travel management framework

The future of travel management strategy – trends that will impact travel and meetings thinking

"The future of our sector has never been more challenging, nor more fascinating. The potential to shine is palpable but knowing where to focus and what to do is the key. Not getting it right has consequences, more than ever before," explains Paul Tilstone and Caroline Strachan, the managing partners of Festive Road in a recently published insight into the macro changes affecting travel management in 2022 and beyond.

The specialist business travel consultancy has produced a broad, macroscopic view of the sector in The Macroscope Report , detailing key considerations for the future of travel management strategy, policy and service need. The report builds on its previous work on the Permissible Travel Framework and the Purposeful Travel Model with insights from travel managers and road warriors to offer a framework for the structure of future travel management visions.

The report identifies eight key factors that will continue to impact travel and meetings management thinking, regardless of other external impacts such as high inflation, talent shortages due to changing employee priorities and the dynamic changes in the fuel market. That is not to mention the challenges of shifting pandemic mindsets and the extended dangers of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

"Never has there been a better time to take a step back, consider the 'why' of the travel and meeting programme itself and the value travel and meeting managers deliver to their businesses," highlights the report. "A blank piece of paper and a fresh perspective are probably two of the most important tools for successful travel management in the 2020s," Festive Road acknowledges.

MACRO #1 - Future of work: dispersed but not forgotten

Call this moment in time "The Great Resignation" or see it as an opportunity to drive "The Great Attraction", the workplace and employee attitudes have been disrupted, says the report. The way we work has changed and so has the way we meet and travel and for travel managers "these are unique times to reinforce the values of their programme in this new emerging world where a dispersed workforce is the new norm, or at least part of it," says Festive Road.

MACRO #2 - ESG at the purposeful core

Sustainability is most often defined as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, but the scientific data is telling us that we're overshooting our planetary means and tipping Mother Earth out of kilter, notes the report. "This critical decade represents a moment in time when organisations can take a proactive stance and balance people and plane alongside profit," says Festive Road.

MACRO #3 - it was always about the meeting

The full integration of travel and meetings has been a high ideal for years, yet few companies have reached a truly co-ordinated approach to the two sister categories, says the report. Travel and meetings "are intricately linked" acknowledges Festive Road, and the pandemic has triggered 'the meeting' to be achieved in a different way while traditional options were paused. New methods are not "just about saving money or reducing emissions," notes the consultancy, but "the most effective way to achieve meeting objectives". As such, the knock-on effect "is huge," it says and marks a new dawn: "the decade for a true strategic meetings and travel management programme has arrived."

MACRO #4 - the whole trip experience (at last)

When travel managers reinvent their travel programme with the traveller at the very core, extraordinary things can happen. Duty of care is met and travellers adhere to policy and preferred suppliers because they are the right fit, says the report. Travellers expectations have changed and new working habits have been formed. "It is truly time to connect all the critical elements that make up a business trip and put servicing the traveller as a programme priority," says Festive Road.

MACRO #5 - Dynamic content the true king

While content has been ascending the throne for many years, deep and rich content aggregation from multiple sources is now table stakes with he coronation moment close, says the report. "Dynamic content is the next evolution that will usher in personalisation, agile policy engines and a much better shopping and on-trip experience," says Festive Road.

MACRO #6 - API explosion brings buyer empowerment

The corporate travel ecosystem has never been so vast and diverse as it is today, and increasingly the marketplace is getting more complex as the three letters - API - become mainstream lexicon for travel managers, says the report. The Application Programming Interface is the route to broader and deeper content in the sector and there are already signs that "it's about to explode," recognises Festive Road.

MACRO #7 - Hail to the storytellers

Data is everywhere in travel. Every click of the traveller's mouse, keyboard tap, or swipe, generates data that can and should shape travel programme decisions, says the report, but our challenge to date has remained how to consolidate the huge amount of available. From identifying new travel patterns and opportunities to leverage tailored products, to re-defining the KPIs of travel management, "data underpins it all," says Festive Road. "We've entered the era of the analyst as the lockpicker, the storyteller through numbers. The data cruncher is cool," it adds.

MACRO #8 - take the lead or be directed

In the last two years the spotlight shone brightly on travel managers and they rose to the challenges that were set at a significant time of crisis for their companies and sector, but if the pandemic has taught us anything, it is that travel functions cannot operate as in island, says the report. "In a world that being an 'operational doer' may no longer be enough, travel managers have the opportunity to take a step back, be discerning in the projects taken on and turn strategic goals into critical reference questions," says Festive Road.

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The Strategy Guide to Corporate Travel Management

Download the PDF eBook version

Developing a corporate travel management strategy is one of the most important decisions you will make because it sets the framework for all your future travel plans.

With a solid plan in place, you can develop a budget, determine your objectives, identify your target audience, then build a program to achieve those goals.

It's also a way to build credibility with your employees and to encourage them to be responsible and accountable when they travel.

What Is Corporate Travel Management?

Corporate travel management is a business process used by companies to control, plan, and monitor the expenses of corporate travel. The changing global economy has affected the travel industry and, with it, the pressure on companies to reduce costs has grown.

Corporate travel management attempts to reduce these costs by streamlining company policies and procedures, which then translates into more effective and efficient business practices.

Here are some simple yet effective ways you can achieve this:

Plan the Logistics of Your Business

To plan for the logistics of your business, it’s important to first define what this term means. According to Investopedia , logistics refers to the “overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to their final destination. Logistics management involves identifying prospective distributors and suppliers and determining their effectiveness and accessibility.”

In the context of corporate travel management, logistical details may include what resources are needed by employees to travel safely and reach their destination. One example is financial resources, which can include the procurement of travel tickets, as well as the cost of lodgings and local transportation. Logistics in this sense can also include suppliers like the travel agency your company works with to make travel arrangements.

Identifying the logistical needs of your business will make planning and managing the trip easier. Additionally, you’ll be able to outline, adjust, and schedule corporate travel procedures accordingly.

Track Your Travel Costs on the Go

It’s easy to lose track of how much you’re spending when you’re moving from one place to another. The problem with travelling is that some unplanned costs can happen, especially when immediate problems arise. Some examples of this include going off-route in a taxi or the flight is delayed. This can lead to problems in the long run, especially if you’re travelling on a budget.

Thus, it’s important to keep track of your travel costs while in transit. Fortunately, it’s a lot easier to track travel costs through expense tracker apps, which can be web-based, cloud-based, or with mobile integration.

Not only can you track costs with these apps, but you’ll also be able to scan receipts, submit reimbursement reports, switch between currencies for international travel, compare actual costs with your set budget, and many more. Here are seven expense tracker apps specifically designed for travelling:

• Expensify (our top pick)
• Trail Wallet

Plan for Long-Haul Travel, but Also for Shorter-Haul Flights

In some cases, long-haul flights are not only necessary but also more appealing to corporate travellers as they may be able to save on costs.

According to a study published in the Journal of Air Transport Management :

“Business travellers are particularly attractive to book flights as they tend to travel more frequently than leisure passengers, and they tend to be prepared to pay higher prices than leisure passengers. In short-haul markets, such as those within the European Union (EU), business travel may represent a large proportion of a scheduled airline's traffic.”

This means that shorter-haul flights tend to cost more than long-haul travel, compelling companies to plan in advance and opt for long-haul flights.

However, effective corporate travel management should also take short-haul flights into account depending on the needs and nature of your business.

By planning for and allotting a budget for both long-haul and short-haul flights, you can meet business goals in a timely fashion without shortchanging other travel expenses, such as lodgings or local transportation.

Key Takeaway

Corporate travel management can be a necessary tool for companies, but it's also a huge money saver. Understanding how to properly use it will help you stretch your costs and make sure that you're following the right procedures .

Define Your Corporate Travel Management Goals

Most corporate travel managers can use some practice and advice on how to improve their skills. Corporate travel managers are responsible for planning, negotiating, and organizing travel for employees. While most employees rely on their employers to help them book flights, hotel rooms and rental cars, corporate travel managers complete those tasks for an entire company. Here are tips from a seasoned corporate travel manager on how to master the art of corporate travel management:

Understand Your Company's Travel Policies

For effective corporate travel management to happen, there should be clear guidelines about the company’s travel policies. This can include, but is not limited to, the following:

• Clear details about the company’s travel procedure
• Travel agency approved by the company
• Rules and regulations while employees are travelling, such as conduct and behaviour
• Method of travel, whether by land, air, or sea
• Procedures for procurement, cancellation, or loss of travel tickets
• Boarding and lodging details
• Travel arrangements while heading to and upon reaching the destination, such as car rentals or taxi services
• Expenses, such as per diem and meal expenses, or miscellaneous and emergency expenses
• Safety and security of travelling employees
• Insurance coverage for international travel

Clearly outlining and understanding these policies can help corporate travel managers to plan ahead and tailor travel arrangements according to the company’s business goals.

Additionally, employees will have a smoother time planning for the trip without disruptions to their day-to-day tasks and the company’s overall workflow.

Understand the Needs of Your Employees

Before the pandemic, corporate travel management tended to focus on getting the best arrangements for accommodations or the best deals for ticket prices.

These factors and many others are still important today, but the pandemic has brought to the fore another element in corporate travel that necessitates a higher priority: the safety and well-being of travellers.

In keeping up with the current changes, corporate travel managers should also ensure that partners and suppliers, such as their airline of choice or hotel accommodations, have solid health protocols in place.

It’s highly unlikely that employees will be willing to travel when there’s a high risk of getting infected. Thus, corporate travel managers should look into safety guidelines, quarantine policies, and local travel restrictions for the trip to be both safe and successful.

Use a Travel Management System

Similar to tracking travel expenses, corporate travel managers need to stay on top of all the necessary steps to organize and execute the trip successfully. This begins with making travel requests all the way to the return trip home. With a travel management system in place, it will be much easier to achieve the following:

• Streamline processes
• Gain approvals in a timely manner
• Create up-to-date reports
• Manage scheduling
• Anticipate emergency scenarios
• Smooth booking experience
• Compare prices for tickets, accommodations, and local transportation
• Manage other expenses
• Get the best value-for-money deals

If you’re using an expense tracker, be sure that your travel management system can integrate well with your chosen software.

Build Relationships With Vendors and Providers

In the industry of corporate travel management, vendors and providers can mean airlines, travel agencies, hotels, and other third parties providing goods and services that corporate travellers need.

As the ones spearheading the planning and managing for corporate travel, corporate travel managers will benefit a lot from building strong relationships with vendors and partners.

Communication is the foundation of strong relationships, so you should first be clear about what you need, as well as your travel goals and policies, so expectations can be properly set.

At the same time, it’s important to be responsive to prospective suppliers so you can engage with them and weigh your options.

Similarly, just as the supplier should understand your needs, you should also take into account the supplier’s needs as a business. If you aren’t able to come to a satisfying agreement, consider partnering with another vendor from which you can mutually benefit.

Create a Travel Calendar

A travel calendar will ensure that you’re making timely travel arrangements and you won’t encounter any delays. Keep in mind that delays can easily translate into extra costs, so be sure to allow time for possible unforeseen circumstances.

Proper scheduling also prevents disruptions, whether that’s on the employee’s side or the vendor’s side. With a timeline set in place, you’ll also be able to make the necessary adjustments that can address scenarios such as delayed flights or a high volume of travellers, especially if you’re planning arrangements during the holidays or vacation months.

Creating a travel calendar can also be made easier with an effective travel management system. Find one that works for your company’s processes, policies, and budget so you can maximize the app to suit your needs.

Follow Up To Make Sure All Goes Smoothly

Further to communication, following up on the progress of your corporate travel plans is necessary to ensure that all steps have been accomplished by all parties involved.

For instance, you can check whether all employees have the required travel documents or if approvals have already been signed by the relevant departments or managers.

Following up on your suppliers and providers can also smoothen out potential issues early on, especially when it comes to the availability of tickets or accommodations.

Follow-ups also keep everyone up-to-date about where they are in your set time frame. If someone still hasn’t accomplished their requirements, you can still make timely changes that won’t significantly affect the other stages of planning and executing the trip.

You can achieve corporate-travel-manager success if you are organized, diligent, and prepared to work hard. Keep these tips in mind while planning and managing business travel, and you'll be well on your way to mastering the art of corporate travel management.

Build a Program To Meet Those Goals

It’s not an easy task to manage corporate travel, especially if you are responsible for managing multiple teams and travel budgets. So, what are the best practices that a corporate travel manager has to follow?

Create and Manage a Travel Policy

A clear outline of travel policies will steer everyone involved in the right direction. This also ensures that corporate travel managers themselves are in line with the company’s overall rules and regulations, as well as the destination’s local laws and guidelines.

Having a travel policy will also let your employees know how to conduct themselves while travelling. This is especially important if you’re travelling internationally, as there are certain things you are expected to do and not do according to the local culture.

Aside from creating and managing an internal travel policy , it also pays to do research on where you’re going, even if it’s just a different state or a different country altogether.

Compile your research and summarise the information in a way that travelling employees will be able to easily digest. At the same time, get employee feedback while preparing travel policies to make sure that you’re covering all bases.

Know Your Budget

Of course, knowing your corporate travel budget is important. As previously mentioned, some airlines tend to charge corporate travellers a higher amount since they know that this is a necessary business expense.

Knowing and understanding your budget, its allocations, and limitations will allow you to build an effective corporate travel program that meets all your goals and needs.

Having an understanding of your budget will also allow you to properly adjust expenses and prioritize certain elements of the trip.

For instance, you can save on flight tickets in exchange for higher-end lodgings. Additionally, you can anticipate unplanned costs, such as emergencies, delayed flights, or even when travellers get caught in the middle of a natural disaster.

Plan for the Worst-Case Scenario

Speaking of emergencies and natural disasters, nobody can tell when these things might happen. Accidents, whether major or minor, are also highly unpredictable.

As such, it will be to your advantage to plan for the worst-case scenario. It’s always good practice to anticipate that something untoward might happen during the trip so employees in transit won’t be in a bind when it actually happens.

Aside from allocating a budget for worst-case scenarios, it will also help employees if you include these scenarios in your corporate travel policy. This way, they’ll know what contingency plans the company has in store for them.

Use Technology To Make Travel Easier

In the past, spreadsheets were typically used to manage corporate travel procedures. These days, however, there are more advanced travel management solutions that can centralize, systematize, streamline, and even manage risks while employees are on-the-go.

Take advantage of the available technology so you can have a better view not only of travel expenses, but also policies, relationships with vendors, local rules, and all the updates needed to accomplish travel requirements.

This way, you can plan for the trip effectively while staying on top of all tasks required of you, employees, and suppliers.

It’s important that you understand what a corporate travel manager does and how they are responsible for their team's travel projects.

Execute With Excellence

There are many businesses that struggle with their travel management, spending countless hours a week dealing with the logistics of getting their employees to the right place at the right time.

Technology has made it easier for businesses to manage their own travel, but there’s still a lot of room for improvement.

Here’s how companies can take the leap from struggling with their current travel management system to enjoying a seamless and efficient experience:

Design Your Corporate Travel Schedule

Managing schedules is just as important as managing costs, so it’s important to design a detailed corporate travel itinerary.

Generally, this can be a checklist list that lets your employees know what happens during a specific date and time. This can be especially helpful when they have conferences or multiple events to attend.

A well-designed corporate travel schedule can include, but is not limited to, the following:

• Ticket and flight details
• Boarding and departure dates and times
• A list of activities that will happen during an event, conference, or meeting
• Event venues and attire
• Scheduled mealtimes
• Time for rest and leisure
• Estimated time of travel from the hotel to the event location, and vice versa

Again, it’s also beneficial to get employee feedback when designing the corporate travel schedule to see if your list covers all their needs.

Implement a Flexible Itinerary

Although it’s important to list down all the things that can happen during a trip, it’s equally important to make your schedule flexible. Take into account the possibility of delays, traffic, or other difficulties and emergencies that might happen along the way.

As mentioned, unforeseen events can happen and a flexible itinerary can help buffer the consequences of those scenarios so your schedule and the trip won’t be significantly impacted.

Create a Budgeting System so You Can Track Expenses and Benefits as They Are Needed

Corporate travel expenses can easily skyrocket when they’re not tracked properly. At the same time, employees might not immediately realize the benefits they can gain from undertaking corporate travel.

In this regard, a budgeting system will help them have an overview of what’s important to spend on and what they can gain from certain budget allocations.

Generally, it’s ideal to save on all expenses but everyone knows that you can only cut down on expenses so much without severely impacting the quality of the trip and the well-being of corporate travellers.

In this case, you need to go back to your company goals to properly assess which factors you can save on and which ones need a higher budget. There are no hard-and-fast rules for this, but a good rule of thumb to follow is if allocating a lower budget for, say, airline tickets, won’t affect the fundamentals of the trip, then it can be beneficial to pursue that route.

In turn, you can use what you save to arrange better lodgings for employees or allocate that for emergency scenarios.

Corporate travel management is a process that requires you to know your employees and plan accordingly. Find out how to improve it, then implement it. This ensures that everyone is on the same page.

A Successful Corporate Travel Management Plan Is One That Is Developed Strategically

Business travel management solutions can ensure smooth travel and procedures for all parties involved. This section will cover the different business travel management solutions and how they work.

Reporting Tools

According to a November 2020 survey , “roughly 66.5% of respondents stated that their organizations used an online expense reporting platform that includes mobile solutions.

In contrast, only 8% of the surveyed travel buyers claimed that their companies relied on Excel spreadsheets or other offline processes to track their travel expenses.”

Locomote offers a centralized dashboard for corporate travel management that makes sense of your data so you can pinpoint areas for improvement and review how well your corporate travel policy is performing.

With its breakdown of real-time data, you can track expenses, receive a detailed invoice, and even apply unused tickets to book your next trip.

Budget Management

Budget management refers to the financial resources corporate travellers are allotted for the entire trip and what they are used for. This can also refer to points, benefits, and deals offered by suppliers and partners.

With an effective budget management tool, each expense can be tracked quickly and efficiently, allowing corporate travellers to focus on why they went on the trip in the first place. At the same time, they can gain travel points and even access to different airport lounges.

Booking Tools

Booking tools for corporate travel management make it easier to acquire the best accommodations and book trips in a more convenient manner. There are many booking tools that you can compare depending on your trip’s goals.

Our booking tool focuses on features such as hassle-free group and solo travel, a user-friendly interface, and providing a safer and better travel experience.

Manage Your Business Trips Effectively

Corporate travel management can help cut down costs, get the best deals, and provide a safe and productive trip for travelling employees.

Having a strategic approach aided by technology can ensure that the trip is successful and rewarding to all parties involved.

Contact us today if you want to see a platform that can do all of this for you and more.

Return to Travel Framework

With vaccine distribution on the rise, many companies have — or are in the process of — returning to travel for business..

The forecasted U.S. economic boom, an increased willingness to travel, a decrease in trips canceled and greater business optimism are all helping to drive the recovery. In fact, according to a recent GBTA survey, 72% of companies have either already resumed non-essential business travel, have a travel-resumption plan in place or are working on one.

FCM is here to keep you informed, educated and prepared for the new world of business travel. Focusing on 4 key areas below, our aim is to provide a clear direction for your travel program, eliminating any guesswork and empowering you to take your next steps confidently.

Travel Policy

Safety and Well-Being

Vendor Management

Cost Consideration

Taking the time to review and refine your travel policy in line with the current environment will strengthen a confident return to travel. This is also the time to leverage the opportunity to address legacy leakage and compliance issues. 

Check out some of our key considerations on approaching your travel policy this year, and take a look at our additional resources below for further insights.

Suggested actions: 

• Redefine permissible travel and ROI with targeted approval workflows. 
• Close the gap on leakage. Enhance traveler usage of preferred suppliers. 
• Consider mandatory booking channels and apps. 
• Draft a COVID addendum for travel policy. Add regional versions where needed. 
• Launch interim travel policy and expanded communication plan. 

Benchmark your travel policy

Business travel vs working virtually, do you have the right policy in place for 2021.

Safety and Well-being

Did you know that 88% of business travelers will look to their employer for reassurance in deeming it safe to travel again?  

Now is the time to start formulating a concrete approach to business travel in the year ahead. With safety and duty of care continuing to stay top of mind for companies and TMCs alike, implementing a strategy to ensure you are minimizing the risk to your traveling employees is essential. It’s also important to provide your travelers with access to the information and tools they need to feel confident returning to travel. 

Take a look at some key considerations on keeping safety and well-being approach top notch along with some additional, relevant resources below. 

• Assess traveler readiness and sentiment. 
• Equip travelers with information and resources to support their trip. 
• Implement traveler tracking, notification, and communication tools. 
• Ensure alerts and situational monitoring are in place. 
• Review/create documented travel risk management strategy.

Travel news hub

Tech that supports duty of care, travel pulse survey.

In an environment where business travel conditions have changed dramatically, the need to review, reconfigure and renegotiate with your key suppliers is on the rise. With many operators dramatically impacted, you may also need to source new partners for your re-emerging program. 

• Generate supplier viability report and operational status update. 
• Review supplier audit and certification of hygiene protocols. 
• Define unused ticket/credits-on-hold management strategy. 
• Perform Rate audits and renegotiation where applicable. 
• Evaluate benefits of new contract negotiation and sourcing. 

We’ve put together some key considerations on approaching vendor management, plus some additional insights below. 

Guide to NDC

Ground transportation considerations, strategic sourcing.

Cost Considerations

While safety and well-being ranked as the number one consideration in our global research, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business in general means that cost management will also be an integral strategy in what will, in many cases, be a tentative return to travel. 

Keep these key considerations in mind when evaluating your budget in the year ahead, and take a look at some of our supporting resources below that could be useful when trying to identify opportunities for costs savings. 

• Establish proactive demand management and travel ROI assessments. 
• Evaluate policy changes including cabin choices, advance purchase, day trips, rate caps, and more. 
• Drive smart OBT adoption which incorporates COVID advice. 
• Use historical benchmarks and future forecasts to establish new budgets. 
• Revisit supplier category plans to shift costs and optimize savings. 

Sustainability, traveler wellness & company cost

Maximize your savings with the right travel tech, charles river customer story, ready to resume your travel program we can help..

How to build a proactive travel risk management policy

Traveling is a core part of your business, but along with that comes potential risks. As a business, you need to be on top of duty of care. So how do you protect the safety and security of your team? It starts with having a proactive travel risk management policy in place. 

Where do you even start? You'll want to build a framework for risk management and leverage the expertise of a travel management company who puts your people first. We can help you put your team at the heart of your policy and regularly review, adjust, and adapt. 

Short on time? Download our Effective Risk Management guide  to learn more. 

DOWNLOAD NOW

Build a Travel Risk Management (TRM) framework 

Creating an effective travel risk management plan is like building a house. Start with the foundation, frame out the bones of it, and then you can add the walls, roof, and everything else that goes inside. (Listen, we're not experts at building houses, but we're pretty sure it goes something like that). 

Your people have to feel safe when they're traveling for business, so it's worth the effort. By being proactive with your approach to travel risk management, you can better anticipate potential threats and make sure that all travelers feel secure when abroad. Here’s a few steps to take: 

• Define your policy goals and objectives – Be sure to include possible risks with business travel, such as natural disasters, political instability, or travel health emergencies – as well as the process of travel risk assessments and creating a plan of action to address them. 
• Involve your travel management company – A TMC can provide valuable advice on how best to manage different types of risks during trips, as well note how they can offer support if a crisis does occur. 
• Outline a communications plan – Clear communication is key when sharing your policy with all stakeholders – from those handling approvals and managing traveler safety, right through to the travelers themselves. All involved should have the information they need to understand their role in protecting traveler safety. 
• Decide how you’ll deliver updates to your team – You could consider holding regular training sessions to keep everyone up-to-date on any changes or developments. 

Leverage your TMC’s expertise and technology 

When it comes to protecting your business travelers, the expertise of your TMC is invaluable. A good TMC will be able to provide you with sound advice on how to mitigate risk in any destination. They can help you develop a well-defined travel policy  that accommodates the needs of your team and any regional or cultural considerations. 

Your TMC should have plans and procedures in place for unexpected events like natural disasters or civil unrest; so, make sure you understand these and stay up-to-date on any changes. 

If you're booking travel on your own, or use a few different solutions, now might be the time to consider consolidating your travel into one place. In doing this, you take the guesswork out of who to contact and who can help with any crisis management while abroad. 

Not only that, your TMC’s travel management software can be an amazing tool to keep your policy at the forefront of booking. At Corporate Traveler, our travel platform Melon is more than a booking tool, it houses your travel policy so your team can easily access the information they need, stay up to date with travel alerts, and so much more. 

Learn more about our corporate travel management platform , Melon. 

Put your people at the heart of your policy 

Effective travel risk management policies put your people at the heart of the process. Taking a proactive approach to travel risk management means involving travelers in the creation, enforcement, and updating of policies. You should also be providing them with resources so they can feel more informed and more secure while on their trips. 

To kick-off engaging travelers in the process, start with opening the dialogue between management, HR, your DE&I manager, and travelers. You could start with regular communication like check-ins, surveys, or training sessions. 

Develop a system for keeping track of changing information related to travel plans so that all stakeholders are aware of any updates or issues that may arise during a trip. It is also super important that your entire team is made aware of their responsibilities under the policy and how they should respond if something goes wrong during their travels. 

Take a preventative approach by providing resources such as maps, contact information for embassies and consulates, medical advice, advice on natural disasters or high-risk areas, etc. Doing that will help make sure that employees have all the necessary information before they set out on their trips. 

Lastly, providing access to support services away from home such as 24/7 emergency assistance teams can give employees peace of mind. Find out if your current corporate travel booking software has after-hours support. You (and they) need to know that there is someone to turn to if something goes wrong on the road. Visibility of the resources that are available and being able to access them quickly in times of need is definitely key when it comes to a successful corporate travel program. 

Review, adjust, and adapt 

It is important for companies to stay on top of changes that can affect the safety and security of their travelers. 

Put your policy through a process of regular assessment and updates so your company can make sure that the travel risk management policy is up-to-date, comprehensive, and does what it's supposed to do to protect your people on the road. 

Completing regular reviews should include working with your TMC to see what is working, what needs updating, and what other considerations should be made. We recommend a policy review every 3, 6, or 9 months. If that isn't possible for your company, yearly reviews at the very minimum, as you grow, have staffing changes, etc. 

Don't forget how important feedback from travelers and managers is when making any adjustments or adaptations. By doing this, you'll provide employees with a greater sense of confidence that their safety has been taken seriously. 

Ready to get started? Download our Effective Risk Management guide now!  

Translating Travel Management for Key Stakeholders

Corporate travel terminology can be somewhat opaque. “Managed travel,” for instance, does not refer to the general process of overseeing employee trips, but rather a specific set of practices designed to control the way employees purchase travel.

Every business trip an employee goes on creates a huge amount of data, which is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, this information – on trip cost, vendors used, itinerary details, booking method, and more – is critical for analyzing exactly how your company is spending on travel.

In the managed travel framework, employees are required to use a travel management company (TMC) and a corporate online booking tool (OBT) when planning trips. TMCs function like a corporate travel agent, helping employees book trips and securing contractually discounted rates with airlines, hotels, and other travel vendors. OBTs are tailored to ensure that employees book policy-compliant options.

For companies that have managed travel programs, it’s critical to measure the extent to which employees are using the official systems that are in place to control costs. The following key performance indicators help show how effective a company’s managed travel program is at driving policy compliance and generating cost savings.

Booking Visibility

To what extent are employees using approved booking channels? Booking visibility shows the amount spent through a TMC and OBT as a portion of total travel spending. The higher booking visibility, the better. Directing travel spending through an approved channel is important for data capture, and to take advantage of the discounted rates your company has with preferred vendors.

Payment Visibility

To what extent are travel purchases being made using a centrally controlled payment method, such as a corporate credit card? Payment visibility shows corporate card spend as a portion of total travel spends, which also includes employee expenses submitted for reimbursement.  Since expense reports are often incomplete, they’re more difficult to use for reporting purposes. In other words, low payment visibility makes it difficult for a company to analyze exactly how it is spending on employee travel.

Spend Under Contract

What portion of travel spending goes to the preferred airlines, hotels, and rental car companies with which your organization has contractually discounted rates? This KPI helps measure the influence of travel procurement on employees’ spending decisions. Negotiated rate agreements are the primary cost-control method of managed travel. If employees do not use a specified vendor, their company misses out on savings opportunities and may lose its discounted rates because it fails to meet the contractual spend requirement.

Contract Competitiveness

How do your negotiated airline, hotel, and rental car company rates compare to the undiscounted rates? Contract competitiveness is somewhat difficult to accurately assess, in large part because of the challenge of assigning a correct undiscounted rate to flights, hotel bookings, and car rentals. Available market rates fluctuate based on demand, so the fixed “rack rate” isn’t necessarily the relevant point of comparison. TMCs provide the data that allows a company to compare its negotiated rates against benchmarks from peer organizations. The larger an organization’s travel volume, the more competitive its contract rates tend to be.

Total Negotiated Savings

How much does your company save through its discounts with preferred travel vendors? Total negotiated savings multiply the dollar difference between the market and negotiated rate by the contracted volume of flight, hotel, or rental car bookings. It’s a measurement of how much more your travel expense would potentially be in the absence of negotiated discounts. However, it’s important to note that the realized savings will not be as great as these potential savings if the actual travel volume with preferred vendors is less than the contracted volume.

Cost of Travel Management

How much does your company spend on travel management services? TMCs can provide excellent value; they help negotiate discounted vendor rates, assist employees with trip bookings, and provide reporting. It’s important, however, to factor in the fees a TMC charge when calculating the total cost of employee travel.

Rocketrip provides all the necessary tools to manage your corporate travel and to turn cost savings into a rewarding experience that employees love. Learn more here .

Business Development & Strategic Partnerships Rocketrip | 14 e. 38th St, New York, NY 302.727.6777  |  [email protected]

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Travel Management, Expense Management and Workspace Optimisation

Framework Agreement Reference: SBS/19/SB/ZXS/9422

Framework Agreement Description

Reference: SBS/19/SB/ZXS/9422 Potential saving opportunities 10% – 20%

The Travel Management, Expense Management and Workspace Optimisation Framework Agreement provides a compliant route to access a range of travel management services, expense management and workspace optimisation services. The framework agreement boasts some award winning and industry leading providers. Covered within this framework are travel services including rail services, car hire, conference and events management, accommodation, airport parking and lounge services. The expense management arm of this framework enables a reduction of manual processing of expense claims and a better governance of expenditure. Workspace optimisation solutions, which sense activity within a meeting room or workspace, including desk spaces, provides real time and instant information on workspace availability for room visual displays or room booking systems. This framework agreement can save the NHS and public sector organisations valuable time and money in the procurement process.

Customer Framework Agreement Portal

Our Customer Framework Agreement Portal allows our customers to:

• Browse our range of framework agreements, with instant access to all associated documents.
• Search by keyword to easily find the information you’re looking for.
• Access support from our team of experts, who can advise on further competitions and answer any questions you might have.

Framework Agreement Information

What is the framework agreement duration? 01 May 2020 – 30 April 2024

Who can take advantage of the framework agreement? All Approved Organisations including both NHS and non-NHS / Wider Public Sector

What does this framework agreement cover?

• Rail (including Cross Channel)
• Domestic, European and International Air
• Ferry Services
• Accommodation, including Hotels
• Passport & Visa Services
• Airport Parking Services
• Coach Hire/Taxi’s/Private Cars
• Airport Lounges
• Conference and Event Planning
• Conference and Event Management
• Reduction of manual processing of expense claims by employees and accounts payable; better governance of expenditure claimed outside of policy (both for tax reporting and internal control / cost reduction) etc.

Workspace Optimisation

What are the benefits of using this framework agreement? OJEU COMPLIANCE A detailed procurement exercise has taken place to ensure that suppliers selected are appropriate in terms of meeting all legislative requirements. Therefore, no formal tendering is required, saving valuable time and money in the procurement process.

FLEXIBLE Customers will be able to tap into services and configure service offerings to meet individual organisational requirements. Suppliers will be expected to work in partnership with contracting authorities to develop and tailor services over the life of the contract.

CHOICE OF AWARD Contracting authorities have the ability to call off directly where the terms laid down in the framework agreement are precise enough or alternatively, a further competition can be conducted via the framework agreement.

INNOVATION The appointed suppliers will be able to introduce technological and cost-saving innovative services throughout the life of the agreement.

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Travel Management Services Framework

• Procurement
• Access information on current collaborative arrangements

The Department of Finance has awarded a single supplier Framework Agreement for travel management services.

Framework information

Project title:   ID 3346821 – Provision of Travel Management Services Framework for Northern Ireland Civil Service, Agencies, Non Departmental Public Bodies and other Participating Bodies .

The Contractor will provide:

• a fully managed service for all UK and international travel, accommodation and any other associated services that aid Business, Non-staff, Patient, Student and Security Personnel travel utilising digital self-service platforms and the reduction of avoidable contact where possible. The range of Travel Services will cover as a minimum Air, Rail, Ferry, Car Hire, Taxi / onward road travel, Car parking, Accommodation and Hotel Conferencing and travel insurance.
• a ‘one stop shop’ for all travel and travel related services to Clients which offers value for money while incorporating high quality service provision and meeting the needs of the individual travel requirements of the various Clients.

The framework is comprised of a single supplier framework agreement which allows clients to establish a call-off contract with the contractor to provide their travel services when required.

The individual call-off contracts from the framework will each be for three years, with the option to extend for two periods of up to 12 months each (making the maximum call-off contract duration five years).

Once the framework ends, it will not be possible to put in place any new call-off contracts, however those in place will continue until their end date.

Participating Bodies 

Only the Participating Bodies listed may avail of this Framework Agreement and establish a Call-Off Contract for the provision of their Travel services when required.

ID3346821 - Participating Bodies

Links to further Framework information

View information including -  Protocol, Non-Disclosure Agreement, Formation of a Call Off Contract, Specification, Terms and Conditions, Conditions of Contract for Services Contracts, Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract  

More information can be obtained from

CPD Collaborative Procurement Team

Email: [email protected]

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2 agreements found

Public sector global travel and venue solutions.

• Agreement ID: RM6164
• Start Date: 15/06/2020
• End Date: 15/06/2024

Book domestic and international travel, as well as meeting venues in the UK and overseas.

Travel and Venue Solutions

• Agreement ID: RM6217
• Start Date: 14/12/2021
• End Date: 13/12/2024

Central government and all wider public and third sector organisations can book air, rail, accommodation, meeting venues and additional travel services in the UK and overseas through leading travel suppliers.       

Travel Management

arrow_back Return to Frameworks

Framework Number: Y21005

Framework Period: 01 July 2021 - 30 June 2025

FTS Contract Arranged by: KCS Procurement Services

FTS Contract Notice: https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/001810-2021

FTS Award Notice: https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/027641-2021

Last Updated: 11 April 2024

Framework scope

The main purpose of this framework is to provide a service centred and easy to use online and offline travel booking service. This framework will be able to provide a place where customers can research, book and manage their travel requirements and any additional supporting services that they may require.

Requirements include, but are not limited to, the following applications:

• Booking online and offline
• Rail travel and cross channel rail services
• Air travel domestic, European and international
• Accommodation
• Conference event management and planning
• Travel visa services
• Other associated services

What are the benefits of using this framework?

• All our frameworks are  free to access
• This framework is  fully compliant  with the Public Contracts Regulations 2015
• Authorised participants can re-open competition within the framework,  removing the need for a full tender exercise  or lengthy supplier evaluation each time they have a travel management service requirement,  saving time and costs  associated with procurement exercises.
• Direct Award capability  – giving you a quick, easy and PCR15 compliant route to procurement.
• The terms and conditions are  safe  and designed to protect you
• Free and full support on using the framework through the Procurement Services team.
• You are able to benefit from  aggregated spend and lower pricing based  on the value of the overall contract, even on low spend orders.
• The framework will be  managed and monitored by Procurement Services  (acting for Kent County Council) on behalf of our customers and your views and requirements will be taken into account when reviewing and developing the contract.

Who can use this framework?

All public bodies have access to this agreement but may only do so with the agreement of the contracting authority. Those organisations who may wish to access this agreement will be members, affiliates and associates of the CBC Group, the police service, the fire service, the NHS & NHS Trusts, third sector organisations, academic centres (including academies), publicly funded organisations and publicly owned private companies, operating within the geographic boundaries of the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Northern Ireland. The agreement is also open for use by all other local authorities and public sector bodies.

How to access the framework

This framework allows for customers to place their orders via direct award or further competition. The customer is strongly advised to carry out their own due diligence before selecting whether they conduct a further competition or direct award with any of the awarded suppliers. The customer will determine the requirement, specification and award, based on the Most Economically Advantageous Tender (MEAT). Procurement Services takes no responsibility for the chosen contracting method of any individual customer.

General enquiries

Mujammel hussain.

Direct Channel Executive

Travel Management User Guide

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Medical Management System using Python with Complete Source code [By using Flask Framework]

Introduction Hospital Management System

The Hospital Management System is a web-based application designed to streamline the management of medical practices, providing a comprehensive platform for handling patient records, doctor information, appointment scheduling, and common administrative tasks. Built on the Flask framework with RESTful API endpoints, this system offers a modern and efficient solution for healthcare providers to organize their operations seamlessly.

Key Features:

Patient Management: Efficiently manage patient records, including personal information, medical history, and appointments. With dedicated endpoints for creating, updating, and retrieving patient data, healthcare providers can easily access vital patient information.

Doctor Management: Maintain a database of doctors, including their specialties, contact details, and availability. The system allows for the creation, modification, and retrieval of doctor profiles, facilitating effective communication and coordination among medical staff.

Appointment Scheduling: Streamline appointment scheduling processes with intuitive features for booking, rescheduling, and canceling appointments. The system provides a user-friendly interface for patients to request appointments and for administrators to manage appointment calendars.

Common Functionalities: In addition to patient and doctor management, the system includes common functionalities such as authentication, authorization, and error handling. These features ensure the security and reliability of the application while providing a seamless user experience.

Technologies Used:

Flask Framework: The application is built using the Flask framework, a lightweight and modular framework for building web applications in Python. Flask provides the foundation for creating RESTful APIs and serving dynamic web content.

Flask-Restful: To simplify the development of RESTful APIs, the application leverages Flask-Restful, an extension for Flask that provides tools for quickly building API endpoints.

JSON Configuration: Configuration settings such as host and port are stored in a JSON file, allowing for easy customization and deployment of the application.

Code Explanation:

This Python code sets up a Flask web application with RESTful API endpoints for managing patients, doctors, appointments, and common functionalities. Here’s a breakdown of what each part of the code does:

• Flask : This is the main Flask class, used to create the Flask web application.
• send_from_directory : A Flask function for serving static files.
• render_template : A Flask function for rendering HTML templates.
• Flask-Restful : An extension for Flask that adds support for quickly building REST APIs.
• Various custom modules ( Patients , Patient , Doctors , Doctor , Appointments , Appointment , Common ) from the package directory, which presumably contain the implementations for handling different resources in the API.
• json : For working with JSON data.

Loading configuration:

• The code loads configuration settings from a JSON file named config.json using the json.load() function. These settings likely include the host and port on which the Flask application should run.

Creating the Flask application and API:

• An instance of the Flask class is created with the name app .
• An instance of the Flask-Restful Api class is created with the app instance.

Adding RESTful resources:

• RESTful resources for managing patients ( Patients , Patient ), doctors ( Doctors , Doctor ), appointments ( Appointments , Appointment ), and common functionalities ( Common ) are added to the API using the api.add_resource() method.
• A route for the root URL '/' is defined using the @app.route() decorator. When users visit the root URL, the application will serve the index.html file from the static directory.

Running the application:

• Finally, the application is run using the app.run() method. The debug=True parameter enables debug mode, and the host and port are set based on the values loaded from the config.json file.

Required Modules:

In the provided project, several modules are required to build and run the Flask-based web application with RESTful API endpoints. Here are the required modules along with instructions on how to install them:

Flask : This is the main web framework used for building the application.

• Installation: You can install Flask using pip, the Python package installer. pip install Flask

Flask-Restful : This extension simplifies the process of building RESTful APIs in Flask.

• Installation: pip install flask-restful

JSON : This module is used for working with JSON data, particularly for loading configuration settings from a JSON file.

• JSON is a built-in module in Python, so no installation is required.

How to Run the Code:

To run the provided Python code, which sets up a Flask web application with RESTful API endpoints, follow these steps:

• Download the project Code:  Download the Project code from the given link, extract the folder then open the file app.py

Install Required Modules : Ensure that you have installed Flask and Flask-Restful by running the following commands in your terminal or command prompt:

pip install Flask

Pip install flask-restful.

Run the Application : Execute the Python script to start the Flask application. You can do this by running the script from the command line:

Source Code:

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Home » Europe » Moscow

EPIC MOSCOW Itinerary! (2024)

Moscow is the heart of Mother Russia. Just the mention of this city conjures images of colorful bulbous pointed domes, crisp temperatures, and a uniquely original spirit!

Moscow has an incredibly turbulent history, a seemingly resilient culture, and a unique enchantment that pulls countless tourists to the city each year! Although the warmer months make exploring Moscow’s attractions more favorable, there’s just something about a fresh snowfall that only enhances the appearance of the city’s iconic sites!

If you’re a first-time visitor to Moscow, or simply wanting to see as much of the city as possible, this Moscow itinerary will help you do just that!

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Best Time To Visit Moscow

Where to stay in moscow, moscow itinerary, day 1 itinerary in moscow, day 2 itinerary in moscow, day 3 and beyond, staying safe in moscow, day trips from moscow, faq on moscow itinerary.

Here is a quick look at the seasons so you can decide when to visit Moscow!

The summer months (June-August) are a great time to travel to Moscow to take advantage of the enjoyable mild temperatures. This is considered peak travel season. Bear in mind that hotel prices rise along with the temperatures!

If you’re planning a trip to Moscow during fall (September-November) try to plan for early fall. This way the temperatures will still be pleasant and winter won’t be threatening.

Russian winters (December-February) are not for the faint of heart as Napoleon learned to his peril. Some days the sun will be out for less than an hour, and snow is guaranteed. Although winters are exceptionally cold, this is when you’ll get a true glimpse of the Moscow experience!

The best time to visit Moscow is during spring  (March-May). The temperatures will begin to creep up and the sun begins to shine for significant portions of the day. Hotel rates will also have yet to skyrocket into peak ranges!

With a Moscow City Pass , you can experience the best of Moscow at the CHEAPEST prices. Discounts, attractions, tickets, and even public transport are all standards in any good city pass – be sure invest now and save them $$$ when you arrive!

Moscow is a large city with many accommodation options to choose from. Staying in a location that fits with your travel plans will only enhance your Moscow itinerary. Here is a brief introduction to a few great areas of the city we recommend checking out!

The best place to stay in Moscow to be close to all the action is Kitay-Gorod. This charming neighborhood will put you within walking distance to Moscow’s famous Red Square, thus cutting down on travel time. This will allow you to see more of the city in a shorter amount of time!

It’s surrounded by restaurants, cafes, bars, and shops. If you’re a first-time visitor to Moscow, or just planning a quick weekend in Moscow, then this area is perfect for you!

Another great area to consider is the Zamoskvorechye district. This area of the city offers a blend of new and old Moscow. It has an artsy vibe and there are plenty of fun sites you can explore outside of the main touristy areas of Moscow.

Of course, as in all areas of Moscow, it’s close to public transportation that will quickly connect you with the rest of the city and make your Moscow itinerary super accessible!

Best Airbnb in Moscow – Exclusive Apartment in Old Moscow

Modern and cozy, this apartment is in the heart of Old Moscow. Bordering the Basmanny and Kitay-Gorod districts, this two-bedroom flat is walking distance to the Kremlin and Red Square. Safe, quiet, and comfortable, this is the best Airbnb in Moscow, no question!

Best Budget Hotel in Moscow – Izmailovo Alfa Hotel

The Izmailovo Alfa Hotel is a very highly rated accommodation that provides all the components necessary for a comfortable trip to Moscow. There is an on-site restaurant, bar, fitness center, and an airport shuttle service. The rooms are modern and spacious and are equipped with a TV, heating/air conditioning, minibar, and more!

Best Luxury Hotel in Moscow – Crowne Plaza Moscow World Trade Centre

If you’re touring Moscow in luxury, the Crowne Plaza Moscow World Trade Centre is the hotel for you! Elegantly furnished rooms are equipped with a minibar, flat-screen TV,  in-room safes, as well as tea and coffee making facilities! Bathrooms come with bathrobes, slippers, and free toiletries. There is also an onsite restaurant, bar, and fitness center.

Best Hostel in Moscow – Godzillas Hostel

Godzillas Hostel is located in the center of Moscow, just a short walk from all the major tourist attractions and the metro station. Guests will enjoy all the usual hostel perks such as self-catering facilities, 24-hour reception, Free Wi-Fi, and security lockers. This is one of the best hostels in Moscow and its wonderful social atmosphere and will make your vacation in Moscow extra special!

An important aspect of planning any trip is figuring out the transportation situation. You’re probably wondering how you’re going to get to all of your Moscow points of interest right? Luckily, this sprawling city has an excellent network of public transportation that will make traveling a breeze!

The underground metro system is the quickest and most efficient way to travel around Moscow. Most visitors rely exclusively on this super-efficient transportation system, which allows you to get to pretty much anywhere in the city! It’s also a great option if you’re planning a Moscow itinerary during the colder months, as you’ll be sheltered from the snow and freezing temperatures!

If you prefer above-ground transportation, buses, trams, and trolleybuses, run throughout the city and provide a rather comfortable alternative to the metro.

Moscow’s metro, buses, trams, and trolleybuses are all accessible with a ‘Troika’ card. This card can be topped up with any sum of money at a metro cash desk. The ticket is simple, convenient, and even refundable upon return to a cashier!

No matter which method you choose, you’ll never find yourself without an easy means of getting from point A to point B!

Red Square | Moscow Kremlin | Lenin’s Mausoleum | St. Basil’s Cathedral  | GUM Department Store

Spend the first day of your itinerary taking your own self guided Moscow walking tour around the historic Red Square! This is Moscow’s compact city center and every stop on this list is within easy walking distance to the next! Get ready to see all of the top Moscow landmarks!

Day 1 / Stop 1 – The Red Square

• Why it’s awesome: The Red Square is the most recognizable area in Moscow, it has mesmerizing architecture and centuries worth of history attached to its name.
• Cost: Free to walk around, individual attractions in the square have separate fees. 
• Food nearby: Check out Bar BQ Cafe for friendly service and good food in a great location! The atmosphere is upbeat and they’re open 24/7!

The Red Square is Moscow’s historic fortress and the center of the Russian government. The origins of the square date back to the late 15th century, when Ivan the Great decided to expand the Kremlin to reflect Moscow’s growing power and prestige!

During the 20th century, the square became famous as the site for demonstrations designed to showcase Soviet strength. Visiting the Red Square today, you’ll find it teeming with tourists, who come to witness its magical architecture up close!

The square is the picture postcard of Russian tourism, so make sure to bring your camera when you visit! No matter the season, or the time of day, it’s delightfully photogenic! 

It’s also home to some of Russia’s most distinguishing and important landmarks, which we’ve made sure to include further down in this itinerary. It’s an important center of Russia’s cultural life and one of the top places to visit in Moscow!

In 1990, UNESCO designated Russia’s Red Square as a World Heritage site. Visiting this historic site is a true bucket-list event and essential addition to your itinerary for Moscow!

Day 1 / Stop 2 – The Moscow Kremlin

• Why it’s awesome: The Moscow Kremlin complex includes several palaces and cathedrals and is surrounded by the Kremlin wall. It also houses the principal museum of Russia (the Kremlin Armory).
• Cost: USD $15.00
• Food nearby: Bosco Cafe is a charming place to grat a casual bite to eat. They have excellent coffee and wonderful views of the Red Square and the Moscow Kremlin!

The iconic Moscow Kremlin , also known as the Kremlin museum complex, sits on Borovitsky Hill, rising above the Moscow River. It is a fortified complex in the center of the city, overlooking several iconic buildings in the Red Square!

It’s the best known of the Russian Kremlins – citadels or fortress’ protecting and dominating a city. During the early decades of the Soviet era, the Kremlin was a private enclave where the state’s governing elite lived and worked.

The Kremlin is outlined by an irregularly shaped triangular wall that encloses an area of 68 acres! The existing walls and towers were built from 1485 to 1495. Inside the Kremlin museum complex, there are five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers.

The Armoury Chamber is a part of the Grand Kremlin Palace’s complex and is one of the oldest museums of Moscow, established in 1851. It showcases Russian history and displays many cherished relics. Definitely make sure to check out this museum while you’re here!

The churches inside the Moscow Kremlin are the Cathedral of the Dormition, Church of the Archangel, Church of the Annunciation, and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki (a church tower).

The five-domed Cathedral of the Dormition is considered the most famous. It was built from 1475–1479 by an Italian architect and has served as a wedding and coronation place for great princes, tsars, and emperors of Russia. Church services are given in the Kremlin’s numerous cathedrals on a regular basis.

The Grand Kremlin Palace was the former Tsar’s Moscow residence and today it serves as the official workplace of the President of the Russian Federation (Vladimir Putin seems to have bagged that title for life) .

Insider Tip: The Kremlin is closed every Thursday! Make sure to plan this stop on your Moscow itinerary for any other day of the week!

Day 1 / Stop 3 – Lenin’s Mausoleum

• Why it’s awesome: The mausoleum displays the preserved body of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin .
• Cost: Free!
• Food nearby: Khinkal’naya is a charming Georgian restaurant with vaulted ceilings and exposed brick. It’s a popular place with locals and right next to the Red Square!

Lenin’s Mausoleum, also known as Lenin’s Tomb, is the modernist mausoleum for the revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. It’s located within the Red Square and serves as the resting place for the Soviet leader! His preserved body has been on public display since shortly after his death in 1924.

It’s located just a few steps away from the Kremlin Wall and is one of the most controversial yet popular Moscow attractions!

Admission is free for everyone, you’ll only need to pay if you need to check a bag. Before visitors are allowed to enter the mausoleum, they have to go through a metal detector first. No metal objects, liquids, or large bags are allowed in the mausoleum!

Expect a line to enter the building, and while you’re inside the building, you’ll be constantly moving in line with other visitors. This means you won’t be able to spend as long as you’d like viewing the mausoleum, but you’ll still be able to get a good look. Pictures and filming while inside the building are strictly prohibited, and security guards will stop you if they see you breaking this rule.

The mausoleum is only open on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday – unless it’s a public holiday or a day scheduled for maintenance. The hours it’s open for each day are limited, make sure to check online before you visit to make sure you can fit this into your Moscow itinerary for that day!

Insider Tip: The Lenin’s Museum is there for people to pay their respect; remember to keep silent and move along quickly, it’s not intended for people to congregate around. Also, men are not allowed to wear hats and everyone must take their hands out of their pockets when inside the building.

Day 1 / Stop 4 – St. Basil’s Cathedral

• Why it’s awesome: A dazzling designed cathedral that showcases Russia’s unique architecture. This cathedral is one of the most recognizable symbols of the country!
• Cost: USD $8.00
• Food nearby: Moskovskiy Chaynyy Klub is a cozy cafe serving food items and pipping hot tea; it’s the perfect place to go if you’re visiting Moscow during the winter months!

Located in the Red Square, the ornate 16th-century St. Basil’s Cathedral is probably the building you picture when you think of Moscow’s unique architecture. Its colorful onion-shaped domes tower over the Moscow skyline!

The cathedral was built from 1555-1561 by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. It was designed with an iconic onion dome facade and enchanting colors that captivate all who see it. Fun fact: If you’re wondering why Russian churches have onion domes, they are popularly believed to symbolize burning candles!

This iconic cathedral has become a symbol of Russia due to its distinguishing architecture and prominent position inside the Red Square. It’s one of the most beautiful, wonderful, and mesmerizing historical cathedrals in the world!

The interior of the church surprises most people when they visit. In contrast to the large exterior, the inside is not so much one large area, but rather a collection of smaller areas, with many corridors and small rooms. There are 9 small chapels and one mausoleum grouped around a central tower.

Visiting the inside is like walking through a maze, there are even small signs all around the cathedral tracing where to walk, and pointing you in the right direction! The walls are meticulously decorated and painted with intricate floral designs and religious themes.

The church rarely holds service and is instead a museum open for the public to visit.

Insider Tip: During the summer months the line to go inside the cathedral can get quite long! Make sure to arrive early or reserve your tickets online to guarantee quick access into the cathedral!

Day 1 / Stop 5 – GUM Department Store

• Why it’s awesome: This is Russia’s most famous shopping mall! It’s designed with elegant and opulent architecture and provides a real sense of nostalgia!
• Cost: Free to enter
• Food nearby: Stolovaya 57 is a cafeteria-style restaurant with a variety of inexpensive Russian cuisine menu items including soups, salads, meat dishes, and desserts. It’s also located inside the GUM department store, making it very easily accessible when you’re shopping!

The enormous GUM Department Store is located within the historic Red Square. It has a whimsical enchantment to it that sets it apart from your typical department store.

A massive domed glass ceiling lines the top of the building and fills the interior with natural sunlight. There are live plants and flowers placed throughout the mall that give the shopping complex a lively and cheerful feel! A playful fountain sits in the center, further adding to the malls inviting a sense of wonder and amusement!

The GUM department store opened on December 2, 1893. Today, it includes local and luxury stores, including Fendi, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and many more! There are numerous cafes, restaurants, and even a movie theater inside!

For a special treat, head into Gastronom 1. This 1950s-style shop sells gourmet food items, like wine, freshly-baked pastries, cheese, Russian chocolate, and of course, vodka! Also, be on the lookout for a bicycle pedaling ice cream truck with an employing selling ice cream!

The ambiance is simply amazing, a trip to this idyllic shopping mall is an absolute must on any Moscow itinerary!

Insider Tip: Make sure to carry some small change on you in case you need to use the restroom, you’ll need to pay 50 rubles – or about USD $0.80 to use the bathroom in GUM.

Wanna know how to pack like a pro? Well for a start you need the right gear….

These are packing cubes for the globetrotters and compression sacks for the  real adventurers – these babies are a traveller’s best kept secret. They organise yo’ packing and minimise volume too so you can pack MORE.

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Novodevichy Convent | Gorky Park | State Tretyakov Gallery | All-Russian Exhibition Center | Bolshoi Theater

On your 2 day itinerary in Moscow, you’ll have a chance to use the city’s excellent public transportation service! You’ll explore a few more of Moscow’s historic highlight as well as some modern attractions. These sites are a little more spread out, but still very easily accessible thanks to the metro!

Day 2 / Stop 1 – Novodevichy Convent

• Why it’s awesome: The Novodevichy Convent is rich in imperial Russian history and contains some of Russia’s best examples of classical architecture!
• Cost: USD $5.00
• Food nearby: Culinary Shop Karavaevs Brothers is a cozy and simple place to have a quick bite, they also have vegetarian options!

The Novodevichy Convent is the best-known and most popular cloister of Moscow. The convent complex is contained within high walls, and there are many attractions this site is known for! 

The six-pillared five-domed Smolensk Cathedral is the main attraction. It was built to resemble the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral and its facade boasts beautiful snowy white walls and a pristine golden onion dome as its centerpiece. It’s the oldest structure in the convent, built from 1524 -1525, and is situated in the center of the complex between the two entrance gates.

There are other churches inside the convent as well, all dating back from many centuries past. The convent is filled with an abundance of 16th and 17th-century religious artworks, including numerous large and extravagant frescos!

Just outside the convent’s grounds lies the Novodevichy Cemetery. Here, you can visit the graves of famous Russians, including esteemed authors, composers, and politicians. Probably the most intriguing gravestone belongs to Russian politician Nikita Khruschev!

The Novodevichy Convent is located near the Moscow River and offers a peaceful retreat from the busy city. In 2004, it was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The convent remains remarkably well-preserved and is an outstanding example of Moscow Baroque architecture! 

Insider Tip: To enter the cathedrals inside the complex, women are advised to cover their heads and shoulders, while men should wear long pants.

Day 2 / Stop 2 – Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure

• Why it’s awesome: A large amusement area in the heart of the city offering many attractions!
• Cost: Free! 
• Food nearby: Check out Mepkato, located inside Gorky Central Park for a casual meal in a cozy setting. There are indoor and outdoor seating options and the restaurant is child-friendly!

Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure is a large green space in the heart of Moscow. The park opened in 1928, and it stretches along the scenic embankment of the Moskva River. It covers an area of 300-acres and offers a lovely contrast from the compact city center.

You’ll find all sorts of wonderful attractions, from boat rides to bike rentals to tennis courts and ping-pong tables, and much more! there are an open-air cinema and festive events and concerts scheduled in the summer months.  A wide selection of free fitness classes is also offered on a regular basis, including jogging, roller skating, and dancing!

Although many of the options you’ll find here are more suited for outdoor leisure during the summer, you’ll also a selection of winter attractions, including one of Europe’s largest ice rinks for ice-skating!

If you’re trying to decide what to do in Moscow with kids, the park also offers several venues designed specifically for kids. Check out the year-round Green School which offers hands-on classes in gardening and art! You can also feed the squirrels and birds at the Golitsinsky Ponds!

The park is very well maintained and kept clean and the entrance is free of charge, although most individual attractions cost money. There is also Wi-Fi available throughout the park.

With so many attractions, you could easily spend all day here! If you’re only planning a 2 day itinerary in Moscow, make sure to plan your time accordingly and map out all the areas you want to see beforehand!

Day 2 / Stop 3 – The State Tretyakov Gallery

• Why it’s awesome: The gallery’s collection consists entirely of Russian art made by Russian artists!
• Food nearby : Brothers Tretyakovs is located right across the street from the gallery. It’s a wonderfully atmospheric restaurant serving top quality food and drinks!

The State Tretyakov Gallery was founded in 1856 by influential merchant and collector Pavel Tretyakov.  The gallery is a national treasury of Russian fine art and one of the most important museums in Russia!

It houses the world’s best collection of Russian art and contains more than 130, 000 paintings, sculptures, and graphics! These works have been created throughout the centuries by generations of Russia’s most talented artists!

The exhibits range from mysterious 12th-century images to politically charged canvases. The collection is rich and revealing and offers great insight into the history and attitudes of this long-suffering yet inspired people!

All pictures are also labeled in English. If you plan to take your time and see everything inside the museum it will take a good 3-4 hours, so make sure to plan your Moscow trip itinerary accordingly! This gallery is a must-see stop for art lovers, or anyone wanting to explore the local culture and history of Russia in a creative and insightful manner! 

Insider Tip: When planning your 2 days in Moscow itinerary, keep in mind that most museums in Moscow are closed on Mondays, this includes The State Tretyakov Gallery!

Day 2 / Stop 4 – All-Russian Exhibition Center

• Why it’s awesome: This large exhibition center showcases the achievements of the Soviet Union in several different spheres. 
• Food nearby: Varenichnaya No. 1 serves authentic and homestyle Russian cuisine in an intimate and casual setting.

The All-Russian Exhibition Center is a massive park that presents the glory of the Soviet era! It pays homage to the achievements of Soviet Russia with its many different sites found on the property.

The center was officially opened in 1939 to exhibit the achievements of the Soviet Union. It’s a huge complex of buildings and the largest exhibition center in Moscow. There are several exhibition halls dedicated to different achievements and every year there are more than one hundred and fifty specialized exhibitions!

The Peoples Friendship Fountain was constructed in 1954 and is a highlight of the park. The stunning gold fountain features 16 gilded statues of girls, each representing the former Soviet Union republics. 

The Stone Flower Fountain was also built in 1954 and is worth checking out. The centerpiece of this large fountain is a flower carved from stones from the Ural Mountains! Along the side of the fountain are various bronze sculptures.

You will find many people zipping around on rollerblades and bicycles across the large area that the venue covers. It’s also home to amusement rides and carousels, making it the perfect place to stop with kids on your Moscow itinerary! Make sure to wear comfortable shoes and allow a few hours to explore all the areas that interest you!

Day 2 / Stop 5 – Bolshoi Theater

• Why it’s awesome: The Bolshoi Theater is a historic venue that hosts world-class ballet and opera performances!
• Cost: Prices vary largely between USD $2.00 –  USD $228.00 based on seat location.
• Food nearby: Head to the Russian restaurant, Bolshoi for high-quality food and drinks and excellent service!

The Bolshoi Theater is among the oldest and most renowned ballet and opera companies in the world! It also boasts the world’s biggest ballet company, with more than 200 dancers!

The theater has been rebuilt and renovated several times during its long history. In 2011 it finished its most recent renovation after an extensive six-year restoration that started in 2005. The renovation included an improvement in acoustics and the restoration of the original Imperial decor.

The Bolshoi Theater has put on many of the world’s most famous ballet acts! Tchaikovsky’s ballet Swan Lake premiered at the theater in 1877 and other notable performances of the Bolshoi repertoire include Tchaikovsky’s The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker!

Today, when you visit the theater, you can expect a magical performance from skilled singers, dancers, and musicians with the highest level of technique!

If you don’t have time to see a show, the theater also provides guided tours on select days of the week. Tours are given in both Russian and English and will provide visitors with a more intimate look at the different areas of the theater!

The stage of this iconic Russian theater has seen many outstanding performances. If you’re a fan of the performing arts, the Bolshoi Theater is one of the greatest and oldest ballet and opera companies in the world, making it a must-see attraction on your Moscow itinerary!

Godzillas Hostel

Godzillas Hostel is located in the center of Moscow, just a short walk from all the major tourist attractions and the metro station.

• Towels Included

Cosmonautics Museum | Alexander Garden | Ostankino Tower | Izmaylovo District | Soviet Arcade Museum

Now that we’ve covered what to do in Moscow in 2 days, if you’re able to spend more time in the city you’re going to need more attractions to fill your time. Here are a few more really cool things to do in Moscow we recommend!

Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics

• Hear the timeline of the ‘space race’ from the Russian perspective
• This museum is fun for both adults and children!
• Admission is USD $4.00

The Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics is a museum dedicated to space exploration! The museum explores the history of flight, astronomy, space exploration, space technology, and space in the arts. It houses a large assortment of Soviet and Russian space-related exhibits, and the museum’s collection holds approximately 85,000 different items!

The museum does an excellent job of telling the full story of the exciting space race between the USSR and the US! It highlights the brightest moments in Russian history and humanity and is very interesting and fun for all ages!

If you’re a fan of space or just curious about gaining insight into Russia’s fascinating history of space exploration, make sure to add this to your 3 day itinerary in Moscow!

The Alexander Garden

• A tranquil place to relax near the Red Square
• Green lawns dotted with sculptures and lovely water features
• The park is open every day and has no entrance fee

The Alexander Garden was one of the first urban public parks in Moscow! The garden premiered in 1821 and was built to celebrate Russia’s victory over Napoleon’s forces in 1812!

The park is beautiful and well maintained with paths to walk on and benches to rest on. The park contains three separate gardens: the upper garden, middle garden, and lower garden.

Located in the upper garden, towards the main entrance to the park is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with its eternal flame. This monument was created in 1967 and contains the body of a soldier who fell during the Great Patriotic War!

The park stretches along all the length of the western Kremlin wall for about half a mile. Due to its central location in the city, it’ll be easily accessible when you’re out exploring The Red Square.

It provides a bit of relief from the city’s high-energy city streets. Bring a picnic lunch, go for a walk, or just sit and people watch, this is one of the best Moscow sites to wind-down and relax!

Ostankino Television Tower

• Television and radio tower in Moscow
• Currently the tallest free-standing structure in Europe
• Make sure you bring your passport when you visit, you can’t go up without it!

For spectacular views of the city, make sure to add the Ostankino Television Tower to your itinerary for Moscow! This impressive free-standing structure provides stunning views of the city in every direction. The glass floor at the top also provides great alternative views of the city!

It takes just 58 seconds for visitors to reach the Tower’s observation deck by super fast elevator. The tower is open every day for long hours and is a great site in Moscow to check out! There is even a restaurant at the top where you can enjoy rotating views of the city while you dine on traditional Russian cuisine or European cuisine!

The tower is somewhat of an architectural surprise in a city that is not known for skyscrapers! To see the city from a new perspective, make sure to add this stop to your Moscow itinerary!

Izmaylovo District

• The most popular attractions in this district are the kremlin and the flea market
• Outside of the city center and easy to reach via metro
• Most popular during the summer and on weekends

Travel outside the city center and discover a unique area of the city! The Izmaylovo District is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike, and one of the coolest places to see in Moscow! The two main attractions we recommend checking out are the Kremlin and the flea market.

The Izmailovo Kremlin was established as a cultural center and molded after traditional Russian architecture. This colorful complex is home to several single-subject museums, including a Russian folk art museum and a vodka museum!

Next to the Kremlin is the Izmailovo open-air market, which dates back to the 17th century! The market is connected to the Izmailovo Kremlin by a wooden bridge. Pick up all your Russian souvenirs here, including traditional handicrafts, paintings, books, retro toys, and Soviet memorabilia!

You will find many hand-made and hand-painted options available at higher prices, as well as mass-produced souvenir options at lower prices!

Museum of Soviet Arcade Games

• Closed on Mondays
• Filled with old arcade games that visitors get to try out!
• The museum also includes a small cafe and burger shop

For something a little different, check out the Museum of Soviet Arcade Games! The museum features roughly 60 machines from the Soviet era, including video games, pinball machines, and collaborative hockey foosball! The machines inside the museum were produced in the USSR in the mid-1970s.

The best part is, most of the games are still playable! Purchase tickets and try the games out for yourself! The museum also has a neat little screening room that plays old Soviet cartoons and an area with Soviet magazines! This unique attraction is a fun addition to a 3 day itinerary in Moscow, and an attraction that all ages will enjoy! 

Whether you’re spending one day in Moscow, or more, safety is an important thing to keep in mind when traveling to a big city! Overall, Moscow is a very safe place to visit. However, it is always recommended that tourists take certain precautions when traveling to a new destination!

The police in Moscow is extremely effective at making the city a safe place to visit and do their best to patrol all of the top Moscow, Russia tourist attractions. However, tourists can still be a target for pickpockets and scammers.

Moscow has a huge flow of tourists, therefore there is a risk for pickpocketing. Simple precautions will help eliminate your chances of being robbed. Stay vigilant, keep your items close to you at all times, and don’t flash your valuables!

If you’re planning a solo Moscow itinerary, you should have no need to worry, as the city is also considered safe for solo travelers, even women. Stay in the populated areas, try and not travel alone late at night, and never accept rides from strangers or taxis without a meter and correct signage.

The threat of natural disasters in Moscow is low, with the exception of severe winters when the temperature can dip below freezing! Bring a good, warm jacket if you visit in Winter.

However, please note that Russian views on homsexuality are far less accepting than those in Western Europe. Likewise, Non-Caucasian travellers may sadly encounter racism in Russia .

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Now that we’ve covered all the top things to see in Moscow, we thought we’d include some exciting day trips to other areas of the country!

Sergiev Posad (Golden Ring)

On this 7-hour guided tour, you’ll visit several scenic and historic areas of Russia. Start your day with hotel pick-up as you’re transferred by a comfortable car or minivan to Sergiev Posad. Admire the charming Russian countryside on your drive and enjoy a quick stop to visit the Russian village, Rudonezh!

You’ll see the majestic Saint Spring and the Church of Sergiev Radonezh. You’ll also visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, one of the most famous Orthodox sites in Russia!

Lastly, you’ll swing by the local Matreshka market and enjoy a break in a nice Russian restaurant before returning to Moscow!

Day Trip to Vladimir and Suzdal

On this 13-hour trip, you’ll discover old Russia, with its picturesque landscapes and white-stoned beautiful churches! You’ll visit the main towns of the famous Golden Ring of Russia – the name for several cities and smaller towns north-east of Moscow.

Your first stop will be in the town of Vladimir, the ancient capital of all Russian principalities. The city dates back to the 11th century and is one of the oldest and the most important towns along the Ring! Next, you’ll visit Suzdal, a calm ancient Russian town north of Vladimir with only 13,000 inhabitants!

The old-style architecture and buildings of Suzdal are kept wonderfully intact. If you’re spending three days in Moscow, or more, this is a great option for exploring the charming areas outside the city!

Zvenigorod Day Trip and Russian Countryside

On this 9-hour private tour, you’ll explore the ancient town of Zvenigorod, one of the oldest towns in the Moscow region! As you leave Moscow you’ll enjoy the stunning scenery along the Moscow River, and make a few stops at old churches along the way to Zvenigorod.

Upon arrival, you’ll explore the medieval center, including the 14th-century Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery. Next, you’ll take a break for lunch (own expense) where you’ll have the chance to try out the Russian cuisine! Next, you’ll visit the Museum of Russian Dessert and sip on tea at a Russian tea ceremony.

The final stop of the day is at the Ershovo Estate, a gorgeous place to walk around and enjoy nature!

Day Trip to St Petersburg by Train visiting Hermitage & Faberge

On this full-day tour, you’ll enjoy a a full round trip to St Petersburg where you’ll spend an exciting day exploring another popular Russian city! You’ll be picked up from your hotel in Moscow and be transferred to the train station where you’ll ride the high-speed train ‘Sapsan’ to St Petersburg.

Upon arrival, you’ll start the day by touring the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace. Next, you’ll visit the Faberge Museum, where you’ll explore the impressive collection of rare Faberge Eggs! In the afternoon, enjoy a sightseeing boat ride and a traditional 3-course Russian lunch.

If you’re spending 3 days in Moscow, or more, this is an excellent trip to take!

Trip to Kolomna – Authentic Cultural Experience from Moscow

On this 10-hour tour, you’ll escape the city and travel to the historic town of Kolomna! First, you’ll visit the 14th-century Kolomna Kremlin, home to the Assumption Cathedral and an abundance of museums!

Next, enjoy lunch at a local cafe (own expense) before embarking on a tour of the Marshmallow Museum – of course, a marshmallow tasting is provided!  Your final stop is the Museum of Forging Settlements, where displays include armor and accessories for fishing and hunting.

Discover this beautiful Russian fairytale city on a private trip, where all of the planning is taken care of for you!

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Find out what people want to know when planning their Moscow itinerary.

How many days you need in Moscow?

We recommend that you spend at least two or three days in Moscow to take it all in.

What’s the best month to visit Moscow?

The best time to visit Moscow is over the spring, from March to May as temperatures are mild, crowds are thin and prices are reasonable.

What are some unusual things to do in Moscow?

I mean, queuing up to see an almost 100 year old corpse is pretty unsual! Check out Lenin’s Mausoleum if you fancy it!

What are some fun things to do in Moscow?

The Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics is a fun place to explore the famous space race from the perspective of the ‘other side’!

We hope you enjoyed our Moscow itinerary! We’ve made sure to cover all the Moscow must-sees as well as some unique attractions in the city! Our addition of insider tips, favorite food stops, and day trips from Moscow is an added bonus and will guarantee you make the most out of your exciting Russian vacation!

Immerse yourself in the modern and traditional Russian lifestyle! Get lost in museums, witness awe-inspiring architecture, and indulge in Russian cuisine! Spend the day strolling through all of the charming sites of Moscow, admiring the beautiful scenery and discovering the city’s fairytale-like enchantment!

And for transparency’s sake, please know that some of the links in our content are affiliate links . That means that if you book your accommodation, buy your gear, or sort your insurance through our link, we earn a small commission (at no extra cost to you). That said, we only link to the gear we trust and never recommend services we don’t believe are up to scratch. Again, thank you!

Alya and Campbell

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Planning a trip to Moscow? Our travel guide contains up-to-date, personal information on everything from what to see , to when to visit , where to stay , and what to eat !

• General Information
• What to see
• How to get to Moscow
• Where to stay
• Where to eat

Why visit Moscow?

Majestic churches, impressive historic fortresses, and palatial buildings: Moscow is a fascinating city whose emblematic architecture reflects the turbulent history that has defined Russia throughout the centuries.

The traces of the USSR can be found around every corner of the city , side by side with the iconic relics of Imperial Russia , like the mythical Red Square , the imposing Kremlin , and the beautiful  St Basil's Cathedral . 

Discover a fascinating world of Cold War bunkers, golden-domed basilicas, world-class art museums, and the legendary "palace of the people,"  as the Moscow Metro has been nicknamed. Whether you fancy watching a classical Russian ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre , perusing the fine arts at the Pushkin Museum , or marveling at the sheer size of the monuments to the Soviet state's achievements at the  All-Russia Exhibition Centre , this travel guide will help you on your way!

Where to start?

If you're going to travel to Moscow and you don't know much about the city yet, the first thing to do is to dive into its legendary history - understanding the past will help you understand the present. Next, check out our practical hints and tips on traveling to the city before discovering which of its most important museums , monuments , and attractions pique your interest.

Looking for a place to stay?

Booking your accommodation in advance is the best way to get great discounts. Our detailed guide on where to stay in Moscow  will help you decide which neighborhood you'd like to look for hotels or apartments in, and our hotel search engine will find you the best deals!

Why is our Moscow travel guide the best?

Introducing Moscow is a  city guide written by travelers for travelers  and contains personalized advice to help you make the most of your trip to the city.

All the information in this guide is valid as of December 2022. If you find any errors or have any comments, please feel free to contact us .

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• top attractions
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