what is tourism supply

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“People who spend money on experiences report being happier than those who spend money on objects.” − Anonymous, thepsychmind.com.

Tourism Management is a complex sector involving a wide range of economic operations. Tourism supply is one of the operations. It is highly reliable on the natural, artificial or man-made, operating, as well as the regulatory components involved in creating the tourism product. The supply elements are geographically confined to a fixed place hence, the stake holding businesses need to provide products and services by putting costs and anticipating promotion of their individual products and revenue.

It influences an entire tour right from starting the tour up to ending it gracefully and satisfactorily. Let us see what it is and what makes it a bundle of tourists’ satisfaction.

What is Tourism Supply?

The tourism supply of an industry is derived by summing the value of tourism products sold by the tourism industry to the tourists It takes into account accommodation services, food, transport, and other retail sales.

Properties of Tourism Supply

Tourism supply is perishable (cannot be stored like the products).

It cannot be examined before one purchases it.

It is necessary to move from one place to other for its consumption.

It is geographically fixed at different places.

Components of Tourism Supply

Here are typical components of the tourism supply −

• Attractions

They are the places the tourists perceive as the satisfaction of their leisure-oriented needs.

Natural Attractions − Caves, canyons, rocks, waterbodies, landscapes.

Man-Made Attractions − Theme parks, towers, bridges, architecture, temples, mosques, churches, and monuments.

Cultural Attractions − Historical sites, monuments, local arts and crafts, local folk core, music and dance.

Transportation

They are the modes of commuting.

Road − Car, bus, cycle.

Rail − Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity trains.

Water − Boats, ferries, cruises.

Air − Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters that operate as and when required.

Intermediaries

They are the mediators.

Travel Agents − The business of selling hospitality and tourism products.

Tour Operators − They deal with the operating components for rates.

Destination

It is the place the tourists visit. It is composed of −

Accommodation − Hotel, motel, lodge, guest house, B&B.

Restaurant − Specialty restaurants, themed restaurants, branded restaurants such as CCD, KFC, Bistros, and takeaway food joints.

Tourist Facilities − Pubs, entertainment parks, shopping centers, and casinos.

They include activities the tourists are interested to engage in −

Adventure Sports − Mountain biking, bungee jumping, rafting, and other similar activities.

Leisure − Basking on beaches, swimming, dining near waterbody.

Business Activities − Attending seminars, business meetings, promotions.

Health Activities − Attending Yoga sessions, exercising, undergoing naturopathy, and similar such activities.

Categories of Tourism Supply Components

Tourism supply incorporates the following components −

Natural Components

They are mainly the Environmental components. They are the natural elements for visitors’ experience and enjoyment.

• Milieus of the destination
• Flora and fauna
• Natural beauty of destination

Constructed Components

They are the infrastructure and superstructures . They include all surface, underground, and above the ground constructions and facilities.

• Water Supply System
• Cooking gas supply system
• Electric supply system
• Drainage and sewage system
• Rest rooms for sanitation
• Transport hubs
• Parking hubs
• Accommodations/hotels/Restaurants
• Shopping centers

Operating Components

They are mainly related to the services. They include the work force that is instrumental in imparting excellent experience to the tourists.

• Transport service
• Food service
• Accommodation service
• Service at the places of attraction

Regulatory Components

They are the permitting authorities.

• The public sector − Government policies
• Civil rights authorities

The tourist supply inspires, conducts, and affects the entire tour. If any one of the above given components does not work well, it impedes the experience of the tourists and the tour does not turn out to the tourists’ satisfaction.

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Chapter 1. History and Overview

1.1 What is Tourism?

Before engaging in a study of tourism , let’s have a closer look at what this term means.

Definition of Tourism

There are a number of ways tourism can be defined, and for this reason, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) embarked on a project from 2005 to 2007 to create a common glossary of terms for tourism. It defines tourism as follows:

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2008).

Using this definition, we can see that tourism is not just the movement of people for a number of purposes (whether business or pleasure), but the overall agglomeration of activities, services, and involved sectors that make up the unique tourist experience.

Tourism, Travel, and Hospitality: What are the Differences?

It is common to confuse the terms tourism , travel , and hospitality or to define them as the same thing. While tourism is the all-encompassing umbrella term for the activities and industry that create the tourist experience, the UNWTO (2020) defines travel as the activity of moving between different locations often for any purpose but more so for leisure and recreation (Hall & Page, 2006). On the other hand, hospitality can be defined as “the business of helping people to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy themselves” (Discover Hospitality, 2015, p. 3). Simply put, the hospitality industry is the combination of the accommodation and food and beverage groupings, collectively making up the largest segment of the industry (Go2HR, 2020). You’ll learn more about accommodations and F & B in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 , respectively.

Definition of Tourist and Excursionist

Building on the definition of tourism, a commonly accepted description of a tourist is “someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or leisure or other reasons” (LinkBC, 2008, p.8). The United Nations World Tourism Organization (1995) helps us break down this definition further by stating tourists can be:

• Domestic (residents of a given country travelling only within that country)
• Inbound (non-residents travelling in a given country)
• Outbound (residents of one country travelling in another country)

Excursionists  on the other hand are considered same-day visitors (UNWTO, 2020). Sometimes referred to as “day trippers.” Understandably, not every visitor stays in a destination overnight. It is common for travellers to spend a few hours or less to do sightseeing, visit attractions, dine at a local restaurant, then leave at the end of the day.

The scope of tourism, therefore, is broad and encompasses a number of activities and sectors.

Spotlight On: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible “for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism” (UNWTO, 2014b). Its membership includes 159 countries and over 500 affiliates such as private companies, research and educational institutions, and non-governmental organizations. It promotes tourism as a way of developing communities while encouraging ethical behaviour to mitigate negative impacts. For more information, visit the UNWTO website .

NAICS: The North American Industry Classification System

Given the sheer size of the tourism industry, it can be helpful to break it down into broad industry groups using a common classification system. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was jointly created by the Canadian, US, and Mexican governments to ensure common analysis across all three countries (British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training, 2013a). The tourism-related groupings created using NAICS are (in alphabetical order):

• Accommodation
• Food and beverage services (commonly known as “F & B”)
• Recreation and entertainment
• Transportation
• Travel services

These industry groups (also commonly known as sectors) are based on the similarity of the “labour processes and inputs” used for each (Government of Canada, 2013). For instance, the types of employees and resources required to run an accommodation business whether it be a hotel, motel, or even a campground are quite similar. All these businesses need staff to check in guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, and provide a place for people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the heading of accommodation. The same is true of the other four groupings, and the rest of this text explores these industry groups, and other aspects of tourism, in more detail.

It is typical for the entire tourist experience to involve more than one sector. The combination of sectors that supply and distribute the needed tourism products, services, and activities within the tourism system is called the Tourism Supply Chain. Often, these chains of sectors and activities are dependent upon each other’s delivery of products and services. Let’s look at a simple example below that describes the involved and sometimes overlapping sectoral chains in the tourism experience:

Before we seek to understand the five tourism sectors in more detail, it’s important to have an overview of the history and impacts of tourism to date.

Long Descriptions

Figure 1.2 long description: Diagram showing the tourism supply chain. This includes the phases of travel and the sectors and activities involved during each phase.

There are three travel phases: pre-departure, during travel, and post-departure.

Pre-departure, tourists use the travel services and transportation sectors.

During travel, tourists use the travel services, accommodations, food and beverage, recreation and entertainment, and transportation sectors.

Post-departure, tourists use the transportation sector.

[Return to Figure 1.2]

Media Attributions

• Front Desk by Staying LEVEL is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence .

Tourism according the the UNWTO is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.

UN agency responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism worldwide.

Moving between different locations for leisure and recreation.

The accommodations and food and beverage industry groupings.

someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or leisure or other reasons

A same-day visitor to a destination. Their trip typically ends on the same day when they leave the destination.

A way to group tourism activities based on similarities in business practices, primarily used for statistical analysis.

Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC - 2nd Edition Copyright © 2015, 2020, 2021 by Morgan Westcott and Wendy Anderson, Eds is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Venice launches experiment to charge day-trippers an access fee in bid to combat over-tourism

Colleen Barry

Associated Press

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved

Workers prepare the tourist tax cashier desks outside the main train station in Venice, Italy, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. The lagoon city of Venice begins a pilot program Thursday, April 25, 2024 to charge daytrippers a 5 euro entry fee that authorities hope will discourage tourists from arriving on peak days. Officials expect some 10,000 people will pay the fee to access the city on the first day, downloading a QR code to prove their payment. (AP Photo/Luca Bruno)

VENICE – Under the gaze of the world’s media, the fragile lagoon city of Venice launched a pilot program Thursday to charge day-trippers a 5-euro (around $5.35) entry fee that authorities hope will discourage visitors from arriving on peak days and make the city more livable for its dwindling residents.

Visitors arriving at Venice's main train station were greeted with large signs listing the 29 dates through July of the plan's test phase, as well as new entrances separating tourists from residents, students and workers.

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Stewards were on hand to politely guide anyone unaware of the new requirements through the process of downloading the QR code to pay the fee.

“We need to find a new balance between the tourists and residents,’’ said the city’s top tourism official, Simone Venturini. “We need to safeguard the spaces of the residents, of course, and we need to discourage the arrival of day-trippers on some particular days.”

Arianna Cecilia, who lives in Rome and was visiting Venice for the first time with her boyfriend, said it felt “strange" to have to buy a ticket to enter a city in her native Italy, and then pass through a tourist entrance.

The couple were staying in nearby Treviso, and had paid the fee and downloaded the QR code as required prior to arrival.

Workers in yellow vests carried out random checks at the train station, and anyone caught faces fines of 50 euros to 300 euros — though officials said “common sense” was being applied for the launch.

The requirement applies only for people arriving between 8:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. Outside of those hours, access is free and unchecked.

Venice has long suffered under the pressure of over-tourism, and officials hope the pilot project can help provide more exact figures to better manage the phenomenon.

The city can track the number of hotel visitors — which last year numbered 4.6 million, down 16% from pre-pandemic highs. But the number of day visitors, which make up the majority of the crowds in Venice, could only be estimated until recently.

A Smart Control Room set up during the pandemic has been tracking arrivals from cell phone data, roughly confirming pre-pandemic estimates of 25 million to 30 million arrivals a year, said Michele Zuin, the city’s top economic official. That includes both day-trippers and overnight guests.

But Zuin said the data is incomplete. “It’s clear we will get more reliable data from the contribution” being paid by day-trippers, he said.

Venturini said the city is strained when the number of day-trippers reaches 30,000 to 40,000. Its narrow alleyways are clogged with people and water taxis packed, making it difficult for residents to go about their business.

Not all residents, however, are persuaded of the efficacy of the new system in dissuading mass tourism . Some say more attention needs to be paid to boosting the resident population and services they need.

Venice last year passed a telling milestone when the number of tourist beds exceeded for the first time the number of official residents, which is now below 50,000 in the historic center with its picturesque canals.

“Putting a ticket to enter a city will not decrease not even by one single unit the number of visitors that are coming,’’ said Tommaso Cacciari, an activist who organized a protest Thursday against the measure.

“You pay a ticket to take the metro, to go to a museum, an amusement park; you don’t pay a ticket to enter a city. This is the last symbolic step of a project of an idea of this municipal administration to kick residents out of Venice,” he said.

Venturini said about 6,000 people had already paid to download the QR code, and officials expect paid day-tripper arrivals Thursday to reach some 10,000.

More than 70,000 others have downloaded a QR code denoting an exemption, including to work in Venice or as a resident of the Veneto region. People staying in hotels in Venice, including in mainland districts like Marghera or Mestre, should get a QR code attesting to their stay, which includes a hotel tax.

The tourist official says interest in Venice's pilot program has been keen from other places suffering from mass tourism, including other Italian art cities and cities abroad such as Barcelona and Amsterdam.

Marina Rodino, who has lived in Venice for 30 years, is opposed to the new plan. She was passing out mock EU passports for “Venice, Open City,” underlining the irony of the new system, and challenging its legal standing with citations from the Italian constitution guaranteeing its citizens the right to “move or reside freely in any part of the national territory."

Rodino has seen her local butcher close and families leave her neighborhood near the famed Rialto Bridge as short-term apartment rentals spring up. But she said the new entrance fee requirement will still allow young people to flood the city in the evening for often rowdy gatherings.

“This is not a natural oasis. This is not a museum. It is not Pompeii," she said. “It is a city, where we need to fight so the houses are inhabited by families, and stores reopen. That is what would counter this wild tourism.”

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

Liberia Intellectual Property Office Partners with Central Agricultural Research Institute to Drive Innovation in Agriculture

Liberia establishes energy sector working group to address power supply challenges.

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MONROVIA – The Ministry of Mines and Energy has launched the Energy Sector Working Group (ESWG), aimed at ensuring coordination, information sharing, intended  to make the energy sector more vibrant and efficient in service delivery. The establishment of the group was done through the Department of Energy at the Mines and Energy Ministry.

Speaking at the first acquaintance meeting of the Energy Sector Working Group Tuesday, April 23, 2024, at the Ministry of Mines and Energy central office in Monrovia, Minister Wilmot Paye described the establishment of the group as vital to bringing all energy stakeholders under one umbrella to figure out better strategies to address challenges facing the stability and availability of energy across the Country. The Mines and Energy Minister further said, the government of Liberia appreciates the support of foreign partners, but emphasized that there is a need for Liberia to own its energy sector through national budgetary support.

Minister Paye told the gathering, in order to effectuate national ownership of Liberia’s Energy Sector, he will make the matter mainstream during the upcoming cabinet retreat of President Joseph Nuyma Boakai, so that it becomes a cross-cutting concern to the cabinet. The Mines and Energy Minister then named the Rural Renewable Energy Agency (RREA), as the working group’s Co-Chair, while the Liberia Electricity Regulatory Commission (LERC), heads the Secretariat. As sector lead, Mines and Energy Ministry heads the ESWG.

Making remarks at the acquaintance and establishment working session, the Chief Executive Officer of the Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC), Mr. Monie R. Captan, applauded the establishment efforts and said it provides opportunity for all hands to be on deck in finding the best ways possible, to fix the energy issues being experienced. Mr. Captan then divulged that the Ivory Coast which provides cross-border electricity to Liberia, has reduced its provision of power supply to Liberia from 15mw (Mega Watts), to 10mw (Mega Watts), causing serious instability. The LEC Boss told his colleagues during the interactive session that Ivory Coast took this decision because they are having some technical problems they, too, are tackling.

In mitigating the frequent power outages being experienced by LEC customers, Mr. Captan said, the Corporation is constrained to burn 1,500 gallons of heavy fuel oil (HFO) per hour, amounting to 252,000 gallons weekly. He said, government is taking practical steps to keep electricity available until the rainy season pours more water into the Mount Coffee hydro power plant in White Plains to give the hydro its full capacity to serve the public’s electricity needs. The LEC CEO then assured that in order to make electricity available and sustainable, the government is exerting efforts to expand Mount Coffee hydro, build a new hydro power plant, and build a solar plant because according to him, renewable energy is the best solution to Liberia’s energy problems.

The inception gathering of the Energy Sector Working Group (ESWG), was attended by all actors in the Country’s energy sector, which include the Regulatory Commission (LERC), LEC, RREA, NOCAL, and the Petroleum Regulatory Authority (LPRA). Speaking on behalf of the LERC, its Chairman, Dr. Lawrence Sekajipo, called for greater collaboration amongst energy sector actors to change the situation positively. Like the LEC Boss suggested, recommendations went across the flow that there is a need to include the National Investment Commission (NIC) as a member of the Energy Sector Working Group (ESWG). This, the proponents said they deem necessary because the NIC plays a pivotal role in investors exploring the investment potentials of Liberia, with electricity being no exception.

Specific attention was drawn to the significance of forming the Energy Sector Working Group by the Deputy Minister for Energy, Charles Umehai, who commended the stakeholders for commitment and dedication they have demonstrated over the years to keep the energy sector recognizable. He entreated them to use this new coming-together of all, through the working group (ESWG), to be more contributive to achieve success in reforming the energy sector, which Deputy Minister Umehai confidently said is possible undoubtedly.

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Costa rica, uae sign economic partnership agreement, why costa rica farmers are going out of business, netflix spends $1.2m on security for costa rica filming, costa rica denies receiving asylum seekers from the uk, costa rica faces water supply challenges amid severe drought.

In a press conference the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), the government entity responsible for water supply in the country, announced that it cannot guarantee 100% of the water service due to the severe drought caused by the “El Niño” phenomenon and the scarcity of rainfall during the dry season, which lasts from November to May.

Juan Manuel Quesada, the executive president of AyA , stated that “the flow rates of surface sources have been reduced by up to 85% in the Greater Metropolitan Area of San José, making it impossible to guarantee water 24/7.”

This alarming situation has left residents of various areas in the capital, which is home to half of Costa Rica’s 5.1 million inhabitants, facing programmed cuts in their drinking water supply for weeks. Some neighborhoods have even gone days without access to water.

According to data from the National Meteorological Institute, the rainy season is expected to begin in the central area during the first week of May. However, AyA estimates that the normalization of the water supply systems will not occur until the end of that month. San José typically relies on water naturally supplied by rainfall in the Central Mountain Range that traverses the country from north to south. But the scarcity of precipitation has forced authorities to intervene and manage the limited supply.

AyA indicated that “the main surface sources, such as rivers and streams, have suffered large decreases in flow.” To compensate for the shortage and supply cuts, as well as to regulate the constant flow of water in the system, the managing entity has “redoubled efforts to incorporate sources that were not even planned,” including wells and tanker trucks. This highlights the severity of the situation and the need for immediate action to address the water crisis.

Furthermore, AyA has accelerated more than 40 infrastructure projects, worth over half a million dollars, to adapt and improve the water supply network. These initiatives aim to optimize the distribution of the limited water resources and minimize the impact of the drought on the population.

The current water crisis in Costa Rica underscores the vulnerability of the country’s water supply system to climate change and extreme weather events like El Niño. It also emphasizes the urgent need for long-term solutions, such as investing in more resilient infrastructure, promoting water conservation practices, and implementing effective water management strategies.

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• Mark Anthony Camilleri 2  

Part of the book series: Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management ((THEM))

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The demand for tourism products may be affected by the marketing mix elements, including the nature of the product or service, its distribution, its promotional strategies and its price. Price is the only element in the marketing mix which actually produces revenue. However, the setting of a price is not an easy task, as there are a number of pricing strategies which any travel business may apply, including; prestige pricing, penetration pricing ; cost-based pricing ; differential pricing and uniform pricing . Moreover, there are a number of factors which will influence what type of pricing strategy could be employed. Such factors include; corporate objectives; the marketing objectives, and the organisations’ cost levels, among other matters. This chapter explains the various approaches which may be utilised when setting prices. Ultimately, the customers themselves will decide whether the product that is being supplied to them will meet or exceed their expectations.

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Department of Corporate Communication, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

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Camilleri, M.A. (2018). Tourism Supply and Demand. In: Travel Marketing, Tourism Economics and the Airline Product. Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49849-2_8

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