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Rostov the Great, Russia

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Why visit rostov the great.

Founded in 862, fabulous Rostov the Great or Rostov Veliky (do not confuse it with Rostov-on-Don) is situated on the sparkling Lake Nero's shores and is known as a tourist center of the famous Golden Ring itinerary . The scenic town with more than a thousand years of history boasts a huge number of cultural monuments. Some of them are considered to be especially valuable cultural heritage sites.

Rostov has dozens of amazing sites. The most significant must-see on your Rostov tour is definitely the Rostov Kremlin , placed in the historic town center. The Kremlin was originally built not as a fortress but as a residence of the local church leader. The Yaroslavo-Rostovsky Museum is a treasure trove of Russian icon art, while the other Rostov churches hold many of their own beautiful frescoes.

Attractions of Rostov Veliky

Another outstanding landmark worth seeing during your Rostov travel is Abraham monastery . Founded in the 11th century, it has the honorary title of one of Russia's oldest monasteries. 

The Borisoglebsky Monastery sits 18 km from Rostov. The monastery was founded in the 14th century by two monks who supported St. Sergiy. It is believed that St. Sergiy himself selected the location for the monastery. It was often visited by Russian princes and tsars, including Ivan the Terrible, who came to the monastery three times and made more than twenty donations. In 1994, the Borisoglebsky Monastery witnessed a revival after the dark Soviet times. Nowadays, it is a male monastery and a branch of the "Rostov Kremlin" museum sanctuary.

If you decide to switch from historical highlights to picturesque nature views, consider visiting the Rostov City Park located in a natural beauty spot on Lake Nero's shore. Spectacular city festivals are organized annually on the park boardwalk and delight the visitors with fantastic parades, theatrical plays, reconstruction battles, and other breathtaking events. All these will certainly turn your Rostov journey into an exciting adventure.

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Things to Do in Rostov, Russia - Rostov Attractions

Things to do in rostov.

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• Things to do ranked using Tripadvisor data including reviews, ratings, photos, and popularity.

1. State Museum Preserve Rostov Kremlin

2. Yakovlevsky Savior Monastery

3. Trinity-Sergius Varnitsky Monastery

4. Deer-symbol of Rostov the Great

5. Assumption Cathedral

6. Church of St. John the Evangelist

7. Rostov Finifti Museum

9. Museum of the Frog Princess

10. Dom Remyosel

11. Khors Art Gallery

12. Lukova Sloboda

13. The Church of St Isidore

14. Gate-Church of St John Divine

15. Monastery of St Avraam

16. Church of the Virgin Hodegetria

17. The Museum of Rostov Merchants

18. Church of the Resurrection of Christ

19. Water Tower

20. Nero Lake

21. Mitropolichiy Garden

22. Church of the Saviour on Anteroom

23. Museum Rostovskoye Podvorye

24. Memorial Cross

25. Zvonnitsa Uspenskogo Sobora

26. Museum of Church Antiquities

27. Church of St. Gregory the Theologian

28. Museum Bells and Small Bells

29. Zhar Ptitsa forge

30. Gingerbread House of Merchants Smyslovykh Rostov Gingerbread

What travelers are saying.

• State Museum Preserve Rostov Kremlin
• Yakovlevsky Savior Monastery
• Trinity-Sergius Varnitsky Monastery
• Rostov Finifti Museum
• Museum of the Frog Princess
• Mitropolichiy Garden
• City Garden
• Deer-symbol of Rostov the Great

Rostov, Russia

Tours, Attractions and Things To Do in Rostov

Perhaps the most exciting walk along the route of the Golden Ring awaits you in Rostov. This ancient city has preserved the unique atmosphere of medieval Russia thanks to its many monuments - ancient castles, churches, monasteries ... This unique heritage of the past testifies about the rich and long history of the city. Rostov is indeed one of the oldest Russian cities. It is mentioned in the chronicles from 862.

The background of Rostov tells that those lands were originally inhabited by pagan Finno-Ugric tribes, the Merya, who founded Sarskoye settlement there. Only in the 10th – 11th centuries the territory of Rostov became inhabited by Slavs who came from the north. In 988 Rostov lands were given to the great Russian ruler, Yaroslav the Wise. Then they were passed to his son Vsevolod and later, his grandson, Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants, Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogoliubsky etc. From the 10th to the 12th century Rostov along with Suzdal was the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. Later, the center of principality moved to Vladimir.

In the beginning of the 13th century the independent principality of Rostov emerged. It was the time of the city’s unprecedented economic and cultural progress. The city grew with newly built churches, fortresses, palaces, and temples. Rostov became one of the largest cities in the northeast Russia. It was even called Rostov the Great, like Novgorod. No other city in Russia was granted such an honor. But the rapid prosperity of the city was interrupted by the Mongol invasion in 1238. However, the city quickly regained its grandeur. The infighting among the rulers of Rostov split it into separate parts. In the 13th century it was divided into Rostov, Yaroslavl and Uglich principalities. Using the weakness of the local rulers, Moscow princes took possession of Rostov lands. In the 15th century Rostov was fully annexed by Moscow.

In the times of Great Troubles Rostov was burned down and looted by the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. The end of the century in Rostov saw the beginning of the so-called Rostov Kremlin, the residence of Rostov metropolitans.

Besides, Rostov is famous for being the birthplace of St. Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The best souvenirs, brought from Rostov, will be the products with the famous Rostov “finift’” – the enamel painting.

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The Kremlin of Rostov the Great: Last Masterpiece of medieval Russia

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian chemist and photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky invented a complex process for vivid, detailed color photography. Inspired to use this new method to record the diversity of the Russian Empire, he photographed numerous historic sites during the decade before the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917.

In 1911, Prokudin-Gorsky visited Rostov Veliky, or Rostov the Great, located some 130 miles northeast of Moscow. Rostov is one of the earliest historically attested towns in Russia. It was first mentioned under 862 in the ancient chronicle "Tale of Bygone Years."  Prokudin-Gorsky traveled to Rostov not only to photograph its monumental architecture, but also its Museum of Antiquities, whose august patron was Nicholas II. My own photographs were taken during several visits from 1988 through 2013.

Rostov's main architectural ensemble is its majestic kremlin, which rises above the north shore of Lake Nero. Although most of the ensemble was not built until the 17th century, this citadel conveys an unforgettable sense of Rostov's importance for medieval Russia.

A valuable patron

The ensemble’s original designation was the Court of the Metropolitan, in recognition of its founder, Metropolitan Jonah of Rostov. After Patriarch, Metropolitan is the highest ecclesiastical rank in the Russian Orthodox Church. An ambitious, dynamic church leader, Jonah Sysoevich (ca. 1607-90) was the son of a country priest named Sysoi. Tonsured at the Resurrection Monastery in Uglich, he rose through the regional monastic hierarchy and in 1652 was appointed Metropolitan of Rostov by the newly elected Patriarch Nikon in Moscow.

Jonah had at his command land holdings and villages with some 16,000 peasants, as well as the best craftsmen and artists of a large, prosperous diocese. Within 20 years — between 1670 and 1690 — Jonah's builders erected not only several large churches and other buildings for the Metropolitan's Court and residence, but also magnificent walls with towers and gate churches.

Among Prokudin-Gorsky’s several photographs of the kremlin is a view north from the Metropolitan’s Chambers. On the right is the superb Church of the Resurrection, located over the north Holy Gate, which served as the main entrance to the kremlin from Cathedral Square.

Architectural treasures

Built in 1670, the Resurrection Church was one of the earliest churches within the ensemble. Its extended base supports an enclosed gallery on the south and west. The main structure is crowned by five soaring cupolas topped with ornamental iron crosses. Its interior, also photographed by Prokudin-Gorsky, is covered with frescoes and will be the subject of a subsequent article. On the wall to the left of the church is a small bell pavilion.

The Rostov kremlin walls, supported by massive arches, resemble the late 17th-century walls of the St. Cyril-Belozersk Monastery in Kirillov, which was intended to serve as a mighty fortress guarding the Russian North. The Rostov kremlin, however, was never intended for military purposes, and its walls are solely for the imposing effect desired by Jonah.

Visible beyond the walls on the left is the upper part of the Dormition Cathedral, first built of stone in the mid-12th century and rebuilt twice thereafter. Its final form, erected in 1508-1512, was modeled on the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow kremlin, thus symbolizing the spiritual unity of the Muscovite realm.

As with many other major Russian churches, the Dormition Cathedral’s original curved roofline was later replaced with a simpler sloped roof visible in Prokudin-Gorsky’s photograph. My photographs show the post-war restoration to the earlier roofline that followed the contours of the semicircular gables ( zakomary ). My more recent views also show changes in the color of the Resurrection Church walls.

Otherwise, a comparison of our photographs shows few changes over the decades. This stability is in no small measure due to the remarkable success of an early Russian preservation effort. With the transfer of the metropolitanate from Rostov to Yaroslavl in 1787 the Rostov kremlin rapidly fell into decay. Many of its buildings were used as warehouses, and there were thoughts of demolishing structures for their brick.

Fortunately, in the late 19 th century Rostov merchants gathered funds to maintain the ensemble. In 1883 the White Chamber, built as a banquet hall for the Metropolitan of Rostov, opened as a museum of church antiquities, predecessor of the current distinguished Rostov Kremlin Museum. Thus through local pride Metropolitan Jonah’s visionary project was preserved for Prokudin-Gorsky and many subsequent generations.

In the early 20th century the Russian photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky invented a complex process for color photography. Between 1903 and 1916 he traveled through the Russian Empire and took over 2,000 photographs with the new process, which involved three exposures on a glass plate. In August 1918 he left Russia with a large part of his collection of glass negatives and ultimately resettled in France. After his death in Paris in 1944, his heirs sold his collection to the Library of Congress. In the early 21st century the Library digitized the Prokudin-Gorsky Collection and made it freely available to the global public. A number of Russian websites now have versions of the collection. In 1986 the architectural historian and photographer William Brumfield organized the first exhibit of Prokudin-Gorsky photographs at the Library of Congress. Over a period of work in Russia beginning in 1970, Brumfield has photographed most of the sites visited by Prokudin-Gorsky. This series of articles will juxtapose Prokudin-Gorsky’s views of architectural monuments with photographs taken by Brumfield decades later. 

Read more:  The Massive Walls of Solovki: From Prokudin-Gorsky to the present

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The Best Day Trips From Rostov-on-Don

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Rostov-on-Don (known as Rostov to locals) is the gateway to the Northern Caucasus region. Nowadays it has become Russia’s largest and most exciting city with a fascinating history to explore on its monumental streets with squares and green parks. It makes a pleasant stopover on the Black Sea coast and a good base for several interesting day trips in the area and here are several getaway options, which you absolutely shouldn’t miss if you’re here. These destinations are unforgettable.

https://www.instagram.com/p/BXDXKssBE1b/?taken-by=tagan.rog

1. Taganrog

This excursion route goes through an old town with a famous stone staircase, old merchant mansions and kiosks. You’ll be able to see the monument of Peter I, the founder of Taganrog, the house where the playwright Chekhov was born and the famous book and souvenir shop.

Chekhov’s house, 69 Taganrog, Rostovskaya Oblast, Russia , +7 863 439 4276 https://www.instagram.com/p/BYGqWxhgRji/?taken-by=novocherkassk_gl

2. Novocherkassk City

During an excursion around Novocherkassk, you will discover everything you need to know about the history of the Don Host Province, the Cossacks and the impressive Ascension Cathedral, which was one of the largest churches of the Russian Empire when it was built.

Ermaka prosp., Novocherkassk, Rostovskaya Oblast, Russia,

Ascenscion Cathedreal | ©Alexxx1979/WikiCommons

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4. Tanais – the Secret Town and Museum

Take a historical tour to the archaeological museum and the ancient Greek town of Tanais, and you’ll see the remains of the fortress walls and towers along with local old buildings. If you’re feeling creative, why not attend a handicraft lesson in the museum? It’s fun and you might even get a certificate. Tanais, Rostov Oblast, Russia https://www.instagram.com/p/BYdZQDCHv1J/?tagged=%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8C

5. The Kerch Peninsula

The Kerch Peninsula is probably the only place in the Crimea, where magnificent landscapes, an azure sea and velvet beaches are not the main attractions. Kerch is the Crimean peninsula’s oldest town and its main treasures are its monuments of history and culture. Stroll along ancient streets, see centuries-old ruins, buildings and statues. Then head to Kerch’s outskirts – Adzhimushkay settlement. The burial vault for one of the Bosporian kings is striking in tis originality and architectural forms: it consists of an unusual stone corridor and unique burial room. Kerch, Russia https://www.instagram.com/p/BYdK6ACALZG/?tagged=%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0

6. Alushta and Chatyr-Dag

You can reach Alushta from Rostov-On-Don, as any other corner of the Crimea, through the main transportation gates of the peninsula, Simferopol. Take a bus or a cab to Luchistoye village, and from there climb up along one of the tourist paths on one of the most mysterious Crimean mountains – Demerdzhi. Look at the ruins of the medieval castle Funa and the Greek Church, then visit the Haunted Valley – the western slope of the hill, covered with stone sculptures of mythical creatures. Devote the next day to another mountain massif, Chatyr-Dag – you can probably see the whole southern coast of Crimea from its top. As you’re here, you should also visit three unique karstic caves situated on the lower plateau of Chatyr-Dag. Luchistoye

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Top Ten Lists ‎ > Top 10 Best Preserved Medieval Cities In Europe

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Top 25 Medieval Cities in Europe:

The Middle Ages may have been a time of change and turmoil in Europe, but it is also where we got much of our modern-day folklore.  Everything from knights in shining armor, grand castles, royal courts, and even Braveheart have been used to create amazing fairy tales.  Stories of Robin Hood, witches, wizards, dragon slayers and more spread like wildfire.  These stories were fantasies to escape the troubles of the day, but their cultural influence was as significant as any Medieval event.

Since this amazing era of history ended, countless cities in Europe have managed to retain their Medieval elements, architecture, charm, and flair.  From mighty walled cities, to small villages with castles, and Gothic meccas, there are a lot of well-preserved Medieval towns to visit in Europe.  It was with the spirit of the folklore combined with the preserved old world elements that helped us forge our list of the best Medieval cities in Europe.  After long consideration, here are the top 25 Medieval Cities in Europe to visit; plus a few extras.

1. Prague, Czech Republic :

About Prague : With a city center largely untouched by WW2 bombings that crushed other national capitals, Prague is the best preserved large Medieval city in Europe.  Some of the other Medieval towns in Europe may be more compact or have their city walls preserved, but Prague has an unmatched vibe that helps bring you back to the past.  We love that Prague as it is big enough to be impressive, yet cozy enough to feel warm and inviting.  With rich architecture, thriving culture, top-notch drinking, and even a huge urban castle , Prague is our favorite Medieval city in Europe.  If you travel to feel like you’ve gone to another world with an entirely different culture, then you’ll love this historic getaway.

The unique architecture of Prague really stands out especially with the Medieval facade in Prague is the Church of Our Lady Before Týn dominating the Old Town Square, our favorite  The Gothic towers peer down at colorful buildings with playful names like the Storch House and House of Gold Ring, as well as the oldest operational astronomical clock in the world.  There are nearly a dozen Gothic watchtowers in town, including two you can climb at either end of the famous Charles Bridge which is magical at dusk.  The bridge also leads to the sprawling Prague Castle , where you can roam the grounds just like the Kings of Bohemia and Medieval alchemists once did.

Having visited dozens of Medieval cities in Europe, Prague especially won us over after dark .  In the evening, Prague’s cobblestone streets glow with a yellow hue from decorative lamps, shadows play on the facades of the colorful homes, and you feel the silent power of the watchtowers that still guard almost every block of Old Town.

Especially exciting at night are the two Medieval taverns that operate in Prague.  Near Prague Castle, the Barbant Medieval Tavern is an underground labyrinth decorated with human skulls that has been open since 1375 .  We love their authentic food from the Middle Ages and the live performers ranging from belly dancing to fire-breathing.  With snakes, fire, drums, and dancers, the Medieval Spider in Old Town will also send you back in time and has been featured on many famous TV shows.  Inbewteen the two taverns is also one of the best Medieval torture device museums in the world!

Other Medieval Alternatives Nearby : Near Prague, you can also get the Medieval experience at the colorful village of Karlovy Vary with its natural moat, the picturesque Karlštejn Castle built for the Holy Roman Empire’s crown jewels, or the Bone Chapel made out of 40,000 human skeletons in Kutná Hora.

Read More : Our Prague Travel Guide .

2. Rothenburg, Germany :

About Rothenburg : The quaint German village of Rothenburg seems frozen in time, Medieval times that is.  There probably isn’t a more authentic feeling Medieval city in Europe from top to bottom than the largely untouched Rothenburg ob der Tauber.  The village grew around the royal castle of Germany’s King Conrad III and became a powerhouse in the Middle Ages thanks to its position at the crossroads of important European trade routes.  With Free Imperial Statue, Rothenburg was the 2nd largest city in Germany in the year 1400, but poverty following the 30 Years War in the 1600s put the village to sleep and helped keep it extremely well preserved.

Today, most of the original city walls still stand circling the village, while trying with all of its might to contain Rothenberg’s Medieval magic.  The elaborate city gates, colorful half-timber homes, cobblestone streets, and narrow passageways will make you feel like you left the real world and stepped onto a movie set.  It’s no wonder that elements from Rothenburg are featured in many Disney movies from Pinocchio ( 1940 ) to Beauty and the Beat ( 2017 ).  From the famous Christmas Market ( started in the 1440s ) to the postcard-perfect views of Plönlein Corner, you’ll be snapping photos left and right!

Once you wrap your head around Rothenberg’s beauty, you’ll find there is actually a lot to do here as well.  We love exploring the famous Medieval Criminal Museum , visiting the Imperial City Museum, and walking on top of the romantic city wall.  The covered Medieval wall is absolutely breathtaking to stroll around at sunset when most the tourist hoards are long gone.  Throw in an old Blacksmith shop, a lively market square, plus great mom-n-pop pubs, and you’ll feel like you have traveled hundreds of years into the past in no time.

We love the finding the hidden features of Rothenburg, but the best activity is joining the unbelievably entertaining 1 hour Night Watchman’s Tour after dark.  We would make the trip for the witty Night Watchman alone as he walks you through the duties of the Watchmen and the history of Rothenberg with a mixture of humor and education.  Rothenberg is the perfect Medieval village in Europe to visit if you are looking for authenticity, fun, and adventure!

Other Medieval Alternatives Nearby : Just to the South of Rothenburg along the Romantic Road are two other well preserved Medieval villages, Nördlingen and Dinkelsbühl.  Nördlingen is particularly interesting as it is almost a perfect circle from the air because it was built in the crater of an ancient meteorite.  A fragment of the meteorite is on display at the town museum.

Read More : Our Rothenburg Travel Guide .

3. Mont Saint Michel, France :

About Mont Saint Michel : The dreamy village of Mont Saint Michel is frickin awesome!  The unbelievably small town only has 44 residents , but they get to live one of the most magical experiences in Europe on a daily basis.  The village sits on top of a large rock formation sticking out of the ocean just off France’s Northern coast.  The rock is capped by a huge cathedral which looks as if it were being supported by the homes and shops below that hug the sides of the formation.  The iconic silhouette Mont Saint Michel was even used in Disney’s Tangled ( 2014) as the city that Rapunzel was from.

The tiny Mont Saint Michel is probably the most unspoiled Medieval city in Europe as it has remained virtually the same over the centuries.  This is partly to do with the Mont’s small footprint, but also because for centuries you could only reach the town during low tide by crossing the tidal basin before the oceans rushed back in.  At times the crossing could be somewhat dangerous as it is a good 30-minute walk from the coast.  In 2013 an elevated road was completed making Mont Saint Michel accessible 24 hours a day, replacing an older basic road, and took the guesswork out of visiting with the tides.  If you are in Northern France or Paris you really need to visit or stay overnight in the gem of a true Medieval city.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : The walled village of Saint-Malo sits nearby jutting out into the ocean like a beachy citadel.  Just South of Mont Saint Michel is a line of some of the best Medieval cities to visit in Europe.  These included the fairytale city of Vitré and the half-timbered Le Mans.

4. Siena, Italy :

About Siena :   Siena’s old world charm rivals any European city and it needs to be toward the top of any itinerary for Italy.  This Tuscan paradise has a vibe that is a mash-up of Medieval and early Renaissance elements which is perfectly accented by its amazing food and wine.  There may not be a more authentic feeling town in Tuscany so it’s no wonder restaurant chains like the Olive Garden have tried to copy Siena’s magic.

In the center of Siena is Piazza del Campo , which was laid out in the 1300s and is considered the greatest Medieval square in Italy.  Shaped like an inverted clamshell, the popular square still serves as Siena’s focal point with visitors relaxing and people watching all day.  Not only is Il Campo lined with some of the best preserved Medieval mansions in Europe, but it is also home to the famous Palio di Siena horse race which has been active since the 1200s.  Twice a year 30,000 fans pack the square to watch ten of Siena’s 17 contrade ( districts ) complete in the exciting race.

Two of the most impressive buildings from the Middles Ages are also in Siena.  The first is Palazzo Pubblico ( Town Hall ) which sits on the main square and houses some of the best Medieval frescos in Europe.  The town hall also has the Tower of the Eater (Torre del Mangia) which you can climb and was the tallest in Italy when it was completed in 1348 at 289-feet-tall.  The other major structure is the famous Cathedral of Siena ( Duomo ) which was built over an Etruscan Acropolis and consecrated in 1215.  The interior of the stunning cathedral is our favorite in Italy as it is filled with zebra striped columns, amazing mosaic floors, plus artwork from masters like Michelangelo and Donatello.  Next to the Cathedral is a true gem from the Middle Ages called the Santa Maria della Scala which is a former hospital turned into a wonder Medieval museum.

In addition to the amazing city of Siena itself, there are also a ton of great Medieval castles including Castello di Celsa and the Castello Meleto Castle Winery.  Our favorite nearby castle to visit is the astounding Castello di Barone Ricasoli where Chianti wine was born.  This estate was established in 1141 and both the castle and its family have been one of the most famous producers of wine in Tuscany.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : Very close to Siena are two amazing small Medieval cities.  These include San Gimignano which is packed full of soaring Medieval tower houses and stone lane Volterra where you can get the Etruscan vibe.  There are a couple of larger medieval cities in Tuscany that are quite stunning.  The compact city of Lucca still has a lot of its Medieval wall while the delightful village of Arezzo makes for an amazing day trip from Siena.

Read More :   Our Siena Travel Guide .

5. Carcassonne, France :

About Carcassone : As you approach Carcassonne it looks like you are coming up on a giant fairy tale castle until you realize it is actually an entire village surrounded by a large city wall.  The impressive medieval wall easily makes this one of the best Medieval cities in Europe to visit and you’ll fall in love with Carcassonne as you start to explore.  Visiting Carcassonne is one of the best overall experiences in Southern France’s Provence region.

The fortifications in Carcassonne were originally started by the Romans in 100BC and then carried on by the Visigoths who helped build it into a mightly village in the Middle Ages.  Sitting at the trading crossroads for the important port cities of Bidart, Nice, and Barcelona, the walled city of Carcassonne grew into a powerful military fortification.  Walking along the Carcassonne’s preserved Medieval wall and towers is so much fun that you actually have to force in time to check out the city center itself.

The first impressions as you reach Carcassonne are breath-taking and we love to explore the stone arch bridge and ramparts leading into town.  As you walk the tight Medieval streets make sure to take in the panoramic views of the countryside from town.  One of our favorite places to get a good view is at the Basilica of Saint Nazaire which dates back to the 600s and was rebuilt after a visit by Pope Urban II in 1096.  Right below the Basilica is the wonderful Hotel de la Cite which our favorite place to stay in town as was built into the Medieval city walls in 1909.

6. San Gimignano, Italy :

About San Gimignano : While quite a bit smaller than nearby Siena, San Gimignano manages to capture the same old world charm.  The main thing that sets San Gimignano apart from other towns on this list is that this hilltop village is littered with competing Medieval watchtowers .  These skyscraping towers make San Gimignano look like a Medieval Manhattan and it happens to be our favorite Tuscan town to visit.

There are still 15 well-preserved tower houses in San Gimignano which seems like a lot, but at its peak, the tiny village had 72 of them.  The city’s most powerful families each had their own tower with the height indicating their owner’s influence.  Most of the cities in the region, including Florence were actually filled with house towers like this, but most were brought down due to wars, catastrophes, and expansions.  It is amazing that over a dozen of these original skyscrapers still exist today in one Medieval village.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : In addition to Siena, which is also in our top medieval towns in Europe list, the nearby cities of Lucca and Volterra to the West of San Gimignano are also stunning.  Lucca has an amazing preserved wall you can bike on and Volterra was a the main Entruscan town in the Ancient times which was later chosen as the home to a large Medici Fortress.  Bologna to the East is another example of a wonderfully preserved Medieval town in Italy which has a number of famous tower houses like San Gimignano.

7. Colmar, France :

About Colmar : If you were to picture the village from Disney’s Beauty and the Beast as a real-life place in your head Colmar would be it.  Colmar’s brightly colored, half-timber houses and weeping willow trees cling to the edges of canals from the Lauch River giving it a postcard-perfect feel.  The must-see attractions of Colmar include the Fishmonger’s District, the Little Venice where you can rent a rowboat, tons of iconic buildings from the 1500-1600s, and one of Europe’s best Christmas markets .  Our favorite Medieval attraction in Colmar is the Oeuvre Notre-Dame Art Museum at the foot of the City’s cathedral which holds the Upper Rhine River Valley’s best sculptures and paintings from the Middle Ages.

While it is the old world beauty that has made Colmar the bell of France’s Alsace region ( pronounced Alls-Ass ), it is the amazing wine history that cements it on our Top Medieval Cities list.  Colmar started as a rural community of wine producer and it quickly became known as the region’s king of wine.  This is pretty impressive as the Alsace region is widely known as the Route du Vin or Wine Road.  By the Middle Ages, Colmar’s Horbourg-Wihr port was being sent to the far corners of Europe.  Today the city specializes mainly in perfect white wines including Riesling, Gewürztraminer; Pinot Gris, and Muscat d’Alsace.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : If you really want to get off the grid there are 2 tiny wine towns right next to Colmar that even more untouched called Riquewihr and Eguisheim .  These little outposts to Colmar may be small but are beautiful and a great break from the tourists for a couple of hours.  Both of these towns are easily accessible by local bus from Colmar.

8. Saint Paul de Vence, France :

About Saint Paul de Vence : Perched high on a hilltop between Nice and Antibes, Saint Paul de Vence is an untouched Medieval wonderland.  Entering through the city walls past protective cannons in the early morning before helps you beat the mid-day tourist rush and you’ll almost have the place to yourself.  The solitude is magical as sunbeams mix with shadows on the aged stone walls of the homes and decorative cobblestones in the streets.  The village is so beautiful that it is easy to understand why so many famous artists, including the late Marc Chagall, have called it home over the centuries.  As the tour groups arrive the boutique shops and dozens of art galleries open creating the opportunities for endless days of shopping.  If you want the full old world experience, make sure to take a winery tour into the vine terraced cliffs surrounding the city.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives :  Just on the other side of Nice from Saint Paul de Vence is the lovely hilltop town of Eze which also made our top medieval towns in Europe list and is magical.

9. Tallinn, Estonia :

About Tallinn : Although it is the Medieval gem of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn is a European too often overlooked by tourists.  Known as the village of Reval in the Middle Ages, Tallinn is one of the few Eastern European cities to have true Medieval charm.  There is a beautiful princess-towered city wall, a small central castle, cobblestone streets, and brightly colored homes along Town Hall Square.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : Tallinn is only a 2-hour ferry ride from Helsinki, Finland but its closest Medieval neighbors are the villages of Riga Latvia, and Stockholm Sweden, both of which are best visited with a short plane ride.

10. Venice, Italy :

About Venice : Spread over 118 small islands joined by over 400 bridges, romantic Venice lays virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages.  Initially, we shied away from including Venice in our best Medieval cities to visit in Europe list because we got too caught up the strong Rennisance vibe an ignored how amazing well it is preserved.  As you walk through the tightly-packed cobblestone alleyways and a weathered waterfront homes, you are still able to experience Venice exactly how it was in the 1400-1500s.  If Venice was so packed with tourist it would be even higher on our list of Medieval cities you must visit, but is still worthy of the top 10.

As a ship building and naval power, the city-state of Venice was also very powerful in the Middle Ages.  Clearing the Adriatic sea of pirates, Venice grew to be one of the Europes most important trading hubs connecting Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.  By 1204 Venice had grown so mighty that it successful sacked the Eastern Roman Byzantine capital of Constantinople in what became known as the 4th Crusade.  This victory was a springboard for Venice bringing in riches, treasures, and relics.  The Horses of Saint Mark statues pillaged from Constantinople’s Hippodrome remain perched above the central basilica in Saint Mark’s Square ( actually replicas, but the originals are on display inside ).

Even the two most touristy things to do in Venice have strong Medieval roots.  The first is the gondola rides which have actually existed here since the year 1094.  While there are only around 400 gondola’s today, in Medieval times they were the most popular form of transportation in Venice and the canals were packed with 10,000 of them.  Even the wonderful mascaraed balls go back centuries as the first Carnival was celebrated in Venice in 1162.  The festival was outlaws by party-pooping Emperor Francis II in 1797, but luckily the Medieval celebration was reborn here thanks to preservationist in 1979.

Nearby Medieval Alternatives : If Medieval Romance if what you are chasing you can also find it in the stone streets of Verona, Italy less than an hour away by train.  The tower-filled village of Bologna is also tempting as only 90 minutes away by train from Venice.  You can also get a strong Byzantine feel nearby in Ravenna, which once controlled Venice and served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire after it was moved from Rome.

11. Sighișoara, Romania :

About Sighișoara : Home to Peles Castle and Bran Castle of Dracula folklore .  While Vlad the Impaler isn’t really connected with the Bran Castle, the village is still mystical as he was born here.  Vlad Tepes, known as Vlad the Impaler, was born at a home in Sighișoara’s Citadel Square in 1431 where his family lived for 4 years before moving to their castle in Târgoviște.

Between Sighișoara and Bucharest are many more Dracula sights like Vlad’s former Princely Royal Court Royal inside the ruins of Târgoviște Castle where he ruled from in the 1300s and famously impaled people on stakes, his high-perched Poenari Fortress in Valachia, and the Old Princely Court in Bucharest where he kept his prisoners.

Nearby Medieval Alternative : Eastern Europe doesn’t have a ton of villages still in their original Medieval state as a lot of the homes in the region had thatched roofs in the Middle Ages which didn’t survive time and war.  You can, however, find Medieval solace in Riga Latvia and the walled city Tallinn Estonia mentioned below.

12. Edinburgh, Scotland :

About Edinburgh : With yet its own urban castle and unbeatable charm, the Scottish city of Edinburgh give Prague a run for its money as Europe’s best Medieval city.  As you stroll the worn streets your trips gets down right magical as you hear beautiful music from kilt-clad bagpipers, stories of the Loch Ness Monster from the North, and tales of Braveheart himself, William Wallace.  There have been Royal Castles in Edinburgh since the 1100s, but it is less about sights and more about the history and folklore whey we love the Medieval city.

13. Hallstatt, Austria :

About Hallstatt : There was a Hallstatt before there was a Rome and this dream of a Medieval town will make your heart melt.  Hallstatt is compact, full of history, and an absolutely beautiful lakeside village.  Just walking around the village streets can be amazing and we’ve put together a  Free Hallstatt Walking Tour for you to follow to make sure you see all the top sights.  The main highlights include the colorful Market Square , the creepy painted skulls of the Bone Chapel , the unique wooden headstones in the cemetery, and a boat ride on the lake.  If you end up with extra time we also suggest visiting the World’s oldest Salt Mine sitting just above the city which over 7,000 years old.  If you are more adventurous you can even take the alpine lift far above the village to explore the Giant’s Ice Caves .  A guided tour through the cave is fun for the whole family and is nicely paired with the 5 Fingers Lookout.  At the Lookout you can walk on a series of elevated platforms jutting out thousands of feet above the valley floor.  After just a few hours in Medieval Hallstatt you’ll be leaving a part of yourself behind when you leave.

Read More : Our Hallstatt Travel Guide .

14. Cinque Terre, Italy :

About Cinque Terre : Clinging to wine terraced cliffs, the mulit-colored collection of 5 tiny town making up Cinque Terre are a Medieval delight.  These magical fishing villages have been here for 1000s of years, but it was the fortifications added in the Middle Ages that helped them remain untouched.  The sections of wall were built to keep pirates from sacking the towns which you can still see elements of today.  We love touring the old towers, cobblestone street, lookout towers and of course eating.  In addition to fresh sea food and wine the region is also known as the birthplace of pesto .  In Cinque Terre it’s all about slowing making your way between the villages, eating, and relaxing.  On our first visit we rented an apartment in the harbor of Vernazza, an it has left a lifelong impression.  As you walk through the tight, traffic-free streets and look up at the brightly colored clusters of homes you’ll never want to leave.

15. Chester, England :

About Chester :   First established as an ancient Roman outpost, Chester’s prime location in Northwestern England helped it grew into a regional power in Medieval times.  Huge sections of Chester were spared from WW2 bombs so the village’s black and white half-timber charm still shines brightly.  Typically you have to go to small towns in Germany or France to see this type of architecture well preserved so it is refreshing to see it alive and well in England.  Because the Duke of Westminster owns large parts of Chester extra effort has been given to taking care of its Medieval and Roman elements.  One of the most enjoyable activities is walking along the old city walls and through the numerous restored gates throughout the city.

Nearby Medieval Town : A bit South of Chester is the sleepy city of Warwick, known for its mighty Warwick Castle .  The first castle structure was built in 1068 by William the Conqueror and over the following centuries it morphed in the impressive structure you see today.

16. Città di San Marino, San Marino :

About Città di San Marino : Perched high on a mountain peak, San Marino has remained one of the only independent city states inside Italy.

Nearby Medieval Cities : Sitting North of San Marino toward Venice are the Medieval cities of Bologna and Cittadella.  Cittadella in particular is one of the best walled cities in the World and was defensed enough to lead to the word citadel.

17. Vitré, France :

About Vitre : With an unbeatable fairytale wall and towered chateau, Vitre is the coolest city that you’ve never heard of.

Nearby Medieval City : Just to the North, along the English Channel, with the colorful port city of near Honfleur.  It has been largely untouched since the 1500-1600s and feels more like a Dutch town than a French one.

18. Istanbul, Turkey :

About Istanbul : Istanbul is the true definition of East meets West as it literally sits on the gateway between Europe and Asia which has created an exotic blend of cultures.  Even before you start to learn about the history or see the attractions, it is the fairy tale vibe of Istanbul that brings you back to the Middle Ages.

Istanbul started as the Greek city of Byzantium before becoming the capital of the Western Roman Empire known as Constantinople ( Nova Roma ) in 330.  Through early-Medieval times, the trade routes through this Christian capital helped to spread influential Byzantine through Europe.  To some scholars, Constantinople was the most import city in Europe through much of the Middle Ages.  The Church of the Holy Apostles even inspired the design of today’s Saint Paul Cathedral at the Vatican.  The Muslim Ottoman Empire sacked Constantinople in 1453, making it their own capital throughout their Golden Age of expansion further adding to the melting pot of culture which is still alluring today.

Istanbul may lack the preserved Medieval homes of other cities of this list, but most than half of Old Town is covered in some of the most impressive massive structures from the Middle Ages.  The grandest of this buildings is the Hagia Sophia ( Church of Holy Wisdom ) whose current cascading dome building was completed in 537.  This church served as one of the most important in the world through Medieval times and also served as a mosque ( 1453-1935 ) before becoming a museum.  The nearby Blue Mosque, built in 1453 over the Emperor’s Palace, is still one of the most tantalizing structures of the Middle Ages.  Its beauty brought us the word turquoise ( color of the Turks ) by French visitors in the 1500s.

A visit to the sprawling Topkapi Palace, built over an ancient Greek Acropolis in 1465, shows off the Ottoman’s might and lifts the veil on harem lift of the Medieval Sultans.  The labyrinth-style lanes of the vast Grand Bazaar ( established in 1455 ) is also a great way to travel back in time in Istanbul as you are surrounded my rugs, pottery, spices, and Turkish delights.

19. Eze, France :

About Eze : Eze may be small, but it is one of Europe’s only authentic Medieval cities built in the Alps.  The little village is mainly set on the mountainside leading up to Centenaire Palace and has streets so old and narrow that you can only navigate them on foot.  While Eze isn’t overly flashy it has the back alley, old-world feel that keeps its strong Medieval vibe alive.  The city is so proud of its Medieval appeal that it has declared itself “Cite Medievale” on all the local town maps and directories.  Around everyone corner and up every stair, it feels like you are entering a secret passageway which is part of the reason Walt Disney permanently rented a hotel room right in the middle of town.  We love that tons of the tightly quartered hotels use the cobblestone streets as makeshift hallways.  Many of the small shops are actually carved into the caves in the mountainside.

While grabbing a drink on the terrace of the Michelin-Starred Chateau Eze ( website ), you’ll experience one of the best elevated ocean views in the world.  Follow up drinks with dinner at the fairytale Mas Provencal Restaurant ( website ).  Filled with hanging fruit and flowers, it takes the workers 6 hours a day to fill with space with fresh decorative produce and is only open for dinner Spring-Fall.  The sweet after taste that comes from even a short visit to Eze will make you miss it quickly.

20. York, England :

About York : York is one of the rare places in England where you can still walk on top of an originally Medieval city wall .  The wall was first built in 300AD by Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus who died in York 6 years later and was reinforced in the Middle Ages.  The mighty 2 mile long stone wall is still 95% intact, making it the longest preserved Medieval wall in England.

In addition to the wall, there York also has tons of fantastic large city gates, although they have an odd naming system .  For some reason in York the streets are called gates, the city gates are called bars which can be confusing.  If you are looking to get a drink make sure to look for a pub and not a bar!  The coolest thing in town are the 60 of traffic free, alley sized streets that make up York’s city center called Snickelways .  These Medieval alleyways are lined with homes from the 1300-1400s and actually follow the paths of the streets laid out during the days when York was filled with thatched roof houses and controlled by the Vikings.  You can get a glimpse of the Viking history as the Jorvik History Center.

The most famous of York’s Snickelways is Shambles Street which inspired Diagon Alley in the Harry Potter books and movies.  In Medieval times this alley was the butcher street and derives its name from the meat shelf butcher tables outside each shop called Fleshammels.  During the butchering process blood and guts would drain down the street and led to the phase calling things a bloody shambles.  We love the crooked second floors above each shop which dramatically hang over the road.  They were built like this so the people living on the upper floors could toss the contents of their chamber pots into the street to be washed away without contaminating the meat hanging below.  You can still see the outdoor meat hooks above first-floor windows which were still in use until WW2.  If you investigate further than most tourists do, you can also weave through the 5 mini side alley Snickelways that branch off of Shambles Street.

21. Nuremberg, Germany :

About Nuremberg : Before being heavily bombed in WW2 for being a Nazi stronghold, Nuremberg was one of the most beautiful cities in all of Europe.  Luckily enough of the city remained that Nuremberg has slowly rebuilt over the decades and is becoming a great tourist destination yet again.  We like to start off with the city’s biggest attraction, the Kaiserburg Castle which dates back to 1050 AD ( rebuilt 1140 & after WW2 ).  The Castle sits on at the highest point of Nuremberg which offers commanding views of town and provided a natural defense.  The historic castle looks plainer than some of Germany’s other over-the-top fairytale castles which were built after the Middle Ages, but we enjoy the old feel.  Since being bombed in WW2, great efforts have been made to restore parts of the castle.

That same old world feel carries into the city wall and watchtowers, plus the picture perfect Craftsmen’s Courtyard.  Just steps from Market Square you can tour the 12 underground cells and a large torture chamber of the Medieval dungeons built in the 1300s.  Our favorite building, called the Wine Store ( Weinstadel ) , is built right into the old city wall.  This beautiful building overlooks the river and is connected to the town by Hangman’s Bridge .  The bridge and tower were constructed in the 1400s as a place for the Nuremberg executioner to live as the common people didn’t want someone of his profession living among them.  It was really a strange arrangement, but interesting.  You have to make sure to stroll down Weißbergergasse in Old Town and check out Saint Elisabeth Church which was once home to the Knights of Germany as well.

Not to be overlooked in Old Town is the food and especially the Original Nuremberg Rostbratwursts which have been made here since the 1300s. The best way to wash down your wursts is with Nuremberg’s best beer on the City Brewery Beer Tour .  The 3-hour tour is only 25 Euros and is lead by a Medieval innkeeper who teaches you about the 700 years of beer in the city complete with tastings.

While these sights are the happy go lucky ones it is also important to known about Nuremberg’s Nazi years .  One for the most moving sights is in the former Nazi rally grounds where 100,000s would gather for rallies.  The grounds were later used by the Nazis as a concentration camp for over 50,000 Socialists and now holds the Fascination and Terror Museum .  There is also a monument marking the Nuremberg Trials, where Nazi leaders were put on trial for the horrors of WW2.

When you are all done with doom and gloom Nuremberg has plenty more historic sights and mansions to tour on top of having one of the best Medieval Christmas Markets in Europe.  If it is not over the Holiday season you can still get your Christmas on in the wonderful toy museum as Nuremberg has been famous for its toys since the middle ages.

Medieval Alternatives : While much smaller, nearby Bamberg is known as Little Venice as the heart of town is cut into a series of islands by the Regnitz River.  The Medieval Old Town Hall even spans the river on top of a bridge making it one of the most unique buildings in Germany.  While Nuremberg became more powerful over time, Bamberg’s old town and Gothic cathedral from 1237 ( originally 1004 ) is still a Medieval treat.

Read More :   Our Nuremberg Travel Guide .

22. Heiligenbrunn, Austria :

About Heiligenbrunn : If you want the hidden gem of Austria, the village of Heiligenbrunn is it.  There aren’t many travelers that have ever heard of tiny Heiligenbrunn, but when you think of the early-Middle Ages, there may be no better preserved city.  With a population of only 862 people, this village serves as a living museum of days gone by.  Most of Heiligenbrunn’s houses have thatched roofs , and it almost doesn’t feel like real life while you are visiting.

Heiligenbrunn only has 1,000 residents, 2 hotels, no castles or fortifications, but it has personality to boot.  Historically the village is most well known for its cute, thatched-roofed, hobbit-style houses, but don’t underestimate the wine .  The wine, made as early as 1225 AD, was once banned for being too strong, but today it’s perfect and you’ll find grape vines growing in all sorts of places.  The Basement or Kellerviertel is an awesome straw stellar which has been preserved as a living reminder of Heliligenbrunn’s wine culture.  We highly recommend stopping by Ulrich’s Chapel as its bubbling spring is said to have curing powers, especially for the eyes.

Similar Medieval Cities : While there aren’t many authentic thatched roof villages from the Middle Ages remaining in Europe there are a few great open-air museum villages you can visit.  Among them is the Celtic village in Hallein Austria ( website ), the Skanzen Village in Hungary ( website ), Frilandsmuseet in Denmark ( website ), and the Highland Folk Museum in Scotland ( website ).

23. Rhodes, Greece :

About Rhodes : The island of Rhodes is not only one of the most eclectic towns you’ll find in Greece, but it has one of Europe’s most impressive city walls.  Sitting above an expansive beach there is a lot to see and do in Rhodes.  Kicking off the eclectic mix of Rhodes is the Roman influence.  Rhodes was part of the Roman in 164 B.C. and after Rome fell it remained part of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire for 100s of years into the Middle Ages.  We love the vast classical Roman influence on the city from buildings and columns to artistic statues.

From a pure Medieval standpoint, Rhodes was a late bloomer and didn’t start hitting its stride until the island was sold to the Order of the Knights Hospitaliers of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1309.  The Knights quickly started molding Rhodes in their own image from adding baths to the houses, archways narrow streets, new cathedrals, and a greatly enhanced city wall.  The new fortified wall and fresh mindset helped the city grow in strength and as an international trading partner.  The good times didn’t last forever though as just over 200 years later Rhodes fell to the Ottomans in 1522.  This Ottoman rule brought a new mix to the city as mosques and Arab culture was injected into Rhodes, but they felt most of the Knights Medieval city center well intact.

24. Ávila, Spain :

About Ávila : One of the best Medieval city walls in the World is by far the almost 2-mile long one surrounding Ávila, Spain!  The city was started as a Roman settlement but hit its peak from 1088-1600 thanks to its unbelievable wall .  With 9 massive gates, 100s of drum towers, topped with over 2,500 merlons, the 10 foot thick, 40-foot-tall wall is straight out of a storybook.  The interior of the city is also impressive as it has the countries highest collection of Gothic churches per capita.

Spanish Medieval Alternatives : Toledo is also an old world wonder, but we love Spanish towns with Medieval castles.  Segovia has Alcazar castle, Granada has Alhambra, and Navarra has the Castillo de Olite.

25. Dubrovnik, Croatia :

About Dubrovnik : Featured as Kings Landing in the Game of Thrones TV series is a beautiful, walled, seaside village.  While 2/3rds of the town was damaged by civil war in the 1990s, it has been authenticly restored back into to its original state.

26. Honorable Mention Medieval Cities :

London, England : is what many imagine when they think of royal rule and knights in shining armor.  While the impressive Tower of London still invokes Medieval power, most of the old city was burned down in the Great Fire of 1666 and much of the city has become modernized.

Obidos, Portugal : as mentioned above, Obidos has one of Europe’s best city walls which was started by the Moors and expanded by King Denis I.  There is also a great fortress that has been turned into of the best castle hotels you’ll find anywhere in the World.

Cochem, Germany : As a small village along the Mosel River, Cochem has an impressive hilltop castle while also being near the famous Burg Eltz, Germany’s best authentic Medieval castle.

Salzburg, Austria : has a great old world feel with its High Fortress and monk breweries but most of the city got a facelift in the same era it’s most famous resident Mozart lived here.

Troyes, France : is one of the most surprising towns in France with its half-timber homes, Medieval stain glass, and laid back atmosphere.

Paris, France : has very strong Medieval roots from the churches on its central Cite island to the tight streets of the Latin Quarter.  If this list was for pure Gothic feel, Paris would rank higher.

Bruges & Ghent, Belgium : are both absolutely amazing cities on the water which are often part of Medieval lists.  While we would visit either in a heartbeat, the makeover of the building in the 1800s is just too strong to make this list.

Giethoorn, Netherlands : outside of Amsterdam with a series of intertwined canals and 180 footbridges as it has no actual roads.  The canals were formed in Medieval times by locals harvesting peat moss needed a way to transport their goods.  Largely unchanged since its founding in 1230AD, it is a great place for a boat ride.  Also near in a defensive star pattern fortresses of Bourtange and Naarden which go back to the 900s and peaked in the 1600-1700s.

Costwolds, England : the region is usually considered quite Medieval, especially with the stone homes in the villages of Castle Combe and Bibury.  Castle Combe is often considered the most beautiful town in England and was the filming location for the movie War Horse in 2011.  Although the region is the home of 1500s playwright William Shakespeare well felt the area was a little too English Manor in style to make the list.

Landsberg am Lech, Germany : is one of our favorite small towns in Germany with its color homes and Medieval witch tower, but there are just too many German towns on the list already for it to make the cut.  The same holds true for the beautiful half-timber village of Quedlinburg, Germany.

Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina : Famous arch bridge and Ottoman-style mosques make this wonderful river spanning village feel like you’re visiting old-world Turkey.

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• Tourist Attractions
• Tourist Attractions in Russia
• Golden Ring attractions

Rostov Veliky

Rostov Veliky is one of the oldest towns in Russia, it is nearly three centuries older than Moscow.

Rostov Veliky has preserved many ancient buildings. The present view of central part of the town is pretty much the same as it was centuries ago and that is why a lot of historical movies were shot there.

Rostov Veliky Kremlin

The Cathedral of the Assumption

The cathedral and its belfry dominate the Kremlin, though they are actually outside its northern wall. The cathedral, with its five magnificent domes, was created here a century before the Kremlin. The belfry, added in the 1680s, was famous even outside Russia; the French composer Hector Berlioz came to listen to its 13 bells during his visit to the land of Rostov. Today the biggest bell rings only on the days of church festivals. Both the metropolitan's house and the White Chamber have museums. The one in the metropolitan's house has icons, paintings and a collection of the luminous painted enamelware of Rostov. The one in the White Chamber displays Rostov-area glass, ceramics and furniture.

Rostov Veliky monasteries

Two monasteries flank the Kremlin on the lake shore. At the distance of two kilometres to the west there is a Monastery of St. Jacob . Its magnificent 19th century cathedral is worth seeing as you'd never expect to find such an architectural splendour in the outskirts of a tiny town. Avraamevsky Monastery , with Cathedral of the Epiphany, built in 1553, is said to be the oldest building in Rostov.

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Yaroslavl was founded by the Prince Yaroslavl the Wise in the middle ages.

Vladimir city is famous for its ancient cathedrals and churches.

Kostroma is a medium-sized historical town located by the Volga River. It is famous for the Monastery of St. Ipaty first mentioned in the 15th Century, picturesque city centre and old churches.

Suzdal is a historic town and a very important tourist centre. It has numerous places to see - medieval churches, monasteries and traditional wooden houses.

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Russia’s Golden Ring: day trips from Moscow into history and heritage

A short train ride north-east of Moscow lies a collection of towns foreign tourists often miss, but they’re rich in culture, tradition and fantastic sights

T he Golden Ring is a popular destination for Russian tourists: the towns in the region are ancient, and many were important centres in medieval Russia. But this area, north-east of Moscow, has more to offer, such as traditional food, and nature straight from Russian fairytales. Many visitors buy package tours for the entire region, but it’s easy to visit the towns on day trips from the capital, especially if you’re not ready for a week-long tour. The journey times to most are a couple of hours by train from Moscow.

What to see The heritage of this place is vast: the Transfiguration monastery, founded in the 11th century, was a favourite of Ivan the Terrible and is now a museum. It is also part of the city’s large Museum Reserve . A walk along the banks of the Volga, the longest river in Europe, is as much a cultural activity as it is a hike. The Governor’s house museum has an excellent collection of the Yaroslavl school of icon painting and the Music and Time Museum has the country’s largest collection of antique record players, vinyl records and clocks.

For dinner, consider Ioann Vasiliyevich (Revolutsionnaya Street), a restaurant themed after a Soviet film but interesting even to those who haven’t seen it. The decor is a mixture of medieval Russian halls and 1970s Soviet flats, and the food combines traditional Russian and Soviet cuisines. The restaurant is a part of the Cinema Club hotel.

How to get there By train from Moscow’s Yaroslavskiy station. Return tickets from £18, journey takes around four hours.

Where to stay The Cinema Club has private rooms from £33. For a more affordable stay, go to Like Hostel (25B Andropova street), only a few streets away, with dorms from £6 and private rooms from £18.

What to see This ancient Russian city is a must-see for its traditional white stone architecture and monumental Orthodox cathedrals: the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius and Dormition (Uspensky) Cathedral – both on Bolshaya Moskovskaya Street. The Golden Gate, which marks the entrance into the old town, is another famous landmark. For those interested in traditional crafts and souvenirs, the Museum of Crystal and Lacquer Miniatures is in the Old Believers Trinity Church behind the Golden Gate, and also exhibits traditional embroidery. The Gingerbread museum might interest those with kids or a sweet tooth – a standard tour includes a tasting. The museum’s cafe, called Blinnaya Izba (Blini Hut), serves traditional Russian crepes, blini , with a variety of fillings and toppings. If you’re in the city for more than a day, consider a trip to the ancient Bogoluybovo village , a 20-minute drive from the city and home to the Unesco-protected Church of the Intercession, on the banks of the Nerl river.

How to get there Trains from Moscow’s Kursky or Yaroslavskiy stations cost from £14 return and take between 90 minutes and three hours.

Where to stay Vozduh hostel is a five-minute walk from the Golden Gate and has dorm beds from £6 a night. Orion hotel , close by on 2-aya Nikolskaya Street, is a popular choice with tourists and has doubles from £45.

Sergiyev Posad

What to see Sergiyev Posad is known as the heart of Russian Orthodoxy. The Trinity Lavra of St Sergius (or Troitse-Sergieva Lavra), one of the largest Orthodox monasteries in the world, is the major tourist attraction. Founded in the 14th century, it is still an active monastery. Visit during the week to avoid the crowds and walk around the Lavra’s peaceful buildings and take in its tradition. There are two cathedrals and eight churches on the grounds, as well as two cafes, serving local must-tries: homemade bread, pastries and kvas (a soft drink made with fermented bread). A nearby restaurant, Gostevaya Izba , (Guest Hut) serves Russian food made from monastery produce – vegetables, dairy products, bread and local fish, as well as traditional herbal teas in real samovars.

How to get there On a suburban train from Moscow’s Yaroslavskiy station, the journey takes around 90 minutes, with returns from £4. The walk from Sergiyev Posad station to the Lavra is about 15 minutes.

Where to stay The Old Lavra Hotel is in the monastery grounds and has private rooms from £31. Also in the grounds, the Voznesenskaya Gostinitsa hostel has beds from £5 – although you can only book by phone, so you may need help from a Russian speaker: +7 496 541 32 17 3

What to see A 30-minute drive from Vladimir, Suzdal has its own Kremlin fortress, five monasteries and countless churches. If you’re getting tired of history and religion, go to Torgovaya ploschad (Market Square), and shop for berries, honey and mushrooms, or souvenirs. There’s also an open-air Museum of Wooden Architecture and Peasant Life that has old rural houses brought to Suzdal from all over the region.

How to get there Take the train from Moscow (Kusrskiy or Yaroslavskiy station) to Vladmir (returns from £14) and then a bus from Vladimir bus station, 1 Vokzalnaya Square, to Suzdal (returns £2).

Where to stay Hostel Patchwork offers dorms from £8 and excellent traditional Russian breakfasts. For private rooms head to Volshebniy Sad guesthouse , with private rooms from £17, a bike-renting service and barbecue facilities.

Rostov Velikiy

What to see Rostov Velikiy (don’t confuse it with Rostov-on-Don, a different town in a different part of Russia) is one of the oldest towns in Russia: its chronicles date to AD862. There’s a Kremlin fortress, four monasteries, countless ancient churches, and the large, peaceful Lake Nero, a perfect spot for contemplation. If you get too philosophical, don’t forget Rostov is also a foodie destination: head to Lukova Sloboda , a local museum and cafe exploring the onion traditions of the region, to try onion soup and onion buns, or buy a jar of onion jam as a souvenir. Next to it, on Dostoyevskogo Street, is Schuchiy Dvor , serving pike from the nearby lake; try it in a traditional soup called ukha , or in burger form with raspberry sauce.

How to get there Trains from Moscow’s Yaroslavskiy station costs £14 return and take about three hours.

Where to stay Close to the Kremlin, on Podozerka Street, is the popular Khors guesthouse . It’s in an old wooden merchant’s house owned by local artists. The rooms, from £17, are decorated in dacha style, complete with Russian carpets – but remember to book well in advance. For even more affordable lodging, head to the hostel in the Troitse-Sergiyev Varnitskiy monastery : it offers dorm beds from £4.50 and private rooms from £10.

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Extraordinary Medieval Cities Around the World

15 extraordinary medieval cities around the world.

Between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, from the 5th to 15th centuries, the Middle Ages was a time of unrest, turmoil and brutality. 

It was during this period that the bubonic plague killed more than 20 million people, the Crusades wiped out millions more in the name of religious dominance, and horrifying torture techniques were developed and employed. But the Middle Ages also ushered in important advances in architecture and culture, including the erection of magnificent fortresses, cathedrals and town squares.

No matter what side of history you’re looking to explore, you’ll find it in the following cities touting well-preserved relics from their compelling medieval past.

Bruges, Belgium

“National Geographic” has described Bruges as “one of the best-preserved examples of a medieval European settlement.” A hub for trade in the Middle Ages, the UNESCO World Heritage Site city includes well-preserved sites like a 13th-century belfry that can be scaled for fantastic views.

To really immerse yourself in Bruges' history, check out the Historium, a museum that uses interactive exhibits to educate visitors on what life was like in the Middle Ages. A virtual-reality experience even allows you to “explore” Bruges in the year 1435.

Though newer, the city’s 16th-century main square is another must-visit. And if weather permits, make sure to book a boat tour — though touristy, it’s a great way to see parts of town that would be less accessible by foot.

Dubrovnik, Croatia

When producers for the Middle Ages-inspired fantasy epic “Game of Thrones” were deciding on filming sites, Dubrovnik was an obvious choice. The city is one of the world’s best-preserved medieval cities, giving it the necessary historic atmosphere to effortlessly stand in for King’s Landing. 

Besides its GoT connection, Dubrovnik's main draw is its Old Town. Surrounded by thick stone walls dating back to the 13th century, it contains exceptionally well-preserved squares and churches built centuries ago. Historical sights built a bit after the Middle Ages include the Sponza Palace, a stunning mix of Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles — and one of the only buildings to survive the Great Earthquake of 1667.

Fun fact: Dubrovnik also has one of the earliest medieval sewage systems in the world. It dates back to 1296 and is still in use today! 

Prague, Czech Republic

Most preserved medieval sights are contained within a small town or city square. In Prague, the entire sprawling city contains fantastic Middle Ages architecture.

That said, Old Town Square is particularly striking. Its star attraction is the Prague Astronomical Clock, which showcases a parade of apostle figures every hour on the hour between 9 a.m. and 11 p.m. The clock is mounted on Old Town Hall, itself a must-visit that dates back to 1364 and includes an observation deck overlooking the city.

Prague also boasts a handful of medieval taverns; the most memorable, Stredoveka Krcma, opened its doors in 1375 and has since lined its walls with human skulls (yikes!). If that’s not your style, Prague is full of Gothic watchtowers, the sprawling Prague Castle and the Church of Our Lady Before Týn.

Istanbul, Turkey

The only city in the world to sit on two continents — Europe and Asia — Istanbul is a cultural melting pot where disparate influences meet to create something truly unique. But it’s not just a diverse culture that sets Istanbul apart; the city also touts a rich and fascinating history. 

Dating back to between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, the city formerly known as Constantinople has served as the capital of both the Roman Empire and Ottoman Empires. Today, you can learn its history by exploring a handful of preserved buildings from the Middle Ages. 

Most notable is the circa-537 Hagia Sophia, a former Greek Orthodox Christian church and Ottoman imperial mosque that now serves as a museum. The Topkapi Palace is also worth a visit. Constructed in 1465, it served as the administrative headquarters of the Ottoman sultans, just over a decade after the conquest of Constantinople.

Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany

One of the most romantic cities in Western Europe, Rothenburg ob der Tauber looks as if it was pulled directly out of a fairytale — which perhaps explains why it’s inspired settings in Disney movies like the animated “Pinocchio” and live-action “Beauty and the Beast.”

For a taste of historic charm, take a stroll through the medieval old town, where you’ll find the oft-photographed Plönlein, a quaint half-timbered building flanked by two structures dating back to 1204: the Kobolzeller tower and the Siebers Tower.

Be sure to check out the Medieval Criminal Museum as well, which displays the horrific side of the Middle Ages — think torture chambers, social-shaming tools and various other sinister devices.

Mont Saint Michel, France

While Mont Saint Michel may be considerably more difficult to visit than, say, Paris, it is entirely worth the trek. 

The island, located off the northwestern coast of Normandy, is a UNESCO World Heritage site that has remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages. It is home to just 44 residents, including monks and nuns who reside in a Gothic-styled abbey, built over a period of 1,300 years and completed in 1523. 

Pause to take photos of medieval towers and walls as you make your way through the city’s crooked streets and alleyways, imagining life in the town centuries ago.

Mystras, Greece

The medieval town of Mystras has been largely abandoned since 1832, when King Otto founded the new city of Sparta nearby. Fortunately, its fascinating ruins have been carefully preserved for historical and tourism purposes. 

Head to the amphitheater, which was built around the fortress in 1249 by the prince of Achaia, William of Villehardouin. Then visit the various ruins of palaces, monasteries and churches spread out over this fortified mountainside city, including the fresco-filled Pantanassa Monastery. 

While you can certainly head to Mystras on your own, day trips from Athens are popular among visitors and worth the extra effort. Come to learn the story of a once-great metropolis that, in the last decades of the Byzantine period, was considered second only to Constantinople in its influence and power. 

Venice, Italy

You may have already visited Venice on a whirlwind Italian trip, but it’s worth it to return just to dive deep into medieval history. 

Take, for example, the city’s ever-popular gondolas. These days, their main purpose is to provide romantic rides for tourists, but their earliest recorded use dates back to 1094. For the next several centuries , they were luxury vessels used by the city’s elite, until a Senate law in 1562 aimed at limiting ostentation dictated that they be black and bare. Gondolas would go on to become a primary mode of transportation, with some 8,000 to 10,000 of them used during the 17th and 18th centuries. (Today, there are about 400.)

On your medieval tour, also check out St. Mark’s Basilica, which debuted in 1094 and is outfitted with gorgeous medieval mosaics. And make time to see the Ca' d'Oro or Palazzo palace, a treasure from the later Middle Ages that opened in 1430.

Carcassonne, France

Another fortified medieval city, Carcassonne goes by a name that makes its historic pedigree clear: Cité Médiévale.

More than 4 million visitors come every year to see its impressive medieval walls and explore its sights, like the Chateau et Remparts, a keep constructed for the city’s viscounts in the 12th century, and Pont-Vieux, a bridge spanning the Aude River that was originally built in the 14th century (and was reconstructed in the 19th century).

Winding streets and alleyways merit getting lost in, and architectural boat tours are available to learn more about the town’s expansive history.

Cinque Terre, Italy

One of the most striking coastal destinations in Europe (and that’s saying something), Cinque Terre is a must-visit for foodies and history-buffs alike. 

The string of five seaside villages includes Vernazza, where a staircase near the harbor leads to Castello Doria, Cinque Terra’s oldest fortification, constructed in the year 1,000. In Manarola, you can check out the remains of a castle from the 13th century. And in Riomaggiore, a hillside castle built for defense purposes traces back to the 13th century.

All the villages also include colorful homes and waterfront cafes serving fresh seafood and fine wine.

York, England

Another fortified city, York is one of the only cities where you can actually walk on top of the original medieval walls, which stretch for over 2 miles and take about 2 hours to stroll in full. The formidable walls weigh about 100,000 metric tonnes.

“Harry Potter” fans will particularly love this destination: Shambles Street in York’s city center inspired Diagon Alley. Make sure to pop into the Jorvik History Centre as well, which is home to many ancient Viking artifacts from when the city was largely controlled by the infamous historic seafarers.

Siena, Italy

Medieval and Renaissance history meet, to beautiful effect, in Siena.

Head to Piazza del Campo, which has been lovingly preserved since the 1300s and is one of the grandest medieval squares in Western Europe, home to centuries-old mansions that still stand proud today. 

Don’t leave without seeing the city’s gothic cathedral, which broke ground in 1192 and was completed in 1348. The building’s facade features 35 statues of prophets and patriarchs, with the Virgin Mary as the centerpiece.

Finish out your historic immersion by paying a visit to the circa-14th-century Torre del Mangia, a tower that offers magnificent views of the city.

Pingyao, China

Officially known as Pingyao Ancient City, this medieval Chinese town in central Shanxi is perhaps best known for its economic significance: Two centuries ago, it’s where China’s modern banking industry began.

But its history stretches back much farther than that, promising enough historic sights to easily fill an itinerary. Start with the city’s massive wall, built some 2,700 years ago. Featuring six gates and crisscrossing lanes, it looks like a turtle when viewed from above, earning Pingyao the nickname “Turtle City.”

Another must-visit sight is the aptly named Ancient Government Office, which opened in 1368 and served through both the Ming and Qing dynasties.

London, England

Although London is widely regarded as one of the most modern cities in Europe, it would be a disservice to ignore its medieval history, which is still very much evident today. 

While most of the city burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, you can catch a glimpse of the Middle Ages by heading to the Tower of London, which once housed a medieval torture chamber. 

It’s also worth taking an architectural boat tour, which outlines just how the city has changed — and what has been preserved — since the Middle Ages.

Trakai, Lithuania

About 12 miles from Vilnius, Lithuania’s capital city, Trakai is home to one of the most impressive medieval castles in all of Europe. Simply called Trakai Island Castle, historians believe it was erected sometime during the 1400s, when Vytautas the Great, the ruler of Lithuania, required extra protection.

Today, visitors can try their hand at archery at the castle’s shooting range, or explore an onsite museum that features medieval weapons among its exhibits.

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The History Hit Miscellany of Facts, Figures and Fascinating Finds

10 Must-See Medieval Landmarks in England

Discover the rise and fall of medieval britain at these atmospheric sites..

Peta Stamper

04 apr 2023.

England boasts a huge variety of medieval landmarks that all play their part in telling the story of Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest, right through to the fall of the Plantagenet kings – there are just too many fantastic medieval sites to mention.

However, featuring the iconic Westminster Abbey that has seen the rise and fall of notable English monarchs, to the streets that ordinary folk would have hurried along in Medieval Rye, we’ve selected 10 top spots that are guaranteed to transport you back to England’s medieval past.

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1. Medieval Rye

Rye is a historic port town in East Sussex, England, that was an important member of the Cinque Port Confederation during the medieval period. The name Rye comes from ‘ rie ’ meaning bank or the West Saxon ‘ ieg ’ meaning island, as the town was once entirely surrounded by sea.

Rye’s ties to the sea have coloured its long history with shipbuilding, royal visits, thriving trade and violent smuggling. Notorious locations include a Norman church, The Mermaid Inn, The Olde Bell Inn and the Ypres Tower, all open to visitors today.

2. Wells Cathedral and Medieval Centre

Often described as England’s smallest city, Well owes its medieval city status to its beautiful 13th century cathedral. In area and population, Wells is in fact not the smallest city in  England  – that title goes to the City of London.

However, its size does not diminish the large historical legacy of Wells. Named for the 3 wells dedicated to Saint Andrew, the city grew from a Roman settlement into the Anglo-Saxon period when King Ine of Wessex founded a church there in 704. Wells has since been notable for its cloth-making and role in both the English Civil War and Monmouth Rebellion.

Today, the medieval architecture has led Wells to be a popular filming location. You can tour Wells Cathedral, the “most poetic of the English Cathedrals”, before wandering the picturesque medieval streets.

3. Westminster Abbey

Westminster Abbey is an iconic medieval structure and the site of many historic royal and national events, from coronations and royal weddings to burials and even deaths. Centrally located in London, Westminster Abbey was first constructed in the 11th century by King Edward the Confessor, a Saxon king who dedicated this new church to St Peter.

To have an informed visit and to see the most interesting parts of Westminster Abbey, take a tour, as just wandering around can be overwhelming. Along with Westminster Palace and Saint Margaret’s Church, Westminster Abbey is a UNESCO world heritage site.

4. Norwich Guildhall

Within the heart of the medieval city of Norwich in England, Norwich Guildhall is a remarkable example of late medieval architecture and reflected the growing power of the city’s merchant elite.

Today, the Norwich Guildhall is the largest remaining civic building outside of London and is open to the public.

Norwich Guildhall’s characteristic flint exterior remains a bastion of the city’s medieval independence and wealth, sat on Gaol Hill. The Grade I listed building is open for booking free guided tours which last about an hour, or you can explore the guildhall history on one of the Heritage Open Days, run every September.

5. Rievaulx Abbey

Rievaulx Abbey was a Cistercian abbey in Rievaulx near Helmseley in the North York Moors, England. One of England’s great abbeys, Rievaulx was seized during the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538.

The wider site has since been awarded Scheduled Ancient Monument status and the striking ruins of the main abbey continue to be a popular tourist destination, owned and managed by English Heritage. The abbey’s records also provide one of the earliest insights into queer relationships during the medieval period.

6. Rochester Castle

One of the best-preserved Norman fortifications in England, Rochester Castle was built at a strategic crossroads in the years following the Norman Conquest.

In 1087 Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester began the construction of the castle to command an important river crossing. One of William the Conqueror’s greatest architects, Gundulf was also responsible for the Tower of London. Much of what remains of the walled perimeter remains intact from that time.

In 1215, garrisoned by rebel barons, the castle endured an epic siege by King John. Rochester Castle played no role in the Civil Wars and so it was never slighted. It appears, however, that a violent fire took place in the keep before the 1660s, which reduced the building to ruin.

Today the castle has been largely restored and is open to visitors under the custodianship of English Heritage.

7. St Michael’s Mount

St Michael’s Mount is a small tidal island in Cornwall’s Mount’s Bay, England, and is linked to the town of Marazion by a man-made causeway only passable at mid or low tide. Since 1650, the medieval castle and chapel complex has been the home of the St Aubyn family, although today, the island is jointly managed by the St Aubyns and the National Trust.

St Michael’s Mount was likely an earlier monastery, but was gifted by Edward the Confessor to the Benedictine order of Mont Saint-Michel (the French order that was later dissolved by Henry V) in the 11th century. The Mount was captured on behalf of Prince John in 1193 – during the reign of his brother King Richard I.

In 1424, the chapel was given to the Abbess and Convent of Syon in Middlesex, ending the island’s connection with the French Benedictines. Nonetheless, the Mount remained a popular destination for pilgrims and the castle was built on top of the island around the same time.

St Michael’s Mount continues to weather the tides of time so that visitors can still explore parts of the island and castle.

8. Orford Castle

Orford Castle in Suffolk is a striking medieval castle once used to assert royal authority in the area. With its keep still largely intact, it provides an intriguing look into the world of medieval Britain. Orford Castle was originally built in 1165 under the orders of King Henry II, and was an impressive fortified stone structure surrounded by a curtain wall and several defensive mounds.

In 1189 the castle passed to Henry II’s son Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, and when he was captured upon his return from the crusades, his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine assembled a fleet at Orford to deliver the ransom for his release.

Whilst much of Orford Castle has since been destroyed or eroded, the polygonal five-storey tower is extremely well-preserved and offers visitors a great insight into the history of this vital stronghold.

9. Battle Abbey and Battlefield

Battle Abbey and Battlefield is the site on which the decisive Battle of Hastings took place in October 1066. It now holds the ruins of the Norman abbey built shortly after the battle, as well as a modern visitor centre detailing the site’s significant place in history.

The Battle of Hastings in 1066 was one of Britain’s most important historical events, following which William, Duke of Normandy – largely known as William the Conqueror – was crowned King of England.

In 1090, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for all the lives taken during their conquest of England, following which William vowed to build an abbey to commemorate the fallen dead.

Today Battle Abbey is managed by English Heritage and features a museum exploring William the Conqueror’s victory at Hastings, the events that led up to it, and its aftermath.

10. High Bridge

High Bridge in Lincoln, England, is a medieval bridge that carries the High Street across the River Witham. It is the oldest bridge in the United Kingdom still to have buildings on it, and having stood since the 12th century, today is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.

High Bridge was originally built in 1160 AD with a bridge chapel on the side, dedicated to the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, in 1235 although later removed in 1762. Bridge chapels were commonly-used medieval sanctuaries for travellers, although few remain in England today. The bridge saw the addition of its characteristic timber-framed shops from around 1550, similar in style to London Bridge.

Today, the medieval stone arched bridge continues to cross the River Witham, one of only 3 remaining bridges with buildings on it (the others are Pulteney Bridge in Bath and Frome Bridge in Somerset).

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Magnificent Medieval Cities Across The World You Need To Visit

Posted: January 3, 2024 | Last updated: January 3, 2024

Charming medieval metropolises

York, England

Although it dates back to Roman times, York flourished during the Middle Ages. The city built its wealth on trading in wool and textiles, and society's most affluent people invested in property such as the cottages of Our Lady’s Row in Goodramgate, dated to 1316. Star sights here include The Shambles ,  a street seemingly straight out of Harry Potter , which takes its name from the butchers' benches, placed outside shops to display wares. York Minster, constructed between 1230 and 1472, is one of the finest examples of Gothic cathedrals in the world too.

Česky Krumlov, Czech Republic

Česky Krumlov – whose name is purported to mean 'Crooked Meadow in Czechia' – is tucked away in a bend of the Vltava river in the Czech Republic's south. Small but perfectly formed, it's crisscrossed with narrow, winding streets and dominated by its huge castle, dating from the 13th century. Over all that time, only three aristocratic families have ever owned the place. The city's other prominent structure, the Gothic church of St Vitus, was consecrated in 1439.

Hanoi, Vietnam

The ancient capital of Vietnam, set on the banks of the Hong river in the north of the country, has a fascinating labyrinth of streets dating back a thousand years. Medieval shop fronts, where merchants traditionally lived above their premises, stick out among the modern architecture. Particularly striking, the Temple of Literature began as a university in the 11th century, and was where the teachings of Confucius were traditionally imparted.

Fez, Morocco

The city of Fez in northern Morocco was first mentioned in 789, but most of its famous landmarks date from the 13th and 14th centuries. In fact, the old town, or Medina, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in the Arab world. It's tipped as having the world’s largest pedestrian zone, with a tapestry of narrow streets, busy squares and souks lined with goods. The city also has an ancient university and religious schools, and its traditional trade of tanning leather continues to this day.

Bamberg, Germany

First mentioned in 902, Bamberg lies in the southern German state of Bavaria. The town is famous for brewing beer – especially dark smoke beer – and a handful of breweries still exist in the city, many with their own pubs. One such venue is the delightfully crooked Schlenkerla pub, housed in a building dating from the 15th century. Another picturesque sight, the Little Venice area of the town boasts medieval fishing houses along the banks of the river Regnitz, while the quirky town hall rests on an island linked by two bridges.

Sighisoara, Romania

Given that this Transylvanian town was on the edge of the Ottoman Empire – and subject to many attacks during the medieval period – it's amazing that so much of its early architecture remains. Set in the heart of Romania, Sighisoara originated in the 12th century when it was colonized by the Saxons. Today a magnificent citadel still sits atop the main hill, surrounded by a ring of walls and nine towers, including a clock tower.

Monsanto, Portugal

Nestling close to the Spanish border, the Portuguese village of Monsanto was the main town in this region in the 12th century. The castle, the ruins of which are still visible today, was constructed in 1171 and used as a defense against the Moors. Other charming sights include the red-roofed buildings and narrow streets which, in more recent times, earned Monsanta the title of “most Portuguese village in Portugal". It’s the geology that really stands out, though – huge granite boulders litter the landscape and appear to be almost crushing the tiny houses.

Nuremberg, Germany

Situated in the south German state of Bavaria, Nuremberg was first mentioned in 1050 as a settlement surrounding the castle. As the Middle Ages progressed, the city became a center of commerce, trade, manufacturing and the arts. The artist Albrecht Durer was born here and his half-timbered house, built in 1507, survives. Other attractions include the beautiful 14th-century Schöner Brunnen fountain and the Hauptmarkt, which remains a center of trade today.

Chester, England

Pingyao, China

Pingyao, which lies around 360 miles south west of Beijing, flourished during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The shape of its magnificent walls earned it the nickname Turtle City, as the six gates and criss-crossing paths between them look like the four legs, head, tail and patterned shell of a turtle. The Ming-Qing shopping street retains its medieval architecture and two grooves, worn in by centuries of wheeled carts on the stone thresholds, are still visible.

Troyes, France

A historic city in northeastern France, Troyes became incredibly wealthy through trade in the Middle Ages. The city hosted two annual trade fairs, which drew merchants from all over Europe and the Troy Weight, on which the imperial system of weights is based, is even named after the city. Troyes’ well-preserved half-timbered buildings still produce a delightful patchwork of contrasting pastel colors today.

Prague, Czech Republic

Prague escaped destruction in the Second World War and is therefore home to a wealth of Romanesque and Gothic architecture, dating from 800 to the 15th century. Among its many medieval jewels is a still functioning astronomical clock on the side of the Old Town Hall – it was built in 1410 and its technical skill is a testament to medieval craftsmanship. Prague sits on the river Vltava and the beautiful Charles Bridge, built in 1357, is another historic wonder. 

Rostov, Russia

Located around 130 miles northeast of Moscow along Lake Nero, Rostov is often called The Great, to distinguish it from the southern city of Rostov-on-Don. It became famous as a great religious center in the 14th century and its Kremlin is said to be the finest outside Moscow. The central square is home to the Cathedral of the Assumption, the lower parts of which date from the 12th century.

Girona, Spain

You may recognize the Catalonian city of Girona from season six of Game of Thrones , where it was called Braavos – but it's filled with real-life medieval wonders too. The city walls were originally Roman, but enlarged in the 800s, and again in the 14th century. Meanwhile, the Museum of Girona Cathedral contains the Tapestry of Creation, which was made in the 11th century and rivals the Bayeux Tapestry in size and importance. Girona also has a beautifully preserved Jewish quarter, which flourished in medieval times until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492.

Istanbul, Turkey

Originally called Constantinople, Istanbul has an ancient history but flourished during the medieval period. The city is situated between Europe and Asia, and Christianity and Islam vied for dominance here. The Hagia Sophia, constructed from 537, was a Christian cathedral until 1453, then a mosque for 500 years (it functions as a mosque again today). The Topkapi palace, built from 1466 for the Sultan, is also impressive, but it’s the medieval street markets of the ordinary people that really bring the city to life.

Rhodes, Greece

Nara, Japan

Nara, 20 miles east of Osaka in southern Japan, was the capital and seat of the Emperor in the 8th century. The city has many ancient Buddhist temples including the Seven Great Temples, which are storied wooden pagodas dating from the 8th century. But Nara is perhaps most famous for its deer: going right back to the medieval period, deer were considered sacred messengers and they still roam the city today.

Visby, Sweden

The beautifully preserved medieval town of Visby is situated on the island of Gotland, off the southeast Swedish coast. Visby grew rich on the trade between Russia and Western Europe and by 1161 was one of the principal cities of northern Europe. It’s famous for a brutal battle fought in 1361 between the locals and the Danes, after which the city went into decline. However, today its well-preserved walls and tower gates, 14th-century merchant houses and cathedral make it a jewel in Scandinavia's glittering crown. 

Carcassonne, France

Situated in the beautiful Aude Valley, the 13th-century slate roofs of Carcassonne's 52 towers are a vision of beauty, glinting in the sun. These towers fortify the outer and inner ring of the city walls. Within the fortifications, there is a wealth of winding cobbled streets and houses which make up La Cité Médiévale.

Dubrovnik, Croatia

Tallinn, Estonia

The Estonian capital is first mentioned in the record of 1219 during an attack by the Danes when the area fell under their control. Tallinn grew prosperous on trade and the magnificent town hall, located in the main square, dates from 1402, while the Great Guild Hall built in 1407 is evidence of the importance of its merchants. Tallinn’s many churches fill the skyline, the oldest being St Mary’s which dates from the 13th century.

Frias, Spain

Hallstatt, Austria

Although an 18th-century fire destroyed many of the medieval wooden buildings here, Hallstatt still retains much of its original beauty. Located in Upper Austria, the town grew wealthy from its trade in salt since prehistoric times, and its relative isolation means it has kept its picture-postcard appearance. Mountain-fringed Hallstatt is also said to be the inspiration for Arendelle in the Disney franchise  Frozen .

Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina

Siena, Italy

Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany

Rothenburg, located in the Franconia region of Bavaria, is thought to be medieval Germany’s second-largest town and is now one of its best preserved walled cities. The settlement is first mentioned in 970 and the first castle was built 100 years later. In 1170 the town received its city rights and the walled defenses were built. Work also began on St James Church in 1311 and the beautiful carved wooden altar was completed in 1484. Today the pretty town could still pass for the location of a Brothers Grimm fairy tale. 

Bergen, Norway

Delft, The Netherlands

This city, in the west of The Netherlands, lies along the Schie waterway between Rotterdam and The Hague – it was founded in 1075 and given its charter in 1246. Then, in 1389, the Schie was made into a canal, and the goods that were traded in and out of the city made Delft the most important city in the Netherlands in the medieval period. Bolstering the city further, the huge brick Eastern Gate (the only one surviving of four gates) was built in 1400, and enhanced by towers around a century later. 

Krakow, Poland

Located in the south of Poland, Krakow has the best preserved original medieval architecture in the country. Dating from the 10th century, the city grew as a trading center, bursting with opulent merchants’ homes. In 1320, King Wladyslaw united Poland and made Krakow the capital with the royal palace at Wawel. The medieval Jagiellonian University is one of the oldest in Europe and the huge market square is a testament to the wealth and power of this trading city.

Colmar, France

Some argue that Colmar is the most beautiful city in Europe – and they could be right. This picture-perfect place lies in the Alsace region of France, south of Strasbourg, and is first mentioned in records around AD 823. By the 1200s, Colmar had become prosperous due to its location on the wine trade routes, with the rivers Lauch and Thur providing easy access. Colmar’s brightly-colored half-timbered houses, quaint streets and ornate market squares give the feeling you really have stepped back in time.

Now check out the world's most beautiful walled towns and cities

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• Rostov-on-Don, Russia

Rostov-on-Don (Rostov-na-Donu) is the capital city of the Russian federal subject of Rostov Oblast. It is the biggest city in Southern Russia and the 10th most populous in the country, with a current population of 1,110,000. Owing to its strategic position on the Don River, Rostov-on-Don acts as a vital seaport and industrial juggernaut. This metropolitan also serves as a launching point for the Caucasus and an all-around beautiful place to visit. 

Geography And Climate Of Rostov-on-Don

Rostov-on-Don, also referred to simply as "Rostov," is located in Southeastern Russia, just north of the Caucuses - a mountain range containing Mount Elbrus , which is Europe's highest peak (i.e., one of the " Seven Summits ''). Rostov-on-Don is also situated on the Don River, about 30 miles inland from the Sea of Azov , which itself opens into the Black Sea . Rostov is about 670 miles south of Moscow and sits in the immediate vicinity of the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Eastern Ukraine. 

This region's climate is generally temperate and experiences steady rainfall throughout the year. The average annual temperature is 51 degrees Fahrenheit, ranging from a low of 22 degrees in the coldest month of January to a high of 85 degrees in the hottest month of July. The average relative humidity is 73%. 

History Of Rostov-on-Don

The predecessor of Rostov began in 1749 with the establishment of a Turkish customs port. The fortress of St. Dmitry of Rostov was built between 1761 and 1763, which served as the developing town's focal point. Neighboring Armenian settlement, Nakhichevan-na-Donu, later merged with this site to form the basis of modern Rostov. In 1806, the combined town was officially named Rostov-on-Don. The city grew steadily throughout the 19th century in conjunction with the surrounding North-Caucasus region. 

In 1952 the Volga-Don Shipping Canal linked Rostov to the Volga basin. This project thereby connected the already important seaport to Europe's longest river and Russia's main waterway. 

Today, Rostov-on-Don is a vital meeting point for road, rail, water systems, and oil and natural gas pipeline connections that serve central Russia and the Caucasus. Rostov is also close to the Donets Coal Basin, which has contributed to the city's significant industrial and engineering role for the whole of Russia. 

Because of its transport and industrious capabilities, Rostov has recently played a major part in the invasion of Ukraine. Russian forces and heavy artillery gathered near the border city, which was then used as one of many launching points for the attacks on February 24, 2022. 

Visiting Rostov-on-Don

The Rostov-on-Don Airport was replaced by the Platov International Airport in 2017. Some international flights are available, but most international travel would likely connect through Moscow. Rostov can also be accessed by Russia's extensive train system or by car or bus. Prospective international travelers will want to be sure to allow adequate time for obtaining a tourist visa. This formal undertaking can be much more time-intensive and expensive compared to many other nations around the world. 

While the current situation makes travel ill-advised, Rostov does offer a variety of appealing aspects for general tourism. For starters, there is a wealth of striking architecture, both in terms of religious structures and government buildings. A thorough tour will also unveil a variety of niche museums and a bounty of beautiful parks scattered throughout the city. Sports fans and fitness buffs will want to take stock of the gigantic athletic facilities that Rostov offers. And finally, no trip would be complete without a survey of the Don River. The Voroshilovsky bridge offers a panoramic view of the city and a snapshot of the seaport activity. 

Current Events And The Invasion of Ukraine

Early in the morning of February 24, 2022, Russia's military invaded Ukraine , launching assaults by land, sea, air, and with disruptive cyber attacks. Rostov-on-Don served as a vital launchpad for this campaign. The widespread attacks were unprovoked and triggered immediate, harsh sanctions against Russia by the United States and other G7 nations . Russian President, Vladimir Putin, claimed that the intention was the "...demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine." Ukraine declared a state of emergency, and President Volodymyr Zelensky asked for all citizens willing to defend the country to step forward. 

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