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Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities Hardcover – September 29, 2020

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Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities

Cole, S. Vizcaino-Suárez, P., Jeffrey, H. and Eger, C. (ed.) 2020. Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities. Wallingford CABI.

Related outputs

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Water insecurity is associated with gender-based violence: A mixed-methods study in Indonesia Stroma Cole, Paula Tallman, Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich and Binahayati Rusyidi 2024. Water insecurity is associated with gender-based violence: A mixed-methods study in Indonesia. Social Science & Medicine. 34 116507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116507

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Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism Cole, S. and Sandang, Y. 2023. Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism. in: Korstanje, M.E. and Gowreesunkar, V.G.B (ed.) Global Perspectives on Human Rights and the Impact of Tourism Consumption in the 21st Century IGI Global. pp. 13-35

Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism Sandang, Yesaya and Cole, Stroma 2023. Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism. in: Global Perspectives on Human Rights and the Impact of Tourism Consumption in the 21st Century IGI Global. pp. 13-35

Wayfinding Resilience Movono, A., Ooi, C-S., Hardy, A., Muslin, M. and Cole, S. 2023. Wayfinding Resilience. in: Islands and Resilience: Experiences from the Pandemic Era Springer. pp. 65-80

Water insecurity and gender‐based violence: A global review of the evidence Paula S. Tallman, Shalean Collins, Gabriela Salmon‐Mulanovich, Binahayati Rusyidi, Aman Kothadia and Stroma Cole 2023. Water insecurity and gender‐based violence: A global review of the evidence. WIREs Water. 10 (1) e1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1619

Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics Kalisch, A.B. and Cole, S. 2023. Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 31 (12), pp. 2698-2715. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2108819

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Policy Brief: Water insecurity and Gender Based Violence: Exploring Links and Steps for Prevention Cole, S., Tallman, P., Rusyidi, B., Mulanovic, G.S., Hebi, M. and Tulis, M. 2022. Policy Brief: Water insecurity and Gender Based Violence: Exploring Links and Steps for Prevention.

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Perspektif Gender dan Hak Anak dalam Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Perempuan dan Anak di Bawah Kuasa Korporasi di Indonesia Ahsinin, A., Prihandono, I., Banjaran Aji, S., Dewi, C., Novita, J., Elpasari,, J. N., Riyadi, E., Hadi, S., El Muhtaj, M., Wahyuningroem, S., Sandang,Y. and Cole, S. 2020. Perspektif Gender dan Hak Anak dalam Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Perempuan dan Anak di Bawah Kuasa Korporasi di Indonesia. Indonesia Elsam.

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For the Worry of Water: Water, Women and Tourism in Labuan Bajo Cole, S. and Muslin, M. 2015. For the Worry of Water: Water, Women and Tourism in Labuan Bajo.

Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do Cole, S. 2014. Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 22 (1), pp. 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.776062

Water Equity in Tourism: A Human Right, A Global Responsibility Nobel R., Browne M., Cole, S., Latchford R., Nang, D. and de Gama A. 2012. Water Equity in Tourism: A Human Right, A Global Responsibility. London Tourism Concern.

A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A Case Study From Bali Cole, S. 2012. A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A Case Study From Bali. Annals of Tourism Research . 39 (2), pp. 1221-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.003

Tourism and Water in Bali: a looming Crisis Cole, S. 2011. Tourism and Water in Bali: a looming Crisis. Contours. 21 (1), pp. 14-25.

Tourism and human rights Cole, S. and Eriksson, J. 2010. Tourism and human rights. in: Cole, S. and Morgan, N. (ed.) Tourism and inequality: problems and prospects Oxford CABI Publishing. pp. 107-125

Living in Hope: Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Flores Cole, S. 2008. Living in Hope: Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Flores. in: Burns, P. and Novelli, M. (ed.) Tourism Development: Growth, Myths and Realities Oxford CABI Publishing. pp. 272-279

Sustaining Communities: Understanding the Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism Cole, S. and James, G. 2008. Sustaining Communities: Understanding the Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism. Tourism Concern.

Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors Cole, S. 2007. Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors. Tourism Management . 28 (2), pp. 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.010

Beyond authenticity and commodification Cole, S. 2007. Beyond authenticity and commodification. Annals of Tourism Research . 34 (4), pp. 943-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.05.004

Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia Cole, S. 2007. Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia . Clevedon Channel View Publications.

Entrepreneurship and Empowerment: Considering the barriers - a case study from Indonesia Cole, S. 2007. Entrepreneurship and Empowerment: Considering the barriers - a case study from Indonesia. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55 (4), pp. 461-473.

Community Development and Entrepreneurial Activity Cole, S. and Harris, C. 2007. Community Development and Entrepreneurial Activity. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55 (4), pp. 371-373.

Cultural tourism, community participation and empowerment Cole, S. 2006. Cultural tourism, community participation and empowerment. in: Smith, M. and Robinson, M. (ed.) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation Cleveland Channel View Publications. pp. 89-103

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The Hidden Power: The role of NGOs and the consequences of consumer choices Cole, S. 2006. The Hidden Power: The role of NGOs and the consequences of consumer choices.

Hospitality and Tourism in Ngadha: An Ethnographic Exploration Cole, S. 2006. Hospitality and Tourism in Ngadha: An Ethnographic Exploration. in: Lynch, P., Morrison, A. and Lashley, C. (ed.) Hospitality: a social lens London Elsevier. pp. 61-71

Community education Cole, S. 2005. Community education. in: Airey, D. and Tribe, J. (ed.) An International Handbook of Tourism Education Taylor & Francis. pp. 395-410

Action ethnography: using participant observation Cole, S. 2005. Action ethnography: using participant observation. in: Ritchie, B. W., Burns, P. and Palmer, C. (ed.) Tourism research methods: integrating theory with practice Wallingford CABI Publishing. pp. 63-72

Action Anthropology: Methodological Innovations in Tourism Research Cole, S. 2005. Action Anthropology: Methodological Innovations in Tourism Research. Tourism Recreation Research. 30 (2), pp. 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2005.11081474

Community Tourism Education: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia Cole, S. 2005. Community Tourism Education: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia. in: Airey, D. and Tribe, J. (ed.) An International Handbook of Tourism Education Oxford Elsevier. pp. 395-410

Shared Benefits? Longitudinal Research in Eastern Indonesia Cole, S. 2004. Shared Benefits? Longitudinal Research in Eastern Indonesia. in: Goodson, L. and Phillimore, J. (ed.) Qualitative Research in Tourism: Epistemologies, Ontologies and Methodologies London Routledge.

Cultural values in conflict: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia Cole, S. 2004. Cultural values in conflict: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 52 (1), pp. 91-101.

Appropriated meanings: Megaliths and tourism in Eastern Indonesia Cole, S. 2003. Appropriated meanings: Megaliths and tourism in Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World . 31 (89), pp. 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810304448

Methodological Innovations in North-South Tourism Research: Action Anthropology- New Fieldwork Methods Cole, S. 2001. Methodological Innovations in North-South Tourism Research: Action Anthropology- New Fieldwork Methods. 7th ATLAS International Conference. Savonlinna, Finland 18 - 21 Jun 2000 University of Joensuu.

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Post-modern tourist typologies: Case study from Flores, Indonesia Cole, S. 2000. Post-modern tourist typologies: Case study from Flores, Indonesia. in: Robinson, M., Long, P., Evans, N., Sharpley, R. and Swarbrooke, J. (ed.) Tourism and Heritage Relationships: Global, National and Local Perspectives Business Education Publishers Ltd..

Education for participation: The villagers' perspective - a case study from Ngada, Flores Cole, S. 1999. Education for participation: The villagers' perspective - a case study from Ngada, Flores. Bras, K., Dahles, H., Gunawan and Richards (ed.) ATLAS Asia Inauguration Conference. Bandung, Indonesia 05 - 07 Jul 1999

Tradition and Tourism: Dilemmas in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study from the Ngada Region of Flores, Indonesia Cole, S. 1998. Tradition and Tourism: Dilemmas in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study from the Ngada Region of Flores, Indonesia. Antropologi Indonesia. 56, pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i56.3338

Cultural Heritage Tourism, the Villagers' Perspective. Case Study from Ngada, Flores Cole, S. 1997. Cultural Heritage Tourism, the Villagers' Perspective. Case Study from Ngada, Flores. in: Nuryanti, W. (ed.) Tourism and Heritage Management Yogyakarta, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University Press.

Anthropologists, local communities and sustainable tourism development Cole, S. 1997. Anthropologists, local communities and sustainable tourism development. in: Stabler, M. J. (ed.) Tourism and sustainability: principles to practice Wallingford CABI Publishing. pp. 219-230

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Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities

Research output : Book/Report › Book

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

T1 - Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities

AU - Vizcaino, Paola

AU - jeffrey, heather

AU - Eger, Claudia

PY - 2020/8/14

Y1 - 2020/8/14

UR - https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203367724

BT - Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities

Introducing Critical Debates on Gender-Based Violence in Tourism

• Bournemouth University
• Middlesex University

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book chapter › Research › peer-review

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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• 10.1079/9781789243215.0001 Licence: Unspecified
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T1 - Introducing Critical Debates on Gender-Based Violence in Tourism

AU - Eger, Claudia

AU - Vizcaino-Suárez, Paola

AU - Jeffrey, Heather

N2 - To capture the inherent complexity of gender-based violence (GBV), this introduction first engages with the concept of violence and explores its intersections with gender from different disciplinary angles. Second, it exposes the silences surrounding landscapes of GBV in tourism and the power imbalances that constitute the reification of GBV in its potentially most pronounced example in tourism, namely sex tourism. Third, it examines sexual harassment, which is a key constituent of GBV and has a long tradition in the hospitality and tourism industry. This is followed by an outline of the book's structure.

AB - To capture the inherent complexity of gender-based violence (GBV), this introduction first engages with the concept of violence and explores its intersections with gender from different disciplinary angles. Second, it exposes the silences surrounding landscapes of GBV in tourism and the power imbalances that constitute the reification of GBV in its potentially most pronounced example in tourism, namely sex tourism. Third, it examines sexual harassment, which is a key constituent of GBV and has a long tradition in the hospitality and tourism industry. This is followed by an outline of the book's structure.

U2 - 10.1079/9781789243215.0001

DO - 10.1079/9781789243215.0001

M3 - Book chapter

SN - 9781789243215

BT - Tourism and Gender-Based Violence

A2 - Vizcaino, Paola

A2 - Jeffrey, Heather

A2 - Eger, Claudia

PB - CABI Publishing

CY - Wallingford

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• Forthcoming
• Title Subjects
• Tourism Studies
• Sociology & Social Issues

Tourism and Gender-based Violence

Challenging inequalities.

• Publisher CABI
• Published 29th September 2020
• ISBN 9781789243215
• Language English
• Pages 184 pp.
• Size 6" x 9"
• Description
• Table of Contents

Gender-based violence (GBV) in travel and tourism is embedded within wider social structures of gender inequalities and discrimination. Even though it is pertinent to study GBV in all its forms, this book focuses on the multiple and interconnected manifestations of violence that women/girls encounter in tourism consumption and production (physical, sexual, emotional or socio-economic), while seeking to open the debate on violence against sexual minorities (LGBT) and discussing men/boys as victims and perpetrators of GBV. By engaging in a critical exploration of the theoretical landscape of GBV and case studies on GBV and sexual harassment, the book adopts a multidisciplinary perspective drawing on feminist, intersectional and post-colonial frameworks, bringing together contributions from academics and practitioners across the globe.

1: Introducing Critical Debates on Gender-Based Violence in Tourism 2: Gender-Based Harassment Violence in Tourism Academia: Organisational Collusion, Coercion and Compliance 3: The Silenced Phenomenon: Sexual harassment in the Hospitality and Tourism Workplace 4: Labour Force Participation and Violence: A Research about Female Tourism Workers in Turkey 5: Sexual Harassment and Wellbeing in Tourism Workplaces: The Perspectives of Female Tour Guides 6: Trafficking in Human Beings in the Tourism Industry: Trends and Approaches 7: Embodying Gender and Risk: Mountain Bike Tourism in Mexico 8: An Autoethnography of Respectful Tourism: The Double-Bind of a Female Traveller in Morocco 9: “Danger Men” - Effects of a Post-Chauvinism Campaign Aimed at Tourists in Spain 10: #MeToo: A Feminist Hashtag Analysis of Gender-Based Violence Against Solo Female Travellers

Paola Vizcaino-Suárez

Paola Vizcaino-Suárez is at Bournemouth University, UK.  

Heather Jeffrey

Heather Jeffrey is at Middlesex University, Dubai.  

Claudia Eger

Claudia Eger is at Copenhagen Business School/MPP.  

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Gender-Based Violence and Tourism

Dr. stroma cole, director of equality in tourism international.

• Wednesday December 9 2020

Although the study of gender as a pertinent issue within tourism and hospitality has been on the agenda for 30 years, women continue to face injustice. Women make up between 60 and 70% of the labour force internationally (Baum, 2013), but are far more likely than men to be found in lower-paid, unskilled jobs. Women face discrimination, occupational segregation, are undervalued, stereotyped and not promoted, given less training than men and struggle more with work–life balance (Wong and Ko, 2009). They tend to have unskilled or semi-skilled work in the most vulnerable jobs, where they are more likely to experience poor working conditions, inequality of opportunity and treatment, violence, exploitation, stress and sexual harassment (Baum, 2013).

Violence against women, in all its forms, is about the abuse of power as an expression of entitlement that underpins patriarchy. Tourism provides a space for it to happen. Organisations such as the UN World Tourism Organisation, are keen to identify the potential of tourism to empower women and advance gender equality, but these frequently expounded assumptions are critiqued (Cole 2018). A new book Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities draws attention to the ways in which tourism may perpetuate gender inequality in its most exaggerated form (Vizcaino et al 2020).

By exposing specifically tourism related causes, the authors expose a continuum of overt forms of GBV from micro-aggressions and harassment through to rape, trafficking and femicide; and covert forms including the economic, constraints and restrictions, to the silencing of women, in both the consumption and production of tourism. The industry structure is riddled with power inequalities that create a sense of powerlessness and susceptibility to sexual, physical and emotional abuse. This is underscored by the prevalence of alcohol and drug consumption; night-time operations; and the erotic, liminal spaces of hotels. As ‘the customer is king’, tourism employees put up with abuse as part of their job, or violence against women employees is covered up. This is not helped either by extremely low unionisation rates in many countries and that front line staff are often required to dress in a sexualised way leading to objectification and the legitimization of violence against them. The tourism industry frequently employs women who are vulnerable to work-place harassment: young people, migrants and ethnic minorities.

Harvey Weinstein and Dominique Strauss-Kahn, were notorious cases that revealed that hotel rooms can be dangerous places for women. Although workers are more commonly the objects of abuse, assaults are also conducted by hotel workers. Due to the fragmented and diverse nature of the hotel industry, and facilitated by technology and automated operations, hotels and motels can be environments for the sexual exploitation of trafficked victims.

Heather Jeffrey, co-author of Tourism and Gender Based Violence , throws light on the experience: Aged 17, she worked as a general dog’s body in a hotel that cost more for one night than her weekly salary. “When my boss visited my room and told me he would pay for my haircut if I ‘helped him out’, I didn’t know what to do. Well, that’s not exactly true, I knew I wouldn’t take the haircut! I tried to tell some of the chefs, only one believed me. He was in his 60s, a little old man, their boss, the owner of the hotel, why would they believe my 17-year-old self?

I can’t convey the emotions I felt – scared of where I could go, ashamed that people didn’t believe me. Yet, now all I feel is anger, I am angry at our world, the one that allows this to happen.”

Other women are also speaking out. Las Kellys is an example. It’s a Facebook group of housemaids that began in Spain in 2016 and has started making changes. It is now being heard and has an action plan against exploitation in hotels, re-employment of dismissed staff, and won a tourism award .

However, this is but one part of creating solutions: the social structures that stigmatise victims of sexual violence and marginalise their voices are entrenched. The answer must be more than the ability to report sexism. They must be acted upon and should not be left to the criminal and justice systems alone for solutions.

Equality in Tourism’s Sun, Sand and Ceiling’s report  exposed how little improvement in the gender imbalance has taken place in the make-up of tourism company boards. This gender disparity extends through senior management and leadership. There is a need for workplace training to go beyond unconscious bias to mandatory gender justice training.

Equality in Tourism advocates that employers should adopt codes of practice to deal with customer and staff sexual harassment and establish clear reporting procedures. Online travel companies and platforms could compel travel businesses/ hosts listed on their sites to follow an ethical code of conduct to combat GBV.

GBV is an extension of this power imbalance. Without change at the top, workplace culture will not change. Employers need to act.

Baum, T. 2013 International Perspectives on Women and Work in Hotels, Catering and Tourism ILO working Paper Vizcaino, P. Jeffrey, H.L. and Eger, C. (2020) Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities . Wallingford: CABI

Cole, S 2018 Gender Equality and Tourism . Beyond Empowerment. CABI

Vizcaino, P. Jeffrey, H.L. and Eger, C . (2020) Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities . Wallingford: CABI

Wong, S. and Ko, A . 2009 Exploratory study of understanding hotel employees’ perception on work–life balance issues, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 28, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 195-203,

Equality in Tourism  is an organization dedicated to ensuring women always have a voice in global tourism.

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Recommended Reading

To facilitate your learning journey, we have compiled a curated reading list tailored for both academics and industry professionals. This comprehensive collection of sources is designed to foster a deeper understanding of gender equality in the context of tourism.

Routledge Handbook on Gender in Tourism: Views on Teaching, Research and Praxis

February 2024

Magdalena Petronella (Nellie) Swart, Wenjie Cai, Elaine Chiao Ling Yang, Albert Nsom Kimbu

This comprehensive handbook delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the role of gender in tourism, spanning education, research, and practice. With 40 international contributions from leading thinkers in the field, it brings together diverse themes such as entrepreneurship, mobility, sustainability, and sexuality. 

Snapshot of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in National Tourism Strategies

UNWTO commissioned a study to explore how gender issues and women’s empowerment are integrated into national tourism policies and strategies. This snapshot publication provides an overview of the study of 70 publicly-available strategies and offers recommendations to policymakers for achieving ‘gender-transformative’ tourism policies.

Gender Justice in Global Tourism: Exploring Tourism Transformation Through the Lens of Feminist Alternative Economics

August 2022

Angela B. Kalisch and Stroma Cole

Exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics.

Gender-inclusive Strategy for Tourism Businesses

The “Gender Inclusive Strategy for Tourism Businesses” contains tools to support private sector tourism enterprises of all types and sizes achieve effective and consistent strategies and programmes for gender equality across their operations.

Contrast Report 14: Responsible Tourism- Gender inequalities in the tourism labour market

April 2021       Alba Sud Editorial

Núria Abellan Calvet, Carla Izcara Conde, Alejandra López Ballart, Marta Salvador Almela

The report comprehensively reviews the current landscape of research concerning the gendered dynamics of different aspects of the tourism labour market, such as glass ceilings, the imposition of aesthetic standards for women and sexual harassment.  It uses case studies which exemplify these issues in global contexts.

Tourism, Human Rights, and Gender Equality.

December 2020

Kania Mezariani Guzaimi, Wahyu Wagiman, Vita Rachim Yudhani. Chapter by Dr. Stroma Cole

Dr. Stroma Cole was recently commissioned to co-author a chapter on Tourism by The Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy, a human rights organisation, in Indonesia. Read the shortened English version of the paper on our news page or download the full publication here .

Tourism and Gender-Based Violence: Challenging Inequalities

August 2020

Paola Vizcaino, Heather Jeffrey, Claudia Eger. Forward written by Dr. Stroma Cole

Gender based violence (GBV) in travel and tourism is embedded within wider social structures of gender inequalities and discrimination. This book focuses on the multiple and interconnected manifestations of violence that women and girls encounter in tourism consumption and production, such as physical, sexual, emotional or socio-economic abuse. Read the foreword written by Dr Stroma Cole or find the full publication   here.

Application of a gender perspective in tourism research: a theoretical and practical approach

July 2020    Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico

Cristina Figueroa-Domecq, Mónica Segovia-Perez

The paper aims to present a conceptual model that identifies and relates the different approaches and thematic areas in the research area of tourism and gender.

Global Report on Women in Tourism: Second Edition

Dec 2019         UNWTO

UNWTO has joined forces with UN Women, the German Development Agency GIZ, World Bank and Amadeus to produce the “Global Report on Women in Tourism, second edition”. The report compiles the latest statistical data and in-depth examples of good practice to illustrate the contribution tourism is making towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 – Achieving Gender Equality and Empowering all Women and Girls. 

No Sustainability for Tourism Without Gender Equality

Daniela Morena Alarcon and Stroma Cole

Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Volune 27, 2019.  pp903-919

This paper explores the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and tourism from a gender perspective. It is the first paper to take a critical analysis of how SDG 5 relates to tourism, and how tourism and gender equality interconnects with the other SDGs.

Beyond Compliance in the Hotel Sector

Minderoo Foundation’s Walk Free Initiative, WikiRate, Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, Australian National University

This publication reviews the statements made by the UK hotel sector regarding the Modern Slavery Act. It aims to document the impact of new legislative acts and how companies have responded to them. By doing so, this study aims to provide a tool to improve the effectiveness of legislation and advance business practices.

Beyond the glass ceiling: Gendering tourism management

March 2019         Annals  p79-91

Inês Carvalho, Carlos Costa, Nina Lykke, Anália Torres

This article considers how Acker’s (1990, 2012) framework of gendering processes can be a tool for the analysis of women managers’ careers in tourism organisations. Twenty-four women top-level managers in hotels and travel businesses were interviewed. 

Tourism and gendered hosts and guests

2018        Tourism Review

Heather L. Jeffrey

This conceptual paper aims to contribute to the extant tourism and gender literature by highlighting a tendency towards the conceptualisation of gendered research participants as host or guest depending upon their nationality.

Gender Equality and Tourism: Beyond Empowerment

Cole, S. (Ed.)

To hear Stroma Cole talk about the recently published book “Gender Equality and Tourism: Beyond Empowerment”, which she edited, and recount some of the personal stories featured within it, watch this clip on YouTube .

To give you a flavour of the contents of this book, download the first Chapter

Sun, Sand and Ceilings: Women in Tourism and Hospitality Boardrooms

Equality in Tourism

In 2013, Equality in Tourism published its first report on women in the boardrooms of the tourism industry. Five years on, this report revisits the data to assess the progress. The following report presents research and analysis, together with recommendations for the implementation of change. 

Poverty Alleviation and Women Empowerment through Tourism Development – an Explorative Study of Model Ventures

2018         Atna Journal of Tourism Studies

Priyakrushna Mohanty, Anu Chandran

Water worries: An intersectional feminist political ecology of tourism and water in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia

Nov 2017         Annals p14-24

Dr. Stroma Cole

Framed in feminist political ecology, this paper presents an intersectional analysis of the gender-water-tourism nexus. Based in an emergent tourism destination, Labuan Bajo, Indonesia, it goes beyond an analysis of how women bear the brunt of burdens related to water scarcity, and examines which women and why and how it affects their daily lives.

Achieving Gender Equality in Tourism and Empowering All Women and Girl

Daniela Moreno Alarcón, Equality in Tourism

Transforming Tourism 2030 Agenda is a tool that rethinks sustainable development at social, economic and environmental levels. Goal 5 is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. This document details tangible ways forward and the challenges that may be faced. 

ILO guidelines on decent work and socially responsible tourism

International Labour Office

These guidelines establish general principles and a policy framework intended to direct efforts towards attaining decent work, socially responsible tourism, and complete and productive employment for the tourism industry. This approach promotes sustainability and assists in fulfilling the SDGs.

European Institute for Gender Equality: Gender in Tourism

Jan 2017      EIGE

This publication was prepared under the gender mainstreaming programme of the European Institute for Gender Equality. It constitutes the integral part of EIGE’s Gender Mainstreaming Platform.

Hands Off, Pants On: Sexual Harassment in Chicago’s Hospitality Industry

July 2016         UNITE HERE Local 1

USA statistics indicate that the hospitality industry has the highest incidence of sexual harassment. UNITE HERE Local 1 conducted a survey of 487 women to gain a broader understanding of the extent to which women in Chicago’s hospitality industry experience sexual harassment from guests. The union also wanted to learn from women themselves what might make them feel safer on the job. 

Women in tourism: Shifting gender ideology in the DR

Jan 2017      

Lauren N. Duffy , Carol S. Kline,  Rasul A. Mowatt,  H. Charles Chancellor 

The purpose of this study is to explore the ways in which the employment of women in the tourism industry has challenged or reinforced the traditional machismo–marianismo gender ideology in the Dominican Republic. 

Sun, Sand and Ceilings: Women in the Boardroom in the Tourism Industry

Our findings suggest that the tourism industry is failing to promote women to the highest levels of decision making despite having a larger pool of female talent from which to draw. In this report we set out our findings over four key sectors of the tourism industry, both in the UK and internationally. 

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Women in tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina are breaking barriers and shaping the future

USAID's Developing Sustainable Tourism project and UN Women in BiH organized the first conference on women in tourism and Handicraft Products Fair

Date: Wednesday, 20 March 2024

The first conference of its kind dedicated to women in tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, titled "Women in Tourism: Breaking Barriers, Shaping the Future," was held on 13 March in Sarajevo. The event aimed to promote gender equality and foster the economic empowerment of women within the tourism sector.

The event convened key stakeholders from the tourism industry, including representatives from tourism companies, government bodies, NGOs (non-governmental organizations), and international organizations. Through two panel discussions, the conference delved into vital themes of tourism development, with a particular focus on the contributions of women to Bosnia and Herzegovina's tourism landscape.

Courtney Chubb, USAID Mission Director in Bosnia and Herzegovina, emphasized the fact that when women succeed, businesses and society thrives: “Together, we can create a tourism sector that is inclusive, empowering, and acts as a catalyst for the economic prosperity of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, said Chubb.

“This groundbreaking conference challenges the tourism industry to break stereotypes and foster an environment where women can truly thrive. By partnering with USAID Tourism to implement the Women’s Empowerment Principles, a flagship initiative of UN Women, in the BiH tourism sector, we are committed to support women in reaching their full potential”, said Jo-Anne Bishop, UN Women Representative in BiH, adding that “empowering women in tourism not only advances gender equality but also drives economic growth by cultivating a dynamic, diverse, and skilled workforce.”

The first panel discussion centered on women's empowerment, inclusion, and equality in tourism. Panelists emphasized the urgency of overcoming gender barriers within the industry and promoting diversity and inclusivity.

Dragana Kokot, Secretary General of the Chamber of Commerce of Republika Srpska, reflected on the broader economic benefits of empowering women to engage in economic activities. She stressed the dual benefits of empowering women to become economically self-sufficient while also providing the economy with new sources of labor, knowledge, and innovation.

The second panel discussion focused on encouraging women's entrepreneurship in tourism, addressing the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and exploring the types of support available to women who want to start their own tourism businesses.

In addition to the panels, the conference featured a Handicraft Products Fair, showcasing the work of 15 women entrepreneurs from across Bosnia and Herzegovina. Attendees had the opportunity to sample homemade delicacies and purchase high-quality handmade products, supporting women's entrepreneurship while experiencing the diverse creativity that enriches Bosnia and Herzegovina's tourism offerings.

The event was organized by UN Women BiH and the US Government through the USAID (United States Agency for International Development) Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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