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South Africa travel rules: What are the latest restrictions for holidaymakers?

It’s been two years of ups and downs for south africa’s once flourishing tourism scene. now nature lovers are returning, what are the current testing and quarantine rules, article bookmarked.

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South Africa had a tumultuous pandemic, involving some of the earliest detections of new variants, and blanket travel bans from countries including the UK.

Now its Covid situation has settled down, visiting this beautiful, coast-wrapped nation of sunkissed safaris and rugged beaches is easier than ever.

Here’s everything you need to know.

Do I need proof of vaccination or a test to visit South Africa?

No. South Africa lifted its remaining Covid-19 restrictions for travellers on 23 June.

This meant an end to the former rules, which included vaccinated travellers having to show proof of full vaccination and unvaccinated travellers providing a negative PCR or antigen test result at the border.

It also ended the restrictions on capacity for indoor venues - previously limited to 50 per cent of usual capacity or 1,000 maxmimum - which can now operate at full capacity.

Health minister Dr Joe Phaahla said: “Having monitored the positive direction for more than three weeks we came to the conclusion that the peak infection which we concluded was a limited fifth wave driven by subvariants and not a new variant of concern was dissipating and that there was no more any eminent risk.”

Do I need to fill in a passenger locator form before travel to South Africa?

You may be asked to fill in South Africa’s health form beforehand. You can print it out and complete it before travel, or your airline may provide you with a copy. Details to have to hand include your hotel’s address, countries you’ve visited in the past 14 days and your flight and seat number.

What if I’m just transiting through South Africa?

If you are catching a connecting flight in SA (Johannesburg, for example), you only need to have a pre-travel test or bring proof of vaccination if your final destination requires you to do so.

Do I need to wear a mask while on holiday in South Africa?

Wearing a mask in public places is no longer legally enforced in South Africa, though it is recommended in places where it is hard to socially distance. The rule was lifted along with the remaining Covid border rules on 23 June.

Do I need a visa?

British travellers do not need a visa for visits of up to 90 days.

How much time do I need left on my passport?

South Africa requires you to have six months left on your passport (some sources say 30 days, but the Foreign Office warns that “some immigration officials” in the country demand six months remaining). You should also make sure your passport has at least two blank pages on the date you arrive.

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ADVICE FOR TRAVELLERS- LEVEL 1

*DISCLAIMER Updated as per Gazette 46078 of 22 March 2022 .

The country has been on adjusted alert level 1 from 30 December 2021.

Adjusted regulations include:

• 50%  – maximum capacity of venues for indoor and outdoor gatherings.
• 72  – maximum hours for the validity of a COVID-19 test as proof of vaccination at indoor and outdoor venues.
• 1 000  – maximum number of people permitted to gather indoors without proof of vaccination.
• 2 000  – maximum number of people permitted to gather outdoors without proof of vaccination.
• 200  – maximum number of people permitted at a funeral.
• 72  – maximum hours for the validity of a negative PCR test travellers entering South Africa will need to show.
• The wearing of masks in indoor public places is still mandatory.

How is South Africa doing with regard to COVID-19 response? South Africa has conducted over 23.6 million COVID-19 tests in both public and private health care facilities. 

What Is COVID-ALERT App? The COVID-Alert APP alerts subscribers and provides relevant information if they have been in contact with any person who has tested positive for the virus.  The APP helps to minimize the risk of spreading the virus. We request all international travellers who intend to visit the country to download the APP so that they can monitor and minimise their risk of exposure to the COVID-19 virus.

Where can I download the COVID-ALERT app ? You can download the app from the   Apple App Store  or   Google Play  before you arrive in South Africa or on arrival.

When will borders be opened for international travel? The 20 land borders which are fully operational, will remain as such and the 33 land borders which were closed, will remain closed.

What informed the decision to open the borders to international travel? Government has adopted a gradual reopening of borders and ports of entry for international travel for business, leisure and other travel guided by the communique published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on Public Health on considerations for international travel, as well as epidemiological and transmission rates both in South Africa and the traveller’s countries of origin.

What are the health protocols when travelling to South Africa? Travellers intending to visit the country will have to produce a valid certificate of of a negative COVID-19 test, recognised by the World Health Organization, that was obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of travel.

In the event of a traveller’s failure to submit a certificate as proof of a negative COVID-19 test, the traveller will be required to do an antigen test on arrival, at their own expense. 

Which airports will be opened for international air travel? Three airports will be opened and operational for international air travel.  These airports are: O.R. Tambo International (in Johannesburg, Gauteng); Cape Town International (in Cape Town, Western Cape); King Shaka International in (Durban, KwaZulu-Natal); Lanseria International Airport; and Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport

What about daily commuters from neighbouring countries? Daily commuters from neighbouring countries, who attend or teach at a school in the Republic, and who are allowed entry into and exit from the Republic, are subject to complying with protocols relating to- (a) screening for COVID-19 and quarantine or isolation, where necessary; (b) the wearing of a face mask; (c) transportation; and (d) sanitisation and social distancing measures as per the relevant health protocols on safety and prevention of the spread of COVID-19.

Which land ports of entry will be opened for travellers from other African countries? 20 land borders are fully operational and the 33 land borders, which have been closed, will remain closed. Travellers who present themselves at borders that are unable to accommodate them will be directed to the currently operational border posts for processing.

What about transit travellers? Transit travellers through South Africa by air will be allowed to connect to their destinations, subject to them complying with applicable health protocols.

How are countries identified as high risk, medium risk and low risk? South Africa has developed a risk categorisation model for different international travellers. This model classifies international travellers according to a scale of high, medium and low risk.  High-risk travellers are those who come from countries with higher numbers of COVID-19 infections and reported deaths compared to South Africa.

Medium risk travellers are from countries with a relatively equal number of infections and death toll to South Africa and low-risk travellers originate from countries with lesser number of infections of COVID-19 and death toll than South Africa.

Will leisure travellers from high-risk countries be permitted to travel to South Africa? The South African Government’s relaxing of level 1 lockdown rules around international travel allows entry for visitors from any country, provided they follow the prescribed health and safety guidelines.

Can I travel to a high-risk country to visit a family member?  Yes, you can, however, you will be subject to the travel protocols in that country. Please be mindful though that countries can close their borders to international travellers at any given stage to curb the spread of the virus. 

Which are the high-risk countries? The list of high-risk countries are frequently updated and can be accessed on the Home Affairs website: www.dha.gov.za

What are the compliance requirements for airline operators? A Foreign Operator (meaning an airline) is required to submit procedures that show the level of compliance with South African COVID-19 legislation for approval to the South African Civil Aviation Authority.

What are the compliance requirements relating to passengers? Passengers are required to wear face masks at all times and may only remove face masks during emergencies or when instructed by cabin crew to take them off. In addition  and must observe social distancing, ensure handwashing, and sanitise regularly.

A passenger who is unable to wear a face mask due to an underlying medical condition must submit a medical certificate from a registered medical practitioner to the Operator prior to departure.

A child under the age of two years may be exempted from wearing a face mask. This is because masks can restrict breathing for small children as their airways are smaller than older children and adults.

A passenger must provide to the Operator a certificate of a negative COVID-19 tests, recognised by the World Health Organization, obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of travel. If a passenger is symptomatic, the necessary protocols of the National Department of Health will be followed.

What are the compliance requirements relating to crew members of airlines? Crew members are required to wear face masks at all times, except when conducting a safety briefing and during an emergency. Crew members shall upon arrival in South Africa be subjected to health protocols as contemplated for in Health Directions. An Operator must ensure the following risk mitigation measures for crew members:

(a) conduct risk assessments to ensure that crew members are fit and proper before they undertake their travel duties and mitigate the risk of COVID-19 crew infections; and

(b) ensure that crew members are protected whilst on duty.

What about travellers wishing to enter South Africa via seaports? To facilitate ease of transportation of goods and medicines to and from the country, ships will be allowed to dock, load and off-load cargo. Crew members from the cargo ships will be allowed to crew changes. These crew members will also be medically screened for COVID-19 symptoms. 

Have visa services resumed? Visa services, including submission of applications through VFS Global, have resumed in the following categories: Visitor’s visas; study visa; treaty visa; business visa; crew visa; medical treatment visa; relative’s visa; general work visa; critical skills work visa; intra-company transfer work visa; retired person visa; corporate visa; exchange visa;  waiver of the prescribed requirement, as contemplated in section 31(2) (c) ; and appeals or reviews contemplated in section 8 of the Immigration Act.

What about the visa-free status of citizens from certain countries? The visa-free status does not alter the current Covid-19 Regulations. The visa-free status of citizens from the following countries and territories has been reinstated:

• South Korea

There are a number of regular visitors from mainly European countries that have been accustomed to long periods of visitation to our country during our summer season when it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of them own properties in the country. We appreciate the significant economic contribution that they make through their activities in the country. To this end, we will also allow visitors, in whichever category, who are coming to stay for a three months period or more subject to Covid-19 protocols.

People who need to apply must direct email requests to: [email protected], supported by—

(a) a copy of passport and/or temporary residence visa;

(b) proof of business activities to be undertaken in the Republic;

(c) proof of travel itinerary; and

(d) proof of address or accommodation in the Republic.

Public Enquiries: 0800 60 11 90

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

South Africa travel advice

Latest updates: Health – editorial update

Last updated: March 13, 2024 14:10 ET

On this page

Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, south africa - exercise a high degree of caution.

Exercise a high degree of caution in South Africa due to the significant level of serious crime.

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Nationwide power shortages or rolling blackouts, referred to as load shedding, are still occurring regularly. They are occurring numerous times a day and for multiple-hour stretches. They are expected to continue through 2023 and into 2024.  

Though the potential for a nationwide blackout is low, the associated risks are high, including a nationwide loss of power for days or weeks.

South Africa has already experienced blackouts for up to 12 hours in a 24 hour period. Increased demand for power during the coldest winter months of June and July means that blackouts could last longer. Expect a dark and cold winter.

An official schedule of the planned blackouts provides advance notice of the shortages. However, they can also occur with very little notice. 

Blackouts could increase the risk of criminal activity in affected areas, which could in turn lead to opportunistic theft and prolonged outages.

Blackouts can affect the following services and businesses:

• telecommunications and security systems
• stores and food supply
• hotels and other accommodations
• banks and ATMs
• gas stations
• public lighting and traffic lights

Interruptions to water supply occur occasionally and can be lengthy in some areas, causing considerable inconvenience.

If you’re in South Africa:

• be prepared for extended power outages
• make sure you always have a complete emergency kit on hand, including several flashlights
• always carry a cell phone, power banks, chargers and a list of emergency numbers handy 
• keep a sufficient supply of water, food, medication and fuel on hand for several days
• keep your travel documents up-to-date
• monitor local media
• follow the instructions of local authorities

Useful links

• List of planned blackouts  - Eskom, South African electricity public utility
• Get Prepared - basic emergency kit

Violent crime

South Africa has a very high level of crime. Crime is the primary security threat to travellers.

Violent crimes, including rape and murder, occur frequently and have involved foreigners.

Muggings, armed assaults and theft are also frequent, often occurring in areas that are popular among tourists. Carjackings, robbery and assault also occur.

Armed robberies at shopping malls occur. To minimize the risk of personal assault if confronted by an armed individual:

• immediately comply
• avoid making sudden movements
• avoid resisting or antagonizing the assailants
• avoid eye contact with your assailant

Crime significantly increases after dark in major city centres and townships. After dark, avoid the areas of:

• Hillbrow and Yeoville in Johannesburg
• Sunnyside in Pretoria
• the beachfront and Victoria wharf in Durban
• Cape Town downtown hotels to the waterfront

Crimes of opportunity

There is a high risk of pickpocketing. You should not carry your wallet in your back pocket.

Do not show signs of affluence, display money or carry valuables such as laptop computers or cameras.

When at restaurants or bars, do not leave your bag under your chair or table or hung over the back of a chair; keep it on your lap.

Ensure that all your bags’ zippers, straps and fasteners are closed and secure, and be aware of people behind and around you.

Criminals are known to target people who appear distracted and are not paying attention to their immediate surroundings.

If you believe that you are being followed, go directly to a police station.

Crime in and around airports

Passengers have been followed upon arrival at airports and then robbed either on their way to or once they arrived at their final destination. There are also reports of theft from checked luggage.

Some areas around Cape Town International Airport are less secure. There are reports of an increased risk of attack on secondary roads near the airport.

When travelling to and from an airport:

• stay on highways and main roads
• avoid shortcuts
• if you are using a GPS, make sure that the itinerary avoid townships and secondary roads
• plan your trip in advance and verify your travel itinerary with a trusted local source
• consider arranging an airport transfer

On the road

Be vigilant at vulnerable points such as:

• traffic lights
• yield signs
• highway off-ramps

Smash and grab incidents are frequent. This is when car windows are broken and valuables such as handbags are taken while cars are waiting at junctions.

• Park in well-lit areas
• Do not pick up strangers
• Ensure that vehicle doors are locked and windows are closed at all times

Hotel theft

Theft from hotel rooms and guest houses is common. Never leave your windows or doors open or unlocked, even when you are present.

• Check the level of security at guest houses, hotels, lodges, backpacker lodges or any accommodation before making bookings
• Don’t leave luggage and valuables unattended; place them in safekeeping facilities
• Don’t open the door to anyone without taking necessary precautions. If someone claims to be a member of staff, verify with the reception prior to opening the door

Police officer impersonation

Criminals may pose as police officers to extort or rob tourists. There are reports that criminals use fake IDs and flashing blue lights to stop cars with the intent to rob the passengers or steal the vehicle. 

If you face this situation:

• do not stop your vehicle
• put on your hazard lights and continue to the nearest police station or secure location

There is a threat of kidnapping across South Africa. Foreign nationals have been kidnapped in the past. Kidnappings are generally for financial gain or motivated by criminality.

Scammers could kidnap you to extort money from your loved ones in exchange for your release.

• Be wary of online romance, employment and money scams
• Never accept an invitation to travel to an unfamiliar location
• If you think you've been scammed, do not travel overseas to get your money back

Demonstrations

Demonstrations can occur anywhere across the country and sometimes on short notice. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation.

• Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• Follow the instructions of local authorities
• Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations

Mass gatherings (large-scale events)

Cases of attempted fraud are frequently reported in South Africa. Do not give personal or financial account information to anyone.

Don’t attempt to use ATMs that appear damaged or defective, or are in isolated or poorly lit areas. Don’t accept any offer of assistance with your transaction. If suspicious at any time, cancel your transaction and use another ATM.

• Pay careful attention when your cards are being handled by others
• Use ATMs located in well-lit public areas or inside a bank or business
• Avoid using card readers with an irregular or unusual feature
• Cover the keypad with one hand when entering your PIN
• Check for any unauthorized transactions on your account statements

Overseas fraud

Reserves and hiking trails

There have been attacks on hikers and tourists at reserves, hiking trails, including Table Mountain, Lions’ Head, Signal Hill and other tourist attractions and their parking lots.

Avoid the Numbi Gate entrance to the Kruger National Park, as well as the R538 road leading to it due to an increase in criminal activity in the area, including the murder of a foreign national in October 2022.

• Hike in groups and take all appropriate precautions
• Avoid isolated picnic areas and beaches
• Don’t stop at deserted roadside resting places on national roads

Spiked food and drink

There have been incidents of food or drink being drugged and tourists robbed when unconscious.

Never leave food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers. Be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum or cigarettes from new acquaintances. These items may contain drugs that could put you at risk of sexual assault and robbery.

There is a threat of terrorism. Terrorist attacks could occur at any time. Individuals who may be inspired by terrorist groups may carry out “lone actor” attacks targeting public places, including where foreigners gather.

Targets could include:

• government buildings, including schools
• places of worship
• airports and other transportation hubs and networks
• public areas such as tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centres, markets, hotels and other sites frequented by foreigners

South African authorities have successfully disrupted planned attacks and made arrests related to terrorism offences. Always be aware of your surroundings when in public places.

Regional unrest

Xenophobic attacks, primarily targeting refugees or immigrants from other African nations, related demonstrations, looting and outbreaks of violence occur. This type of unrest could occur in any region of the country and with little warning.

Avoid large gatherings and demonstrations, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities at all times.

Townships and rural areas

Avoid townships and informal settlements if you are unfamiliar with them, except when travelling with organized tours provided by a reputable company or in association with an experienced local organization.

Wildlife viewing

Wildlife viewing poses risks, particularly on foot or at close range. Be aware of the threat of monkeys and baboons overwhelming sightseers in their search for food. They are known to get very aggressive.

• Always maintain a safe distance when observing wildlife
• Only exit a vehicle when a professional guide or warden says it’s safe to do so
• Only use reputable and professional guides or tour operators
• Closely follow park regulations and wardens’ advice

Water activities

Coastal waters have unpredictable wave and currents patterns, which can be dangerous. Shark attacks have been reported in several areas, including in KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape.

• Follow the advice and warnings of local authorities
• Be cautious when swimming in lakes and rivers because of the risk posed by wildlife

Water safety abroad

Telecommunications

Cellular phone reception is generally good in major towns and cities but can be intermittent in rural areas. Extended periods of rolling blackouts are impacting internet connectivity and cell phone networks.

Always carry a cellular phone in the event of an emergency. If using your own phone, ensure that it has international/roaming capability for use while in South Africa.

Road safety

Fatal road accidents are common in South Africa.  Accidents occur especially in wet conditions, as roads can be very slippery. Traffic lights are frequently out of order. GPS navigation systems may suggest the most direct route but not the safest.

• Observe the recommended following distances
• Avoid undertaking overland travel after dark
• Treat all intersections with malfunctioning traffic lights as a four-way stop
• Verify your travel itinerary with a trusted local source, such as your hotel, your travel agent or local police, before driving

Road conditions

Driving can be dangerous due to:

• insufficient lighting
• pedestrians crossing major highways
• wild animals and stray livestock on the road

Driving habits

Drivers do not always respect traffic laws, especially at night. Drivers often drive at excess speed and ignore traffic signs. Drinking and driving is common.

Drivers are often aggressive toward pedestrians and fail to yield the right of way even on marked crosswalks.

Travel on foot is inadvisable in most areas. If walking is unavoidable, use only brightly lit, busy streets in popular tourist areas and maintain awareness of your surroundings.

If you choose to drive in South Africa:

• always drive defensively
• plan your trip in advance, especially if you are visiting a rural area
• avoid travelling after dark
• choose a vehicle with a robust central locking system, lockable fuel tank cap and vehicle alarm
• use a reliable rental company offering 24-hour emergency service and ensure that you have the contact details for the service

Public transportation

Avoid using public transportation.

Tourists have been mugged and assaulted in and around bus stations. Avoid the central bus station in Johannesburg.

Train services are slow and several serious accidents in recent years have raised concerns over safety standards.

Violent attacks have occurred on commuter and metro trains between Johannesburg and Pretoria, as well as on commuter trains in Cape Town. Don’t travel by train, especially second or third class.

The Gautrain between O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and Pretoria, as well as the Blue Train and Rovos Rail, are, however, safe for tourists.

Taxis cannot be hailed in the street. Ask your hotel to arrange a taxi and ensure that you prearrange transport for your return journey.

Sit in the rear of the vehicle and keep windows up and doors locked at all times. Keep valuables out of sight and place bags by your feet. Negotiate the fare with the driver in advance. Avoid using minibuses and unlicensed taxis.

We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards.

Information about foreign domestic airlines

Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. The Government of Canada cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet your destination’s entry or exit requirements.

We have obtained the information on this page from South African authorities. It can, however, change at any time.

Verify this information with the  Foreign Representatives in Canada .

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel.

Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Its rules on passport validity may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules.

Regular Canadian passport

You may also be denied boarding at the point of departure if you don’t have enough blank pages for the visa. If you plan to visit neighbouring countries and return to South Africa, ensure that there are sufficient visa pages in your passport for those countries’ visas and those of South Africa.

Passport for official travel

Different entry rules may apply.

Official travel

Passport with “X” gender identifier

While the Government of Canada issues passports with an “X” gender identifier, it cannot guarantee your entry or transit through other countries. You might face entry restrictions in countries that do not recognize the “X” gender identifier. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Other travel documents

Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

• Foreign Representatives in Canada
• Canadian passports

Tourist visa: not required for stays up to 90 days Business visa: not required for stays up to 90 days Student permit: required Employment permit: required

Canadians don't need a tourist visa to enter South Africa. However, upon arrival, immigration officials will issue a temporary residents visa (TRV) for up to 90 days. Check the expiry date of your TRV to ensure you don’t overstay.

If you overstay without authority, you may be forced to pay a fine upon departure and/or can be refused entry for up to 5 years.

Serious offenders may be arrested before departure and detained until their court appearance. In such cases, visitors may face a very substantial fine and be deported at their own expense.

South African visas - South African Department of Home Affairs

Changing or extending your visa

Some foreigners travelling to South Africa have not gone through the correct channels to obtain, change or extend their relevant visas. This has resulted in arrest and detention due to fraudulently issued visas.

While in South Africa, you must go through regional or district offices of the South African Department of Home Affairs for information on visa requirements and issuance.

Regional travel

If you leave and re-enter South Africa, even for a short time, you will not automatically be given an additional 90-day visitor’s visa. An immigration official can deny you re-entry into South Africa. The immigration officer can also allow you to enter for a limited time only.

If you wish to extend your stay, contact the South African Department of Home Affairs 60 days before your visitor’s visa expires.

South African Department of Home Affairs contact information

Work or study

If you intend to work or study in South Africa, you must apply for the relevant visas prior to your arrival; otherwise, you risk being refused entry and may be returned to your point of origin. You cannot change the type of visa once in South Africa.

Other entry requirements

You must be in possession of a return or an onward ticket. Without one, you may be required to deposit the equivalent of a fare home with customs. The money will be refunded after departure from South Africa.

Residence permit

If you reside in South Africa, you must have valid residence permit in your passport each time you enter and leave the country.

Dual citizenship

Dual citizens must enter or depart South Africa using their South African passport only.

For further information on dual citizenship, contact the High Commission for the Republic of South Africa in Ottawa.

Children and travel

Minors traveling to and from South Africa must have a valid passport and may be subject to additional requirements.

You must produce a long form birth certificate when travelling with children under the age of 18 to neighbouring countries. The long form birth certificate must be in English or translated into English.

Contact the nearest South African mission abroad or visit the South African Department of Home Affairs website, before travelling, to verify the latest requirements.

• Entry regulations when travelling with children  - South African Department of Home Affairs
• Travelling with children

Yellow fever

Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever (vaccines section).

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

Yellow fever   is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is no risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• Proof of vaccination is required if you are coming from or have transited through an airport of a country   where yellow fever occurs.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is not recommended.
• Discuss travel plans, activities, and destinations with a health care professional.
• Contact a designated  Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre  well in advance of your trip to arrange for vaccination.

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada * It is important to note that  country entry requirements  may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest  diplomatic or consular office  of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Practise  safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

Malaria  is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by parasites spread through the bites of mosquitoes.   There is a risk of malaria in certain areas and/or during a certain time of year in this destination. 

Antimalarial medication may be recommended depending on your itinerary and the time of year you are travelling. Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic before travelling to discuss your options. It is recommended to do this 6 weeks before travel, however, it is still a good idea any time before leaving.    Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times:  • Cover your skin and use an approved insect repellent on uncovered skin.  • Exclude mosquitoes from your living area with screening and/or closed, well-sealed doors and windows. • Use insecticide-treated bed nets if mosquitoes cannot be excluded from your living area.  • Wear permethrin-treated clothing.    If you develop symptoms similar to malaria when you are travelling or up to a year after you return home, see a health care professional immediately. Tell them where you have been travelling or living. 

In this destination, rabies is commonly carried by dogs and some wildlife, including bats. Rabies is a deadly disease that spreads to humans primarily through bites or scratches from an infected animal. While travelling, take precautions , including keeping your distance from animals (including free-roaming dogs), and closely supervising children.

If you are bitten or scratched by a dog or other animal while travelling, immediately wash the wound with soap and clean water and see a health care professional. In this destination, rabies treatment may be limited or may not be available, therefore you may need to return to Canada for treatment.  

Before travel, discuss rabies vaccination with a health care professional. It may be recommended for travellers who are at high risk of exposure (e.g., occupational risk such as veterinarians and wildlife workers, children, adventure travellers and spelunkers, and others in close contact with animals). 

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions.

The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration (drinking lots of fluids). Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling.

Typhoid   is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time.

Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination.  

There is a risk of schistosomiasis in this destination. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by tiny worms (blood flukes) which can be found in freshwater (lakes, rivers, ponds, and wetlands). The worms can break the skin, and their eggs can cause stomach pain, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, or urinary problems. Schistosomiasis mostly affects underdeveloped and r ural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing communities.

Most travellers are at low risk. Travellers should avoid contact with untreated freshwater such as lakes, rivers, and ponds (e.g., swimming, bathing, wading, ingesting). There is no vaccine or medication available to prevent infection.

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

There is a risk of chikungunya in this country.  The risk may vary between regions of a country.  Chikungunya is a virus spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Chikungunya can cause a viral disease that typically causes fever and pain in the joints. In some cases, the joint pain can be severe and last for months or years.

Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times. There is no vaccine available for chikungunya.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral disease that can cause fever, pain and bleeding under the skin.  In some cases, it can be fatal.  It spreads to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, or from the bite of an infected tick.  Risk is generally low for most travellers.  Protect yourself from tick bites and avoid animals, particularly livestock.  There is no vaccine available for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

Rift Valley fever is a viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can be fatal. It is spread to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, from the bite of an infected mosquito, or eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from insect bites and avoid animals, particularly livestock, and unpasteurized dairy. There is no vaccine available for Rift Valley fever.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria and usually affects the lungs.

For most travellers the risk of tuberculosis is low.

Travellers who may be at high risk while travelling in regions with risk of tuberculosis should discuss pre- and post-travel options with a health care professional.

High-risk travellers include those visiting or working in prisons, refugee camps, homeless shelters, or hospitals, or travellers visiting friends and relatives.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)   is a virus that attacks and impairs the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). 

High risk activities include anything which puts you in contact with blood or body fluids, such as unprotected sex and exposure to unsterilized needles for medications or other substances (for example, steroids and drugs), tattooing, body-piercing or acupuncture.

Medical services and facilities

Medical facilities and supplies are widely available in large cities but can be expensive. Medical facilities are limited in remote areas.

Public and private health facilities require an up-front cash deposit for services, guarantee of payment or confirmation of medical insurance before commencing treatment.

Air evacuation may be the only option when faced with a medical emergency in remote areas.

Decompression chambers are available in many hospitals.

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Travel health and safety

Keep in Mind...

The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.

Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a   travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

Penalties for using, importing or exporting drugs are severe and may include lengthy imprisonment.

Drugs, alcohol and travel

You may not import or take in-transit any firearm or ammunition without a temporary export and import or in-transit permit issued by the South African Police Service. 

Dual citizenship is legally recognized in South Africa.

If you are a Canadian citizen, but also a citizen of South Africa, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited while you're there. You may also be subject to different entry/exit requirements .

Travellers with dual citizenship

International Child Abduction

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. The convention applies between Canada and South Africa.

If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in South Africa, and if the applicable conditions are met, you may apply for the return of your child to the South African court.

If you are in this situation:

• act as quickly as you can
• contact the Central Authority for your province or territory of residence for information on starting an application under The Hague Convention
• consult a lawyer in Canada and in South Africa to explore all the legal options for the return of your child
• report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children’s Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre

If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies.

Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country’s judicial affairs.

• List of Canadian Central Authorities for the Hague Convention
• International Child Abduction: A Guidebook for Left-Behind Parents
• The Hague Convention - Hague Conference on Private International Law
• Canadian embassies and consulates by destination
• Emergency Watch and Response Centre

Traffic drives on the left.

You may use your valid Canadian provincial driver’s licence in South Africa, however, an international driving permit (IDP) is strongly recommended.

It is extremely difficult to obtain car insurance for car rentals or to purchase a car without an IDP. Insurance companies and rental car agencies often require proof of a South African driver’s licence or an IDP to honour an insurance claim, even when such proof was not requested at the time the policy was secured. An IDP must be obtained in Canada before travelling to South Africa, as it cannot be obtained locally.

If your licence is in French, it is advisable to obtain a translation into English and carry it with you.

Foreigners driving a rental car across any border into neighbouring countries must obtain a permit from the Cross-border Road Transport Agency prior to arriving at the border crossing. Failure to do so may lead to arrest and/or a fine.

It is illegal to carry gasoline in portable containers.

• Obtain a permit  - Cross-border Road Transport Agency
• International Driving Permit

The currency is the South African rand (ZAR).

Canadian currency can be easily exchanged at major banks and foreign exchange counters. A passport and additional identification is required when undertaking foreign exchange transactions.

Foreigners are permitted to enter South Africa carrying a maximum of ZAR100,000, or US$10,000 or its equivalent in foreign currencies. Customs forms are not required to be completed, but random customs checks are conducted.

Rain Storms

The climate varies from region to region. Storms and flooding can occur throughout the country and at various times of the year. Flash storms can occur in Gauteng and North West provinces from November to April. There are heavy rains along the south coast from June to September and the Western Cape receives heavy rainfall between May and September. Dirt roads can become hazardous during these periods. After heavy rains, do not attempt to cross low-lying river bridges by car or on foot, as there have been fatalities linked to people being washed down river. Keep informed of regional weather forecasts and plan accordingly.

Veld (bush) fires are common during dry seasons. They are very unpredictable and extremely dangerous. They can spread very quickly and travel at speeds of 60 km/h or more, due to high winds. Stay clear of active fires and always verify local conditions with relevant authorities before going on bush walks, particularly during the dry seasons.

The Western Cape Province, including Cape Town, can experience periods of prolonged drought. Local authorities may impose water use restrictions. You could be fined if you do not comply with these restrictions.

Useful links:

• Information on water restrictions  – City of Cape Town
• Water restrictions explained –City of Cape Town  

Local services

In case of emergency, dial:

• police: 10111 or 10112 from a cellular telephone
• medical assistance: 10177
• firefighters: 10111 or 10112 from a cellular telephone

Consular assistance

South Africa, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia

For emergency consular assistance, call the High Commission of Canada in South Africa, in Pretoria, and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

How to Spend 10 Days in South Africa

Foods to Try in South Africa

Drinks to Try in South Africa

Best Restaurants in Johannesburg

Best Restaurants in Cape Town

Things to Do in South Africa

Things to Do With Kids

Best Beaches

Best Surfing

Best Dive Destinations

Best Golf Resorts

Kruger National Park

48 Hours in Johannesburg

Things to Do

Apartheid Museum

Airport Guide

Table Mountain

Game Reserves Near Cape Town

Best Time to Visit

Weather & Climate

Places to Visit

Driving in South Africa

Safety in South Africa

Is It Safe in South Africa?

Mark Meredith / Getty Images

South Africa is often perceived as a dangerous destination due to its high rate of violent crime. In some areas—especially large cities—poverty is rife, and as a result, muggings, break-ins, and petty theft are common. South Africa also ranks highly on global statistic roundups for rape and murder. However, thousands of tourists visit the country every year without incident, and the rewards of doing so are generous. If you exercise caution and avoid certain areas as a tourist, you'll be treated to pristine beaches, rugged mountains , and game-filled reserves . South Africa's diverse cities are rich in both history and culture, and its people are some of the most hospitable in the world.

Travel Advisories

The U.S. Department of State declared a Level 2 travel advisory for South Africa   in 2018. This means visitors should "exercise increased caution," in this case due to "crime, civil unrest, and drought." In particular, the advisory warns about the higher risk of violent crime in the central business districts of major cities after dark. Travel advice from the British government   echoes this warning, while also citing past incidents where visitors have been followed from Johannesburg's O.R. Tambo Airport to their destinations and then robbed at gunpoint.

Is South Africa Dangerous?

Certain parts of South Africa are more dangerous than others. For instance, game reservations (i.e. safari destinations) tend to be safer than big cities and remote, isolated places. A 2020 report by the Overseas Security Advisory Council   (OSAC) revealed that the U.S. had "assessed Pretoria, Johannesburg , Cape Town, and Durban as being CRITICAL-threat locations for crime directed at or affecting official U.S. government interests," but also noted that U.S. citizens are not often singled out for criminal activity.

The report named armed robbery as the most prevalent "major" crime in South Africa. To avoid being targeted, dress casually, without designer labels and flashy jewelry, and keep your valuables close to your body. If you plan to hire a car , never leave valuables visible on the seats and park in areas protected by licensed car guards.

Is South Africa Safe for Solo Travelers?

Some travel experiences, like guided tours and safaris, are perfectly conducive to solo travel, but wandering around the cities of South Africa alone is not recommended, especially for women. It has one of the highest rates of rape in the world, although the OSAC report   said that foreigners are not specifically targeted.

Alone or not, visitors should avoid walking through the poor parts of South Africa's urban areas, especially at night. Always be aware of your surroundings and travel in groups whenever possible.

Safety Tips for LGBTQ+ Travelers

South Africa has some of the most progressive LGBTQ+ laws in the world. It was the first ever jurisdiction to provide constitutional protection to the LGBTQ+ community, in fact, and welcomes refugees from all over who flee from less accepting countries. Same-sex relationships are legal and common in this country, with LGBTQ+ communities traditionally congregating in bigger cities like Cape Town and Johannesburg. However, in more conservative areas (especially remote townships), being openly LGBTQ+ can lead to discrimination and crime. In the Black community especially, homosexuality is still frowned upon.

Naturally, LGBTQ+ travelers are safer expressing their sexuality openly (barring any graphic PDA) in big cities where it's more prevalent. If you experience a hate crime while visiting South Africa, you should report the incident at the nearest police station or call 08600 10111.

Safety Tips for BIPOC Travelers

Speaking of the Black community, BIPOC travelers are less likely to stick out among locals than Caucasian travelers, seeing as Black Africans make up the bulk of this country's population. According to the last census   , recorded in 2011, 79 percent of South African nationals identified as Black African whereas about 9 percent identified as white. Only 2.5 percent identified as Indian or Asian. The 2017 Reasons for Hope report by the South African Institute of Race Relations   showed that 60 percent of surveyed nationals said that tensions between ethnic groups had "improved" since 1994. Still, race relations in South Africa have been described as toxic.

BIPOC travelers are safer when they travel in groups and in populated, tourist-friendly areas versus remote or crime-laden neighborhoods. If you are targeted by violent racism while visiting South Africa, you should report the incident at the nearest police station or call 08600 10111.

Safety Tips for Travelers

South Africa may not have a favorable reputation for its safety, but tourists can take certain precautions to reduce their risk of being a target for criminal activity.

• Visitors can call the South African Tourism Helpline at 083 123 6789 (or 1-800-593-1318) to arrange for a reliable taxi or get information on activities and transportation.
• There is a common misconception that predators like lions and leopards roam freely throughout the country, but in reality, game is usually confined to protected reserves. Staying safe on a safari is simple: listen carefully to the advice given to you by your tour guide or ranger, don't venture into the bush at night, and stay in your car on self-drive safaris .
• Venomous snakes and spiders typically avoid confrontation with humans, but it's always a good idea to be aware of where you're putting your hands and feet.
• Most cities, parks, and reserves are malaria-free , but if you plan to visit more remote, northern parts of the country, be sure to bring along the necessary prophylactics to avoid getting the mosquito-borne disease.
• Authorities recommend hiking only in groups and away from isolated areas.
• Do not carry large sums of money with you and what you do carry, keep close to your body in a zipped bag ( not your back pocket). Crossbody bags and money belts are good options.
• South Africa is notorious for its ill-kept roads and alarmingly frequent traffic accidents. Rural roads, in particular, are often unfenced and dotted with livestock, so try to limit driving to daytime hours to avoid unexpected obstacles.
• Avoid handing over your passport to (or allowing it to be photocopied by) car hire companies or hotels as a form of security.
• The South African Police Service (SAPS) can be reached at 08600 10111 or just 10111 in the case of an emergency.

U.S. Department of State . "South Africa Travel Advisory."

GOV.UK . "South Africa Foreign Travel Advice."

Overseas Security Advisory Council . "South Africa 2020 Crime & Safety Report." March 3, 2020.

Statistics South Africa . "2011 Census in brief."

South African Institute of Race Relations. " Reasons for Hope ." February 2017.

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Coronavirus COVID-19 Alert level 1

Alert level 1.

The National State of Disaster has been lifted as from 5 April 2022.

Current regulations in place under National Health Act as published on 4 May 2022.

See transitional measures  in place after lifting of National State of Disaster from 4 April to 3 May 2022.

Adjusted alert level 1 was in place from 1 October 2021 to 4 April 2022. 

Disaster Management Act: Regulations: Alert level 1 during Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown

The following is an extraction from the gazetted adjusted Alert Level 1 regulations ( Gazette 45253, 30 September 2021 )  and as amended by Gazette 45297, 11 October 2021 ,  Gazette 45697 of 21 December 2021 ,  Gazette 45715 of 30 December 2021 ,  Gazette 43855 of 1 February 2022 ,  Gazette 45922 of 15 February 2022  and Gazette 46078 of 22 March 2022 .)

General measures to contain the spread of COVID-19

Refusal of treatment and isolation, isolation of persons, shelters and sites identified by the state during national state of disaster, notification by municipalities, movement of persons, opening and closure of schools, early childhood development centres and institutions of higher education, mandatory protocols when in a public place, rental housing, places and premises closed to public, controlled visits, partial re-opening of borders, transportation of cargo, public transport, compliance officers, operation of economic sector, offences and penalties.

5. (1) A person must wear a cloth face mask or a homemade item that covers the nose and mouth when in a public place. or another appropriate item to cover the nose and mouth

(2) No person will be allowed to use any form of public transport, or enter a building, place or premises, if they do not wear a cloth face mask or a homemade item that covers the nose and mouth when in a public place, or another appropriate item to cover the nose and mouth.

(3) An employer must provide every employee who may come into direct contact with members of the public as part of their duties with a cloth face mask to cover his or her nose and mouth or a homemade item that covers the nose and mouth when in a public place. or another appropriate item to cover the nose and mouth.

(4) Every business premises, including, but not limited to a supermarket, shop, grocery store, retail store, wholesale produce market or pharmacy shall- (a) determine their area of floor space in square metres; (b) based on the information contemplated in paragraph (a), determine the number of customers and employees that may be inside the premises at any time with adequate space available; (c) take steps to ensure that persons queuing inside or outside the premises are able to maintain a distance of one and a half metres from each other; (d) provide hand sanitisers for use by the public and employees at the entrance to the premises; and (e) assign, in writing, an employee or any other suitable person, as the compliance employee, who must ensure- (i) compliance with the measures provided for in paragraphs (a) to (d); and (ii) that all directions in respect of hygienic conditions and limitation of exposure to persons with COVID-19 are adhered to.

(5) All employers must adopt measures to promote physical distancing of employees, including- (a) enabling employees to work from home or minimising the need for employees to be physically present at the workplace; (b) the provision for adequate space; (c) restrictions on face to face meetings; (d) special measures for employees with known or disclosed health issues or comorbidities, or  with any condition which may place such employees at a higher risk of complications or death if they are infected with COVID-19; (e) special measures for employees above the age of 60 who are at a higher risk of complications or death if they are infected with COVID-19.

(6) The requirements as set out in subregulation (4) applies with the necessary changes, to any other building that is not provided for by subregulation (4).

(7) All courier and delivery services shall provide for minimized personal contact during delivery.

Refusal of treatment and isolation (as updated on 15 February 2022)

6. (1) (a) Any person who is a laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 case and is symptomatic, must immediately seek treatment. (b) A person who is a laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 case and who is symptomatic must- (i) self-isolate; or (ii) be admitted to a health establishment for isolation, if he or she cannot selfisolate, for a period of 7 days in accordance with the requirements of self-isolation, or isolation, unless a longer period is recommended by a medical practitioner in order to prevent transmission. (c) If a person does not comply with the instruction or order of an enforcement officer that he or she must self-isolate, or isolate, he or she must be placed in isolation at a health facility for a period not exceeding 48 hours, pending a warrant being issued by a competent Court, on application by an enforcement officer for the purposes of isolation.

(2) A warrant contemplated in subregulation (1 )(c) may be issued by a magistrate, if it appears from information on oath or affirmation by an enforcement officer that a person is a laboratory confirmed positive COVI D-19 case and is symptomatic.

(3) The warrant may impose restrictions on the powers of the enforcement officer as the magistrate may deem fit.

(4) A warrant issued in terms of this regulation remains in force until- (a) it is executed; (b) it is rescinded by a competent court; or (c) the purpose for the issuing of the warrant has lapsed, whichever occurs first.

Isolation of persons (as updated on 1 February 2022)

7. 1) Any person who is a confirmed laboratory positive COVID-19 case and is asymptomatic is not required to isolate.

(2) Any person who is a confirmed laboratory positive COVID-19 case and is symptomatic must isolate him/herself for a period of 7 days, unless a longer period is recommended by a medical practitioner.

(3) Any person who is a confirmed laboratory positive COVID-19 case and is symptomatic must comply with- (a) an oral instruction of, or a written direction, issued by a medical practitioner, a person authorised by the medical practitioner, a nurse or an enforcement officer to subject himself or herself to isolation at a health facility in order to contain the transmission of COVID-19; or (b) the requirements of self-isolation in order to contain the transmission of COVID-19.

(4) If a person refuses to isolate himself or herself as instructed or directed, a magistrate in whose jurisdiction such a person is, must make an order as contemplated in Form 1 of Annexure A, to compel such a person to isolate himself or herself.

Shelters and sites identified by the State during national state of disaster (as updated on 1 February 2022)

10. (1) The State shall identify temporary shelters for homeless people that comply with the necessary health protocols and adequate spacing standards as provided for in guidelines published by the Director General of Health.

(2) The provision of the State's resources contemplated in subregulation (1) shall be for the duration of the national state of disaster, and the use thereof will be subject to conditions determined by the Cabinet member responsible for such resources.

Notification by district municipalities

65A. All district municipalities must, after consultation with its local municipalities in its area- (a) alert communities within that district of the increasing number of infections; (b) publish on their websites and in the local media, areas with high infection rates within the district; and (c) update the information as and when it becomes available.

66. The curfew will be lifted. There will therefore be no restrictions on the hours of movement of people.

Opening and closure of schools, early childhood development centres and institutions of higher education (as updated on 1 February 2022)

66A. (1) The Cabinet member responsible for basic education may, by directions contemplated in regulation 4(3), further announce measures related to the management and reduction of risk at schools in the basic education sector. in order to address, prevent and combat the spread of COVID-19.

(2) The Cabinet member responsible for higher education may by directions contemplated in regulation 4(3), further announce measures related to the management and reduction of risk at institutions in the higher education sector, to address, prnvent and combat the spread of COVID-19.

(3) Early childhood development centres will remain open.

(4) (a) No social distancing measures will apply in the basic education sector. (b) Strict adherence to all health protocols including the wearing of face masks. the washing of hands and hand sanitisation must be observed.

Mandatory protocols when in a public place (as updated on 22 March 2022)

67. (1) For the purposes of these Regulations. a 'face mask' means a cloth face mask or a homemade item that covers the nose and mouth, or another appropriate item to cover the nose and mouth.

(2) The wearing of a face mask is mandatory for every person when in an indoor public place, excluding a child under the age of six years, and any person who fails to comply with a verbal instruction by an enforcement officer to wear a face mask, commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or a period of imprisonment not exceeding six months, or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(3) A person not wearing a face mask will not be allowed to- (a) use, operate, perform any service on any form of public transport; or (b) enter or be in a building, place or premises, including government buildings, places or premises, used by the public to obtain goods or services.

(4) (a) All persons in an open public space need not wear a mask but must maintain a distance of at least one metre from another person. (b) The school environment is excluded from the requirement of maintaining a distance of at least one metre from another person.

(5) An employer may not allow any employee to perform any duties or enter the employment premises if the employee is not wearing a face mask while performing his or her duties.

(6) Every business premises, including, but not limited to, a supermarket, shop, grocery store, retail store, wholesale produce market or pharmacy shall - (a) determine their area of floor space in square metres; (b) based on the information contemplated in paragraph (a), determine the number of customers and employees that may be inside the premises at any time with adequate space available, on the basis of providing for a social distance of one metre between persons; (c) take steps to ensure that persons queuing inside or outside the premises are able to maintain a distance of one metre from each other; (d) provide hand sanitisers for use by the public and employees at the entrance to the premises; and (e) assign, in writing, an employee or any other suitable person, as the compliance employee, who must ensure- (i) compliance with the measures provided for in paragraphs (a) to (d); and (ii) that all directions in respect of hygienic conditions and limitation of exposure to persons with COVID-19 are adhered to.

(7) Any business whose premises exceeds the maximum number of customers and employees determined in subregulation (6) commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(8) All employers must. adopt measures to promote physical distancing of employees, including- (a) enabling employees to work from home or minimising the need for employees to be physically present at the workplace; (b) the provision for adequate space; (c) restrictions on face to face meetings; (d) special measures for employees with known or disclosed health issues or comorbidities, or with any condition which may place such employees at a higher risk of complications or death if they are infected with COVID-19, and (e) special measures for employees above the age of 60 who are at a higher risk of complications or death if they are infected with COVID-19.

(9) The requirements as set out in subregulation (6) applies with the necessary changes, to any other building that is not provided for by subregulation (6).

(10) All courier and delivery services shall provide for minimal personal contact during delivery.

(11) All banks as defined in the Banks Act, 1990 (Act No. 94 of 1990) and financial institutions as defined in the Financial Sector Regulation Act, 2017 (Act No. 9 of 2017), must- (a) (i) ensure that all automated teller machines located at their premises and branches that bears the name of that bank or a non-bank financial institution, have hand sanitisers for use by the public at each automated teller machine; (ii) take reasonable steps to ensure that persons queuing at the automated teller machine on their premises and branches maintain a distance of one metre from each other; and (b) take reasonable steps to ensure implementation of these provisions by third parties hosting automated teller machines of a bank or non-bank financial institution through appropriate agreements.

Attendance of funerals and cremations (as updated on 22 March 2022)

68. (1) Attendance of a funeral and cremation is limited to 200 persons or less and if the venue is too small to hold the prescribed number of persons observing a distance of at least one metre from each other, then not more than 50 percent of the capacity of the venue may be used, subject to strict adherence to all health protocols.

(2) Night vigils are not allowed.

(3) After-funeral and cremation gatherings, including "aftertears" gatherings, are not allowed.

(4) During a funeral and cremation, a person must wear a face mask and adhere to all health protocols and social distancing measures.

(5) The duration of a funeral or cremation service is restricted to a maximum of two hours.

Gatherings (as updated on 22 March 2022)

69. (1) All gatherings, including faith-based or religious, social, political and cultural, gatherings at restaurants, bars, shebeens and taverns; gatherings at conferencing, exhibitions, dining, gyms, fitness centres, casinos and entertainment, facilities, gatherings at venues hosting auctions including agricultural auctions, sporting activities, including both professional and non-professional matches, by recognised sporting bodies, where persons who are- (a) fully vaccinated and in possession of a valid vaccination certificate; or (b) unvaccinated but in possession of a valid certificate of a negative COVID-19 test, recognised by the World Health Organisation, which was obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of the gathering, are allowed at up to 50% of the capacity of the venue: Provided that entry to the venue is conditional upon production of a valid certificate as referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) and subject to strict adherence to all health protocols and social distancing measures.

(2) All gatherings, including faith-based or religious, social, political and cultural, gatherings at restaurants, bars, shebeens and taverns; gatherings at conferencing, exhibitions, dining, gyms, fitness centres, casinos and entertainment facilities, gatherings at venues hosting auctions including agricultural auctions, sporting activities, including both professional and non-professional matches, by recognised sporting bodies, where persons who are- (a) not fully vaccinated or in possession of a valid vaccination certificate; or (b) unvaccinated and not in possession of a valid certificate of a negative COVID-19 test, recognised by the World Health Organisation, which was obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of the gathering, are allowed but limited to 1000 persons or less for indoor venues and 2000 persons or less for outdoor venues and if the venue is too small to hold the prescribed number of persons observing a distance of at least one metre from each other, then not more than 50 percent of the capacity of the venue may be used, subject to strict adherence to all health protocols and social distancing measures.

(3) An owner or operator of any indoor or outdoor facility where gatherings are held must display the certificate of occupancy which sets out the maximum number of persons the facility may hold.

(4) An owner or operator of any indoor or outdoor facility where gatherings are held and who fails to display the certificate of occupancy as contemplated in subregulation (3), commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(5) A convener of a gathering who fails to comply with subregulation (1) or (2), commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(6) Gatherings at a workplace for work purposes are allowed, subject to strict adherence to all health protocols and social distancing measures.

(7) Hotels, lodges, bed and breakfasts, timeshare facilities, resorts and guest houses are allowed full capacity of the available rooms for accommodation, with patrons wearing face masks and observing a distance of at least one metre from each other when in common spaces.

Eviction and demolition of places of residence

70. (1) A person may not be evicted from his or her land or home or have his or her place of residence demolished for the duration of the national state of disaster unless a competent court has granted an order authorising the eviction or demolition.

(2) A competent court may suspend or stay an order for eviction or demolition contemplated in subregulation (1) until after the lapse or termination of the national state of disaster unless the court is of the opinion that it is not just or equitable to suspend or stay the order having regard, in addition to any other relevant consideration, to- (a) the need, in the public interest for all persons to have access to a place of residence and basic services to protect their health and the health of others and to avoid unnecessary movement and gathering with other persons; (b) any restrictions on movement or other relevant restrictions in place at the relevant time in terms of these Regulations; (c) the impact of the disaster on the parties; (d) the prejudice to any party of a delay in executing the order and whether such prejudice outweighs the prejudice of the persons who will be subject to the order; (e) whether any affected person has been prejudiced in their ability to access legal services as a result of the disaster; (f) whether affected persons will have immediate access to an alternative place of residence and basic services; (g) whether adequate measures are in place to protect the health of any person in the process of a relocation; (h) whether any occupier is causing harm to others or there is a threat to life; and  (i) whether the party applying for such an order has taken reasonable steps in good faith, to make alternative arrangements with all affected persons, including but not limited to payment arrangements that would preclude the need for any relocation during the national state of disaster.

(3) A court hearing an application to authorise an eviction or demolition may. where appropriate and in addition to any other report that is required by law, request a report from the responsible member of the executive regarding the availability of emergency accommodation or quarantine or isolation facilities pursuant to these Regulations.

Rental housing 

71. (1) During the national state of disaster, the Rental Housing Tribunals established under the Rental Housing Act, 1999 (Act No. 50 of 1999) - (a) must determine fair procedures for the urgent hearing of disputes; or (b) may grant an urgent ex parte spoliation order including to restore the occupation of a dwelling or access to services provided that an affected party may, on 24 hours' notice, require that a hearing be promptly convened.

(2) During the national state of disaster and without derogating from the protections afforded by the Rental Housing Act, 1999 or any provincial unfair practice regulation in place or the duty to consider the interests of both the landlord and tenant on a just and equitable basis, the following conduct is presumed to be an unfair practice for purposes of the Act: (a) The termination of services in circumstances where - (i) the landlord has failed to provide reasonable notice and an opportunity to make representations: (ii) the landlord has failed, reasonably and in good faith, to make the necessary arrangements including to reach an agreement regarding alternative payment arrangements, where applicable; or (iii) no provision has been made for the ongoing provision of basic services during the national state of disaster. (b) The imposition of any penalty for the late payment of rental where the default is caused by the disaster, whether or not the penalty takes the form of an administrative charge or any other form other than interest. (c) The failure of a landlord or tenant to engage reasonably and in good faith to make arrangements to cater for the exigencies of the disaster. (d) Any other conduct prejudicing the ongoing occupancy of a place of residence; prejudicing the health of any person or prejudicing the ability of any person to comply with the applicable restrictions on movement that is unreasonable or oppressive having regard to the prevailing circumstances.

(3) Where the protections afforded by any Unfair Practice Regulations in force in any province are greater than those provided in this regulation, the provisions of the provincial Unfair Practice Regulations shall apply.

(4) The Cabinet member responsible for human settlements must, after consulting with the Rental Housing Tribunals, issue directions disseminating information about the manner in which the Tribunals will conduct their proceedings during the national state of disaster including, but not limited to- (a) the manner in which Tribunals will facilitate expeditious access to any aggrieved person; and (b) the convening of remote hearings or the convening of hearings at any suitable place.

Places and premises closed to the public

72. (1) Night clubs are closed to the public.

(2) An owner or manager of a nightclub must ensure compliance with subregulation (1).

(3) An owner or manager of a night club who fails to comply with subregulation (2), commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(4) The Cabinet member responsible for cooperative governance and traditional affairs may, by directions, determine a place or premises that must be closed, if there is a risk of any members of the public being exposed to COVID-19 at such a place or premises.

Initiation practices

73. (1) Initiation practices are permitted, subject to the submission of a risk adjusted plan for the conducting of initiation practices to the relevant Cabinet members by the provincial executive responsible for traditional affairs and strict adherence to all health protocols and social distancing measures as provided for in directions issued by the relevant Cabinet member after consultation with the Cabinet member responsible for health.

(2) Post-initiation celebrations ("imigidl') are permitted.

(3) The National House of Traditional Leaders and provincial houses of traditional leaders must take steps to ensure that traditional leaders are aware of the content of this regulation.

(4) Failure to adhere to these regulations and any directions that are issued in respect of initiation schools will result in the closure of initiation schools by the relevant authorities.

Controlled visits by members of the public

74. (1) All visits by members of the public to- (a) correctional centres; (b) remand detention facilities; (c) police holding cells; (d) military detention facilities; (e) health establishments and facilities, except to receive treatment or medication, subject to strict adherence to health protocols; and (f) older persons' residential facilities, are permitted to the extent and in the manner directed by the relevant Cabinet member.

(2) The Independent Electoral Commission will be allowed to visit the institutions referred to in subregulation (1), where required for the purposes of voter registration, or special voting, to the extent and in the manner set out in Directions by the relevant Cabinet member.

Partial re-opening of borders (as updated on 22 March 2022)

75.   (1)(a) The 21 land borders which are fully operational will remain as such and the 32 land borders which were closed will remain closed except for the Telle Bridge Port of Entry which will reopen on the commencement of this amendment to the Regulations. (b) The Cabinet member responsible for Home Affairs may, from the date of commencement of this amendment to the Regulations, issue directions regarding the opening and closing of any further Ports of Entry. 

(2) Traveling to and from the Republic from neighbouring countries is allowed, subject to subregulation (3): Provided that travellers who are- (a) fully vaccinated must upon arrival at the land border, produce, a valid vaccination certificate; and (b) unvaccinated must upon arrival at the land border, provide a valid certificate of a negative COVID-19 test, recognised by the World Health Organisation, which was obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of travel.

(3) Daily commuters from neighbouring countries who attend or teach at a school in the Republic, and who are allowed entry into and exit from the Republic, are subject to compliance with protocols relating to- (a) screening for COVID -19 and quarantine or isolation, where necessary; (b) the wearing of a face mask; (c) transportation; and (d) sanitisation and social distancing measures as per the relevant health protocols on safety and prevention of the spread of COVID-19.

(4) (a) International air travel is restricted to the following airports- (i) OR Tambo International Airport: (ii) King Shaka International Airport; (iii) Cape Town International Airport: (iv) Lanseria International Airport; and (y) Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport. (b) Long-haul flight departures and landings at the airports listed in paragraph (a) are permitted during the hours of curfew as provided for in regulation 68(1). (c) All international travellers arriving at the Ports of Entry listed in paragraph (a) who are- (i) fully vaccinated must upon arrival at the Port of Entry, produce a valid vaccination certificate; and (ii) unvaccinated must upon arrival at the Port of Entry, provide a valid certificate of a negative COVID-19 test, recognised by the World Health Organisation, which was obtained not more than 72 hours before the date of travel. (d) In the event of the traveller's failure to submit a certificate as proof of a negative COVID-19 test, the traveller will be required to do an antigen test on arrival at his or her own cost and in the event of a traveller testing positive for COVID-19, he or she will be required to isolate him or herself at his or her own cost, for a period of 10 days. (e) Outbound travellers from South Africa must comply with the requirements of the country of destination.

(5) All commercial seaports will remain open and small crafts will be allowed entry into seaports, in-line with all health and border law enforcement protocols.

Transportation of cargo 

75A. (1) Rail, ocean, air and road transport is permitted for the movement of cargo to and from other countries and within the Republic, subject to national legislation and any directions issued in terms of subregulation (2), for the transportation of goods for export and for import.

(2) The Cabinet member responsible for trade, industry and competition may, after consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for transport and finance, issue directions that provide for the management, administration and prioritisation of exports or imports, taking into account the need to prevent and limit the spread of COVID-19 and to deal with the destructive and other effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

(3) The Cabinet member responsible for transport may, after consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for cooperative governance and traditional affairs, trade, industry and competition, health, justice and correctional services, finance and public enterprises, issue directions relating to health protocols applicable to sea cargo operations and air freight operation.

Public transport 

76. (1) For purposes of this regulation "long distance travel" is a trip of 200 km or more.

(2) The Cabinet member responsible for transport must, after consultation with the Cabinet members responsible for cooperative governance and traditional affairs, health, police, trade, industry and competition, and justice and correctional services, issue directions for the resumption of different modes of public transport to cater for the gradual return to work of people, in respect of- (a) domestic air travel; (b) rail, bus services, taxi services; (c) e-hailing services; (d) private vehicles; and (e) passenger ships, including cruise ships.

(3) Bus and taxi services - (a) may not carry more than 70% of the licensed capacity for long distance travel; and (b) may carry 100% of the licensed capacity for any trip not regarded as long distance travel in terms of subregulation (1).

(4) A driver, owner or operator of public transport may not allow any member of the public who is not wearing a face mask, to board or be conveyed in a public transport owned or operated by him or her.

(5) The directions to be issued by the Cabinet member responsible for transport must set out the health protocols that must be adhered to and the steps to be followed for the limitation of the exposure of members of the public using public transport to COVID-19.

Sale, dispensing and transportation of liquor (as updated on 30 December 2021)

Alcohol establishments that have licences to operate beyond 23h00 will revert back to full licence conditions.

77. (1) The sale of liquor for on- or off-site consumption is permitted during licensed trading hours, subject to the laws governing such licenses.

(2) The consumption of liquor in public places, except in licensed on-site consumption premises, is not permitted.

(3) The transportation of liquor is permitted.

(4) The sale and consumption of liquor in contravention of subregulations ( 1) and (2) is an offence.

78. (1) Businesses may operate except for those set out in Table 3.

(2) Relevant health protocols and social distancing measures for persons employed in private residences must be adhered to.

(3) Relevant health protocols and social distancing measures set out in directions must be adhered to, in addition to the occupational health and safety directions issued by the Cabinet member responsible for employment and labour, and applicable labour legislation.

(4) (a) Firms must adhere to any sector-specific health protocols intended to limit the spread of COVID-19 in the sector concerned. (b) Sector-specific health protocols may address matters such as work rotation, staggered working hours, shift systems, remote working arrangements, special measures affecting persons with greater vulnerabilities or similar measures, in order to achieve social distancing, protect employees or limit congestion in public transport and at the workplace. (c) Sector-specific health protocols where these are still to be developed, must be developed and issued by Cabinet members responsible for a sector in consultation with the Cabinet member responsible for health.

Compliance officers (as updated on 22 March 2022)

79. (1) Industries, businesses and entities, both private and in the public sector, must- (a) designate a COVID-19 compliance officer who must oversee- (i) the implementation of the plan referred to in paragraph (b); and (ii) strict adherence to the standards of hygiene and health protocols relating to COVID-19 at the workplace; (b) develop a plan containing measures to ensure that the workplace meets the standards of health protocols, adequate space for employees and social distancing measures for the public and service providers, as required; and (c) retain a copy of the plan for inspection, which plan must also contain the details of the COVID-19 compliance officer.

(2) A person in control of a retail store or institution must-  (a) take steps to ensure that customers keep a distance of at least one metre from each other and that all directions in respect of health protocols and social distancing measures are strictly adhered to; and (b) designate a compliance officer to ensure that safety controls are strictly adhered to and display the name of the compliance officer prominently in the store or institution in a visible area.

83. (1) For the duration of the national state of disaster, any person who hinders, interferes with. or obstructs an enforcement officer in the exercise of his or her powers, or the performance of his or her duties in terms of these Regulations, is guilty of an offence and, on conviction, liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(2) For the purposes of this Chapter, any person who fails to comply with or contravenes a provision of regulations 66(1) and (3), 67(2), (3) and (7), 76(3)(a), and 77(1) and (2) of these Regulations commits an offence and is, on conviction, liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

Table 4: Adjusted alert level 1 (as updated on 11 October 2021)

All persons who are able to work from home must do so. However. persons will be permitted to perform any type of work outside the home. and to travel to and from work and for work purposes under Alert Level 1, subject to- (a) strict compliance with health protocols and social distancing measures. (b) the return to work being phased -in in order to put in place measures to make the workplace COVID-19 ready; (c) the return to work being done in a manner that avoids and reduces risks of infection; and (d) the work not being listed under the specific economic exclusions in this Table.

SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONS 1. NIght vigils 2. After-funeral and cremation gatherings including "after-tears" gatherings.. 3. Night clubs. 4. The land borders that remain closed, excluding the land borders contemplated in regulation 75(1). 5. Exclusions relating to public transport services as set out in the directions issued by the Cabinet member responsible for transport. 6. Exclusions relating to education services as set out in the directions issued by the Cabinet members responsible for education. 

Form 1: ORDER FOR A PERSON TO GO TO A SITE OF ISOLATION, OR FOR A PERSON TO GO FOR MEDICAL EXAMINATION (see Gazette )

Adjusted lert level 1 was in place from 1 March 2021 to 30 May 2021. 

Related links

Gazetted adjusted Alert Level 1 regulations ( Gazette 44201 of 28 February 2021)  as adjusted by Gazette 44367 of 30 March 2021  and Gazette 44485 of 22 April 2021 .

Gazetted Alert Level 1 regulations ( Gazette 43725 of 18 September 2020) as adapted by Gazette 43727 of 20 September 2020 ,  Gazette 43763 of 1 October 2020 ,  Gazette 43825 of 21 October 2020 ,  Gazette 43897 of 11 November 2020 ,  Gazette 43964 of 3 December 2020 ,  Gazette 43997 of 15 December 2020 ,  Gazette 44009 of 17 December 2020  and Gazette 44042 of 24 December 2020 .

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• Passports, travel and living abroad
• Travel abroad
• Foreign travel advice

South Africa

Safety and security.

You should also read the FCDO ’s overall travel advice .

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. You should remain vigilant at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on  staying safe abroad  and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out  how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad .

Terrorism in South Africa

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in South Africa.

The main threat is from individuals who may have been inspired by terrorist groups, including Daesh, and who may carry out ‘lone actor’ attacks.

Attacks could be indiscriminate and could target public spaces and places visited by foreigners, such as:

• tourist sites
• shopping centres
• high profile events
• crowded places

Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities.

Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories conflict

The current conflict in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories has led to heightened tensions around the world. Terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaida and Daesh, have called on their supporters to carry out terrorist attacks in response to the conflict.  The conflict could also motivate individuals to carry out attacks. Terrorist attacks could target Jewish or Muslim communities, or the interests of Israel and its allies. Attacks could also be indiscriminate and occur without warning.

Terrorist kidnap is a risk in South Africa.

British government policy is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers. Paying ransoms and releasing prisoners builds the capability of terrorist groups and finances their activities. This can increase the risk of hostage-taking. The Terrorism Act (2000) makes payments to terrorists illegal.

Political situation

There are regular protests and demonstrations that can turn violent. Violence could affect participants and bystanders. This can happen anywhere in South Africa at short notice.

Avoid areas where protests, demonstrations, or marches are taking place, especially in city centres and townships. Do not cross protester roadblocks. This could provoke a violent reaction. Monitor local and social media for updates, including local radio. Where possible stick to major routes and be aware that GPS services could divert you into less secure areas.

There have been recent incidents of attacks and violent crime on secondary roads travelling to and from Cape Town airport.

Violent crime

There is a high crime rate, including carjacking, ‘smash and grab’ attacks on vehicles house robbery, rape, sexual assault and murder. Violent crime can take place anywhere, including in tourist destinations and transport hubs.  Most violent crimes occur in townships on the outskirts of major cities or in isolated areas. The threat is higher in central business districts of major cities and increases after dark.

There have been violent incidents involving tourists in some popular tourist locations. There are usually additional security personnel in the main tourist areas who can assist tourists. However, policing and security can be limited, so always remain vigilant.

Some criminals use dating apps to engage with potential victims including for financial gain or crimes of a sexual nature. If using a dating app, exercise caution and consider meeting in well-lit, public areas as well as informing friends/family or your plans.

To protect your personal safety:

• do not have valuables on show
• do not leave valuables in your car
• take safe and reliable transport see public transport
• stay alert and be wary of people who approach you
• do not walk around after dark
• travel with friends and make sure someone knows your plans
• if you visit a township, only go with a responsible and reliable tour guide.

For more information on crime statistics, see the Statistics South Africa website .

Fraud and scams

Be alert to the risk of scams, including through business or employment opportunities, visa facilitation or offers of romance and friendships, including on dating apps.

Card skimming and confidence scams are widespread. There has been an increase in cybercrime and internet scamming. Do not meet up with or send money to someone you do not know.

Crime around ATMs is common. You should:

• hide your PIN when withdrawing money or paying by card
• be aware of fraudsters, such as strangers offering to “help” when your card doesn’t work, or who try to lure you to an ATM
• change large sums of money in banks or secure shopping malls, not in busy public areas

If you use a visa agent, be wary of fraud. Always follow the correct visa application process through the Department of Home Affairs .

Criminals often use the details of embassies to carry out their fraud. These scams come in many forms and can result in great financial loss for the victims. Be cautious and check the authenticity of details before responding.

Criminals may pose as officials for financial or personal gain. If in doubt, ask to see their ID and move into a safe, public and open space. All police officers must carry their Appointment Certificate on them. If you have any concerns, call:

• police on 10111
• emergency services on 112

Criminal kidnaps

The threat of kidnap throughout South Africa is increasing. Kidnaps are generally for financial gain or motivated by criminality. In recent years, several foreign nationals, including British nationals, have been kidnapped. There have been reports of young children being kidnapped from shops, shopping malls and beaches.

British nationals can be seen as wealthier than locals and may be at particular risk of kidnap for financial gain.

Airport safety

Crime can happen in and around the airport, including robbery and theft of baggage and valuables. People have been followed from OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg to their destinations and then robbed, often at gunpoint.

You should:

• be careful in and around the airport
• use main roads and highways when driving to and from airports
• go through public areas quickly
• avoid isolated areas
• consider being met on arrival by your hotel or tour operator
• go to your connecting flight quickly if in transit
• consider vacuum-wrapping luggage if local regulations allow
• keep valuables in your carry-on luggage

Travelling to and from Airports

You should be careful when following GPS navigation. You should avoid taking alternative routes away from main roads as this can often take you into less secure areas. Where you can, you should plan your trip in advance and verify your travel itinerary with a trusted local source.

In Cape Town people have been affected by attacks and violent crime on secondary roads near the airport. When travelling to and from Cape Town International Airport, you should:

• stick to the M3 and N2 where possible
• avoid taking routes that use the R300
• stay on ‘airport approach road’ (exit 16 on the N2) when travelling to and from Cape Town International Airport, and avoid Borcherd’s Quarry Road leading to Nyanga.

Vehicle hijacking and robbery

Vehicle hijacking and robbery are common, particularly after dark and around traffic lights, junctions, petrol stations and driveways. It is common for thieves to break car windows and take valuable while cars are waiting at a junction.

Criminals sometimes force vehicles to stop so that they can carry out robberies. Tourist busses en-route to popular tourist sites have also been targeted. 

Common tactics include throwing spikes (sometimes hidden in plastic bags), stones or glass in front of the vehicle. If a vehicle you are driving is targeted and it is safe to do so, drive as far as possible, or to a place of safety, before you stop.

Criminals may pose as police and use ‘blue lights’ on plain (often white) vehicles to stop motorists and steal the vehicle. If you are suspicious, do not stop and continue to a police station, petrol station or other place of safety to call the police.

Don’t pick up strangers or stop to help apparently distressed motorists. Continue driving and report the incident to the police. If you are involved in a hijacking, stay calm and surrender your valuables and your vehicle if asked. Do not resist.

There have been reports of long queues leading to armed robberies and express kidnappings close to the Lebombo border crossing with Mozambique at Nelspruit, Mpumalanga. These often take place after dark. Consider whether you can use a different crossing or only approach the border during daylight hours.

To reduce your risk:

• check your route for any hazards or disruptions before you set off
• use a GPS, but take care it does not divert you into less secure areas (generally smaller roads)
• keep to main roads and park in well-lit areas
• always take care and consider your surroundings
• avoid being stationary inside your vehicle for long periods
• check your car is locked when you leave it
• keep your windows closed, especially when stopped at junctions
• keep valuables out of sight, ideally kept in the boot of the vehicle
• ask your hire car company for a vehicle with ‘smash and grab’ film installed on the windows
• ensure you can see the tarmac and the tyres of the car in front of you when you stop your vehicle, giving you space to escape if you need to

There are ongoing nationwide power shortages with rolling power cuts. Scheduled regular power outages (‘loadshedding’) have become longer and can occur daily. Power cuts affect:

• private accommodation
• banks and ATMs
• public lighting
• traffic lights
• security systems
• petrol stations
• water and communication services

There may be higher risk of crime where security systems or public lighting do not work.

Planning for power cuts

To check how it might affect you, you can:

• ask your accommodation provider how they mitigate loadshedding
• check planned power outages on the Eskom website or ‘loadshedding’ apps
• follow the advice of local authorities if water restrictions, including a ban on drinking tap water, are in place

Preparing for power cuts

Prepare for long power cuts by:

• writing down emergency contact numbers and carry a notepad and pen
• having an emergency plan so you can let relatives and friends know where you are
• carrying a power bank with extra charging cables for electronic devices you need
• carrying portable lighting, for example a torch
• taking enough medicine and first aid supplies
• finding safe areas close by in case you need help, such as hotels, hospitals and police stations that may have power
• reading our advice for if you are affected by a crisis

Laws and cultural differences

Personal id.

Always carry a copy of your passport photo page and the page with your visitors permit or residence permit for South Africa. South African officials may request identification and proof of residence at any time. Keep your passport itself in a hotel safe or another secure location and do not carry it with you, unless needed for official identification.

Legal and illegal drugs

It is illegal to buy or sell cannabis or to use it in public. Using cannabis for consumption in private is legal. Public and private use of cannabidiol oils (CBD oils) is also legal. The use, sale and purchase of all other drugs is illegal.

LGBT travellers

Homosexuality is legal, and it is illegal to discriminate based on sexual orientation. See our advice for LGBT travellers .

Wildlife, animal products and souvenirs

It is illegal to buy, sell, kill or capture any protected wild animal or trade any of its parts without a permit. Trading ivory or rhino horn is banned. Anyone caught buying or trafficking banned goods will be prosecuted.

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

There have been a number of recent violent attacks and muggings on hikers and foreign tourists in Table Mountain National Park, including on Lion’s Head and Signal Hill.

Do not take unnecessary risks when participating in outdoor activities and adventure tourism. Be mindful that health and safety standards vary globally and may not be the same as you can expect in the UK.

Where possible, insist on a receiving a safety briefing.

Table Mountain National Park, including Lion’s Head and Signal Hill 

There have been a number of recent violent attacks and muggings on hikers and foreign tourists in Table Mountain National Park, including on Lion’s Head and Signal Hill. Take care in quieter areas of the park, especially during early mornings and evenings. Stick to busy marked trails on popular days such as weekends, and do not hike alone.  

Some Cape Town residents use social media platforms e.g.  The Hikers Network ,  Meet up ,  Facebook  to coordinate hikes in larger groups. The Hikers Network offer a  free safety tracking service  to all mountain users. See the  South African Nationals Parks  website for more on hiking on Table Mountain.

Hiking and walking

To stay safe whilst hiking,  South African National Parks advise  that you:

• save  emergency numbers  before you hike
• don’t hike alone
• hike in groups of 4 or more
• stick to busy marked trails on popular days (such as weekends)
• plan your route and allow enough time
• carry water, food and bring a fully charged phone
• dress appropriately and be prepared for changes in weather
• tell someone your route and when you expect to return

Avoid isolated beaches and picnic spots. Do not walk alone in remote areas or on beaches when deserted, especially after dark.

Kruger National Park

After a violent attack that killed a tourist, South Africa National Parks (SANParks) advise against using the Numbi gate entrance to Kruger National Park. There have been protests and violent incidents on the R538 road leading to the gate.

Follow SANParks advice on using alternative entrances. If you stay outside the park, contact your lodge in advance to find out if any disruptions will affect your trip. Get up-to-date SANParks news on the park website.

Beach safety

Beach conditions and local safety measures vary. Every year, many people drown due to strong sea currents. You should ask for a life-jacket if you decide to participate in water sports.

On beaches where there is no equipment or warning signs, speak to local people who know the conditions. If in doubt, do not enter the water.

On busier tourist beaches, only swim between the red and yellow flags, read the warning signs and follow instructions from lifeguards. Learn more about rip currents on the  National Sea Rescue Institute’s (NSRI) website .

In an emergency, call:

• 112 - emergency services
• +27 87 094 9774 - NSRI emergency line

Transport risks

Road travel, e-hailing services (like uber) and taxis.

E-hailing service scams do occur in major cities. Make sure you use a reliable service, book the service in the app and check the vehicle registration and identity before entering the vehicle. Do not wait in the street and keep your phone or valuables out of sight. When inside the vehicle, ask the driver to close rear windows and lock doors if you cannot do so yourself. At airports, be wary of unregulated drivers posing as Uber or other e-hailing service drivers. If you order an e-hailing service, go to the designated area to wait.

Tension between e-hailing service drivers and metered taxi drivers can lead to armed violence, particularly around Gautrain stations and airports. Strikes and protests by e-hailing service drivers are also known to take place with some attacks against drivers not seen to be participating. Passengers have been harassed or caught up in violence. High-risk areas are generally flagged in the relevant app, but exercise caution when using e-hailing services. During times of strike action find alternative reliable private transportation.

Driving standards and road conditions

Driving standards vary in South Africa. Fatal road accidents are common, particularly around weekends and major public holidays.

On highways, overtaking or undertaking can occur in any lane including the hard shoulder. On single-lane roads, the hard shoulder is also sometimes used by trucks and slower vehicles to allow faster vehicles to overtake. At most intersections, including 4-way stops and where traffic lights are out of service due to power outages, the first vehicle to arrive generally has priority. On larger roundabouts, you should give way to the right, although this rule is often ignored. Small roundabouts (called circles) are treated the same as a 4-way stop.

Road conditions are mostly very good. Some roads in remote areas are less well maintained and may have potholes. If you are travelling to a lodge in a remote area, check road conditions with the lodge management as a car with good ground clearance may be required. Drive cautiously, obey speed limits and avoid unfamiliar areas at night. To avoid running out of fuel, keep fuel levels above half a tank. Learn more about road safety awareness on the Arrive Alive website .

If you rent a car, save the emergency roadside assistance numbers. Download an offline map if you do not have access to a GPS.

Advice for travelling to and from airports can be found in the Crime section under ‘Travelling to and from airports’.

Driving licences in South Africa

You can drive in South Africa with a valid UK photocard driving licence for up to 12 months. If you have a paper licence, you should also get an international driving permit (IDP) before you travel.

If you become a permanent resident, exchange your UK licence for a local licence within 12 months of getting your residency. See our Living in South Africa guide for more information.

Public transport

These transport options are generally safe and reliable:

• ‘Gautrain’ train between Johannesburg, Pretoria and OR Tambo International Airport. Do not walk to or from Gautrain stations after dark
• MyCiTi bus in Cape Town (central business district and Atlantic Seaboard). Do not travel into townships by MyCiTi bus. There have been violent attacks reported in Khayelitsha
• airport shuttle buses through internationally recognised hotels.
• internationally recognised e-hailing apps where bookings are confirmed through the app

Some transport services can be unreliable and passengers have been subject to theft and violence. These include:

• minibus taxis
• Metrorail train services
• long-distance public train and coach services

Land border crossings

South Africa shares a border with Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and Botswana. Be careful when crossing land borders and avoid crossing at night. Border queues can be a target for crime. Protests can happen at some border crossings, particularly with Mozambique .

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Heavy rainfall often leads to widespread flooding. Flooding can take place anywhere and at any time of year. Always check local weather reports and local news for any hazards before you start your journey. The South African Weather Service provides up to date information on weather alerts and conditions.

Wildfires can occur in both rural and urban areas during periods of hot and dry weather. If you encounter a wildfire, move to a safe location away from vegetation and smoke. If you are inside a building or a car, close all vents and windows, if it is safe to remain in place.

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South Africa

Latest update.

Exercise a high degree of caution in South Africa due to the threat of violent crime.

South Africa (PDF 811.22 KB)

Africa (PDF 1.68 MB)

Local emergency contacts

National emergencies.

Call 10111.

Fire and rescue services

Call 10177.

Call 10111, or go to the nearest police station.

Advice levels

Exercise a high degree of caution in South Africa.

• ​​​​​ Protests and large gatherings can occur anywhere in South Africa at any time. Avoid areas affected by protests and demonstrations.  Use major roads where it's safe to do so and verify that alternate routes recommended by your GPS are safe prior to travel. Monitor local media and follow the advice of local authorities. 
• Crime and violence are serious issues across South Africa, including murder, rape, assault, food and drink spiking, robbery and carjacking. South Africa experiences more crime during its rolling blackouts (load-shedding). Be particularly alert in major city centres and township areas and when travelling after dark. Crimes in South Africa often involve the use of weapons.
• Terrorism is a threat worldwide and can occur anywhere at any time. Be alert to possible threats, especially in public places and follow the advice of local authorities. 
• Opportunistic criminals also target travellers at the approaches to Kruger National Park, including Numbi Gate, and at the Lebombo/Komatipoort border. Criminals have also been targeting tourist vehicles at the approaches to Pilanesberg National Park and Sun City Resort.
• Criminals target travellers and their bags at airports and on public transport. Vehicles parked or stopped at intersections are also targeted. Criminals have posed as fake tourist police to extort and rob tourists.
• ATM and credit card fraud are common. Criminals wait near ATMs to rob people who have withdrawn cash. Be aware of your surroundings, and only withdraw small amounts. Keep your credit card with you at all times.
• Respect local wildlife laws. Only use professional guides or tour operators. Follow park regulations and advice from wardens. Don't swim in lakes and rivers due to the risk of wildlife attacks and disease.

Full travel advice: Safety

• HIV/AIDS infection rates are high in South Africa. Take steps to reduce your risk of exposure.
• Malaria and other insect-borne diseases, such as filariasis, are common. Make sure your accommodation is insect-proof. Use insect repellent.
• You must present a yellow fever vaccination certificate if you're over one year old and travelling from a country where yellow fever is widespread. 
• Private hospitals are generally better equipped than public facilities. Medical evacuation is your only option in remote areas.

Full travel advice:  Health

• Drug offences carry severe penalties, including long jail terms.
• Dual nationals must enter and exit South Africa on their South African passport. Penalties for travelling on another passport include fines, refusal of entry and jail.

Full travel advice:  Local laws

• You don't need a visa if you're visiting South Africa for tourism purposes for up to 90 days. In other cases, you'll need a visa. Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. Contact the nearest embassy or consulate of South Africa for the latest details. 
• If travelling from Namibia to South Africa, you'll need at least two blank pages in your passport.
• Major routes can be subject to protest activities, often with little or no warning. Exercise caution and stay informed when planning travel and driving.
• Before you travel by road, check for any disruption on your route. Use major roads where it's safe to do so and verify that alternate routes recommended by your GPS are safe. There have been instances of travellers being rerouted by their GPS through unsafe areas.
• Rolling blackouts can affect both land and air travel. Confirm with your airline or travel provider.

Full travel advice:  Travel

Local contacts

• The  Consular Services Charter  tells you what the Australian Government can and can't do to help when you're overseas. 
• The  Australian High Commission in Pretoria  can provide consular help to Australians in South Africa.
• To stay up to date with local information, follow the High Commission’s social media accounts.

Full travel advice:  Local contacts

Full advice

Civil unrest and political tension, demonstrations and protests.

Protests and large gatherings can occur anywhere in South Africa at any time. Services may be disrupted. Avoid areas affected by protests and demonstrations. Before you travel by road, check for any disruption on your route and use major roads where it's safe to do so. Verify that alternate routes recommended by your GPS are safe. There have been instances of travellers being rerouted by their GPS through unsafe areas. Follow the advice of local authorities. Monitor local news, radio, and social media for updates.

To protect yourself if you encounter a protest or local tension:

• monitor local media and other sources for updates, including advice on curfews imposed by authorities
• don't attempt to cross protester roadblocks, as this could provoke a violent reaction
• plan for interruptions to phone and internet services
• avoid areas affected by protests or unrest
• contact your airline or tour operator to confirm arrangements before you travel
• follow the instructions of local authorities.

If you're near a demonstration, leave if it's safe to do so.

There have been reports of protesters damaging property belonging to bystanders. Avoid taking photographs or video footage of demonstrations and protests.

More information:

• Demonstrations and civil unrest

Crime and violence are serious issues in South Africa.

Crime rates in South Africa are significantly higher than in Australia and often involve weapons.

Criminals continue to target tourist vehicles along the approaches to Kruger National Park, including Numbi Gate. Avoid Numbi Gate if possible, only travel in daylight hours, stay on main roads, and be aware of potential criminals in the vicinity of all gates and park approaches.

Armed criminals have been targeting tourist buses along the approaches to Pilanesberg National Park and neighbouring Sun City Resort, including near Lekgalong. If you can, avoid the R556 and use alternative routes available on the N4/R565 via Rustenburg. Travel in daylight hours and be aware of potential criminals near all gates and park approaches and when travelling through small towns.

Police in South Africa deal with a high volume of aggravated crime. Their resources are stretched. You may not get the level of service you would in Australia, especially for less serious crimes such as theft and fraud.

The South African Police Service doesn't have a 'Tourist Police' force. Criminals have posed as 'Tourist Police' to extort and rob tourists, including stopping tourist buses to check proof of identity and search luggage.

Crime at airports

Crime in and around airports can occur.

Criminals have robbed arriving passengers, following them from the airport to:

• foreign currency exchange facilities
• tourist accommodation

Theft from luggage also occurs. To avoid this, don't place valuables in checked-in luggage.

Other crimes

Crime in South Africa includes:

• food and drink spiking
• mugging, robbery  and theft, sometimes with weapons and violence

Robberies involving violence can occur at shopping centres. South Africa experiences more crime during its rolling blackouts (load-shedding), including at shopping centres. Be alert at all times.

Assaults and robberies on local commuter and metro trains happen:

• between Johannesburg and Pretoria
• in Cape Town

Theft from hotel rooms and guest houses does happen, including within game parks.

Criminals have stolen bags and backpacks from public places, including restaurants and bars. Be alert in all public spaces.

To avoid theft:

• don't leave luggage and valuables unattended
• place your luggage and valuables in safekeeping facilities

Crime rates are significantly higher after dark.

To protect yourself against crime, avoid travelling to:

• central business districts
• townships, unless with an organised tour run by a reputable company
• isolated beaches, lookouts and picnic areas

There's a threat of kidnapping across South Africa. Kidnappings are generally for financial gain or motivated by criminality. Foreign nationals have been kidnapped in the past. Pay attention to your personal security.

Crime involving vehicles

There have been arson attacks on cargo trucks to block roads in South Africa. Check local media for reports of attacks and avoid these areas. 

If you encounter an attack, don't intervene, don't take pictures or videos, and leave the scene as soon as it is safe to do so.

Thieves posing as vendors or beggars target cars:

• on highways off-ramps
• at intersections
• at traffic lights

'Smash and grab' thefts from vehicles and carjacking are common, particularly:

• on major routes
• at major intersections
• during traffic congestion

Cash-in-transit attacks target armoured courier vans, sometimes using automatic weapons, creating a significant risk of death or serious injury to anyone nearby. Avoid driving alongside, parking next to, or being a pedestrian next to cash drops at banks and other venues.

Criminals also place debris on roads to stop vehicles. Don't stop to clear debris.

Road spiking occurs on South African roads, where criminals place spikes on roads to damage vehicles and force motorists to pull over.

To prevent theft when travelling by car:

• keep doors locked and windows up, even when driving
• keep valuables out of sight
• avoid driving after dark
• maintain situational awareness and stop at designated areas such as petrol stations
• if followed by a suspicious vehicle, go to a police station, petrol station or alert a security company

Attacks against hikers

There have been a number of attacks against hikers by criminals on hiking trails and in national parks and reserves. These have included Lions Head, Signal Hill and Table Mountain near Cape Town.

To prevent attacks when hiking:

• hike in groups
• advise friends, family or your accommodation provider where you are hiking and how long for
• be alert to your surroundings and circumstances.

Crime involving cash and credit cards

ATMs in major cities are common. ATMs in rural areas are less common.

ATM and credit card fraud is common. Criminals use skimming devices to copy your card details onto a blank card.

Criminals wait near ATMs and rob people withdrawing cash.

Criminals use spotters to identify victims who have withdrawn cash or made expensive purchases. Be aware of your surroundings.

To protect yourself against cash and credit card crime:

• only withdraw small amounts of cash at ATMs
• refuse offers of help at ATMs
• keep all ATM and credit card payment slips secure
• keep your credit card in sight at all times when using it

Don't use ATMs that open onto the street. Only use ATMs in controlled areas, such as:

• shopping centres
• inside service stations

Scams are common.

Don't be fooled by scams. If it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is.

If you're a scam victim, don't travel to South Africa to try and get your money back. The risk of assault is too high.

Fake internet friendship, dating and marriage schemes operate from some African countries. These typically take place on internet dating sites or chat rooms.

Someone you meet online may ask you to send money so they can travel to Australia to visit you. As soon as the scammer receives the money, they end their relationship with you.

Some may ask you to travel to Africa to meet them. When you arrive in Africa, they may kidnap, assault or rob you.

Report fraud and scams to the Commercial Crimes Unit of the South African Police Service in Johannesburg on +27 (12) 743 0148 or +27 (11) 220 4052

Cyber security

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you're connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth. 

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media. 

More information:   

• Cyber security when travelling overseas  

Power shortages and rolling blackouts (Load-shedding)

Rolling blackouts (load shedding) are occurring throughout South Africa, which are affecting private residences, businesses, municipal lighting, traffic lights, and hotels. 

Blackouts can also affect water availability, internet connectivity, mobile phone network coverage, fuel availability, residential security features, and food supply. 

Power outages can potentially increase crime; for example, traffic jams due to power outages provide opportunities for smash-and-grab crime. Residences can be targeted when lights are out, and security systems are not functioning. Ongoing conditions have led to increased protests and demonstrations, and in some cases, civil unrest, throughout the country.  

Be prepared for issues that may arise from blackouts: 

• have a communications plan for when there is no or limited power (landline locations, external mobile phone battery/power banks, additional charging cords, hard copies of important numbers).
• maintain several days’ worth of non-perishable food, drinking water, and other essential items, including medicine and first aid supplies. 
• store torches, batteries, radios and basic tools in quick-access locations.  
• identify safe areas around the city, including hotels, hospitals or police stations that may not lose power. 
• monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities. 

Terrorism is a threat worldwide. An attack could happen anywhere and at any time.

• Consider likely terrorist targets and the level of security provided, including places visited by foreigners, such as shopping centres.
• Always be alert to possible threats, especially in public places.
• Report any suspicious items or activities to the police.

In July 2020, ISIL (Daesh) issued a warning via its digital newspaper that its fighters would start attacking Western gas interests in Mozambique 'sooner or later' and also warned it could conduct attacks in South Africa because of South Africa's involvement in anti-ISIL operations in Mozambique. 

In October 2022, there were reports of terrorists planning an attack in Sandton, Johannesburg.

To reduce your risks:

• take official warnings seriously
• monitor the media for threats

If there's a terrorist attack:

• leave the affected area immediately if it's safe
• avoid the area afterwards in case of more attacks.

Adventure activities

Wildlife safety.

Respect local wildlife laws. Maintain a safe and legal distance when observing wildlife.

Only use reputable and professional guides or tour operators.

Follow park rules and the advice of wardens.

Swimming safety

Be cautious about swimming in lakes and rivers due to the risk of wildlife attacks or waterborne disease.

Climate and natural disasters

Flooding, landslides, bushfires, tsunamis, severe weather.

If a  natural disaster  happens:

• follow the advice of local authorities
• secure your passport in a safe, waterproof place
• keep in touch with your friends and family
• ask your tour operator if tourist services at your destination have been affected.
• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System

Travel insurance

Get comprehensive  travel insurance  before you leave. 

Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won’t pay for these costs.

If you can't afford travel insurance, you can't afford to travel. This applies to everyone, no matter how healthy and fit you are.

If you're not insured, you may have to pay many thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

• what activities and care your policy covers
• that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away.

Physical and mental health

Consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition. 

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need

Do this at least 8 weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare or the welfare of another Australian, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your  nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate  to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location.

• General health advice
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

Medications

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may even be considered illegal or a controlled substance, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor.

If you bring restricted medication or don't have the right documents, you could:

• be arrested
• have your medication confiscated

This includes countries where you don't leave the airport.

If you intend to bring medicine, check if:

• there's a limit on how much you can take
• whether you need any certifications

If your medication is illegal in South Africa, ask your doctor in Australia about alternatives.

Take enough legal medicine so you remain in good health on your trip.

Carry a copy of your prescription or a letter from your doctor stating:

• what the medication is
• your required dosage
• that it's for personal use

Health risks

Yellow fever

If you're travelling from a country where yellow fever is widespread, you'll need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter South Africa. This doesn't apply to a child aged under 1 year.

If you can't show proof of vaccination, authorities may not let you enter.

You can't get vaccinated when you arrive.

The rate of  HIV/AIDS  infection in South Africa is very high.

Take steps to reduce your risk of exposure to the virus.

Victims of violent crime, especially rape, should seek immediate medical help.

Insect-borne diseases

Malaria  is present in parts of South Africa, especially:

• remote areas in the far north
• remote areas in the east
• Kruger National Park

The 90km area along the border with Mozambique and Zimbabwe is a designated malaria risk zone. Some areas nearby may have a malaria risk during the year.

Other insect-borne diseases, including  filariasis , are also prevalent.

To protect yourself from disease:

• make sure your accommodation is insect-proof
• use insect repellent
• wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing

Take medicine to prevent malaria if travelling to an area where it's common.

Cholera  mainly occurs in rural areas. More serious outbreaks can happen from time to time.

To protect yourself against cholera:

• avoid ice cubes
• avoid raw and undercooked food, such as salads
• be strict with your hygiene habits if you travel in rural areas
• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids

Tap water in major cities is generally safe to drink.

• Infectious diseases

Other health risks

Waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases are prevalent.

Diseases include:

• drug-resistant  tuberculosis
• Rift Valley virus
• bilharzia (schistosomiasis)

Serious outbreaks sometimes occur.

To protect yourself from illness:

• avoid contact with animal tissues or blood when visiting farms or game reserves
• only drink pasteurised or homogenised milk
• don't eat raw meat
• don't swim in freshwater
• avoid contact with dogs and other mammals

If you're bitten or scratched by an animal, get medical help immediately. Seek medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.

Medical care

Medical facilities.

The standard of medical facilities in South Africa varies.

Public medical facilities are generally low standard compared with Australia. Private hospitals are often better equipped.

Many regional hospitals only provide basic facilities.

There's no shared healthcare agreement between Australia and South Africa.

Before admitting you, hospitals usually ask for:

• confirmation of medical insurance
• up-front deposit for services
• public hospitals will treat foreigners for free, but the level of care varies.

In remote areas, air evacuation to a major city is sometimes the only option in an emergency. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.

Decompression chambers are located at:

• St Augustine's Hospital, Durban
• Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg
• Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

If you're arrested or jailed, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our  Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail.

If you're detained or arrested, you need to ask officials to tell the Australian High Commission in Pretoria. 

• Arrested or in prison

Penalties for drug offences are severe and include long prison sentences.

• Carrying or using drugs

Commercial surrogacy

Get legal help if you're visiting South Africa for commercial surrogacy.

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you’re overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.

• Staying within the law

Dual citizenship

You can't enter or exit South Africa on an  Australian passport  if you're an Australian-South African dual national.

If you try, you may be:

• turned away from border points
• jailed for up to 12 months

If you're unsure if you will be treated as a South African dual national, check with:

• the South African Department of Home Affairs
• the nearest South African embassy or consulate.
• Dual nationals

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

Visa-free travel for short stays

You don't need a visa if you're visiting South Africa for tourism purposes for up to 90 days. In other cases, you'll need a visa.

Leaving and re-entering South Africa won't automatically give you another 90 days.

Check South Africa's immigration rules about:

• overstaying visas
• working in or migrating to South Africa
• changing your visa status
• extending your visa by travelling to a neighbouring country and attempting to return
• South African Department of Home Affairs

Other formalities

South African dual nationals can’t enter or leave South Africa with a foreign passport. See  Laws

South African authorities:

• don't accept  provisional travel documents
• do accept Australian emergency passports

Travel with children

Children travelling on a valid passport with one or both parents are no longer required to present a birth certificate, parental consent letter and other supporting documentation. However, this is a requirement for other situations, such as unaccompanied minors travelling (under the age of 18) or legal guardianship.

To check the requirements for other situations, such as legal guardianship or unaccompanied travelling minors, visit the South African Department of Home Affairs. 

If travelling from Namibia to South Africa, make sure you have at least two blank pages in your passport.

Some countries won’t let you enter unless your passport is valid for 6 months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you’re just transiting or stopping over.

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. Travellers can receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than 6 months.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport’s expiry date before you travel. If you’re not sure it’ll be valid for long enough, consider getting  a new passport .

Your passport must have at least 2 completely blank pages to endorse your entry permit on.

If your passport doesn't comply with these requirements, authorities may stop you from boarding.

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• In Australia, contact the  Australian Passport Information Service .
• If you're overseas, contact the nearest  Australian embassy or consulate .

Carry copies of a recent passport photo with you. You may need to replace your passport while you're overseas.

• South African High Commission in Australia

Passport with 'X' gender identifier

Although Australian passports comply with international standards for sex and gender, we can’t guarantee that a passport showing 'X' in the sex field will be accepted for entry or transit by another country. Contact the nearest  embassy, high commission or consulate of your destination  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers. 

More information:  

LGBTI travellers  

There are limits to how much money you can bring into South Africa. Foreign nationals can enter with a maximum of either:

• 25,000 Rand (ZAR)
• foreign currency equivalent to $US10,000

You may have to declare the amount of money you're carrying when you arrive or leave.

Local travel

Power Shortages and Rolling Blackouts (Load Shedding)

Rolling blackouts (load shedding) occur throughout South Africa, affecting traffic lights and causing road congestion and delays. It may also affect other modes of travel, such as air and rail travel. Check with your airline or travel provider.

Public transport

Avoid using minibus taxis. Ask your accommodation host or tour guide for advice about using public transport.

Book local transport through a reputable provider.

• Transport and getting around safely

Taxis and rideshare services

Tensions between metered taxis and rideshare drivers can escalate to violence.

Be careful:

• around train stations
• when travelling to and from airports

Avoid catching a rideshare service that is close to a metered taxi.

Driving permit

To drive in South Africa, you must:

• have a valid Australian driver's licence, and
• be at least 18 years of age

Driving without the correct licence can affect your insurance.

If you move to South Africa, you can swap your Australian driver's licence for a South African licence. You must do so within the first 12 months of your residency. Contact the issuing road authority if you're requested to obtain a verification of your driver's licence to convert your licence. 

If you're going to ride a motorcycle, check whether your travel insurance policy covers you. Always wear a helmet.

Use extreme caution on roads.

Road travel

There have been arson attacks on cargo trucks across South Africa. These attacks can cause damage to infrastructure, road closures and lengthy delays. Before you travel by road, check for any disruption on your route and use major roads where it's safe to do so. Verify that alternate routes recommended by your GPS are safe using verified sources. Monitor local news, radio, and social media for updates. There have been instances of travellers being rerouted by their GPS through unsafe areas. Follow the advice of local authorities. 

Road conditions are generally good but can vary, especially in rural areas.

Hazards in urban and rural areas include:

• excessive speed
• poor driving skills
• difficult conditions
• pedestrians and animals straying onto roads, especially at night
• drunk driving, especially at night

People have been attacked travelling on alternate and secondary roads to Cape Town International Airport. When travelling to or from the Cape Town International Airport:

• remain on the M2 or N2 highways if safe to do so
• avoid detours through Borchard’s Quarry Road leading to Nyanga
• Airport transfers are available

You're more likely to be killed in a motor vehicle accident in South Africa than in Australia.

• Driving or riding

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, contact your:

• friends and family
• travel agent
• insurance provider

National emergencies                                                                      

Medical emergencies.

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Read the  Consular Services Charter  for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

Australian High Commission, Pretoria

292 Orient Street Arcadia Pretoria, South Africa Phone: (+27 12) 423 6000 Fax: (+27 12) 342 8442 Email:  [email protected] Website:  southafrica.embassy.gov.au Facebook:  Australian High Commission in South Africa Twitter:  @AuHCSouthAfrica

Check the High Commission website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

In a consular emergency, if you can't contact an embassy, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

Travelling to South Africa?

Sign up to get the latest travel advice updates..

Be the first to know official government advice when travelling.

Last verified: Tuesday, 30. April 2024 at 08:30 AM

South Africa Travel Advisory

• Southern Africa
• South Africa Travel Advice

We advise caution when travelling to South Africa

Local situation: 3.4 / 5.

We advise caution when travelling to South Africa. We detected travel advisories from 7 sources for this specific country.

Regional Situation: 3.0 / 5

South Africa shares a land border with 6 neighbouring states. For this region of countries (including South Africa), the Advisory Index is 3 (average value over all countries). All countries have some reported advisories: Zimbabwe (3.2), Botswana (3), Lesotho (3), Mozambique (3), Namibia with 3 and Swaziland with 2.7 (of 5).

Current informationen on Covid-19 in South Africa

There are currently no officially reported cases of infections with SARS-CoV-2 (or Coronavirus) in South Africa. As reported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control this morning (~8:30am CET).

There are currently no officially reported deaths related to this disease in South Africa.

Source: www.ecdc.europa.eu

Advice scoring history for South Africa

Chart of the risk level over that last 200 days. This is the daily calculated travel risk for South Africa.

Chart of the number of sources over that last 200 days. This is the daily number of advisory sources (of any rating) that have been active on that day.

Note: Changes happening on the 28th/29th of July 2019 are related to a change in the software and number of sources processed.

Rating Details (single travel warnings)

These are the individual advisories published by other countries about the destination South Africa from a travellers perspective. The scoring of all messages combined is the foundation for the current rating 3.4 out of 5.0 .

This is the general advisory usually covering the country as a whole.

Advisory issued by: New Zealand

Exercise increased caution in South Africa due to violent crime (level 2 of 4).

Source: https://www.safetravel.govt.nz/south-africa

Advisory issued by: United States

Source: http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/south-africa-travel-advisory.html

Advisory issued by: Canada

The Canadian goverment suggests: Exercise a high degree of caution.

Source: https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/south-africa

Advisory issued by: Finland

Iaktta särskild försiktighet - Brottslighet och våld är stora problem i Sydafrika. Var ständigt på din vakt när du rör dig ute. Undvik besök i förorter (township). Även trafikkulturen är farlig.

Source: https://um.fi/resemeddelande/-/c/ZA

Individual rating changes for South Africa

This is the recent history of individual changes of travel advices that affected the total asessment of South Africa. Most recent events first.

Changes from December 30th 2021

The total rating for South Africa changed from 4.3 to 4.0 . Here are the influencing details:

The Finnish government decreased their existing warning for South Africa to 3.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 5.0 (by -2.0).

Changes from August 7th 2020

The total rating for South Africa changed from 3.6 to 3.9 . Here are the influencing details:

The United States government increased their existing warning for South Africa to 4.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 2.0 (by +2.0).

Changes from April 5th 2020

The total rating for South Africa changed from 3.4 to 3.6 . Here are the influencing details:

The Austrian government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 5.0.

Changes from March 23rd 2020

The total rating for South Africa changed from 3.3 to 3.4 . Here are the influencing details:

The Canadian government increased their existing warning for South Africa to 4.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 3.0 (by +1.0).

Changes from March 18th 2020

The total rating for South Africa changed from 3.0 to 3.3 . Here are the influencing details:

The Australian government increased their existing warning for South Africa to 5.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 4.0 (by +1.0).

The Irish government increased their existing warning for South Africa to 4.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 3.0 (by +1.0).

Changes from March 14th 2020

The total rating for South Africa changed from 2.7 to 3.0 . Here are the influencing details:

The Australian government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 4.0.

The Danish government increased their existing warning for South Africa to 4.0 (of 5.0) from the previous rating of 3.0 (by +1.0).

Changes from September 25th 2019

The total rating for South Africa changed from 0.0 to 0.0 . Here are the influencing details:

The United States government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 2.0.

The Canadian government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 3.0.

The New Zealand government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 2.0.

The Irish government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 3.0.

The Finnish government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 3.0.

The Danish government issued a new warning for South Africa with a rating of 3.0.

About South Africa

South Africa with its capital Pretoria is a country in Africa (Southern Africa), slightly less than twice the size of Texas (1,219,912 km²). The country is located Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. The climate can be described as mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights. The landscape is vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain. With a population of about 43.79 million citizens.

South African flag

Introduction Video

Basic Statistics and Facts

Environmental problems and natural hazzards.

These are problems South Africa is facing. Environmental issues refer to damages of the nature due to industry and society. Natural hazzards refer to potential dangers originating in nature.

Environmental problems

• air pollution resulting in acid rain
• desertification
• growth in water usage outpacing supply
• lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures
• pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge
• soil erosion

Natural hazzards

• prolonged droughts
• the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands, which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa's only active volcano

Top Industries and Agricultural Products

These are the main product industries and agricultural products of South Africa. This list indicates what this country is good at producing.

• automobile assembly
• commercial ship repair
• metalworking

Agriculture products

• dairy products

South African Imports and Exports

These are the main product categories of imports and exports to and from South Africa.

Export products

• other metals

Import products

• petroleum products
• scientific instruments

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the current travel advisory for south africa.

South Africa is currently rated at 3,4 out of a possible 5.0. Collected from 7 official sources. We advise caution when travelling to South Africa.

Is it safe to travel South Africa in 2024?

Visiting the country South Africa is usually fine. The score is at 3,4 Just keep an eye open, obey local rules and you'll most likely be fine.

How many travel advisories do you know for South Africa?

We currently evaluate 11 official sources each morning. Today, we know of active advisories from 7 individual sources for South Africa.

What is the current Corona virus situation in South Africa?

There are currently no officially reported cases of infections with SARS-CoV-2 (or Coronavirus) in South Africa. As reported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control this morning (~8:30am CET). There are currently no officially reported deaths related to this disease in South Africa.

What is the size of South Africa?

South Africa has a size of 1,219,912 km² or 471,010 mi² which is slightly less than twice the size of Texas.

Common Frequently Asked Questions

For non-country specific questions, please check our global F.A.Q.

Travel safety map for South Africa and bordering countries.

If you want to embed South Africa travel warning information into your website or application, check out these tools.

• Is South Africa safe to travel?
• What's the safety situation in South Africa?
• Are there security warnings for South Africa?

2020-03-10: Integrated data from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (COVID-19/ SARS-CoV-2/ Coronavirus).

2019-09-01: Added timeline charts for risk level and number of advisories.

2019-07-29: Added two more sources (Finland and Denmark). Affects country ratings.

2019-07-15: South-Sudan was missing and was added today.

2019-05-18: Performance improvements for API users.

2019-03-23: Introduced professional API with more data.

2019-02-13: Added three more sources (Cyprus, Ireland and Malta). Affects country ratings.

Update April 12, 2024

Information for u.s. citizens in the middle east.

• Travel Advisories |
• Contact Us |
• MyTravelGov |

Find U.S. Embassies & Consulates

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Exploring South Africa's Level 2 Travel Restrictions: What You Need To Know

• Last updated Oct 09, 2023
• Difficulty Intemediate

• Category United States

Welcome to South Africa, where travel restrictions have eased to level 2! After months of strict lockdown measures, the country is beginning to reopen its doors to international travelers. With level 2 restrictions in place, visitors can now enjoy a wide range of attractions and activities while still adhering to necessary safety measures. Whether you're looking to explore the stunning landscapes, wildlife reserves, or vibrant cities, South Africa has something for everyone. Join us as we take a closer look at what you can expect from traveling to South Africa under level 2 restrictions.

What You'll Learn

What are the current travel restrictions in south africa under level 2, are there any specific requirements or documentation needed for international travelers entering south africa under level 2 restrictions, are there any quarantine or testing requirements for travelers arriving in south africa under level 2 restrictions, are there any specific restrictions for domestic travel within south africa under level 2, how long is level 2 expected to be in effect in south africa, and are there any plans to further ease or tighten restrictions.

In an effort to control the spread of COVID-19, South Africa has implemented various travel restrictions under different alert levels. Currently, South Africa is operating under level 2 of lockdown restrictions, which has slightly eased some of the previous limitations. However, there are still travel restrictions in place to ensure the safety of both residents and visitors.

Under level 2, domestic travel within South Africa is permitted. This means that individuals are allowed to travel freely within the country without needing any special permits or documentation. However, it is still important to follow the necessary health and safety protocols, such as wearing a mask and practicing social distancing, while traveling.

International travel to and from South Africa is also allowed under level 2. However, there are certain requirements and restrictions that need to be adhered to. All international travelers entering South Africa are required to present a negative COVID-19 test result that is no older than 72 hours from time of departure. This applies to both South African citizens and foreign nationals. Travelers may also be subjected to additional health screenings and temperature checks upon arrival.

It is worth noting that certain countries may have their own travel restrictions and requirements in place for individuals traveling to South Africa. It is advisable to check the regulations of both the destination country and South Africa before embarking on any international travel.

In addition to the above, it is important to keep in mind that the situation is fluid and subject to change. The South African government continuously evaluates the COVID-19 situation and adjusts the restrictions accordingly. It is therefore essential to stay updated with the latest announcements and advisories from official sources.

To summarize, under level 2 of lockdown restrictions in South Africa, domestic travel is allowed without any special permits. International travel is also permitted, but travelers must present a negative COVID-19 test result and may be subjected to additional health screenings. It is important to stay informed and follow the necessary health and safety protocols while traveling.

EU Announces Travel Restrictions on Hong Kong Amid Rise in COVID-19 Cases

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As South Africa moves into level 2 of its COVID-19 restrictions, international travel is slowly starting to resume. However, there are still specific requirements and documentation needed for international travelers entering the country under level 2 restrictions. These measures have been put in place to ensure the safety and well-being of both the locals and the visitors.

Here are the specific requirements and documentation that international travelers need to have when entering South Africa under level 2 restrictions:

• COVID-19 PCR Test: All international travelers entering South Africa must present a negative COVID-19 PCR test result obtained no more than 72 hours before their departure. This test should have been conducted by a certified laboratory and the result should clearly state the traveler's name, passport number, and date of the test.
• Travel Insurance: It is highly recommended for international travelers to have travel insurance that covers COVID-19-related expenses, such as medical treatment, quarantine costs, and trip cancellations or interruptions due to COVID-19. This will provide both travelers and the South African government with peace of mind in case any unexpected circumstances arise.
• Health Questionnaire: Upon arrival in South Africa, international travelers will be required to complete a health questionnaire. This questionnaire will include questions about the traveler's health status, recent travel history, and any symptoms they may have experienced. It is important to answer these questions truthfully and accurately to ensure the safety of everyone involved.
• Quarantine and Self-Isolation: International travelers may be required to quarantine or self-isolate upon arrival in South Africa, depending on their travel history and health status. The specific requirements for quarantine or self-isolation will be communicated to travelers upon arrival. It is important to follow these guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
• Contact Tracing and Monitoring: International travelers will be required to provide their contact information and address where they will be staying in South Africa. This information will be used for contact tracing and monitoring purposes in case there is a need to track and trace any potential COVID-19 cases.
• Compliance with Local Regulations: International travelers must comply with all local regulations and guidelines related to COVID-19 during their stay in South Africa. This includes wearing masks, practicing physical distancing, and following any specific restrictions or guidelines put in place by the local authorities.

It is important for international travelers to stay updated with the latest information and requirements from the South African government and relevant health authorities. The situation is constantly evolving, and there may be changes to the requirements and documentation needed for international travelers entering the country.

In conclusion, international travelers entering South Africa under level 2 restrictions need to have a negative COVID-19 PCR test result, travel insurance, complete a health questionnaire, and comply with any quarantine or self-isolation requirements. They must also provide their contact information for contact tracing and monitoring purposes. By following these requirements and guidelines, international travelers can help ensure the safety and well-being of themselves and the local communities they visit.

Exploring Puerto Rico Travel Restrictions for Florida Residents

As of September 2020, South Africa is operating under level 2 restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to numerous changes and regulations for travelers entering the country. In order to ensure the safety of both travelers and residents, South Africa has implemented specific quarantine and testing requirements for those arriving from other countries.

Under level 2 restrictions, all travelers entering South Africa are required to present a negative COVID-19 test result that was obtained no more than 72 hours before their departure. This test must be a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, which is considered to be the most accurate method of detecting the virus. The test result must be presented upon arrival and failure to do so may result in denial of entry into the country.

Once in South Africa, travelers are not required to quarantine unless they show symptoms of COVID-19 or if they have been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for the virus. In these cases, individuals will be required to self-isolate and follow the guidelines set forth by the South African Department of Health. This may include staying at a designated quarantine facility or at their place of residence for a specified period of time.

It is important to note that the quarantine and testing requirements may vary for different provinces within South Africa. Travelers should therefore be aware of any additional measures or restrictions implemented by the specific province they are visiting.

To ensure compliance with the testing and quarantine requirements, South Africa has implemented various measures. These include increased screening at airports and the use of electronic monitoring systems to track individuals who have been directed to quarantine. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines or legal action.

It is also worth mentioning that these requirements are subject to change as the situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic evolves. Travelers should therefore stay updated on the latest guidelines and advisories issued by the South African government and health authorities.

In conclusion, travelers arriving in South Africa under level 2 restrictions are required to present a negative PCR test result obtained within 72 hours of departure. Quarantine is only necessary if individuals show symptoms or have been in close contact with someone who has tested positive. Compliance with these requirements is essential to ensure the safety of all individuals in South Africa.

Chicago Mayor Lightfoot Implements Travel Restrictions in Effort to Curb COVID-19 Spread

Under level 2 of the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in South Africa, there are specific restrictions for domestic travel. These restrictions aim to limit the spread of the virus and ensure the safety of individuals traveling within the country.

Essential Travel Only:

Under level 2, domestic travel is permitted for essential purposes only. This includes traveling for work, business, education, medical treatment, funerals, or obtaining essential goods and services. It is important to have valid reasons for traveling within South Africa and to carry supporting documents when required.

Interprovincial Travel:

Interprovincial travel is allowed under level 2, meaning that individuals can travel between different provinces within the country. However, it is important to follow the regulations in place for each specific province, as some provinces may have additional restrictions or requirements for entry.

Domestic Flights:

Domestic flights are permitted under level 2, but airlines and airports must adhere to strict health and safety protocols. This includes enhanced cleaning and sanitization measures, social distancing, and the wearing of face masks at all times. Passengers may be required to provide their personal details for contact tracing purposes.

Public Transport:

Public transport services, including buses, trains, and taxis, are operating under level 2 but with limited passenger capacity. It is important to adhere to the social distancing guidelines and wear a face mask when using public transport. Avoid overcrowded areas and consider alternative methods of transport if necessary.

Accommodation:

Hotels, guesthouses, and other forms of accommodation are open for domestic travelers, but they must adhere to strict health and safety protocols. This includes regular cleaning and sanitization of rooms and common areas, enforcing social distancing measures, and providing hand sanitizers at various points within the premises.

COVID-19 Safety Precautions:

While traveling domestically under level 2, it is important to continue practicing basic safety precautions to minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission. This includes wearing a face mask in public, maintaining a distance of at least 1.5 meters from others, washing hands regularly, and avoiding crowded places.

John, a business executive, needs to travel from Johannesburg to Cape Town for an important meeting. He ensures he has all the necessary documents and proof that his travel is essential for work purposes. He books a flight with an airline that follows strict health and safety protocols. On the day of travel, he wears a face mask, uses hand sanitizers at the airport, and maintains a safe distance from other passengers. Upon arrival in Cape Town, he stays at a hotel that practices stringent cleaning and sanitization measures. Throughout his trip, John follows all the necessary safety precautions to minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

Overall, while domestic travel is permitted under level 2 in South Africa, it is important to adhere to the specific restrictions and follow the necessary safety precautions to ensure the safety of individuals and minimize the spread of the virus.

The Latest Boston to New York Travel Restrictions: What You Need to Know

South Africa has been under Level 2 lockdown restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The duration of Level 2 restrictions can vary depending on the specific circumstances and the progress made in controlling the spread of the virus. While there is no set time frame for how long Level 2 will be in effect, it is important to understand the factors that determine the duration and any potential plans for further easing or tightening of restrictions.

Level 2 restrictions are typically implemented when there is a moderate number of active cases and a relatively stable infection rate. The aim is to balance the need to control the spread of the virus while allowing certain economic and social activities to resume. The duration of Level 2 will largely depend on how successfully these objectives are met.

One key factor that can influence the duration of Level 2 restrictions is the rate of new infections. If there is a significant decrease in the number of daily cases and a downward trend in the infection rate, authorities may consider easing restrictions further. On the other hand, if there is a surge in new cases or an increase in the transmission rate, stricter measures may be implemented to prevent the virus from spreading rapidly. These decisions are typically based on scientific evidence and expert advice.

The vaccination rollout also plays a crucial role in determining the duration of Level 2 restrictions. As more individuals receive their COVID-19 vaccines, the likelihood of severe illness and hospitalization decreases, which could potentially lead to a gradual easing of restrictions. However, the effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing transmission and new variants of the virus will also be taken into consideration. If the vaccines prove to be less effective against certain variants or if there are emerging strains of concern, authorities may opt to maintain or even tighten restrictions to prevent the spread of these variants.

It is worth noting that Level 2 restrictions may not be lifted all at once. Instead, a phased approach might be adopted, with certain sectors or activities being allowed to resume earlier than others. This allows authorities to monitor the impact of each relaxation of restrictions and make adjustments accordingly.

Overall, the duration of Level 2 restrictions in South Africa is difficult to predict precisely, as it depends on multiple factors such as the progress of vaccination efforts, the rate of new infections, and the emergence of new variants. However, the government will likely base their decisions on scientific evidence, expert advice, and the goal of balancing public health with socio-economic considerations. Regular reviews and assessments of the situation will guide any plans for further easing or tightening of restrictions to ensure the best possible outcome for the population.

Exploring the Travel Restrictions in Jackson County, Missouri: What You Need to Know

Frequently asked questions.

Under Level 2 travel restrictions, international travel to South Africa is permitted. However, there are still certain entry requirements that need to be met. Travelers must provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test result obtained no more than 72 hours before their departure to South Africa. They may also be subject to health screenings upon arrival.

There are no mandatory quarantine requirements for travelers entering South Africa under Level 2 travel restrictions. However, if a traveler shows symptoms of COVID-19 upon arrival or tests positive for the virus, they may be required to quarantine at their own expense.

Under Level 2 travel restrictions in South Africa, there are no specific domestic travel restrictions. Domestic flights, public transportation, and inter-provincial travel are permitted, provided that proper health and safety protocols are followed. It is important to note that certain areas or provinces may have their own restrictions in place.

The visa requirements for traveling to South Africa are determined by your nationality. Under normal circumstances, certain nationalities are exempt from visa requirements for short-term visits. However, it is important to check with the South African embassy or consulate in your country for the most up-to-date information regarding visa requirements under Level 2 travel restrictions.

When traveling to South Africa under Level 2 travel restrictions, it is important to adhere to all health and safety protocols. This includes wearing a mask in public spaces, practicing social distancing, washing hands frequently, and following any specific guidelines and regulations put in place by local authorities. It is also advisable to check the latest travel advisories and guidelines issued by the South African government to stay informed about any changes or updates to the travel restrictions.

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• Michaela Krajanova Author Reviewer Traveller

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National Archives and Records Service of South Africa

Thirty years ago, the South African miracle came true. Millions voted in the country’s first democratic elections, seemingly delivering a death blow to apartheid.

The African National Congress rose to power under the leadership of Nelson Mandela and used the Freedom Charter, a decades-old manifesto, as a guide to forming a new nation.

The charter’s 10 declarations offered a vision for overcoming apartheid through a free, multiracial society, with quality housing, education and economic opportunities for all.

As South Africans celebrate 30 years of freedom and prepare to vote in a pivotal national election, we looked at how far the country has come in meeting the Freedom Charter’s goals.

Has South Africa Truly Defeated Apartheid?

By John Eligon and Lynsey Chutel in Johannesburg and Lauren Leatherby in London. Photographs by Joao Silva .

When the apartheid government was toppled in South Africa, ending white minority rule, people around the world shared in the excitement and optimism that a more just society would emerge. A generation later, the country’s journey provides a broader lesson: It is far easier to rally for an end to racism than it is to undo entrenched inequities and to govern a complicated country.

The African National Congress won the 1994 election on the promise of “a better life for all.” But for many that promise has fallen short. Polls now suggest that in the election scheduled for May 29, the party risks losing its absolute majority in the national government for the first time.

No one doubts that South Africa has made strides since the days of legalized racial oppression. Democracy has brought a growing Black middle class, access to better education across racial lines and a basic human dignity once stolen from the Black majority.

But there also has been a widening gap between rich and poor, a breakdown in basic services like electricity and water, and the continued isolation of Black families stuck in ramshackle homes in distant communities.

Black South Africans, who make up 81 percent of the population, often argue that they’ve gained political freedom, but not economic freedom — and remain trapped in the structure of apartheid.

We went through the Freedom Charter’s declarations — each ending in an exclamation point — to measure South Africa’s progress and shortcomings over the past 30 years.

100% turnout among voting-age population

Voter turnout has dropped.

U.S.A., 2020 - 63%

U.K., 2019 - 62%

U.S.A., 2020 – 63%

U.K., 2019 – 62%

Sources: Collette Schulz-Herzenberg, "The South African non-voter: An analysis"; Konrad Adenaur Stiftung, 2020 (South Africa); Pew Research (United States and U.K.)

On a continent where coups, autocrats and flawed elections have become common, South Africa is a widely admired exception.

Since 1994, the country has held national elections every five years, with local elections in between. Presidents have changed, but the party in power — the A.N.C. — never has. Despite this, there have never been any serious doubts about the integrity of those electoral contests. A record 52 parties will compete in the national election this year.

Despite the electoral stability, politics have been dangerous. Fierce conflict within the A.N.C. has resulted in many assassinations over the years. The A.N.C.’s access to state resources as the governing party has fueled many of the disputes and led to widespread corruption — from top national officials down to local councilors.

The enrichment of A.N.C. leaders while many people barely earn enough to feed themselves has shaken the faith of many South Africans in their democratic system.

Last year, 22 percent of South Africans approved of the functioning of the country’s democracy, down from 63 percent in 2004, according to surveys from the Human Sciences Research Council.

Under apartheid, race restricted every aspect of life for South Africans who were Black, Indian and colored — a multiracial classification created by the government. There were strict limits on where they could live, attend school, work and travel. Laws enforced this segregation, and partaking in politics was criminalized.

But the democratic government drafted a constitution that enshrined equal rights for all.

South Africa has become a place where people of all races often dine, worship and party together. Gay rights are largely accepted. There is a free and vigorous press, and protests and open political debate are a part of life.

But many of the economic barriers created under apartheid still endure.

By one measure, the World Bank has ranked South Africa as the most unequal country in the world. Ten percent of the population holds about 71 percent of the country’s wealth, while the bottom 60 percent holds just 7 percent of assets, according t o the World Bank .

To a large extent, the wealth disparities have kept millions of Black South Africans relegated to some of the most deplorable conditions.

Just look at the place in the Soweto community of Kliptown where hundreds of anti-apartheid activists gathered to draft the Freedom Charter in 1955. It is now known as Walter Sisulu Square, named for a prominent anti-apartheid activist.

Nearly two decades ago, the government built a large concrete complex around the square, with restaurants, offices and a hotel. But because of a lack of maintenance and huge riots in 2021 that stemmed from political grievances, most of the businesses are now gutted, littered and stinking of sewage. Informal traders eke out a living nearby selling sandwiches, clothes and fruit.

Across adjacent railroad tracks sits an all-Black neighborhood where most residents live in tin shacks, use outdoor latrines, rely on jury-rigged wires for electricity and navigate craggy dirt roads.

Walter Sisulu Square in Kliptown, Soweto, where South Africa’s Freedom Charter was signed in 1955, is now dilapidated.

Joao Silva/The New York Times

Jack Martins, 54, who lives in the neighborhood, had a cellphone repair shop in the complex, but it did not survive the riots. He now plies his trade from a table on the sidewalk. He secured public housing, but had to pay a bribe to get it, he said. Two of his sons could not get into university because there was not enough space, and his daughter, despite having a mechanical engineering degree, has been unable to find stable work. He is fed up with the near-daily, hourslong electricity outages caused by the failing state power utility.

“What is this government doing for us?” he said. “Absolutely nothing.”

The Black middle and upper classes have grown significantly. In 1995, just 350,000 Black South Africans lived in households that were among the top 15 percent in income, according to researchers at the University of Cape Town’s Liberty Institute of Strategic Marketing. By 2022, that number had grown to about 5.6 million.

Still, Black families are underrepresented among rich households.

Many expected something better this far into democracy. Much of the nation’s wealth remains in white hands.

Black South Africans had a stake in only 29 percent of the companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, according to a 2022 report by South Africa’s Black Economic Empowerment Commission. Not a single entity on the exchange was fully Black-owned, the report said.

Economists say the country’s economy never took off enough to allow for a greater redistribution of wealth. Even when South Africa experienced its strongest stretch of economic growth in the first decade and a half of democracy, it still lagged behind its peers in Africa and other upper-middle-income countries. Since then, growth has been tepid, and contraction since the Covid-19 pandemic has been sharper than that in similarly sized economies.

8% annual GDP growth

Upper-middle-income

country average

Sub-Saharan

Africa average

South Africa

South Africa’s economic growth

has consistently lagged behind

Sources: Harvard Growth Lab analysis of World Economic Outlook (South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa) and World Development Indicators (upper-middle-income countries).

Government rules have allowed Black South Africans to gain a greater stake in industries like mining, where Black ownership has grown from 2 percent to 39 percent over the past two decades. But the gains have gone to relatively few people at the top.

However, the Bafokeng kingdom, an ethnic group within South Africa, has shown what is possible when a community gets its fair share of its resource wealth. The kingdom sits on rich platinum deposits. After a court victory in 1999 that affirmed its land rights, the kingdom used its platinum dividends to build a school with a large campus and a modern clinic, and to invest in other industries. Most families live in large brick homes that are the envy of other rural villages.

At the end of apartheid, when almost all of South Africa’s agricultural land was white-owned, Mr. Mandela’s government pledged in 1994 to transfer 30 percent of it into Black hands within a few years, by encouraging white landowners to sell.

The government failed to meet its goal, and it stretched the deadline to 2030. So far, about 25 percent of white-owned farmland has been transferred to Black ownership, mostly through the purchase of land by the government or Black individuals, according to Wandile Sihlobo and Johann Kirsten, agricultural economists at Stellenbosch University.

White South Africans make up roughly 7 percent of the population, but white-owned farms still cover about half of the country’s entire surface area, according to Mr. Sihlobo and Mr. Kirsten.

A worker on a Black-owned farm letting out cattle to graze near Carletonville, South Africa.

In the first decade of democracy, the government gave Black people full ownership of the white-owned farms it had bought. Owning the land meant that Black families had the chance not only to feed and support themselves but also advance.

But the government is no longer giving land to Black South Africans outright, offering long-term leases instead, Mr. Sihlobo and Mr. Kirsten said. Without ownership, Black farmers cannot generate wealth by using the land as collateral to get a bank loan. That has prevented Black farmers from expanding their operations to be commercially competitive.

Only about 7 percent of commercial-scale farms — those that sell to major grocers or export their products — are Black-owned. Only about 10 percent of the food produced by commercial farms in South Africa comes from Black-owned farms, about the same share as in the 1980s, Mr. Sihlobo said.

In the first decade of democracy, more than 930,000 mostly Black and colored farm workers were evicted from farms despite new laws intended to allow them to spend their lives on the farms where they worked.

“We haven’t been able to live up to those ideals” of Black land ownership, Mr. Sihlobo said.

Black South Africans are unemployed at far higher rates than their white peers, and that disparity has not improved over time.

50% unemployment rate

Black unemployment

The unemployment gap between

Black and white South Africans

remains wide.

White unemployment

Source: Statistics South Africa

Note: Graphic shows the expanded definition of unemployment, which includes those discouraged from seeking work.

The high unemployment rate has given rise to a hustle culture that sends many South Africans to the streets early each morning in search of work.

Zinhle Nene, 49, has been waking up by 5:30 a.m. most days and waiting on a corner in downtown Johannesburg with hundreds of others seeking day jobs. She left her low-paying job as a home health aide because the transportation to work was too expensive.

“It’s heartbreaking because we come here and we don’t even have food,” she said, wiping away tears as the hours passed. “Sometimes, you even get home, there’s nothing. You just drink water and then you sleep.”

Poverty has decreased since the start of democracy. Still, it remains very high. Nearly two out of every three Black South Africans lived below the upper-bound poverty line in 2015 — the most recent data available — meaning they had access to less than about $80 a month. Only 1 percent of white South Africans lived below that line.

Peter Mokoena broke down in tears last November inside the modest two-bedroom house the government had just given him. It sat alongside dozens of other homes just like it, on the freshly paved roads of a new subdivision about half an hour southeast of Johannesburg.

“I’m so happy, happy, happy, happy for this house,” said Mr. Mokoena, 74, who had been living in a tin shack so leaky that his furniture was soaked when it rained. “Now, it feels like I'm in heaven.”

The government has built 3.4 million houses since 1994, and given ownership of most of them for free to poor South Africans. Some units, known as social housing, are rented out at below-market rates. The government also has embarked on several “mega city” projects, in partnership with the private sector, to cluster together various types of housing and services like day care centers.

Many South Africans have moved into formal homes from makeshift structures, and access to basic services like electricity and piped water has increased. But frequent power and water outages have made those services unreliable, leading to anger and frustration nationwide.

Mr. Mokoena waited 27 years for his house. Many are still waiting. In the meantime, some squat in downtown buildings. Others build shacks in any open space they can find. Or they rent small backyard units built behind houses — an effort the government is supporting .

New government housing has often ended up in areas far from jobs and economic activity, perpetuating the apartheid system of marginalizing Black people to outlying townships.

JOHANNESBURG

Jobs in the city are concentrated in this area.

The area includes Sandton, a suburb that was

exclusively for white residents during

The densest populations are often far away.

Many of the densest places are townships,

like Soweto, where Black South Africans

were forced to live during apartheid

and where many new government

housing units have been built.

Population density

Jobs in the city are

concentrated in this

The area includes

Sandton, a suburb that

was exclusively for

white residents during

The densest populations are

often far away.

Many of the densest places are

in townships, like Soweto,

where Black South Africans

were forced to live during

apartheid and where many new

government housing units have

been built.

Sources: Spatial Tax Panel (employment data); WorldPop (population density)

Note: The area outlined in yellow represents parts of Johannesburg with at least 10,000 full-time equivalent employees in formal employment.

Nokuthula Mabe anxiously sat on her suitcase in the February heat outside North-West University in the city of Mahikeng, waiting with about a dozen other high-school graduates hoping for a spot. The university had received more than 181,000 applications for 11,717 slots.

In many ways, Ms. Mabe epitomized post-apartheid progress simply by graduating from her overcrowded village school near the Botswana border.

Nokuthula Mabe, right.

In the 1950s, only 10 percent of Black children finished high school. By 2021, that number had risen to 58 percent, according to government statistics.

Despite these gains, significant racial disparities persist.

100% completion rate

White high school

completion rate

Despite gains, there remains a

large education gap between

Black and white South Africans.

Black high school

Sources: Equal Education Law Centre analysis of data from Statistics South Africa General Household Survey; Department of Basic Education

Note: Shows share of 22- to 25-year-olds who have completed at least grade 12 or equivalent.

In 1982, the apartheid government spent roughly $1,100 a year on education for each white child but just $140 for each Black child, according to Section 27 , a human rights organization.

By 2018, that had increased to about $1,400 for each child, according to researchers at Stellenbosch University, much of it intended to level the playing field for Black students.

But schools are still failing many of their students. A report published in 2022 found that 81 percent of Grade 4 students could not understand what they were reading.

And while more children are finishing high school, there are not enough seats in colleges to meet the demand.

In 2022, about 6 percent of South Africans aged 18 to 29 were enrolled in higher education, according to Statistics South Africa. These enrollment rates lag behind countries with similarly sized economies, like Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines, according to figures from the World Bank .

After waiting nervously for hours, Ms. Mabe, 18, dragged her suitcase to the nearest bus stop to begin the three-and-a-half-hour trip back to her village. The university was too full to admit her.

During apartheid, the judicial system was used to criminalize Black people, mete out harsh punishment and cover up the atrocities committed against them.

Today, the judiciary is seen as among the most credible institutions in the country. Judges have upheld human rights and taken tough stances against even powerful political figures like the former president Jacob Zuma, who was sentenced to prison for contempt .

Still, as in many other countries, the South African justice system works best for those with money. A government commission found two years ago that most South Africans could not afford legal fees. The agency providing legal assistance for the poor is underfunded and overburdened.

“Those with very deep pockets are able to take the criminal justice process, stretch it for a very long period of time,” said Chrispin Phiri, a spokesman for the Ministry of Justice and Correctional Services. “That’s a privilege not afforded to a poorer person.”

What’s more, the justice system does not seem to be taming the country’s high crime rate.

70 murders per 100,000 residents

Murder rates are

on the rise.

70 per 100,000 residents

Sources: The Institute for Security Studies (South Africa); the World Bank (other countries, 2021 figures)

Although the murder rate is lower than it was in 1994, it has climbed steadily since 2012.

On paper, South Africa’s legal system prioritizes rehabilitating prisoners. The government offers an array of restorative justice, jobs and counseling programs for inmates and those being released.

In reality, though, prison-reform activists and studies suggest that treatment behind bars can be harsh and access to education difficult.

Internationally, South Africa has tried to position itself as a broker of peace and a leader in challenging a Western-led world order.

South Africa is the “S” in the BRICS group of nations that also includes Brazil, Russia, India and China, formed as a counterpoint to American and European alliances.

South Africa has played a critical role over the years in peace missions in African countries like Ethiopia, Burundi and Zimbabwe. And President Cyril Ramaphosa led a peace delegation last year to Ukraine and Russia, while refusing to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

President Cyril Ramaphosa in 2021.

South Africa argues that as a midsize nation, it cannot afford to choose sides and must make friends with everyone.

But it has been accused of being hypocritical and selectively concerned about peace and human rights.

The government brought a genocide case this year in the International Court of Justice against Israel for its war in Gaza after the attacks by Hamas on Oct. 7. South African officials have argued that Palestinians face a situation similar to apartheid.

For all of the frustrations that South Africans may have about the past 30 years, democracy has brought something that money and data cannot measure: freedom.

As in, freedom to go where you want, to date whom you want, to complain and advocate change as loudly as you want.

That has driven Sibusiso Zikode, 48, for much of his adult life.

He arrived in Durban, a port city on South Africa’s east coast, and started law school, but dropped out in the first term when his family savings ran out.

Sibusiso Zikode, left, helped establish a protest movement in Durban to advocate on behalf of poor people.

He moved to Kennedy Road, a slum built on muddy slopes and surrounded by a landfill, joining thousands who had flocked to the city for opportunity, only to find themselves in zinc shacks. This didn’t feel like freedom.

So, he helped to establish Abahlali baseMjondolo, a protest movement that is one of many that represent the revolt of poor people. Between July and September in 2022, the South African police responded to 2,455 protests.

But going up against the post-apartheid political establishment has come at great cost: Leaders of Abahlali have been assassinated, and Mr. Zikode had to flee from his home at the squatter camp after deadly attacks.

Abahlali’s members are growing more disillusioned with democracy.

“Whoever is homeless now,” Mr. Zikode said, “will be homeless after the election.”

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Ukraine-Russia war latest: Child seriously hurt as number of dead rises after airstrike in Odesa seaside park

The Ukrainian authorities say the number of victims from a Russian airstrike in Odesa has risen, with many more injured. Listen to a Daily podcast on whether the UK should send troops to Ukraine as you scroll.

Tuesday 30 April 2024 11:19, UK

• Number of victims from Odesa attack rises to five, with child badly hurt
• Watch: Massive building in flames after attack
• Explained : Why is Chasiv Yar the next target for Russia?
• Your questions answered: Will Ukraine launch another spring offensive?
• Listen to the Sky News Daily above and  tap here  to follow wherever you get your podcasts

Live events elsewhere mean we are leaving our coverage of the Ukraine war there for the day. 

The main development this morning was the rise in the number of people killed in a Russian strike on Odesa yesterday to five.

Read more details in our posts below - and we'll be back with rolling updates and analysis of the war soon.

At least two people have been killed in another Russian strike, this time targeting the northeastern city of Kharkiv, local officials say.

Six more have been wounded in the attack, which Governor Oleh Synehubov says was carried out using guided bombs, according to preliminary information.

The attack damaged a residential building in one of the city districts, Kharkiv Mayor Ihor Terekhov said. 

Emergency services are on the scene, local officials say.

Yesterday, a woman was reportedly injured after a "series of explosions" hit the city, according to the mayor.

Russia denies targeting civilians in the war that is now in its third year.

As we reported yesterday, a Russian missile attack targeted an educational institution in a popular seafront park in the Black Sea port of Odesa.

The number of victims from that airstrike has risen, with five people now reported to have died. 

Local officials had initially said four were killed.

Regional governor Oleh Kiper said in addition to those killed in the attack, one man died after suffering a stroke attributed to the strike.

Another 32 are said to be injured, eight of whom seriously - including a four-year-old child.

A pregnant woman and another child are also among the injured.

"Monsters, beasts, savages, scum, I don't know what else to say," Odesa Mayor Hennadii Trukhanov said.

"People are going for a walk by the sea and they are shooting and killing."

Video footage, which could not be immediately verified, showed people receiving treatment on the street alongside pools of blood. 

One photo showed officials examining part of a missile.

Ukrainian navy spokesperson Dmytro Pletenchuk said the strike was conducted by an Iskander-M ballistic missile with a cluster warhead.

Odesa has been a frequent target of Russian missile and drone attacks, particular port infrastructure.

Hello and welcome back to our coverage of the war in Ukraine. 

Yesterday a Russian attack on the port city of Odesa killed at least four people, while dramatic footage showed a massive education facility ablaze in the aftermath. 

Here are the other key events to get you up to speed on from the past 24 hours:

• More than 30 Ukrainian conscripts have died while trying to cross the border illegally to avoid mobilisation, a Ukrainian official said;
• The Duchess of Edinburgh met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Ukraine, in what marks the first visit to the country by a member of the Royal Family since the war begin;
• Debris recovered from a missile that landed in the Ukrainian region of Kharkiv on 2 January was North Korean, according to the United Nations;
• NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg visited Kyiv for a meeting with Volodymyr Zelenskyy;
• In a joint news conference, Mr Stoltenberg said NATO allies had "not delivered" on their military aid pledges to Ukraine in recent months, saying that "serious delays" had led to negative consequences on the battlefield;
• Mr Zelenskyy also called for the delivery of Western weapons to Kyiv's troops to be sped up;
• Russia's defence ministry claimed its forces have taken control of the village of Semenivka in the eastern Donetsk region;
• European Council president Charles Michel said the Russian invasion of Ukraine has given "new impetus" to calls for the EU to be enlarged beyond the 27 members;
• Germany's public prosecutor's office said it was assessing whether a political motive was behind the killing of two Ukrainian soldiers in Murnau.

As we reported a short time ago, the Duchess of Edinburgh has met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Ukraine, in what marks the first visit to the country by a member of the Royal Family since the war begin.

Sophie met the Ukrainian president and first lady Olena Zelenska and delivered a message to them on behalf of the King, Buckingham Palace said.

You can watch footage from her trip here...

Throughout the day, we've been reporting on a Russian attack on the city of Odesa in Ukraine, which has killed at least four people. 

These images show a burning educational institution building, which was struck. 

Airline Finnair has said it is pausing flights to Tartu in eastern Estonia for the next month, due to GPS disturbances in the area.

"Finnair will suspend its daily flights to Tartu, Estonia, from 29 April to 31 May, so that an alternative approach solution that does not require a GPS signal can be put in place at Tartu Airport," the Finnish airline said in a statement.

Finnair last week had to divert two flights back to Helsinki after GPS interference prevented the approach to Tartu airport, although a spokesperson said the company did not now where the interference came from.

However, Tallinn seems certain as where the issues are originating. 

"It is a fact that Russia affects GPS devices in our region’s airspace," Estonia's foreign minister said via a spokesperson.

Margus Tsahkna added that Estonia will raise the issue of GPS interference with its neighbours, and intends to discuss it with the EU and NATO. 

GPS jamming and spoofing have grown worse in eastern Europe, the Black Sea and the Middle East, all areas close to conflict zones, according to industry group OpsGroup. 

More than 30 Ukrainian conscripts have died while trying to cross the border illegally to avoid mobilisation, a Ukrainian official has said.

Andriy Demchenko, spokesman for the State Border Guard Service,  told Ukrinform that some men are prepared to pay "large sums" of money to groups promising to smuggle them across the border safely.

"Then they are faced with the fact that the route runs along a mountain river," he said.

Many conscripts have lost their lives after realising they didn't have the strength to swim the river, Mr Demchenko added.

"In total, since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, about 30 people have died trying to cross the border illegally," he said.

Such attempts occur "every day", he said.

For context: Ukraine has been under martial law since the Russian invasion in February 2022.

It lets draft officers call up men of a certain age to fight on the front line.

In April, Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed off a new law lowering the age of draft-eligible men from 27 to 25, in a bid to boost troop numbers in his depleted ranks.

The Duchess of Edinburgh has met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Ukraine, in what marks the first visit to the country by a member of the Royal Family since the war begin.

Her visit is aimed at demonstrating "solidarity with the women, men and children impacted by the war and in a continuation of her work to champion survivors of conflict-related sexual violence", the palace said.

Three women and a man have died after a Russian attack on Odesa.

A further 28 people have been injured, including two children aged five and 16. A pregnant woman has also been hurt.

This video shows the aftermath of the attack. 

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