adventure tourism trend definition

What is adventure tourism and why is it so big?

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Adventure tourism is big, it’s exciting, it’s fun…. but what actually is it? In this article I will teach you all about this exciting type of tourism, what the history behind adventure tourism is, what the different types of adventure tourism are and what amazing examples of this type of tourism there are around the world. Ready to learn more? Read on…

What is adventure tourism?

History of adventure tourism, hard adventure tourism, soft adventure tourism, hard adventure tourism activities , soft adventure tourism activities , adventure tourism in india, adventure tourism in iceland, adventure tourism in costa rica, adventure tourism in new zealand, benefits of adventure tourism, disadvantages of adventure tourism, adventure tourism: additional reading.

Adventure tourism is tourism that involves any kind of activity or adventure. It especially relates to those that involve risk, or requires extensive planning. The Adventure Travel Trade Association defines it as a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature .  Meanwhile, Sung et al describe it as: the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience . HH Sung is an academic who has researched this branch of tourism in great detail.

Ultimately, adventure tourism is all about ADVENTURE! It is a pretty broad term really and many would argue that it is subjective (what I deem to be adventure, you may not). Nonetheless, this is a big part of the tourism industry and whilst it is an example of niche tourism , the sector is growing fast! There are lots of types of activities and types of travel that come under the umbrella term of adventure tourism and I will outline these for you shortly.

Of course, people have been travelling for centuries- the history of tourism is a long and fruitful one! Over the years travel evolved into tourism (travel for travel’s sake) and now we can see many different branches of tourism.

We can trace the roots of adventure tourism specifically back to perhaps as early as 569 AD when Alboin, king of the Lombards, climbed Matajur in the Alps . Adventure tourism is all about doing something with a bit of risk, and putting planning into it. We don’t know how much preparation Alboin put into this expedition or whether it was some sort of off the cuff climb – but it can still be seen as an early example of adventure tourism. Climbing mountains at this time was generally a practical or symbolic activity. It was usually done for economic, political, or religious reasons.

However, in the 1800s, adventurers pushed the limits more and more. It became a formal sport, and people did it for fun. Other adventurous activities such as caving, river-rafting, abseiling and gorge walking emerged as a fun way to pass the time. As people got more into them, these activities formed part of adventure tourism. Organisations such as Nat Geo and also The Explorers Club, as well as Boy Scouts and Girl Guides  to an extent, were established. These have always promoted and supported adventure tourism.

In recent years consumer desires have evolved and many people have/are moving away from the traditional sun, sea and sand package holiday model and instead seeking alternative experience. There are a wide range of types of tourism that people are embracing more and more nowadays, and one example is adventure tourism. There are more adventure tourism companies including travel agents and tour operators who specialise in this field than there have ever been before.

Types of adventure tourism

Adventure tourism can be split into two ‘types’. These are hard and soft. I will explore the differences below…

As the name suggests, hard adventure tourism refers to activities which are typically more high-risk. They require intense training, changes in diet, lots of practice, a guide and so on.

Soft adventure activities are the opposite – much less risky, and don’t require the long-term commitment that hard adventure tourism activities often would. They often are led by a guide, but you can do this sort of thing without. Generally these are much more popular, as they are easier activities and (as mentioned) have a much lower risk.

Adventure tourism activities

There are so many activities which come under the umbrella of adventure tourism. Whether you travel simply for the purpose of undertaking this adventure or decide to incorporate it into your trip, if you have done any of these then you are officially an adventure traveller! I’ll split them into hard and soft as above. Activities like skydiving are something you can do in most places, as long as the weather allows – skiing, however, requires specific conditions and plenty of hills.

• Mountaineering/mountain climbing
• Ice Climbing
• Rock climbing
• Trekking/intense hiking
• Free diving
• Extreme biking
• Birdwatching
• SCUBA diving
• Horse riding
• Kayaking/rafting
• Orienteering
• Hiking (gentle)
• Snorkelling
• Snowboarding
• Eco-tourism

Adventure tourism destinations

You can enjoy adventure tourism activities in pretty much any destination. There are some more than others, however, which are better set up for this branch of tourism.

Adventure tourism is a big deal in India . This diverse and spectacular country has so much to offer – and one of the big draws here is hiking and trekking. There are plenty of incredible places to hike in India. Gentle hikes/treks are a form of soft adventure tourism, while some more intense treks and hikes can fall into the hard category. Uttarakhand is one of the best places to hike in India; the ‘Roopkund trek’ is a famous trek around Roopkund Lake, which is surrounded by hundreds of human skeletons! 

Other examples of adventure tourism in India include surfing in Kovalam, skiing in Auli and white water rafting in Rishikesh.

Beautiful Iceland is one of the most popular places for visiting the Northern Lights. This in itself is a bit of an adventure, but there are all sorts of other things you can do which come under this branch of tourism. You can snorkel or scuba dive in Silfra Fissure, for example, or go inside a dormant volcano at Thrihnukagigur.

It is impossible to be bored in a place like Costa Rica. The country has so much to offer, and is an example of somewhere that to most of us (no matter where you come from) is pretty exotic. Head deep into the jungle on your adventure to see some colourful wildlife; visit the Costa Rica volcanoes and cloud forests ; go rafting and hiking and ziplining and so much more. You can book 10-day trips that encompass all of these things, or you could stay somewhere peaceful and relax for the majority of your holiday, opting to book a one-day tour for some adventure.

Said by some to be the home of adventure tourism, New Zealand is a must for anyone considering this type of trip. With so much space and such a sparse population , is it any wonder that this lovely little country is home to so much adventure? Admire the views from up high by skydiving in many different locations, or raft on the highest commercially rafted waterfall in the world in Rotorua! From caving to off-road driving to heli-skiing, there is so much choice in New Zealand.

There are many benefits when it comes to adventure tourism. One huge benefit is simply that it is so much fun. Trying something new, or doing something you already enjoy, is a brilliant way to spend your time while travelling. Gaining a new skill or honing the one you’ve been learning for ages – it’s such a sense of achievement. This is particularly true for activities that require physical hard work such as skiing, or training like mountain climbing.

Adventure tourism is growing fast, and with that comes job creation. This is a definite benefit of any type of tourism. Jobs are created for guides and instructors, for people who work in the booking department of tourism companies, for people working in hotels or restaurants in areas that people may not visit otherwise. All of this means the economy is growing and the industry is thriving, resulting in positive economic impacts of tourism . Local communities are supported by all forms of tourism. This is no exception!

Due to the rise in the popularity of ecotourism and the ongoing conversations around sustainability, adventure tourism companies are often dedicated to protecting the environment. Though it may seem like these activities could be harmful, they are often not. This is because companies ensure the activities they offer are respectful of the planet too. It also allows more people to fall in love with the outdoors.

There are some disadvantages to adventure tourism too. Nothing is black and white, of course, and points on both sides are incredibly nuanced. While these activities are a fun chance to try something new, they can be dangerous. Hard adventure tourism activities are considered high-risk. Many will require you to sign a disclaimer (like skydiving) and for some you need months if not years of training. Most insurance companies won’t cover you either. To climb Mount Everest, for example, you need a permit – with the fees on top, this will set you back around $20,000 before you even buy equipment. There are strict criteria you need to meet to be granted one, too.

And even though many adventure tourism companies are looking out for the planet, individuals often are not. There is no guarantee that visitors will always be respectful of the local environment. From standing on things they shouldn’t to the classing dropping litter, there are many negatives that we can see from an increased footfall.

There may also be cultural and social impacts. With more visitors, locals may see some sort of loss of their cultural heritage over time. This can be devastating. With more tourists in place, especially during peak season, peoples’ roles in society naturally change. The status quo is affected.

Now that you are well-informed about thew adventure tourism industry, you may want to learn more about these tourism industries too-

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• What is ‘begpacking’ and why is it so bad?
• What is sustainable tourism and why does it matter?
• Volunteer tourism: Everything you need to know

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UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer

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UNWTO and the Adventure Travel Trade Association release global report on adventure tourism

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PR No. : 14073

The UNWTO Global Report on Adventure Tourism, published jointly with the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA), is a first approach by UNWTO on the topic of adventure tourism. The report provides insight into the close relation between adventure tourism and responsible tourism.

“This report provides critical insight into one of the most dynamic segments driving tourism´s growth,” said UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai. “Furthermore, with careful and responsible management, adventure tourism offers effective development opportunities to countries looking for new and sustainable sources of growth.”

The report, an eight chapter overview of the current adventure tourism industry, provides a history of adventure tourism as well as a discussion of current trends and timely issues. Chapters include:

·         Industry introduction

·         Global Trends in Adventure Tourism

·         Adventure Tourism Industry Structure

·         Local Economies, Communities and the Environment

·         Adventure Tourism Operational Standards and Certifications

·         Risk Management in Adventure Tourism

·         Sector Challenges, Opportunities and Initiatives

“This report signifies UNWTO's recognition of adventure tourism's contribution to the sustainable future of tourism,” said ATTA President Mr. Shannon Stowell, who provided a summary for the report. “It provides a background underlining the potential for destinations around the globe that are looking for ways to create sustainable economic tourism models protecting people and places.”

Contributors to the report include industry specialists Natasha Martin and Keith Sproule, and Christina Beckmann and Nicole Petrak of ATTA. Also featured are several UNWTO partners and Affiliate Members offering topical perspectives. The report can be downloaded from the UNWTO or the ATTA website.

In addition to the initiatives mentioned above, UNWTO and the ATTA will continue their two-year partnership on regional courses on Adventure Tourism through the ATTA’s Adventure EDU programme in collaboration with the UNWTO.Themis Foundation.

Download the report here .

About ATTA :

Established in 1990, the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) serves more than 900 members in 80 countries worldwide. Members predominantly include tour operators, tourism boards, specialty agents and accommodations with a vested interest in the sustainable development of adventure tourism. The ATTA delivers solutions and connections that propel members towards their business goals and the industry toward a responsible and profitable future. Through its regional AdventureConnect events and annual Adventure Travel World Summit trade conference, the ATTA excels in professional learning, networking and partnering services. With expertise in research, education, adventure travel industry news and promotion, members of the ATTA receive competitive opportunities that help establish them as leaders in adventure tourism.

Senior Media Officer: Marcelo Risi

Tel: (+34) 91 567 81 60 

UNWTO Communications & Publications Programme

Tel: (+34) 91 567 8100 / Fax: +34 91 567 8218 

VP Marketing & Communications, Casey Hanisko

Tel:(+1) 206 290 4410 

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Shopping cart items, overview of atta's 2020 adventure travel trends snapshot report.

Each year, the ATTA produces the Adventure Travel Trends Snapshot report, a compilation of data resulting from a survey of adventure travel industry operators on topics such as destinations, activities, and industry business practices. The 2020 report, with data from 2019, is now available for download . Unlike previous years, the ATTA is offering this report at no cost, as a way to continue to support the adventure travel industry in this challenging time.

A few key findings in this year's report include:

• 74% of trip costs are spent with local suppliers and each guest spends an average of $206 on local handicrafts/souvenirs
• Top adventure activities are hiking; culinary, cultural, and wellness-focused activities; and electronic bike cycling
• Custom itineraries and greener/sustainable/low impact itineraries remain in high consumer demand
• Outbound adventure tour operators report the following regions experienced significantly increased client interest in 2019: South America, the Antarctic, Western Europe, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean
• 80% of adventure travel tour operator clients are between the ages of 45-64
• The average cost per day of a trip in North America in 2019 was $447

Helping the Industry Rebuild

Although last year's financial forecasts were made obsolete by the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the findings in this report may be helpful for adventure travel businesses while planning their next steps. For example, word of mouth, email marketing, and tour operator partnerships were reported as the most helpful marketing and sales tactics:

However, on average, respondents had 55% more social media followers (40,545) than email subscribers (26,104), making a diverse marketing communications approach essential.

Most adventure travelers are females and are between the ages of 29-60. When it comes to the composition of tour groups, in North America, South America, Africa, and Europe, most guests were couples. Groups were most popular in Asia, and families made up the highest percentage in Central America/Caribbean:

Regarding traveler behavior, custom itineraries and greener/sustainable/low impact itineraries remain in high consumer demand. Top adventure activities reported are hiking; culinary, cultural, and wellness-focused activities; and electronic bike cycling. The average overall trip length was 8.8 days, at a total spend of $3,000 USD ($341 per day).

In 2018, 50% of respondents reported having  an online reservation system taking credit cards; in 2019 this number increased to 60%. Anecdotally, the ATTA has heard that a lot of tour operators are taking this time to reorganize their business and assess their tools and procedures, and statistics like these are ones to watch in the coming years. 

The 2020 Adventure Travel Trends Snapshot Report  offers those working in adventure travel with critical industry benchmarks, and those outside the industry with a perspective on the health, outlook, and characteristics of this dynamic environment. While 2020 and 2021 data will look very different, this 2019 data can prove useful for organizations that are  (re)building, restructuring or planning for when travelers return post-COVID.

Winter is here! Check out the winter wonderlands at these 5 amazing winter destinations in Montana

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What Is Adventure Tourism?

Published: December 12, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Maisie Gamble

Introduction

Adventure tourism has become increasingly popular in recent years as people seek unique and thrilling experiences during their travels. It offers a departure from the typical tourist activities and allows individuals to immerse themselves in exciting and adrenaline-pumping pursuits. If you are someone who craves adventure and wants to explore the world beyond the ordinary, adventure tourism is the perfect choice for you.

So, what exactly is adventure tourism? It entails traveling to remote or unconventional destinations and engaging in exhilarating activities that bring you closer to nature and push your physical and mental limits. Whether it’s hiking through rugged terrain, diving into the depths of the ocean, or embarking on a thrilling safari, adventure tourism offers a range of options for thrill-seekers.

What sets adventure tourism apart from traditional tourism is the element of risk and excitement involved. It encourages you to step out of your comfort zone, embrace the unknown, and create unforgettable memories. With adventure tourism, you can challenge yourself, conquer your fears, and discover new passions.

In this article, we will delve deeper into the world of adventure tourism, exploring its definition, various types, popular activities, benefits, challenges, sustainable practices, safety measures, and future trends. By the end, you will have a comprehensive understanding of adventure tourism and why it is a compelling choice for your travel adventures.

Definition of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism can be defined as a form of travel that involves unique, thrilling, and often physically demanding experiences. It goes beyond the traditional sightseeing and beach vacations, aiming to provide travelers with an opportunity to engage in activities that challenge and inspire them. The essence of adventure tourism lies in the combination of exploration, adrenaline, and venturing into the unknown.

Unlike traditional tourism, which focuses on leisure and relaxation, adventure tourism emphasizes active participation and interaction with the environment. It encourages travelers to immerse themselves in activities that may involve a degree of risk and require physical exertion. These activities can range from trekking in remote mountains to kayaking through rapids, from bungee jumping off tall cliffs to exploring deep caves.

Adventure tourism appeals to individuals who seek more than just sightseeing or relaxation during their travels. It attracts those who crave excitement, thrill, and a sense of accomplishment. It offers a chance to break away from the routine, step out of the comfort zone, and experience personal growth and self-discovery.

Adventure tourism also highlights the cultural and natural aspects of a destination. It often takes place in unique and untouched locations, allowing travelers to explore pristine landscapes, interact with local communities, and learn about different cultures. This aspect of adventure tourism adds depth and richness to the experience, creating a deeper connection with the destination.

It is important to note that adventure tourism is not restricted to extreme or high-risk activities. It encompasses a wide range of experiences, catering to different levels of adventure enthusiasts. From gentle hiking and wildlife safaris to more challenging activities like rock climbing and paragliding, adventure tourism offers something for everyone.

Overall, adventure tourism is about seeking thrills, pushing boundaries, and embarking on transformative journeys that leave a lasting impact. It is an invitation to embrace the unknown, embrace challenges, and create memories that will be cherished for a lifetime.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism encompasses a wide range of activities, catering to different preferences and interests. Here are some of the most popular types of adventure tourism:

• Trekking and Hiking: This involves exploring remote and challenging terrains on foot, such as mountains, rainforests, or deserts. It offers an opportunity to immerse yourself in nature, witness breathtaking views, and test your physical endurance.
• Water-Based Adventures: This includes activities like kayaking, white-water rafting, surfing, scuba diving, and snorkeling. These adventures take place in oceans, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies, allowing you to experience the thrill of the waves and discover vibrant underwater ecosystems.
• Mountain Sports: This category includes activities like rock climbing, mountaineering, ice climbing, and canyoning. It involves scaling steep slopes, cliffs, and glaciers, providing an adrenaline rush and a sense of achievement.
• Wildlife Safaris: If you have a love for animals and the desire to witness wildlife in their natural habitats, wildlife safaris are an ideal choice. Whether it’s a safari in Africa to observe the Big Five or a journey to the rainforests to spot exotic species, these adventures offer a unique and thrilling experience.
• Adventure Cycling: Exploring new destinations on two wheels can be an exhilarating way to travel. From mountain biking on rugged trails to long-distance cycling trips, this adventure allows you to enjoy the scenery at your own pace while challenging yourself physically.
• Winter Sports: If you’re a fan of the snowy landscapes, winter sports like skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing, and snowshoeing offer a thrilling adventure. These activities take place in mountainous regions during the winter season and provide an opportunity to embrace the beauty of snow-covered environments.
• Aerial Adventures: For those who seek a bird’s-eye view, activities like paragliding, skydiving, zip-lining, and hot air ballooning are perfect choices. These adventures offer a sense of freedom, exhilaration, and breathtaking panoramas.
• Cultural Immersion: Adventure tourism isn’t just about physical activities; it can also involve immersing yourself in the local culture. This can include staying with indigenous communities, participating in traditional rituals, or learning about ancient traditions and customs.

These are just a few examples of the types of adventure tourism available. The possibilities are vast, and each adventure provides a unique experience, allowing you to challenge yourself, connect with nature, and create lifelong memories.

Popular Adventure Tourism Activities

Adventure tourism offers an array of thrilling activities that cater to different interests and levels of adventure enthusiasts. Here are some popular adventure tourism activities that are highly sought-after by travelers:

• Hiking and Trekking: Exploring remote trails and conquering challenging terrains on foot is a favorite activity for adventure seekers. From trekking to the base camp of Mount Everest to hiking the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, these adventures allow you to connect with nature and witness breathtaking landscapes.
• Scuba Diving and Snorkeling: Discovering the wonders beneath the ocean’s surface is a thrilling experience. Exploring vibrant coral reefs, encountering unique marine species, and diving into underwater caves offer an unparalleled sense of adventure and awe.
• Rock Climbing: For those with a passion for heights and a love for the mountains, rock climbing presents an exhilarating challenge. Scaling vertical cliffs and granite walls using ropes and harnesses requires strength, balance, and mental focus.
• White-Water Rafting: Riding the rapids of a fast-flowing river is an adrenaline-pumping adventure. Navigating through churning waters, maneuvering around rocks and boulders, and experiencing thrilling drops provide an unforgettable experience.
• Safari Tours: Embarking on a safari adventure allows you to witness wildlife in its natural habitat. Whether it’s an African safari to spot the Big Five or a jungle trek to see rare and exotic species, these tours provide an up-close encounter with nature’s most magnificent creatures.
• Paragliding: Soaring through the air with a parachute, paragliding offers a unique perspective of the world below. Lifting off from scenic locations and gliding through the sky, you can experience a sense of freedom and a bird’s-eye view of the landscape.
• Skiing and Snowboarding: Hitting the slopes and gliding down snow-covered mountains is an exhilarating winter adventure. Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, there are ski resorts worldwide that offer thrilling downhill runs and stunning alpine scenery.
• Bungee Jumping: If you’re seeking an adrenaline rush like no other, bungee jumping is the ultimate adventure. Jumping off a tall platform or bridge with just a bungee cord attached provides an intense thrill and a surge of excitement.
• Cultural Experiences: Engaging in cultural activities can also be a form of adventure tourism. Immersing yourself in local traditions, participating in festivals, and interacting with indigenous communities provide a unique insight into different cultures and their way of life.

These are just a few examples of the popular adventure tourism activities available. Whether you prefer exploring nature’s wonders, seeking thrilling experiences, or immersing yourself in local cultures, adventure tourism provides a wide range of choices to suit your interests and fulfill your sense of adventure.

Benefits of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism offers a multitude of benefits, making it an appealing choice for travelers who seek unique and thrilling experiences. Here are some of the key benefits associated with adventure tourism:

• Physical and Mental Well-being: Engaging in adventure activities promotes physical fitness and overall well-being. Activities like hiking, climbing, and water sports require physical exertion, boosting cardiovascular health, strength, and endurance. Additionally, adventure tourism experiences can help reduce stress levels, improve mental clarity, and enhance self-esteem.
• Personal Growth and Self-Discovery: Adventure tourism pushes individuals out of their comfort zones, encouraging personal growth and self-discovery. Facing challenges, conquering fears, and achieving goals during adventurous endeavors fosters a sense of accomplishment and strengthens one’s resilience and confidence.
• Connection with Nature: Adventure tourism provides an opportunity to connect with nature on a deeper level. By exploring remote and untouched landscapes, travelers can gain a greater appreciation for the environment, fostering a sense of environmental consciousness and promoting sustainability.
• Cultural Understanding: Many adventure tourism activities offer the chance to interact with local communities and experience different cultures. This cultural immersion allows travelers to gain a deeper understanding of diverse traditions, lifestyles, and perspectives, fostering tolerance, empathy, and mutual respect.
• Unique and Memorable Experiences: Adventure tourism creates lifelong memories and allows travelers to experience moments that are truly unforgettable. Whether it’s conquering a challenging hike, admiring breathtaking views from a paraglider, or encountering wildlife up close, these experiences become cherished stories to share and treasure.
• Boost to Local Economies: Adventure tourism can have a positive impact on local economies, especially in remote and rural areas. It promotes the development of infrastructure, the establishment of small businesses, and the generation of employment opportunities, contributing to the economic growth of host communities.
• Conservation and Sustainability: Adventure tourism often takes place in natural and environmentally vulnerable areas. Consequently, it emphasizes the importance of conservation and sustainable practices. Adventure operators and travelers are increasingly aware of their responsibility to protect the environment, preserve biodiversity, and minimize their ecological footprint.
• New Perspectives and Inspirations: Stepping away from the familiar and engaging in adventurous activities exposes travelers to new perspectives, ideas, and inspirations. These experiences can spark creativity, encourage personal reflection, and broaden one’s worldview, leading to personal and professional growth.

Adventure tourism offers a wide range of benefits beyond mere excitement and adrenaline. It provides opportunities for personal development, cultural understanding, and environmental sustainability. With its positive impacts on physical and mental health, local economies, and personal growth, adventure tourism is a compelling choice for those seeking unique and transformative travel experiences.

Challenges of Adventure Tourism

While adventure tourism offers thrilling and rewarding experiences, it also presents several challenges that both travelers and industry professionals must navigate. Understanding these challenges is essential for ensuring the safety and sustainability of adventure tourism. Here are some of the key challenges:

• Risk and Safety: Adventure tourism inherently involves varying degrees of risk. Engaging in activities such as rock climbing, white-water rafting, or skydiving carries a potential for accidents or injuries. Ensuring the safety of participants requires proper training, professional guides, and adherence to stringent safety standards.
• Environmental Impact: Adventure tourism can place strain on fragile ecosystems and natural resources, especially in pristine and remote areas. Activities like trekking, camping, and diving may lead to habitat degradation, pollution, and disturbance of wildlife. Implementing sustainable practices and responsible tourism principles are crucial to minimize environmental impact.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Engaging with local communities and cultures in adventure tourism carries the responsibility of being culturally sensitive. Travelers need to respect local customs, traditions, and values, while also contributing to the preservation of indigenous cultures and avoiding cultural appropriation.
• Infrastructure and Accessibility: Many adventure tourism destinations are located in remote or geographically challenging areas. Ensuring proper infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and emergency services, can be a significant challenge. Accessibility issues can limit the potential for adventure tourism in some regions.
• Seasonal and Weather Dependency: Adventure tourism activities are often weather-dependent, making it necessary to plan trips around specific seasons or times of the year. Unpredictable weather conditions can disrupt itineraries and affect the overall experience. Flexibility and contingency plans are vital in managing these challenges.
• Community and Social Impacts: The influx of adventure tourism can have socio-cultural effects on host communities. These impacts may include increased commercialization, changes in local traditions, and conflicts over resource allocation. Ensuring community involvement, responsible tourism practices, and fair distribution of economic benefits are crucial in mitigating negative social impacts.
• Permitting and Legal Challenges: Some adventure tourism activities, such as mountaineering or caving, may require permits or licenses due to their potential risks and impacts. Complying with local regulations, obtaining necessary permits, and navigating legal frameworks can be complex, particularly in international destinations.

Addressing these challenges requires a collaborative effort from adventure tourism operators, travelers, local communities, and governing bodies. By prioritizing safety, sustainability, cultural sensitivity, and responsible tourism practices, we can overcome these challenges and ensure that adventure tourism continues to provide enriching experiences while minimizing negative impacts.

Sustainable Practices in Adventure Tourism

Sustainability is a crucial aspect of adventure tourism. It focuses on minimizing the negative impact on the environment, preserving natural and cultural heritage, and benefiting local communities. Implementing sustainable practices is essential to ensure that adventure tourism remains viable and ecologically responsible. Here are some key sustainable practices in adventure tourism:

• Environmental Conservation: Adventure tourism operators and travelers should prioritize the conservation of natural resources and protected areas. This involves minimizing waste generation, practicing responsible waste disposal, and adhering to Leave No Trace principles. It also means supporting conservation initiatives and participating in habitat restoration efforts.
• Responsible Wildlife Interactions: When engaging in wildlife-related activities, it is crucial to prioritize the well-being and conservation of the animals. Respect rules and guidelines, maintain a safe distance, and avoid actions that disrupt natural behaviors. Never feed or touch wildlife, and choose operators that prioritize responsible wildlife tourism practices.
• Cultural Preservation: Adventure tourism should respect and preserve local cultures and heritage. Engage in cultural experiences with sensitivity, learn about local customs and traditions, and support local artisans and communities. Seek authentic interactions that promote cultural exchange while avoiding exploitation or commodification of cultural practices.
• Supporting Local Communities: Adventure tourism can provide economic opportunities for local communities. Prioritize local businesses, guides, and accommodation providers that uphold sustainable practices and contribute to the well-being of the community. This helps to create a more equitable distribution of benefits and support the local economy.
• Reducing Carbon Footprint: Adventure tourism often involves travel, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate this impact, choose eco-friendly transportation options whenever possible, support carbon offset initiatives, and opt for energy-efficient accommodations. Minimize single-use plastics and strive for environmentally responsible practices throughout the trip.
• Educating and Raising Awareness: Adventure tourism operators, guides, and travelers can play a vital role in promoting sustainability. Educate yourself about the destination’s environmental and cultural issues, encourage responsible behavior among fellow travelers, and advocate for sustainable practices within the industry. By raising awareness, we can foster a collective commitment to protecting our planet.
• Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among adventure tourism stakeholders, including operators, local communities, and government bodies, is crucial for sustainable tourism development. Establish partnerships that prioritize sustainable initiatives and involve local communities in decision-making processes. By working together, we can create a more sustainable and responsible adventure tourism industry.

By embracing sustainable practices, adventure tourism can contribute to the preservation of natural areas, cultural heritage, and community well-being. By choosing sustainable operators, adopting responsible behaviors, and supporting local communities, you can ensure that your adventure travel experiences leave a positive impact on both the environment and the destinations you visit.

Safety Measures in Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism involves engaging in thrilling and challenging activities that inherently come with a certain level of risk. To ensure the safety and well-being of participants, comprehensive safety measures should be implemented by adventure tourism operators. Here are some crucial safety measures to consider:

• Qualified and Experienced Guides: Adventure tourism operators should employ well-trained and knowledgeable guides who possess the necessary skills and expertise in leading specific activities. Guides play a crucial role in ensuring participant safety, providing instructions, and mitigating risks during the adventure.
• Risk Assessment and Management: Before embarking on any adventure activity, thorough risk assessment should be conducted. This involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and severity, and implementing appropriate measures to manage and minimize risks. Regular reviews of safety protocols should also be conducted.
• Proper Equipment and Gear: Adventure tourism operators should provide participants with high-quality and well-maintained equipment and gear specific to the activity. It is essential to ensure that the equipment meets safety standards, is in proper working condition, and is regularly inspected and replaced when necessary.
• Participant Screening and Medical Fitness: Participants should be adequately screened for medical conditions and physical fitness requirements before engaging in adventure activities. It is important to assess any potential health risks and ensure that participants are aware of the physical demands of the activity.
• Emergency Preparedness: Adventure tourism operators should have robust emergency procedures in place, including evacuation plans, communication systems, and access to medical assistance. Guides should be trained in first aid and emergency response, and participants should be provided with clear instructions on how to respond in case of emergencies.
• Weather Monitoring: Activities in adventure tourism are often weather-dependent. Operators should closely monitor weather conditions and be prepared to make necessary adjustments or cancellations to ensure participant safety. Real-time weather updates and reliable weather forecasting sources should be utilized.
• Participant Briefings and Training: Before the start of any adventure activity, participants should receive thorough briefings on safety protocols, equipment usage, and the risks associated with the activity. Training or skill-building sessions should be provided when necessary to ensure participants have the required competencies to engage safely.
• Insurance Coverage: Adventure tourism operators should have adequate insurance coverage to protect both themselves and participants. Participants should also be encouraged to have their own travel insurance that includes coverage for adventure activities and medical emergencies.

It is essential for participants to understand and follow the safety guidelines provided by adventure tourism operators. This includes adhering to instructions from guides, wearing appropriate safety gear, and being aware of personal limitations. By prioritizing safety measures, adventure tourism can provide thrilling experiences while minimizing potential risks and ensuring the well-being of participants.

Future Trends in Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs and preferences of travelers. As we look toward the future, several trends are emerging in the adventure tourism industry. Here are some key trends to watch out for:

• Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Practices: With a growing focus on sustainability, future adventure tourism trends will prioritize eco-friendly practices. Operators will increasingly adopt environmentally sustainable measures, such as reducing carbon emissions, supporting local communities, and preserving natural resources.
• Responsible Wildlife Tourism: The trend of responsible wildlife tourism will continue to gain prominence. Travelers are increasingly seeking ethical interactions with wildlife, supporting operators that prioritize animal welfare and conservation. This trend will promote responsible wildlife encounters and discourage activities that exploit or harm animals.
• Customized and Personalized Experiences: Travelers are looking for unique and personalized adventure experiences tailored to their preferences and interests. Future trends will focus on offering customizable itineraries, allowing travelers to select activities, destinations, and accommodations that align with their specific desires and goals.
• Technology Integration: Technology will play a significant role in shaping the future of adventure tourism. From advanced booking platforms to virtual reality experiences, technology will enhance the pre-trip planning process and enable travelers to preview and select their adventure activities with ease.
• Wellness and Mindful Adventures: The trend towards combining adventure with wellness and mindfulness will continue to grow. Travelers seek opportunities to not only engage in thrilling activities but also to focus on personal well-being, relaxation, and self-reflection during their adventures.
• Off-the-Beaten-Path Destinations: As travelers seek more authentic and unique experiences, future adventure tourism trends will gravitate toward lesser-known and off-the-beaten-path destinations. This shift will allow travelers to explore hidden gems, experience local cultures, and minimize the impact of overtourism on popular destinations.
• Adventure for All Ages: Adventure tourism is no longer limited to young and physically fit travelers. Future trends will see an increased focus on catering to a diverse range of age groups and abilities. Activities and itineraries will be designed to accommodate families, seniors, and individuals with varying levels of physical fitness.
• Community Empowerment: Adventure tourism will increasingly prioritize community empowerment and engagement. Travelers can expect to see more opportunities to directly support local communities through cultural exchanges, homestays, and community-based tourism initiatives.

These trends reflect the shift towards a more sustainable, personalized, and socially responsible adventure tourism industry. As travelers seek transformative experiences that align with their values, these trends will shape the future of adventure tourism, providing fulfilling and enriching journeys for years to come.

Adventure tourism offers a thrilling and transformative way to explore the world and push personal boundaries. With its unique blend of excitement, physical challenge, cultural immersion, and connection with nature, adventure tourism continues to captivate travelers seeking unforgettable experiences.

In this article, we have explored the various aspects of adventure tourism, including its definition, types, popular activities, benefits, challenges, sustainable practices, safety measures, and future trends. Adventure tourism goes beyond traditional tourism by encouraging individuals to step out of their comfort zones, embrace the unknown, and create lasting memories. The physical and mental benefits, opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery, and the chance to connect with nature and different cultures make adventure tourism a compelling choice for travelers.

While adventure tourism offers incredible experiences, it is essential to approach it with safety in mind. Adventure tourism operators should prioritize participant safety by implementing proper risk management protocols, providing trained guides, and ensuring well-maintained equipment. Travelers, on the other hand, should adhere to safety guidelines, be aware of their physical limitations, and choose reputable operators that prioritize safety measures.

The future of adventure tourism looks promising, with sustainable practices, responsible wildlife tourism, personalization, technology integration, and an emphasis on wellness and mindful adventures emerging as key trends. Travelers can look forward to exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations, engaging with local communities, and enjoying customized experiences that align with their interests and values.

As adventure tourism continues to evolve, it is important for all stakeholders, including operators, travelers, and local communities, to embrace sustainable practices, respect local cultures, and prioritize the conservation of natural resources. By doing so, adventure tourism can not only provide incredible experiences but also contribute to the well-being of communities, preservation of ecosystems, and positive interaction between travelers and local cultures.

In conclusion, adventure tourism offers a thrilling and rewarding way to experience the world while pushing personal limits. With its potential for personal growth, cultural understanding, and connection with nature, adventure tourism is an invitation to embark on transformative journeys that leave a lasting impact.

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Adventure Tourism – Definitions, History, Types, Characteristics & Features, or Importance

Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourist do some adventures activities like as skydiving, hill climbing, scuba diving.

Adventure tourism is very popular among young age tourists. Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourists to step outside their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance of acts, that required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger.

Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination . It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors.  Adventure travelers expect to experience various level of risk, excitement, and tranquility and be personally tested. In particular, they are explorers of unspoiled, exotic parts of the planet and also seek personal challenges.

The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved.

Definitions  of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is a new concept in the tourism industry. Tourism industry adopted adventure tourism, but there is not any specific definition of adventure tourism . Most commentators concur that adventure tourism is a niche sector of the tourism industry, but there are many other niche sectors in tourism which have same characteristics that overlap with adventure tourism such as ecotourism, activity tourism or adventure travel.

One of them can confuse. Adventure tourism is a complicated and ambiguous topic. Some important definitions of adventure tourism are following as:

According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association , “adventure tourism is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature.

According to Muller and Cleaver , “Adventure tourism is characterized by its ability to provide the tourist with relatively high levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.”

Canadian Tourism Commission in 1995 defines adventure tourism as , “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated with low or high levels of activity.”

According to Sung et al ,  “adventure tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience.”

According to UNWTO , ” adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.”

History of Adventure Tourism

Humans are traveling from ancient time for the searching for foods, and for many survival reasons. Humans have been engaging in adventurous travel for hundreds of year via exploration . People traveled in ancient time for exploration of sea roots, new destination, or even a new country.

However, commercial adventure travel is a new phenomenon, in which travelers hire a professional guide to provide a range of technical support and equipment, as well as cultural and nature interpretation.

In the mid-1800s, adventurers began to push the limits of mountain climbing and river rafting, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and decent of the Colorado River in 1869 . Shortly thereafter, two key institutions were formed. The National Geographic Society and Explorers Club . These institutions are supporting adventures tourism continuously.

In the mid- 1950s, many first ascents and descents attracted global attention and inspired many people to attempt their own expeditions. Maurice Herzog’s ascent of Annapurna in 1950 , Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay’s ascent of Mount Everest , and other successes were hailed in the media around the world. This was the takeoff of modern adventure tourism.

Today, adventure tourism is a vibrant, dynamic, and fast-changing sector with new variants routinely added into the possible experience.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism has grown exponentially all over the world in recent years with tourist visiting destinations previously undiscovered. This allows for a new destination to market themselves as truly unique, appealing to those traveler looking for rare, incomparable experience.

Adventure tourism includes various activities like caving, hiking, sailing, trekking etc.  Adventure tourism categorized into two categories . These are following as:

Hard Adventure

Soft adventure.

Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills. Hard tourism includes the activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving etc.

Hard adventure activities are highly risked in nature. Professional guide, advance level skills are required to perform these activities. Many tourists died during climbing mountains, caving every day. There is an interesting fact that is for K2, world 2nd highest mountain, for every two people who submit one dies .

Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills ; most of these activities are led by experienced guides. Soft tourism includes the activities like backpacking, camping, hiking, kayaking etc.

Soft adventure activities are low risk in nature. These activities are led by professional guides. Soft adventure is a popular category in adventure tourism. On average, 25% trips taken from North America and Europe are soft adventure trips.

Adventure Tourism Activities

Adventure travelers are early adopters by nature, meaning they are generally more willing to try new destinations, activities, and travel products. Popular activities change rapidly, and it seems there is a new twist on an existing sport evert years.

Some activities have low risk and some have high. Adventure tourism activities are classified into two types :

Hard Adventure Activities

Soft adventure activities.

Hard adventure activities are highly risky and dangerous in nature. These activities are following as:

• Mountain Climbing
• Rock Climbing
• Ice Climbing

These activities are less dangerous and risk as compared to hard adventure activities. These activities are always lead by professional guides. These activities are following as:

• Backpacking
• Birdwatching
• Eco-tourism
• Horseback riding
• Kayaking/sea/whitewater
• Orienteering
• Scuba Diving
• Snowboarding

Adventure tourism activities sit well with the environment because the natural world provides us with the resources for many of the activities that provide risk, challenge, sensory stimulus, novelty, discovery and so on.

Characteristics and Features of Adventure Tourism

The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all-round challenge. Some unique characteristics and features of adventure tourism are following as:

• Physical activity, i.e. activities involving physical exertion or psychomotor skills.
• Contact with nature, i.e. activities bringing contact with the natural world in general, or with specific wildlife.
• Contact with different cultures, i.e. people, faith, lifestyles
• Journeys, i.e. vehicle-, animal-, or human-power.
• Uncertain outcomes
• Danger and risk
• Anticipated rewards
• Stimulation and excitement
• Exploration and discovery
• Contrasting emotions

Adventure Tourism Supplier

A tourism supply chain is the system of people, products, activities, and materials that get a product or service from its raw state through production and distribution to the consumer .

As with any sector, volume discounts drive the mass price point, so major retailers primarily market select trips that sell in high volume. The supply chain for these mass tourism products is often very simple, comprising only transportation and accommodation elements.

The adventure tourism supply chain is more complex. Niche products often require specializes in knowledge and operations. Adventure tourism’s supply chain linkages go very deep, and this is one of the key reasons that adventure tourism delivers greater benefits at the local level.

Supply chains vary from destination to destination. The makeup of the most involved adventure supply chain is typical as follows:

Without a proper supply chain, the tourism sector can not survive. Tourism suppliers are the backbone of the tourism industry . Adventure tourism suppliers work at a different, different level like as domestic as well international level.

Adventure Tourism Importance and Benefits

Adventure tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism sector, attracting high-value customers, supporting local economies, and encouraging sustainable practices.

The continued growth of this sector creates net positive impacts not only for tourism, but also for destination economies, their people, and their environment.

Some importance and benefits of adventure tourism are following as:

Employment Generation

Adventure tourism generates the jobs. Adventure tourism generates directs jobs to accommodation , transportation sector and for travel agencies or tour operators . Adventure tourism also provides the indirect job to tourism suppliers.

Adventure tourism plays an important role in the generation of employment in the economy.

Foreign Exchange

Adventure tourism attracts the foreign tourists at a large scale, as a result, it helps in foreign exchange generation.

When tourist travel to another country, they spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, and shopping. Adventure tourism generates foreign exchange and supports the economy of the host country.

Economy Development

Adventure tourism helps in the development of the host country’s economy. Adventure tourism activities directly support the economy in various forms. The more tourists, more economic growth.

Support Local Communities

Adventure tourism helps in the development of infrastructure and support local communities. Adventure tourism activities directly contributed to the local economy of the communities and increase the living standards of local people.

Conservation of Natural Resources

Adventure tourism activities are nature-based activities. Leaders in the adventure tourism industry are dedicated to making this tourism segment as sustainable as possible. They help in conservation of natural resources as well as cultural.

Creating Business Opportunities

Adventure tourism activities create new business opportunities. There are companies that specialize in helping emerging adventure tourism operators market their product.  Each new adventure tourism activity creates a new business opportunity.

Local and Foreign Investment

Adventure tourism creates business opportunities, as a result, it attracts the local as well as international investors.  Investors invest their money in the accommodation, transportation, and into travel trade organization.

Adventure tourism plays an important role in the economy of the host country .

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, adventure tourism: a perspective paper.

Tourism Review

ISSN : 1660-5373

Article publication date: 9 October 2019

Issue publication date: 20 February 2020

This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of adventure tourism in tourism the tourism industry and in tourism research. Apart from giving an overview of current literature and discussion, this paper also looks into future trends in adventure tourism.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper looks at the state of the art of adventure tourism re-search and discusses current trends. Based on literature, it gives an overview of the development of adventure tourism, the current situation and how adventure tourism will develop in the future.

This paper discusses the development of research in the field of adventure tourism and propagates that research should be increasingly focussing on theory building. The work by Rantala and Rokenses (2016) was the much-needed kick-start to lay the groundwork for a theoretical framework. The last few years have seen a rise in older tourists embarking for adventure trips, as well as families. Younger adults seek microadventures nearby their home. Health and well-being have also seen a stronger focus in adventure tourism research. Interdisciplinary research teams should see into these phenomenon and analyse the different motives and implications. This will help to develop a framework for adventure tourism research.

Originality/value

The importance of adventure tourism in the tourism industry and science will be demonstrated, and for the first time, the scientific examination of adventure tourism will be presented with three phases and important publications. In addition, the importance of theory formation in the field of adventure tourism will be pointed out. This paper not only gives an overview of current research but also looks ahead into future developments.

• Adventure tourism
• Adventure tourism research
• Hard and soft adventure

Gross, S. and Sand, M. (2020), "Adventure tourism: a perspective paper", Tourism Review , Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0211

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5 Trends Shaping the Future of Adventure Travel

23 jun 5 trends shaping the future of adventure travel.

“Adventure tourism is what tourism should be today and definitely what tourism will be tomorrow.” — UN World Tourism Organization Secretary-General Taleb Rifai, 2012 address in Switzerland to Adventure Travel World Summit

Exploring the tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Photo©Eric Rock, Natural Habitat Adventures

  When you think about your next trip, do you imagine camel trekking in the Sahara? Searching for monkeys and parrots in the Amazon rain forest? Sailing Antarctica? Meandering through the medina in Marrakech?

If you’re an adventure traveler, you’re part of a rapidly growing group of vagabonds who are redefining the nature of travel. Adventure travelers comprise an ever-greater share of the global travel industry: research from the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) indicates that adventure travel grew 65 percent per year from 2009-2013 and continues to expand.

While there is no precise definition of “adventure travel,” the ATTA says it includes “physical activity, interaction with the environment, and cultural exchange.” As adventure travel’s share of the market continues to grow exponentially, the values that underlie it are influencing the nature of travel. Take a look at five adventure travel trends that are shaping the future:

1) Not-So-Lonely Planet: Traveling to Connect & Grow The global travel industry is booming as more people, especially from countries with emerging middle-class economies, find the means to go exploring. The number of travelers is expected to double in the next 15 years from 1 billion to 2 billion, according to Greg Klassen, a travel marketing strategist who is CEO of the tourism consulting firm Twenty31. In North America, baby boomers lead the pack, with more time and money to pursue their travel dreams. And while the conventional image of an older traveler may be a white-haired widow on a tour bus, the fact is that people 70+ are among the fastest-growing sector of adventure travelers. As boomers become seniors, they aren’t forsaking their drive to learn, gain insight and pursue self-improvement, key values for this demographic nurtured by adventure travel. When travel is pursued as a means of self-exploration and not merely sightseeing, adventure travel is more apt to meet that goal.

Hiking in Patagonia: Chile’s Torres del Paine National Park. Photo©Natural Habitat Adventures

2) Pack, Pedal & Paddle: Active Travelers Rule As long as we’re talking about boomers, many are loath to admit they are aging (or at least refuse to concede that it makes any difference) and often pursue fitness as a lifestyle. Along with Gen Xers and millennials, those who are 50+ are still keen to pursue the kinds of activities that typically define “adventure travel”: hiking , cycling, rafting, scuba diving, skiing and climbing, among others. And as conventional destinations become overrun, “commoditized McTravel” experiences are becoming less desirable, said Klassen, speaking at the ATTA’s Adventure Elevate meeting in Snowmass, Colorado in June 2015. Sedentary, standardized travel packages, including lie-on-the-beach vacations, are becoming less popular while active adventure travel booms.

Permitted low-impact camping in Antarctica. Photo©Brad Nicholson, Natural Habitat Adventures

3) Greener is Greater: Ecotourism is Growing The U.N. World Tourism Organization predicts there will be some 1.6 billion eco-inspired trips taken between now and 2020. Adventure tourism operators must promote sustainable environmental practices because the experiences they offer depend on protected natural settings and resources as well as meaningful cultural engagement. The destruction or Disneyfication of a destination will undercut the reasons travelers go there in the first place — a powerful incentive for practices that encourage conservation and respect for land, people and wildlife. As travelers become more eco-aware and seek out responsible tourism providers, ecotourism and conservation travel will continue to grow.

An African safari is a popular multigenerational travel adventure. Photo©Patrick J. Endres, Natural Habitat Adventures

4) Mom, Dad & the Kids… & the Grandkids: ALL in the Family While the classic family vacation of old may have been a week at the shore or a mini-van road trip to an iconic national park, today families are seeking transformative travel experiences that enrich and educate — and they’re bringing the whole gang, including siblings and grandparents. In fact, grandparents are often driving this trend, arranging travel adventures for up to three generations at a time. Tour companies are responding, with increased private and custom departures, more scheduled family trips , and activities and guides designed to appeal to a variety of ages. African safaris are a popular multigenerational option, as are small-boat Galapagos cruises or backcountry raft trips where an extended family group may book an entire departure.

Street musicians in Cuba. Photo©Natural Habitat Adventures

5) Keeping It Real: Authenticity is Paramount Research shows that adventure travelers place a higher premium on exciting and authentic experiences, reflecting a distinct set of values shaping the future of travel. Rather than check off a list of sights, contemporary travelers value doing and engaging over more passive “sightseeing.” In a world where chains and franchises have homogenized so many destinations, and mass tourism keeps travelers at arm’s length from the people who live in the places they visit, travelers crave genuine, meaningful experiences. They want immersive cultural encounters : hands-on cooking lessons, a meal in a local host’s home, an intimate concert, a visit to an artisan’s private studio. They prefer to be guided by someone who’s a native of the place they are visiting. They want to explore nature, culture and history while interacting with a place and its people.

Ultimately, if there is a mantra for adventure travel past, present and future, it may be these words from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: “Plunge boldly into the thick of life, and seize it where you will, it is always interesting.”

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Factors Affecting the Adventure Tourism Development Index: A Worldwide Analysis

• Conference paper
• First Online: 24 June 2022
• Cite this conference paper

• Gladys Mawarni 6 ,
• Nuno Moutinho   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-8324 6 ,
• Paula Odete Fernandes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-4901 7 &
• Alcina Nunes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9747 7  

Part of the book series: Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ((SIST,volume 293))

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Adventure tourism is a rising segment of the tourism industry where tourists undertake an activity outside of their comfort zone and where some risk is an essential feature. Some consider it as a broad spectrum of outdoor tourist activities. Therefore, understanding it and how it could be influenced by economic, social, political, health, and natural factors is vital for businesses and local governments. This research identifies and analyses how a set of external factors may affect the index that measures adventure tourism development worldwide—the so-called Adventure Tourism Development Index (ATDI). The objective is to provide helpful information to stakeholders, particularly the policy-makers, on elements that should be addressed to develop this tourism segment. Considering data for 191 economies over the last decade, an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation has been performed. The results show that adventure tourism is dependent on innovation, and economies with more ability and success in innovation will have a competitive advantage in the industry. Aside from that, a higher health expenditure per capita and cultural diversity influence how appealing a destination are to adventure travelers.

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Acknowledgements

This project is being carried out within the scope of the TURNOUT Project-Development of Outdoor Tourism of Northern Portugal, POCI-01-0145-ERDF-032289, financed by the European Investment Fund Regional Development (ERDF) through the Operational Program of Competitiveness and Innovation (POCI) and the Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. (OE).

The authors are also grateful to the UNIAG, R&D unit funded by the FCT—Portuguese Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education. “Project Code Reference: UIDB/04752/2020”.

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Correspondence to Alcina Nunes .

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Mawarni, G., Moutinho, N., Fernandes, P.O., Nunes, A. (2022). Factors Affecting the Adventure Tourism Development Index: A Worldwide Analysis. In: Abreu, A., Liberato, D., Garcia Ojeda, J.C. (eds) Advances in Tourism, Technology and Systems. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 293. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1040-1_32

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Published : 24 June 2022

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