Technology however brought forth solutions such as the Fleming Gear, allowing passengers to simply push and pull levers that drew a screw (propeller), combining the uncoordinated strength of rowers.  It wasn't until SOLAS 1948 that there was a requirement for all ships (of certain sizes and uses) to carry at least one motorized lifeboat, and in 1964 motors will still only required on lifeboats designed to carry over 100 persons.  

These days lifeboats usually have multiple motors, carry survival equipment, and have rigid requirements for nearly every element of their design.  We’ve certainly not stopped innovating either.  Until Royal Caribbean launched the mega-ship Oasis of the Seas, carrying up to 8,500 persons, Life Saving Equipment code 4.4.3.1 (for those keeping track at home) mandated that lifeboats carry no more than 150 people.  Schat-Harding however worked to build larger craft and have this modified to to allow for 370 person craft providing they demonstrate equivalent safety, allowing for the Oasis class’ “rescue vessels” we see today.  You can learn more about Oasis class lifeboats here .  Other changes in the past 15 years have had to do with the method of deployment, allowed colors (for visibility), provisions carried on-board, maintenance, and more.

Lifeboat Requirements

While requirements vary greatly depending on vessel passenger counts, routes of travel, other safety equipment, and many other factors, we tried to identify, in plain English some of the more common requirements for lifeboats, especially as they relate to cruise ships.

Lifeboat Construction

-Must be made flame-retardant and made of non-combustible materials.  As they say during your muster drill, “fire is the greatest danger at sea”. -When fully loaded with persons and supplies, must be stable in the water, capable of launching while the ship travels at a speed of 5 knots, and strong enough to be lowered while fully loaded. -Must be no less than 7.3 meters in length -All seats, benches, etc must be capable of supporting a person weighing 100kg (~220lbs)

-The wires which lift and lower the lifeboats (aka, “falls”), must have centrifugal brakes, limiting the rate of descent to 36 meters/minute. -At full capacity, the hoisting time for the launching appliance should not be less than .3 meters/second. -50% of the rigid lifeboats must be located on each side of the vessel, for easy deployment in the event the ship is listing heavily to one side. -Except for free-fall lifeboats (such as escapecraft you may see on some cargo ships), they must be capable of withstanding and impacts against the ship’s side of at least 3.5 meters per second, and must also be strong enough to be dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 meters

Number Carried

-Ships must have partially or totally enclosed lifeboats, for 50% of the total capacity of people onboard, at each side (total capacity for 100%) -Rigid or inflatable liferaft must make up at least 25% of the ship’s total capacity

Inflatable liferaft are common - but do you ever see them?  Yep.  Look on the deck of any ship and you'll see white plastic capsules.  These can be manually deployed, but they are also capable of automatic deployment, both operations can take place even when heavily listing - another requirements in SOLAS.

The above figures should be looked at a few ways.  For one, they mean that a cruise ship must have lifeboats/rafts for at least 125% of the ship’s total capacity.  That’s a minimum, and it is often exceeded.  Further, most ships don’t sail at full capacity.  You could, for example, sell out every cabin on Norwegian Sky , with no single-occupancy staterooms, yet even with a full compliment of crew, carry only 2,903, despite her capacity of 3,349 passengers.  Why?  “Upper-berths” or bunk beds (also pullout sofas and such).  Generally only a small percentage of 3+ capacity staterooms have more than two people in them.  These factors combined mean that even if a ship is only meeting (rather than exceeding) the required capacities, they may have lifeboats for 1.5 or even 2 times the number of persons on-board during a “full” sailing.   

LIfeboat technology and requirements are just one component of what makes cruising among the safest ways to vacation.  Remember though that the first line of defense from fire, navigational hazards, and weather is the hard working crew - safety truly is their top priority.  Keep this in mind next time you think your stateroom attendant is just a housekeeper - she may also be responsible for firefighting or other essential tasks.  Oh, and please put down your phone at muster drills.

Have more questions about lifeboats on cruise ships?  Comment below or reach out on  Twitter  or  Facebook !

View the discussion thread.

• Norwegian Cruise Line

Lifeboat Drill

By esmo , November 25, 2008 in Norwegian Cruise Line

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I have searched and cannot find this questions specifically addressed. How does NCL handle the mandatory lifeboat drill. On our first cruise on Princess we took our lifevests and reported to a designated place on the ship for instruction. How does NCL handle this?

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Exactly the same way.

travel_lover

I have searched and cannot find this questions specifically addressed. How does NCL handle the mandatory lifeboat drill. On our first cruise on Princess we took our lifevests and reported to a designated place on the ship for instruction. How does NCL handle this?   Esmo

Pretty much the same way, I have a question actually on B2B Cruises...do you have to do the Boat Drill twice?

Yes you do....:)

yes...each cruise stands on its own merits..passengers have to be accounted for on each cruise

Oh how fun :rolleyes:

I think we should be exempt after so many sailings. :)

newmexicoNita

Me too, lets protest!!! I am sure if there really was an emergancy most of us would either stay calm, check the back of the door to know where to report and listen for further insturctions, or we would simply panic and not remember what they said that first day anyway....

I have heard the NCL doesn't do their lifeboat drills on the outside decks..Is that true? Someone said they do theirs in one of the dining rooms..

Both inside and outside, depending on your muster station.

You could be anywhere, outside, dining areas, bars..etc.

Me too, lets protest!!! I am sure if there really was an emergancy most of us would either stay calm, check the back of the door to know where to report and listen for further insturctions, or we would simply panic and not remember what they said that first day anyway....   Nita

I'm pretty sure panic is what everyone will be doing! lol

And if you miss it, they make you do it at another time of day.....

Yea usually really early in the AM right? I've never missed it before.

well once we did miss it, and didn't have to make it up, but it was a special situation. Long story, transfers from airport to cruise ship delayed, they had to hold the ship for us and I think had they added the life boat drill for us, I think a major protest would have occurred.

Cruise_More_Often

well once we did miss it, and didn't have to make it up, but it was a special situation. Long story, transfers from airport to cruise ship delayed, they had to hold the ship for us and I think had they added the life boat drill for us, I think a major protest would have occurred.   LOL

Oh i'm sure. I bet when it's the makeup though isn't too bad because it's probaly less crowded and less chaotic.

Ask before the second half of your B2B. We did not have to on our 14-day Western/Southern Caribbean cruise.

When we go down to check in at reception for our 2nd leg i'll be sure to ask, thank you!

Amanda, With the amount of sailing that you have been on you should

be the Muster Drill Admiral.....:D:D

terrymtex01

Ok.. I meant to ask this before now and never have. When we were on the Pearl, for the first time for us ever, our Munster station was in the main dining room. I have read that this is common. Is no one else grossed out that there are people there touching and moving around the flatware, glasses, etc? Going forward I'm going to do my best to find out what specialty restaurants are NOT used for the Munster and make sure we eat in them the first night of the cruise.

raudacruise

Sorry, but you have posted this same question about the "Munster" before.

I would think that if the ship is using a dining area before the muster drill they would not set up the tables until after. Possibly what you saw were tables set up for lunch but not yet cleared off.

I wouldn't get too "Howie Mandel" over this.

Sorry, but you have posted this same question about the "Munster" before.   I would think that if the ship is using a dining area before the muster drill they would not set up the tables until after. Possibly what you saw were tables set up for lunch but not yet cleared off.   I wouldn't get too "Howie Mandel" over this.

No.. our munster was at 4PM.. they closed for lunch at 3PM. Every table was fully "dressed" so to speak, for dinner. I do think though, that I need people at times to keep me in check about the germs. I am the first to admit I am a germaphobe. Not the point of Howie where I won't shake peoples hands, etc. But mainly relating to food, food prep, dining areas and public bathrooms.

Several of NCL ships are similar, but considering the large number of different ships with the different cruise lines, the life boat drill is mandatory, by law. Filling the lifeboats is not first come first serve, there are seats, well spaces, for everyone in their designated lifeboat.

The cruise lines shut everything down, you can't buy a drink or dine during the life boat drill anyway. I look upon the drill as a way to get to know our neighbors aboard the ship.

I've been following your posts as well as others and have to say you've enlightened me on some things. So hopefully no offense.

I've noticed you are a gambler as well. Only time I really got something bad was in Vegas when I didn't do a good job of washing my hands after exchanging (somewhat to my my benefit) chips/cash.

I should have stopped by the restroom to wash my hands and sung "Happy Birthday" twice while washing them. Oh well. And yes, public restrooms that require you to actually to go out of using a knob or something else you have to grasp are a nuisance. Extra paper towel for those.

Our first NCL cruise is Sunday on Spirit...fittingly out of NOLA.

I've been following your posts as well as others and have to say you've enlightened me on some things. So hopefully no offense.   I've noticed you are a gambler as well. Only time I really got something bad was in Vegas when I didn't do a good job of washing my hands after exchanging (somewhat to my my benefit) chips/cash.   I should have stopped by the restroom to wash my hands and sung "Happy Birthday" twice while washing them. Oh well. And yes, public restrooms that require you to actually to go out of using a knob or something else you have to grasp are a nuisance. Extra paper towel for those.   Our first NCL cruise is Sunday on Spirit...fittingly out of NOLA.

Anytime we are in a casino or onboard a ship, I walk around with a little bottle of purell in my pocket.. LOL.. You know.. if I didnt see people be gross.. like walking out of the restroom without washing their hands, I wouldn't be as bad as I am.. LOL

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Cruise Ship Lifeboats of Norwegian Joy

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See the lifeboats of a cruise ship, specifically those of the Norwegian Joy. We saw them suspended outside Deck 7, and later at the Mazatlan cruise port terminal NCL crew were testing at least one of them in the waters. Each lifeboat had the ship's callsign (C6CX3) painted on them. #cruise ship lifeboat #cruise ship lifeboat launch #cruise ship lifeboat drill #cruise ship lifeboat deployment #cruise ship lifeboat inside #cruise ship lifeboats capacity #cruise ship lifeboat interior #cruise ship lifeboat requirements Watch On YouTube

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Cruise Ship Lifeboats: Are There Enough?!

Anyone whose every been on a cruise (or seen one) will immediately notice the rbight, colored lifeboats on the sides.

And if you’re anything like me, you probably have a lot of questions about cruise ship lifeboats.

Like, are there enough lifeboats for everyone? What is the lifeboat capacity? And in the case of an emergency, will the lifeboats on a cruise really save you?

You’d be happy to learn, cruise ship lifeboats have come a long way and modern lifeboats are incredibly designed in the highly (highly!!) unlikely event of an emergency…

Table of Contents

What Does A Lifeboat Look Like?

A lifeboat, particularly those found on cruise ships, is a brightly-colored, sturdy vessel with a protective canopy and streamlined design.

It’s designed to prioritize the safety and rescue of individuals during maritime emergencies. When picturing a lifeboat, several key characteristics come to mind.

The bright color is chosen to ensure high visibility even in rough seas and poor weather conditions, aiding rescuers in locating them from a distance.

Lifeboats are generally robust, with a hard outer shell made of materials like fiberglass, designed to withstand harsh sea conditions and resist damage upon impact.

The shape is streamlined, with a slightly rounded hull and canopy, aiding in making them stable and minimizing the risk of capsizing.

One of the most distinguishing features of a lifeboat is its canopy. The canopy covers the majority of the boat and serves multiple purposes.

It protects passengers from the elements, such as rain, wind, and sun, and also prevents water from entering the boat. There are typically windows or clear patches on the canopy to allow for visibility.

On the inside, the seating is arranged to maximize capacity while still providing each passenger with a secure spot. Lifeboats are equipped with essential safety equipment, including life vests, ropes, and sometimes even basic navigational tools.

To aid in propulsion, lifeboats can have oar locks for manual rowing, but many modern ones are equipped with motorized engines to move quickly in water when needed.

What’s the Typical Capacity of Cruise Ship Lifeboats?

Lifeboats are specifically designed to accommodate a large number of people in a secure manner.

Typically, the standard lifeboat found on many cruise ships can hold around 150 passengers. This number ensures that, in the event of an emergency, passengers can be evacuated quickly and efficiently.

However, with the advent of larger cruise ships, there has been a need for lifeboats with greater capacities.

As a result, some of the newer and larger ships have lifeboats that can accommodate up to 370 passengers.

It’s important to note that these capacities are determined based on rigorous safety standards and regulations.

These standards consider not just the number of seats, but also the provision of essential life-saving equipment within the lifeboat, ensuring that everyone aboard has access to necessary supplies and safety gear.

Do Cruise Ships Carry Inflatable Life Rafts?

Yes, in addition to the traditional hard-shelled lifeboats, many cruise ships are equipped with inflatable life rafts. These rafts serve as an essential supplement to the regular lifeboats, providing additional evacuation capacity in emergency situations.

Inflatable life rafts are compact when stored, taking up minimal deck space. In their packed state, they are usually housed in cylindrical containers.

When deployed, these rafts inflate automatically, usually using a mixture of gas canisters, to form a buoyant, stable structure on water.

The design of inflatable life rafts emphasizes both safety and visibility. They are typically bright-colored, most often orange or yellow, for easy detection in open waters.

They come equipped with canopies to protect evacuees from the elements, be it scorching sun, rain, or high waves. These canopies, just like those on hard-shelled lifeboats, have clear patches or windows to allow for visibility.

Inside, the rafts contain essential survival gear, including flares, first aid kits, water pouches, and sometimes even basic fishing equipment. They also possess ballast bags filled with water on their underside to enhance stability in rough seas.

Inflatable life rafts on cruise ships are not meant to replace traditional lifeboats but to complement them.

In situations where a rapid evacuation is essential, or when the main lifeboats might be inaccessible due to the ship’s angle or damage, these rafts play a pivotal role in ensuring passengers and crew have a safe means of leaving the ship.

The inflatable life rafts on cruise ships are available for the remaining 25% of passengers who may not find space in the traditional lifeboats. While these rafts are usually reserved for crew members, guests can also use them if needed.

Priority is given to guests for boarding the regular lifeboats, with the inflatable rafts serving as an additional option if required.

Life Rafts Vs Life Boats

It’s easy to mix up lifeboats and life rafts, but they’re actually pretty different.

Some quick differences to keep in mind are:

• Hard-shelled, sturdy.
• Bright colors, typically orange.
• Can have a motor.
• Inflatable, flexible.
• Also brightly colored for visibility.
• No motor, rely on currents and oars.
• Larger, designed to hold many passengers.
• Offer more protection against rough waters.
• Smaller than lifeboats.
• Deployed quickly, ideal for rapid evacuation.
• Takes more time to launch.
• Priority for passengers during evacuations.
• Faster to deploy.
• Often reserved for crew, but available for passengers if needed.
• More stable due to their structure.
• Equipped with more amenities like seats and protective cover.
• Less stable than lifeboats but still safe.
• Basic, focusing primarily on flotation and protection.
• Main evacuation vessel for passengers.
• Aimed at longer duration at sea.
• Backup or supplementary evacuation option.
• Best for short-term use until a more stable rescue option arrives.

Are There Enough Lifeboats for Everyone in the Event of an Emergency?

Cruise ships typically don’t have a lifeboat for every single person on board. Instead, they ensure that there are enough lifeboats for all the guests.

But what about the crew then? Most crew members have designated inflatable life rafts instead of lifeboats. These are quick to deploy and are an efficient way to ensure the crew’s safety.

Now, there’s a reason behind this configuration. Imagine trying to fit a lifeboat for everyone on the ship’s sides. That’d be like trying to park too many cars in a limited space. Lifeboats need room.

They have to be spaced out so they can be easily lowered to the ocean without causing chaos. And, there’s a limit to how many of these boats can be attached along the ship’s sides.

Here’s another thing: the act of launching a lifeboat isn’t as simple as pressing a button. It needs a trained crew member.

But once they’ve launched a lifeboat, how do they evacuate? They can’t exactly take a leap after sending the boat down, right? That’s where the life rafts come in, ensuring those crew members also have a safe exit.

Now, if you’re scratching your head thinking about regulations, here’s some clarity: according to maritime laws, cruise lines aren’t mandated to have a lifeboat for every passenger.

As long as there’s enough capacity for 37.5% of passengers on each side of the ship (adding up to 75% in total) in lifeboats, the rest can be in life rafts.

However, many cruise lines often go above and beyond. Why? Because ensuring their customers feel safe and secure is a priority.

A little extra reassurance never hurts when you’re out at sea.

Is There Food On A Lifeboat?

Lifeboats, while crucial for emergencies, are also designed to sustain lives in potentially prolonged rescue scenarios.

They are equipped with:

• Food Rations : Every lifeboat is mandated to carry sufficient food provisions. Specifically, there should be at least 10,000 kJ (or 2,390 calories) set aside for each person the lifeboat can accommodate. This ensures that even if a rescue takes time, individuals on board have enough sustenance. It’s vital that this food remains uncontaminated, so it’s kept in packaging that’s both airtight and watertight.
• Tinned Food and Tools : Canned food is a popular choice for lifeboat provisions due to its long shelf life and compact storage. But what’s canned food without a way to access it? Recognizing this, regulations stipulate that lifeboats must be equipped with at least three tin openers. This redundancy ensures that even if one becomes unusable, there are backups available.
• Water Supplies : Fresh water, indispensable for survival, must also be on board. Each person should have access to three liters of fresh water. However, there’s a provision in the rules: if the lifeboat carries materials to desalinate seawater, turning it into drinkable fresh water, then the initial requirement can be reduced to two liters per person. This flexibility acknowledges the potential of self-sustaining practices while at sea.

Do Cruise Ship Lifeboats Have Toilets?

Lifeboats, historically, prioritized primary life-saving features over comforts. Consequently, many older lifeboats didn’t come equipped with toilets, as these vessels were designed for short-term emergency use rather than extended stays. Toilets, in this context, weren’t seen as essential amenities.

However, the evolution of cruise ships and their lifeboats has brought about changes. Enter the “mega lifeboats” – a nod to modernity and passenger comfort.

First seen on vessels like the Oasis of the Seas, these larger lifeboats incorporate toilets, reflecting an acknowledgment of potential longer rescue periods and the basic needs of occupants.

But what if you found yourself on one of those older lifeboats without a toilet? Given advancements in signaling and communication technologies, rescues are typically swift nowadays. Once aboard the rescue vessel, restroom facilities would be available.

In the unlikely scenario where the wait becomes long, and nature calls become urgent, one would ideally and carefully relieve themselves over the boat’s side, keeping personal safety paramount.

Admittedly, this workaround might be more challenging for some passengers than others, depending on circumstances and gender.

Another practical concern, often more prevalent than the need for a restroom, is seasickness. The motion of a lifeboat on choppy waters can be unsettling to many.

If seasickness occurs, it’s advisable for passengers to lean over the boat’s side to avoid contaminating the interior. This measure ensures the comfort and well-being of all on board.

Do Cruise Ships Have Lifeboat Drills?

Cruise ships do conduct lifeboat drills, and they are an essential aspect of the cruising experience. These drills are not just a nod to safety standards, but a foundational practice to ensure the wellbeing of every passenger and crew member on board.

Every major cruise line takes safety as its utmost priority. Therefore, before the ship embarks on its journey, all passengers are required to participate in a lifeboat drill, commonly known as a muster drill. This drill is so crucial that it’s mandated by international maritime law.

Now, let’s break down what happens during these drills. Passengers are guided to specific locations, known as muster stations.

These stations are strategically placed, usually near lifeboats, to streamline the evacuation process in case of an actual emergency.

While at the muster stations, passengers receive instructions on how to wear life jackets, how the evacuation process works, and what they should expect in case of an emergency.

It’s worth noting that the crew members on cruise ships are highly trained in safety protocols. They undergo frequent drills and training sessions themselves, even more rigorous than what passengers experience. This ensures that in the unlikely event of an emergency, they’re well-prepared to guide and assist passengers.

In the digital age, some cruise lines have even incorporated technology into the mix. While the traditional loudspeaker announcements still play a role, many ships have screens displaying safety information and procedures, making it easier for passengers to understand and follow the drill.

Lifeboat drills on cruise ships are a non-negotiable, vital practice. They not only adhere to safety regulations but also equip passengers with the knowledge and confidence that, should an emergency arise, they’ll know what to do.

How Many Lifeboats on Mega Cruise Ships?

Modern mega-cruise ships, such as Royal Caribbean’s Wonder of the Seas and Symphony of the Seas , feature lifeboats significantly larger than those on traditional cruise ships.

These advanced lifeboats can accommodate up to 370 passengers, more than double the typical capacity of 150 in standard lifeboats.

This enhanced capacity not only ensures the safety of a larger number of passengers but also means that fewer lifeboats are required on board, optimizing deck space and ensuring efficient evacuation processes in case of emergencies.

Safety Regulation Of Cruise Ship Lifeboats

One of the primary regulations comes from the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which mandates that a ship must have enough lifeboats to accommodate at least 75% of the people on board.

This rule was implemented in response to the Titanic disaster, which tragically did not have sufficient lifeboat capacity for everyone.

In addition to the SOLAS requirement, modern cruise ships must also meet the following lifeboat criteria:

• Ships are required to have partially or totally enclosed lifeboats for 50% of the total capacity of people onboard, on each side. This means that the combined lifeboat capacity on both sides of the ship should cover 100% of the passengers and crew members.
• A rigid or inflatable liferaft must make up at least 25% of the ship’s total capacity.
• Lifeboats and liferafts need to be easily accessible and quickly deployed in emergency situations.

These rules are strictly enforced by international maritime bodies, and inspections ensure that cruise ships comply with these standards.

Lifeboat Operations

Launch Procedure

As a passenger, you’ll participate in a mandatory lifeboat drill on the first day of your cruise to familiarize yourself with the process and ensure you can act quickly in case of an emergency.

Lifeboats are typically stored on both sides of the ship, and each passenger is assigned to a specific one.

During the launch procedure, the crew will give the signal to assemble at your designated muster stations.

These are areas close to the lifeboats where you’ll receive further instructions from the crew. Make sure to wear your lifejacket and follow the crew’s guidance to board the lifeboat safely and efficiently.

Once all passengers are on board, the lifeboats are lowered into the water using a davit system. This mechanism releases the lifeboat in a controlled manner while ensuring it remains stable.

As the lifeboat reaches the water, the crew will start the engine, disconnect the boat from the davit system, and navigate away from the cruise ship.

Recovery Operation

After a successful lifeboat launch, the next phase is the recovery operation.

In a real-life emergency, the lifeboat’s primary goal is to transport passengers to a safe location; however, during a drill or exercise, the lifeboat will return to the ship to practice the recovery process.

Once the lifeboat approaches the cruise ship, the crew must align it with the davit system carefully. The boat hooks are then reconnected, and the lifeboat is hoisted back to its original storage position.

Throughout this process, it’s essential for passengers to remain calm and seated to maintain stability and ensure the lifeboat can be safely recovered.

Remember, your safety is the top priority during lifeboat operations. By familiarizing yourself with the launch and recovery procedures, you’ll be better prepared to act calmly and efficiently if an emergency evacuation is ever required. Trust the crew and follow their guidance to ensure the best possible outcome.

Training and Drills

Training and drills play a crucial role in ensuring the crew and passengers are well-prepared for any situation that may arise regarding lifeboats.

Cruise ship crew members undergo intensive training to handle lifeboat operations. This training may include activities such as launching, maneuvering, and retrieval of lifeboats.

It’s essential to ensure that the crew is well-equipped to manage any situation that might require the use of lifeboats, whether for evacuation or other emergencies.

During your cruise, you’ll likely participate in a mandatory muster drill. This drill is designed to familiarize you with your designated muster station, where you should go in case of an emergency. You’ll also learn about the location of lifeboats and life jackets and the proper techniques for wearing them.

Cruise ships often conduct regular abandon-ship drills that involve the crew simulating an evacuation scenario. These drills are essential for maintaining the crew’s proficiency in handling lifeboats and ensuring that necessary equipment is in proper working order. In addition to standard lifeboats, cruise ships may also have lifeboat tenders that serve as both a rescue vessel and a form of transportation during port calls.

As a passenger, knowing about the training and drills related to lifeboats can help you feel more confident in your safety while enjoying your cruise vacation.

Maintenance and Inspection

When it comes to keeping the lifeboats on your cruise ship in top condition, regular maintenance and inspection is absolutely essential.

With safety as the top priority, you must ensure that lifeboats are frequently checked and maintained by qualified professionals.

Starting with weekly and monthly inspections, you should follow a strict schedule that adheres to the regulations set forth by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

Items to be inspected include the basic lifeboat structure and its release gear. By conducting these routine checks, you’ll be able to promptly identify any issues or potential problems that could compromise the lifeboat’s functionality during an emergency.

In addition to the regular inspections, the IMO has also recently amended the requirements for periodic servicing of life-saving appliances.

Beginning January 2020, new procedures have been enforced for maintenance and inspection of lifeboats, and requirements for authorizing service suppliers have also been adjusted accordingly.

This ensures that only credible and qualified suppliers handle the critical task of maintaining lifeboats.

When servicing lifeboats, remember that there is a specified frequency at which different components need attention. For instance:

• Weekly : Examine the release gear, buoyancy material, and any visible signs of wear or damage.
• Monthly : Inspect the lifeboat’s hull, engine, and electrical system to ensure optimal functioning.

As part of the maintenance process, it’s important to engage qualified engineers who are experienced with lifeboat systems. Companies like Survitec are gaining ground in lifeboat maintenance services, deploying highly skilled technicians across continents to provide annual and five-yearly inspection and maintenance services.

By following these guidelines and adhering to the regulations set forth by the IMO, you can ensure that the lifeboats on your cruise ship are well-maintained and ready for use in case of an emergency.

Remember, a properly maintained lifeboat could be the difference between life and death for passengers and crew members alike.

History of Lifeboats on Cruise Ships

Lifeboats have come a long way since their humble beginnings. Back in the day, they were simple vessels launched from shore, their primary purpose being to rescue people stranded at sea.

With time, technological advancements saw the evolution of lifeboats as they are known today on cruise ships: double-decker mini-ships capable of carrying hundreds of people.

As you dive into the history of lifeboats on cruise ships, you’ll learn that regulations played a crucial role in shaping their development.

It wasn’t until the 1948 adoption of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) agreement that certain ships were required to carry at least one motorized lifeboat on board. Interestingly, in 1964, motors were only mandated for lifeboats designed to carry over 100 people.

Today, lifeboat tenders on cruise ships possess a dual nature. Primarily, they serve their main purpose of acting as lifeboats in times of need.

Moreover, they’re used to ferry passengers from the ship to the shore when docking isn’t possible at a port. The dual functionality underscores the importance of lifeboats in ensuring both safety and convenience for cruise passengers.

Throughout this journey into the history of lifeboats on cruise ships, you’ll come to appreciate the efforts made to enhance safety at sea.

Continuous improvements in technology and design have elevated lifeboats from simple rescue vessels to modern marvels capable of providing refuge for potentially hundreds of passengers in the event of an emergency.

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‘mega’ lifeboats meet larger cruise ship requirements.

Two leading lifeboat and davit suppliers, Umoe Schat-Harding and Fassmer, have evolved larger lifeboat sizes to serve the evacuation requirements of latest generation cruise ships

Leading lifeboat and davit manufacturer Umoe Schat-Harding, based at Rosendal in Norway, is building a 370 person capacity ‘mega’ lifeboat and davit system, designed for the safe evacuation of very large cruise ships. The CRW55 lifeboat and LS45 davit more than doubles the capacity of existing designs, which until now have been limited by Solas regulations to a maximum of 150 persons for each boat.

These new lifeboats and davits have been specially engineered for the mighty Genesis class pair ( Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas ), which are being built at STX (formerly Aker Yards) in Finland for RCCL. Schat-Harding has worked in close co-operation with the yard, owner and classification societies, GL and DNV, to find a way to ensure the safe evacuation of up to 8,400 passengers and crew, who will be sailing on each of these ships.

The new lifeboat type will be built and tested under the procedure for alternative design set down in Solas by IMO, DE 49/4/1 Annex V and VI, for the purpose of demonstrating the equivalent level of safety in line with Solas Chapter I/5 for lifeboats with capacity beyond 150 people. Final approval and certification are based on a formal statement from the Norwegian Maritime Directorate, acting for the Bahamas flag administration.

According to Endre Eidsvik, the manufacturer’s executive vice president, “These new boats will be safer and quicker to board for large numbers of people, they will be easier to move away from the ship as the davit does not have to move, and will be safer once in the sea since they have twin engines.”

The CRW55 model is based on a catamaran hull, 16.7m long and 5.6m wide, designed to provide a high level of stability. Built from fibre reinforced polyester (FRP) using a vacuum technique, each will weigh 17 tonnes in the stowed condition and 45 tonnes when fully loaded with 370 passengers and crew. Two 70 bhp diesel engines will give the boat a speed of 6 knots, and twin rudders will provide good manoeuvrability.

Seating is arranged on two levels, and has been ergonomically planned for speedy boarding. Some 280 people will be seated on longitudinal seat benches arranged on the cabin deck, 80 people at the upper seat level, between the longitudinal seat rows, and 10 people will be seated in the large steering tower near the helmsman’s position. All walking areas in the cabin will have non-skid surfaces, and all the seating is within a self-draining inner skin.

The boats will be stowed on and launched from a specially designed LS45 davit, which is planned for the direct lowering of the lifeboat from the stowed position, removing the need for swinging out. The boat will hang from two LHR-type 25 tonne ‘wearless’ cam systems with quick release hooks, which are intended to be simple to operate and which provide a clear visual indication to the operator as to whether they are locked or unlocked.

Lashing and bowsing are integrated, and embarkation is at the stowed position through four colour-coded doors leading to colour-coded seating areas. The winches are designed with a retraction system to lift the lowering block free from the boat canopy and a retardation function to reduce forces on the davit, winch and lifeboat hook when stopping.

Each of the Genesis vessels will be fitted with 18 of these boats which, according to Mr Eidsvik, “mark a step change in safe evacuation of large ships.” Prototype testing has been completed, and the boats are now in production at Umoe Mandal.

In recent months, Schat-Harding has also launched its new Stinger fast rescue craft and davit, and the company reports an upsurge of interest in this concept. P&O Ferries has recently ordered two sets of four units each for its two new 2,000 passenger cross-Channel ferries building at STX in Finland.

Umoe Schat-Harding has a significant share of the newbuild cruise lifeboat market, and over the last year has delivered extensive packages of equipment for Celebrity Solstice, MSC Poesia and MSC Fantasia . The company is now working to deliver further lifeboat and davit packages for MSC Magnifica, MSC Splendida, Celebrity Equinox and Celebrity Eclipse .

For the Celebrity ships, Schat-Harding has developed the MPC29 model, claimed to be the world’s smallest 150-person capacity lifeboat, at 8.80m long and 4.00m wide. The MPC29 was specifically designed for this project, together with a semi-gravity davit, to minimise installation space and allow the yard to fit more balconies with a sea view.

Johannes Hjoennevaag, sales manager, reflects, “The big challenge for any company supplying equipment for the passenger sector today is that every ship is very different and yards, owners and designers always want specially tailored equipment. That means that each project is expensive and time consuming, as each one tends to require a one-off solution.” He points out that the CRW55 and MPC29 are both tailor-made systems for the individual series of ships. Consequently, they are not in general production although he says that, “If a suitable project came along we might be able to adapt them for that.”

German lifeboat supplier Fassmer is also responding to the current need to ensure safe evacuation of larger cruise ships. Within the past few months, the company has unveiled new types of lifeboat and tender, designated the SEL12.5 and SEL-T 15.5 models.

Fassmer points out that for a vessel with a total of 7,000 passengers and crew on board, some 36 x 150-person capacity lifeboats would normally be required to meet Solas regulations. However, the company’s head of R&D, Thomas Böekholt, observes, “This would correspond to a total installation length of around 220m, an amount of space that is generally not available on a cruise ship, and would mean less cabins or public areas, something that is not acceptable to owners. For that reason we have developed the new XXL lifeboat and tender concepts, which can take up to 300 people each.”

Progressing to the current stage has been a lengthy process. In 2004, criteria for the new design were agreed between the shipyard, owner and the classification society, Germanischer Lloyd ( Passenger Ship Technology August/September 2008). Trials were carried out using a mock-up with a 1:1 scale, and tests with 300 people on board were rated as highly successful, since embarkation time for each person was reduced by half, Mr Böekholt reports.

After evaluation of the test results and completion of basic design work, Fassmer received pre-approval for the new boat concept, and a working group involving Fassmer, the shipowner (NCL), and Aker France (today STX) was set up. Fassmer then received a firm contract for the design, construction and delivery of the XXL lifeboats and tenders, including the required launching appliances. Prior to construction, Fassmer’s prototypes were subjected to a range of calculations, simulations and tests. Full scale production for the F3 NCL vessel, recently named Norwegian Epic and capable of carrying 4,200 passengers, are now underway.

Fassmer will supply the new cruise ship with 12 of the SEL 12.5 units, which are pure lifeboats, with a capacity for 293 persons. In addition, it will deliver eight SEL-T 15.5 craft, which are designed to function as a combined lifeboat and tender, with space for 267 persons. This particular design, of the same family as the SEL 12.5, is intended to work as a taxi/shuttle from the ship for shore excursions, and so features more comfortable accommodation – more like that found in a bus or train than in a lifeboat.

With the new lifeboat series, Fassmer has been able to reduce the required positioning length by around 25 per cent, allowing the owner to install more cabins than would have been the case with standard Solas lifeboats. However, that is not the only benefit, says Mr Böekholt. “By introducing various other technical improvements it has been possible to optimise overall safety and lifeboat availability. These new boats have better sea going and manoeuvring characteristics, are equipped with two propulsion lines and provide passengers with more space on board,” he adds. PST

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Cruise ship lifeboats and rafts: How your ship is prepared for an emergency

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Do cruise ships have enough lifeboats for everyone?

It’s a question that comes to many cruisers’ minds, especially if they’re hesitant about sailing across oceans and seas, far from land.

You can rest assured that cruise lines have many safety systems in place in the rare instance that a major emergency occurs at sea. Among these systems are, of course, the brightly colored lifeboats that you’ll see lining the sides of your ship. Not only are they there to carry passengers to safety if the ship needs to be abandoned, but they’re also used as tender boats in a port where the ship can’t dock at a pier.

For cruise news, reviews and tips, sign up for TPG’s cruise newsletter .

You may have other questions about lifeboats, either from curiosity or safety concerns. How reliable are the small vessels? What supplies are on board? Do they have restrooms?

Here are the top things to know about cruise ship lifeboats, so you’ll feel safe and confident when heading out on your next voyage.

What does a lifeboat look like?

Lifeboats are orange or yellow watercraft that you’ll find lining the sides of the ship. You’ll find two main types of lifeboats on many cruise ships: enclosed lifeboats and lifeboat tenders. The majority of cruise ship lifeboats are enclosed lifeboats, which are tough and built with superior watertight integrity, with the ability to easily right themselves if tossed around by rough waves.

Lifeboat tenders are partially enclosed and are designed for two main functions: to serve as a lifeboat if needed and to ferry guests from the ship to the shore during a port call where the vessel can’t dock. Lifeboat tenders are more expensive to maintain than traditional lifeboats, so cruise ships will usually have just enough lifeboat tenders to operate port tender service while the rest are the standard enclosed lifeboats.

The interior of a lifeboat includes rows of seating, which may or may not have a seatback. A steering area with windows and a hatch is located toward the top of the vessel. According to lifeboat manufacturer Fassmer, enclosed lifeboats have no windows besides those in the steering area, while lifeboat tenders have windows for viewing the surroundings from the seats. These windows do not open.

Fun fact: When Disney Cruise Line launched in the ‘90s, regulations required all cruise ship lifeboats to be orange. However, Disney wanted the exteriors of its ships to match the colors of Mickey Mouse, so it requested an exemption to paint its lifeboats yellow to match Mickey’s shoes.

The U.S. Coast Guard granted the unique request, and the lifeboats were painted in Mickey’s yellow, Pantone 99, which is a patented color that only Disney can use. Since then, other lines, such as Royal Caribbean and Costa Cruises , have painted their lifeboats yellow.

What’s the typical capacity of cruise ship lifeboats?

The maximum capacity of a cruise ship lifeboat is 150 people, according to the International Maritime Organization’s International Life-Saving Appliance Code. Most cruise ships have lifeboats that can hold this maximum number of passengers because it is easier, more cost-effective and takes up less space to have fewer large lifeboats instead of a greater number of smaller ones.

Despite the LSA’s 150-person capacity limit for lifeboats, an exception allows for larger lifeboats on some of the world’s largest cruise ships.

Related: Are cruises safe? Here’s what you need to know about cruise ship security and safety

Royal Caribbean’s massive Oasis of the Seas, which holds 8,880 passengers and crew members in total, was the first ship to use 370-person CRV55 catamaran lifeboats (or “rescue vessels”), designed and built by marine life-saving equipment company Umoe Schat-Harding. The enclosed vessels are unique in that they can be lowered directly from their storage position on the ship into the water (no moving outward needed), and passengers can board on two levels simultaneously, reducing the loading time. Their catamaran-style hull increases stability, while twin diesel engines and twin propellers allow these “mega” lifeboats to move at speeds of up to 6 knots.

On a cruise ship, there must be enough lifeboats to accommodate 37.5% of passengers and crew members on either side (75% total), according to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. What happens to the other 25%? This leads us to our next question.

Do cruise ships carry inflatable life rafts?

The remaining 25% of passengers that can’t be accommodated in the traditional lifeboats can use cruise ship inflatable life rafts. These are generally designated for crew members, while guests will board the lifeboats first — though rafts can also be used for guests if necessary.

Collapsible cruise ship life rafts are stored in fiberglass canisters and usually utilize a high-pressure gas to automatically inflate once deployed. While lifeboats have motors, life rafts do not. They do, however, have oars. Ships may also carry rigid, noninflatable life rafts, but they aren’t as common for large cruise vessels.

On newer cruise ships, life rafts may be used with a Marine Evacuation System, which utilizes a fully enclosed inflatable spiral slide to transfer passengers from the embarkation deck to an automatically inflated raft in the water.

If some lifeboats become damaged or can’t be lowered during an emergency, cruise ships have extra life rafts to pick up the slack. SOLAS requires that there are enough additional life rafts for 25% of the ship’s capacity. Cruise ships have also been designed to allow lifeboats and life rafts to deploy even if the ship is listing up to 20 degrees.

Where are lifeboats located on cruise ships?

Lifeboats are located outside on both sides of the cruise ship, typically stored on or just above one of the middle decks with an outdoor promenade so passengers can easily board them. This spot is ideal because it’s a central location for both the upper- and lower-deck cabins, as well as many public indoor and outdoor venues and amenities.

It also works because it keeps the lifeboats high enough out of the water that they won’t be in the way when the ship docks and most likely won’t be affected by rough waves. On the flip side, it keeps them low enough that they don’t have to be lowered the entire height of the ship (plus, no one wants a lifeboat view from the lido pool or their upper-deck suite).

In an emergency, passengers should not head directly to the lifeboats. Instead, every cabin is assigned an assembly station, where they will meet with crew members and be escorted to a lifeboat if an evacuation is deemed necessary. Passengers must attend a muster drill to identify their assembly station and learn about their ship’s emergency procedures. These drills must take place before a cruise ship can set sail.

Related: What is a cruise ship muster drill?

What can be found on a lifeboat?

While this list is not exhaustive, here’s most of what you’ll find on a cruise ship lifeboat, according to the LSA:

• Enough fuel to travel at 6 knots for at least a full day (24 hours)
• 48 hours’ worth of anti-seasickness medication per person
• 2 seasickness bags per person
• 3 liters of fresh water per person
• 2,390 calories’ worth of food rations per person
• Life jackets
• Enough thermal protective aid suits for 10% of the lifeboat’s capacity
• Three can openers
• First aid supplies
• Buoyant oars
• Illuminated compass
• Hand and parachute flares
• Smoke signals
• Survival manual
• One whistle
• One jackknife
• One searchlight that can work continuously for at least three hours
• Portable fire extinguishing equipment
• Fishing gear
• Tools to repair the engine

Do lifeboats have bathrooms?

Traditional 150-person lifeboats don’t have toilet facilities, but the 370-person catamaran lifeboats used on Royal Caribbean’s Oasis-class ships do.

What are other requirements for lifeboats on cruise ships?

Cruise ship lifeboats must be made of noncombustible and flame-retardant materials, according to SOLAS. Modern lifeboats are usually made of fiberglass.

All seating on the lifeboat must support a person weighing a minimum of 220 pounds. In addition, the lifeboats and the wires that move them up and down must be strong enough to allow the lifeboat to be lowered at full capacity.

How are lifeboats tested?

During the manufacturing process, lifeboats are tested using water weights, which can mimic the weight of passengers in various spots around the vessel. These water weights are pumped to fill and drain with water remotely. They’re placed in various spots in the lifeboat throughout the testing period to gather data on how the watercraft would handle passenger weight in various locations and scenarios.

Once a lifeboat is delivered to the shipyard for installation on a ship, the inspections and tests do not stop. Throughout the life of the cruise ship, time, weather and use all mean that — like with any type of equipment — things on the lifeboats will degrade and endure wear and tear over time. This is why SOLAS includes requirements for regular lifeboat drills and inspections.

Related: 15 cruise ship rules you shouldn’t break

Cruise crew members conduct weekly and monthly lifeboat inspections and undergo periodic training so lifeboat operations stay fresh in their minds.

A more thorough inspection — by either a certified lifeboat technician from an independent company or an inspector from the lifeboat manufacturer itself — occurs annually. According to the International Maritime Organization, this process includes an inspection of these key components:

• The hull is inspected for cracks, damage or other defects.
• The propulsion system, including the engine, is inspected to ensure it’s in good working condition. The cooling, exhaust and fuel systems are also examined.
• The electrical system, including the battery, charging, lighting and communications systems, are checked for defects or malfunctions.
• The maneuvering system is inspected, including the steering mechanism, the rudder and other steering gear.
• Lifeboat equipment, such as life jackets and survival equipment, is examined to ensure it’s in good condition.
• The davit and winch system, including the winch and wire ropes, are checked for defects or damage.
• The lifeboat undergoes a load test to ensure that it can withstand its maximum weight of crew and passengers.

Any equipment or systems found to have defects or deficiencies during the inspection are either repaired or replaced.

Bottom line

The chances of passengers ever experiencing an emergency on a cruise that requires abandoning ship via lifeboats is extremely slim. Still, it’s good to know your ship is outfitted with safety equipment to give you peace of mind when taking your next cruise.

Planning a cruise? Start with these stories:

• The 5 most desirable cabin locations on any cruise ship
• A beginners guide to picking a cruise line
• The 8 worst cabin locations on any cruise ship
• The ultimate guide to what to pack for a cruise
• A quick guide to the most popular cruise lines
• 21 tips and tricks that will make your cruise go smoothly
• 15 ways cruisers waste money
• The ultimate guide to choosing a cruise ship cabin

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Do Modern Cruise Ships Have Enough Lifeboats? (Safety at Sea)

Many people worry that cruise ships don’t have enough lifeboats if an emergency evacuation is needed.

Evacuations from cruise ships by lifeboat are incredibly rare – but all cruise ships must carry enough lifeboats for all passengers and crew .

All ships are governed by SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) regulations. These regulations make sure that all ships have the necessary safety equipment onboard, and regular safety checks and crew training take place.

A Short History of Lifeboats

For over a century, Ocean liners were the main way people travelled when making intercontinental journeys.

Ocean Liner travel began in the middle of the 19th century and continued until travel by plane became possible and affordable in the 1950s. The popularity of travel by Ocean Liner then declined.

Large Ocean Liners carried passengers, cargo and mail. Find out more about Ocean Liners here:

Ocean Liners, They Still Exist: Here’s Everything You Need to Know

Although ships were getting bigger and more people travelled, safety rules regarding lifeboats were woefully inadequate.

British legislation said that the number of lifeboats needed onboard was based on the tonnage of the ship. Any ships under 10,000 gross registered tons were excluded completely.

The Sinking Of The Titanic Led To Changes

It is a well-known fact that Titanic didn’t hold enough lifeboats to hold all of the passengers onboard.

Why would she? the White Star Line said she was “unsinkable.”

The shortage of lifeboats was not due to the lack of space, she had actually been designed to accommodate up to 64 lifeboats.

There were only 20 lifeboats onboard on her ill-fated maiden voyage. This was enough to save only around 33% of the people onboard.

The White Star Line felt that too many lifeboats on Titanic would clutter the deck and obscure the First Class passengers’ views.

Titanic sailed under safety regulations that originated nearly 20 years earlier – when the largest passenger ships weighed 10,000 tons. Titanic was more than four times that size.

Introduction of SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea)

After the sinking of the Titanic, it was decided that ships should carry enough lifeboats for everyone onboard. There would also be lifeboat drills and inspections to avoid another similar disaster.

The SOLAS Convention sets out the minimum standards for:

• Minimum standards / Quality control etc
• Including Machinery, electrical equipment, fire protection, life-saving appliances, radio communications, navigation safety, and cargo carriage.
• Regular drills, crew training etc.

This is why you MUST carry out a Muster Drill when you take a cruise.

A muster drill is a  mandatory  safety exercise with the objective to familiarize all guests and crew with the location (muster station) where they are to assemble in the unlikely event of an emergency. During this drill, additional safety information (i.e., how to don a life jacket) is presented. The International Convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulatory guidelines require that a muster drill be held within 24 hours of a ship’s departure from its embarkation port. Royal Caribbean International

Find out more about cruise ship Muster Drills here:

What is a Muster Drill on a Cruise? Everything You Need to Know (REVIEW of Traditional and Virtual Muster Drills)

It Is VERY Unlikely That You Would Be Evacuated By Lifeboat

If a modern cruise ship were to get into any difficulties, it is very likely that they would quickly detour to the nearest available port.

If Cruise Lines thought that bad weather may cause a ship problems, they would avoid the area or cancel the cruise, rather than risk the passengers or ship coming to harm.

Find out the ways cruise ships avoid bad weather in the article below:

5 Ways Cruise Ships Avoid Bad Weather – and How It’ll Affect Your Cruise

Emergency Situations At Sea

Some ships have found themselves in an emergency situations at sea – although this is very rare.

Some well-known examples include:

When MS Viking Sky got into difficulties off the coast of Norway in March 2019, a partial evacuation by helicopter took place.

MS Viking Sky is a cruise ship that was carrying 1,373 passengers and crew,

She sailed from the northern city of Tromso, heading for Stavanger in southern Norway, but the ship began struggling with engine failure. She started to list dangerously, took in water, and was in danger of being blown ashore.

Norwegian weather was reported at the time as having wind gusts up to 43 mph and waves of over 26 feet. 

Just under 500 people were evacuated by helicopter before the ship managed to start some of her engines and limped back to port. She finally docked under her own power in the port of Molde.

Star Princess

In March 2006 there was a serious fire onboard the Star Princess. 23% of her cabins were destroyed in that fire.

No one was evacuated by lifeboat, but this led to yet more safety improvements on cruise ships.

Find out about that fire here:

Lifeboats Used When The Costa Concordia Sank

Some lifeboats were launched when the Costa Concordia sank off the coast of the island of Giglio in 2012.

The Costa Concordia ran aground after Captain Francesco Schettino detoured from his approved course, sailing close to an Island and gashing the ship’s hull on a reef.

4,200 passengers and crew had to evacuate in the dark, and 32 people died.

Unfortunately, because the ship had listed heavily to starboard, it made it impossible to launch all of the lifeboats.

Find out more about that disaster here:

What Happened to The Captain of The Costa Concordia? – Conviction and Sentence

What Are Lifeboats Like on Modern Cruise Ships?

Modern Lifeboats are well-equipped, and carry enough food and water for passengers onboard to survive for a week at sea.

They also carry seasickness tablets, first aid kits, thermal blankets – and far more besides!

They are usually bright orange, so they can be easily seen against the blue sea or dark skies .

Disney Cruise Line are an exception to this rule .

Disney Cruise Line was the first cruise line to have yellow lifeboats, instead of the traditional regulation orange. Disney was granted special permission from the U.S. Coast Guard to paint the lifeboats yellow, to keep with the special colour theming of the ship. Disney Cruise Line

Royal Caribbean and Costa Cruises also use yellow lifeboats , instead of orange.

As well as the rigid-bodied lifeboats onboard, there will be some inflatable life rafts too.

When I sailed onboard P&O’s Arvia, the crew spotted a liferaft out at sea. The ship spun around and headed back to recover it.

Find out all about that here:

Normally life rafts are reserved for the crew because they’re not as comfortable.

Crew may have to use slides to reach them, rather than just stepping onboard them from the ship’s deck.

Able-bodied guests may be required to slide down a chute and into an inflatable life raft in a case of emergency.

Find out everything you could ever wish to know about lifeboats – and more – here:

Inside a Cruise Ship Lifeboat (Crew Tour) – Emergency Food, Engine, Seating Plan and More

Lifeboats Are Also Used As Tenders

Tendering is where guests use a lifeboat, or smaller boat, to get from the cruise ship to the port.

Tendering usually happens when the ship is too big to dock in a certain port or the port is already occupied by another ship.

Guests are able to find out before a cruise if a port is tendered, as it is detailed on the itinerary.

Find out all about tendering from Cruise Ships here:

Cruise Ship Tendering – 5 Tips You NEED to Know

When I sailed onboard the Celebrity Edge we tendered to the port of Portofino. On the way back the ship’s Captain sailed the lifeboat back to the cruise ship! Watch that here:

Before You Go

Find out more about the route of Titanic’s maiden voyage in the article below:

The Titanic’s Route – From Shipyard to Sinking (Via Southampton, Cherbourg and Queenstown)

Find out about the bizarre superstitions surrounding sailing on ships here:

7 Bizarre Cruise Superstitions (That You’re Probably Breaking)

Free Insiders Cruise Line Guide

Ever wondered how the mainstream cruise lines compare? Cruise lines won’t tell you this, but I will.

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