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1.6: Impacts of Tourism

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• Page ID 9312

• Morgan Westcott & Wendy Anderson et al.

As you can already see, the impacts of the global tourism industry today are impressive and far reaching. Let’s have a closer look at some of these outcomes.

Tourism Impacts

Tourism can generate positive or negative impacts under three main categories: economic, social, and environmental. These impacts are analyzed using data gathered by businesses, governments, and industry organizations.

Economic Impacts

According to the 2019 edition of the UNWTO International Tourism Highlights report , international tourist arrivals reached 1.4 billion, a 5% increase in 2018. UNWTO Secretary-General Zurab Pololikashvili stated that the sheer growth of the industry was driven by a strong global economy, surge of the travel-ready middle class from emerging economies, technological advances, and more affordable travel costs among others (UNWTO, 2019). At the same time, the UNWTO (2019) reported export earnings from tourism, or the sum of international tourism receipts and passenger transport, reached a staggering USD 1.7 trillion. This demonstrates that the industry is a major economic engine of growth and development.

Europe has traditionally been the region with the highest tourism dollar spending with USD 570 billion, followed by Asia and the Pacific (USD 435 billion), the Americas (USD 334 billion), Middle East (USD 73 billion), and Africa (USD 38 billion). Asia has shown to have the strongest growths in both arrivals (+7%) and spending (+7%). Africa equally shared a +7% growth in arrivals, suggesting a new interest in travelling to the continent.

What are the trends that are motivating people to travel? The six consumer travel trends, according to the UNWTO (2019) include:

• Travel “to change” or focusing on more authentic travel, transformation, and living like a local.
• Travel “to show” or capturing “instagramable” moments, experiences, and visiting selfie-worthy destinations.
• Pursuit of a healthy life or engaging into active travel that involves walking, wellness, and sports tourism.
• Rise of the “access” economy.
• Solo travel and multigenerational travel as a result of single households and an aging population.
• Rising awareness on travel with sustainable advocacies, thoughtful consideration about climate change impacts, and plastic-free travel.

Social Impacts

Because tourism experiences also involve human interaction, certain impacts may occur. Generally, social impacts in tourism are related to guest-to-host or host-to-guest influences and changes. Studies of these encounters often relate to the Social Exchange Theory, which describe how tourists and hosts’ behaviours change as a result of the perceived benefits and threats they create during interaction (Nunkoo, 2015).

Positive social impacts in tourism include learning about different cultures, increasing tolerance and inclusion through LGBTQ+ travel, increasing amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities), investment in arts and culture, celebration of Indigenous peoples, and community pride. When developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of life for residents and a deeper learning and appreciation for tourists.

Unfortunately, tourism also has its shortcomings and is culpable for some detrimental impacts. However, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2003a), negative social impacts of tourism can include:

• Change or loss of indigenous identity and values
• Culture clashes
• Physical causes of social stress (increased demand for resources)
• Ethical issues (such as an increase in sex tourism or the exploitation of child workers)

Some of these issues are explored in further detail in Chapter 12, which examines the development of Indigenous tourism in British Columbia.

Environmental Impacts

Tourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. In many cases, the environment is an essential resource that outdoor recreation and ecotourism cannot exist without. Even though many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and protected areas, tourism development can still have severe negative impacts from misuse, overuse, and neglect. According to UNEP (2003b), these can include:

• Depletion of natural resources (water, forests, etc.)
• Pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering)
• Physical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of biodiversity)

The environmental impacts of tourism knows no boundaries and can reach outside local areas and have detrimental effects on the global ecosystem. One example is increased emissions from necessary tourism elements such as transportation. Air travel for instance, is a major contributor to climate change. Chapter 10 looks at the environmental impacts of tourism in more detail.

Whether positive or negative, tourism is a force for change around the world that is capable of transforming the environment from micro- to macro-scales at a staggering rate.

Typology of countries of the world according to the development level of international tourism

• Published: 12 May 2016
• Volume 37 , pages 18–25, ( 2016 )

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• A. Yu. Aleksandrova 1  

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A multifactor tourism typology of countries of the world having a structural-functional character has been developed. It provides insight into the typological features of the global spatial structure of international tourism, reflecting the intensity of international tourism flows, their geography, the importance of the tourism industry for the national economy as well as the general attributes of territorial organization of international tourism, and the dynamics of its development. Five main types of touristic types of countries have been identified. The following indicators were used for characterization of the countries and their comparison: the size of the territory, and the population size; the general level of socioeconomic development; the level and character of development of international tourism; the characteristic properties of touristic demand; the orientedness of tourism flows; characteristics of touristic offer; the degree of influence of international tourism on the national economy; characteristics of the state policy in the sphere of tourism, and touristic specialization. The first type includes the economically highly developed countries with mature national systems of international tourism forming the center of the world’s touristic space. The second type is represented by countries belonging to the semi-periphery of the world’s touristic space with an intensely forming state-supported polyfunctional system of international tourism. The third type includes moderately developed countries of the semi-periphery of the world’s touristic space with a polyfunctional system of international tourism in the stage of transformation and formation of a civilized travel market. The fourth type comprises small island states of the Caribbean Basin which belong to the semi-periphery and, in part, to the “advanced” periphery of the world’s touristic space. The fifth type combines developing countries belonging to the periphery of the world’s touristic space, with a weakly developed market of international tourism.

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Original Russian Text © A.Yu. Aleksandrova, 2016, published in Geografiya i Prirodnye Resursy, 2016, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 14-22.

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Aleksandrova, A.Y. Typology of countries of the world according to the development level of international tourism. Geogr. Nat. Resour. 37 , 18–25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1875372816010030

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Received : 06 July 2015

Published : 12 May 2016

Issue Date : January 2016

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S1875372816010030

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Tourism Skills Training for Female Entrepreneurs across Rural Areas in Moldova

In Partnership With: Ministry of Culture of Republic of Moldova; Invest Moldova Agency; Moldova State University, USAID Moldova

26 February – 21 April 2024

11 villages in the Republic of Moldova: Puhoi, Butuceni, Capriana, Mirecesti Trebujeni, Lalova, Molovata-Veche, Zazulenii-Noi, Marculesti, Valeni

Empower women in the tourism sector through skills training and quality education, and promote gender equality and working collectively for justice.

Within the framework of the project on “ Empowering Young Women: Sustainable Livelihoods through Tourism in the Republic of Moldova ”, a set of 10 skills training were designed to be delivered by female trainers to female entrepreneurs in selected rural areas of the country, covering the following topics:

• Tourist Safety and Security
• Health and Hygiene in the Tourism Sector
• Customer Service
• Tour Guiding
• Digital Literacy
• Management and Financing of Tourism Enterprises

More on the project " Empowering Young Women: Sustainable Livelihoods through Tourism in the Republic of Moldova ".

Highlights:

With gender equality, quality education and women's empowerment in tourism at the heart of these skills training, UN Tourism has laid the foundation in Moldova for a new approach to achieve the SDGs.

This pioneer strategy is widely recognized by key tourism stakeholders in the country and is attracting interest from other development partners. USAID Moldova has requested to team up and has sponsored one more skills training in the village of Valeni, winner of the prestigious Best Tourism Villages Award of UN Tourism in 2023. The Minister of Culture of Moldova, Sergiu Prodan, was there to welcome the success of this training and to inaugurate a new museum in Valeni.

With the additional one in the series, a total of 11 tourism skills training were delivered by a group of female trainers over a period of two months benefitting 250 female entrepreneurs across rural areas in Moldova. In the villages of Lalova, Molovata-Veche, Zazulenii-Noi and Marculesti, 9 female entrepreneurs from neighboring Ukraine also benefited from the skills training.

Empowering Women

Republic of moldova.

Empowering Young Women

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