br height safari

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How to change the height of br tag?

You can’t change the height of <br> tag as its not an HTML element, it is just an instruction which enforces a line break. br does not take up any space in the page.

There is a way by which you can increase line break between lines, is by putting multiple br tags.

Another way is to use classed span tag and apply the style to them, to get desired output

Method-1: Use various span classes with a different style applied to them, you can change the value of “margin-bottom” for these classes to change the height of line break.

Method-2: Use inline css in <br> tag to change the height of br tag.

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The trick to viewport units on mobile

Viewport units have always been controversial and some of that is because of how mobile browsers have made things more complicated by having their own opinions about how to implement them.

Case in point: should the scrollbar be taken into account for the vw unit? What about a site’s navigation or page controls — should those count in the calculation? Then there are physical attributes of the devices themselves (hello, notch !) that can’t be overlooked.

First, a little context

The spec is pretty vague about how viewport units should be calculated. With mobile devices, we’re often concerned with the vertical height, so let’s look specifically at viewport height ( vh ):

vh unit Equal to 1% of the height of the initial containing block.

So yeah, no clear guidance there when it comes to handling device and browser-specific differentiations.

vh was initially calculated by the current viewport of your browser. If you opened your browser and started to load a website, 1vh was equal to 1% of your screen height, minus the browser interface.

But! If you start scrolling, it’s a different story. Once you get past a piece of the browser interface, like the address bar, the vh value would update and the result was an awkward jump in the content.

Safari for iOS was one of the first mobile browsers to update their implementation by choosing to define a fixed value for the vh based on the maximum height of the screen. By doing so, the user would not experience jumps on the page once the address bar went out of view. Chrome’s mobile browser followed suit around a year ago .

As of this writing, there is a ticket to address this in Firefox Android .

While using a fixed value is nice, it also means that you cannot have a full-height element if the address bar is in view. The bottom of your element will be cropped.

CSS Custom Properties: The trick to correct sizing

The idea struck me that CSS Custom Properties and a few lines of JavaScript might be the perfect way to get the consistent and correct sizing I needed.

In JavaScript, you can always get the value of the current viewport by using the global variable window.innerHeight . This value takes the browser’s interface into account and is updated when its visibility changes. The trick is to store the viewport value in a CSS variable and apply that to the element instead of the vh unit.

Let’s say our CSS custom variable is --vh for this example. That means we will want to apply it in our CSS like this:

OK, that sets us up. Now let’s get the inner height of the viewport in JavaScript:

We told JavaScript to grab the height of the viewport and then drilled it down into 1/100th of that total so we have a value to assign as our viewport height unit value. Then we politely asked JS to create the CSS variable ( --vh ) at the :root .

As a result, we can now use --vh as our height value like we would any other vh unit, multiply it by 100 and we have the full height we want.

There is another fix for this that has come along more recently. Matt Smith documents it here . The trick is min-height: -webkit-fill-available; on the body as a progressive enhancement over 100vh , which should work on iOS devices.

Whoa, there! One more little detail.

While our work might look done at this point, those of you with an astute eye for detail may have caught that the JavaScript fires but never updates the size of our element when the viewport’s height changes. Go ahead and try resizing the demo above.

We can update the value of --vh by listening to the window resize event. This is handy in case the user rotates the device screen, like from landscape to portrait, or the navigation moves out of view on scroll.

⚠️ Updating the value of --vh will trigger a repaint of the page and the user may experience a jump as a result. Because of this, I’m not advising that this trick should be used for every project or to replace all usage of the vh unit but only when you may need your users to have an exact viewport unit value.

Also, you may want to implement a debounce method for the resize event to avoid triggering to many events while the user is resizing their browser’s window. You can learn more about it with this article: Debouncing and Throttling Explained Through Examples

You can now resize the demo above and notice that the CSS variable is updated accordingly.

While I recently used this technique on a project and it really helped, you should always think twice when replacing the browser’s default behaviors. (For example, this comes up a lot with ::focus .) Also, browsers tend to update very fast these days, so beware that today’s solution may not work tomorrow.

In the meantime, I hope this article helps! 👋

Here’s a proposal for vhc and vwc units that may be a savior in all this.

You should really use some kind of throtteling when listening to the resize event especially if it is triggering a repaint — for example like documented here: https://devdocs.io/dom_events/resize

Thanks for your feedback, I added a small note the debounce technique but I didn’t want to add extra code into the demos to keep them clear ✌️

Haven’t tried that yet but I struggled with that problem for months! Thank you very much will try this to fix my website soon.

Could you elaborate your use case? You need an in-flow full-height element at the top of the page?

I’ve read somewhere (I think, on nngroup.com) that it’s best to make such an element slightly smaller, so that the user knows that they can scroll down. (Apparently, some users will assume that there is no content below.)

That’s exactly the use case where I needed it. The first screen of the website was supposed to be full-height on mobile but we got the bottom cropped (which was the client’s logo). You could also use this trick if you have a modal that should be 100vh and you don’t want your users to loose the bottom part because of the browser’s interface.

I was struggling with this exact issue a month ago and came up with similar solution :D

I wasn’t doing –vh in root but in that element that needed vh unit only and with jQuery as the project was in jQuery. But the concept is the same.

Similar fix width modal overlay, when body tag overflow hidden:

in js: function getScrollbarWidth() { return window.innerWidth – document.documentElement.clientWidth; } document.documentElement.style.setProperty(‘–scrollbar-width’, ${getScrollbarWidth()}px );

in css: body.modal-opened { padding-right: calc(var(–scrollbar-width)); }

Just a side node – probably it’s better to call variable –vh100, as long it is “100vh”, not a single unit.

If you only need full-height elements, yes you could skip the calc part and set the variable to 100% of window.innerHeight. But if you need an element to be 50vh or else, you can use the variable and multiple it like so: height: calc(var(--vh, 1vh) * 50);

A really nice solution.

However there is a problem – if any script execution fails, JS fails to load or loading takes a long time, you’re going to have an unusable site.

Add a .js class to the body and make the calc height apply only when JS has loaded – The 100vh is both the fallback and non-js/slow loading version

There is already a fallback in the CSS in case the JavaScript doesn’t run. In this line: height: calc(var(--vh, 1vh) * 100); there is var(--vh, 1vh) where 1vh is a fallback. This is not really mentioned in the article but CSS Custom Properties can have fallback if the property is not defined. You can read more about this here: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/var You could also add a default value on the root in your CSS.

I use the following code, never had an issue with 100vh not actually occupying the whole height.

This gets rid of the default behaviour. To me it looks like the issue you are having is caused by it.

After that IIjust manually add margins and padding as needed.

I got that working on chrome on my mobile device, but it is not working for Safari :(

Louis, please ignore my first comment, after looking into issue myself I have discovered more than I had hoped for. I always assumed that viewport height would be.. you know viewport height. Not the the mess it actually is.

So I have been researching a bit.. it appears that only solution that is somewhat reliable is the one you write about in your post maybe with some media queries… I am currently looking into it.

Meanwhile I made a little demo which seems to work fine, sort of… Ill try to use orientationchange event listener to handle the change of orientation and manually adjust height of pages which are below first 2 screen heights, because the URL bar will be always hidden at that point.

http://www.patriklegard.com/app

THANK YOU – this issue has irritated me for ages, and it seems obvious now but it actually never occurred to me to solve the problem this way using innerheight.

I wouldn’t recommend using the resize event though since the height of the element is then forced to change as you scroll on mobile(especially evident on safari ios). Meaning if there’s a background image on the element that is set to cover it makes the background position change, and will also affect any absolute positioned things inside that element too.

To avoid this issue I let the script only update my vh var when the resize is substantial enough(or in this case any landscape mode, mostly the desktop users)

I am running into this issue on an aside with a sticky footer. I always want the footer to be visible since it contains the cancel and submit buttons but depending on scrolling it might show correcrly and it might not. Do you have any suggestions on a sticky footer in an aside on a mobile device?

Just in case somebody else runs into this issue, apparently in Chrome, window.innerHeight doesn’t return the correct viewport height if you’re in Device Mode in Dev Tools. I was trying to use this method on a personal website of mine but was stumped when I went into device mode to check how it looks on iOS and the console log showed a different value for innerHeight then the device viewport height. Firefox and Safari showed correct values but Chrome did not.

I found this article which seems to clarify the reason: https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2017/09/visual-viewport-api

I needed to console log window.visualViewport.width if I wanted Chrome to use the visual viewport of the device. But if you’re actually on your mobile device innerHeight works fine, it’s just that when you’re emulating a mobile device on your laptop in Chrome dev tools innerHeight is not going to work as you may expect.

oops I meant window.visualViewport.height

Just nitpicking but might as well swap that let for const .

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The HTML <br> element produces a line break in text (carriage-return). It is useful for writing a poem or an address, where the division of lines is significant.

This element's attributes include the global attributes .

Usage note: This attribute is obsolete in HTML5 and should not be used by authors . Use the CSS clear property instead.

Do not use <br> to increase the gap between lines of text; use the CSS margin property or the element (or HTML Paragraph Element) represents a paragraph of text."> <p> element.

The HTML above outputs:

Mozilla Foundation 1981 Landings Drive Building K Mountain View, CA 94043-0801 USA

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

• element supplies contact information for its nearest <article> or <body> ancestor; in the latter case, it applies to the whole document."> <address> element
• element (or HTML Paragraph Element) represents a paragraph of text."> <p> element

Document Tags and Contributors

• HTML text-level semantics
• creates a hyperlink to other web pages, files, locations within the same page, email addresses, or any other URL."> <a>
• element (or HTML Abbreviation Element) represents an abbreviation and optionally provides a full description for it. If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else."> <abbr>
• Element represents a span of text stylistically different from normal text, without conveying any special importance or relevance. It is typically used for keywords in a summary, product names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical presentation would be boldfaced. Another example of its use is to mark the lead sentence of each paragraph of an article."> <b>
• Element (or Bi-Directional Isolation Element) isolates a span of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text outside it."> <bdi>
• Element (or HTML bidirectional override element) is used to override the current directionality of text. It causes the directionality of the characters to be ignored in favor of the specified directionality."> <bdo>
• element produces a line break in text (carriage-return). It is useful for writing a poem or an address, where the division of lines is significant."> <br>
• represents a reference to a creative work. It must include the title of a work or a URL reference, which may be in an abbreviated form according to the conventions used for the addition of citation metadata."> <cite>
•  represents a fragment of computer code. By default, it is displayed in the browser's default monospace font."> <code>
• Element links a given content with a machine-readable translation. If the content is time- or date-related, the <time> must be used."> <data>
•  represents the defining instance of a term."> <dfn>
•  marks text that has stress emphasis. The <em> element can be nested, with each level of nesting indicating a greater degree of emphasis."> <em>
• Element represents a range of text that is set off from the normal text for some reason, for example, technical terms, foreign language phrases, or fictional character thoughts. It is typically displayed in italic type."> <i>
•  represents user input and produces an inline element displayed in the browser's default monospace font."> <kbd>
• represents highlighted text, i.e., a run of text marked for reference purpose, due to its relevance in a particular context. For example it can be used in a page showing search results to highlight every instance of the searched-for word."> <mark>
•  indicates that the enclosed text is a short inline quotation. This element is intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks; for long quotations use the <blockquote> element."> <q>
• element is used to provide fall-back parenthesis for browsers non-supporting ruby annotations. Ruby annotations are for showing pronunciation of East Asian characters, like using Japanese furigana or Taiwanese bopomofo characters. The <rp> element is used in the case of lack of <ruby> element support its content has what should be displayed in order to indicate the presence of a ruby annotation, usually parentheses."> <rp>
• Element embraces pronunciation of characters presented in a ruby annotations, which are used to describe the pronunciation of East Asian characters. This element is always used inside a <ruby> element."> <rt>
• Element embraces semantic annotations of characters presented in a ruby of <rb> elements used inside of <ruby> element. <rb> elements can have both pronunciation (<rt>) and semantic (<rtc>) annotations."> <rtc>
• Element represents a ruby annotation. Ruby annotations are for showing pronunciation of East Asian characters."> <ruby>
•  renders text with a strikethrough, or a line through it. Use the <s> element to represent things that are no longer relevant or no longer accurate. However, <s> is not appropriate when indicating document edits; for that, use the <del> and <ins> elements, as appropriate."> <s>
• element is an element intended to identify sample output from a computer program. It is usually displayed in the browser's default monotype font (such as Lucida Console)."> <samp>
• makes the text font size one size smaller (for example, from large to medium, or from small to x-small) down to the browser's minimum font size.  In HTML5, this element is repurposed to represent side-comments and small print, including copyright and legal text, independent of its styled presentation."> <small>
• element is a generic inline container for phrasing content, which does not inherently represent anything. It can be used to group elements for styling purposes (using the class or id attributes), or because they share attribute values, such as lang."> <span>
• element (or HTML Strong Element) gives text strong importance, and is typically displayed in bold."> <strong>
• defines a span of text that should be displayed, for typographic reasons, lower, and often smaller, than the main span of text."> <sub>
• defines a span of text that should be displayed, for typographic reasons, higher, and often smaller, than the main span of text."> <sup>
• element represents either a time on a 24-hour clock or a precise date in the Gregorian calendar (with optional time and timezone information)."> <time>
• renders text with an underline, a line under the baseline of its content."> <u>
•  represents a variable in a mathematical expression or a programming context."> <var>
• represents a position within text where the browser may optionally break a line, though its line-breaking rules would not otherwise create a break at that location."> <wbr>
• ) allows authors to clearly indicate a sequence of characters that compose an acronym or abbreviation for a word. This element has been removed in HTML5. Use <abbr> element."> <acronym>
• element supplies contact information for its nearest <article> or <body> ancestor; in the latter case, it applies to the whole document."> <address>
• ) identifies the inclusion of a Java applet."> <applet>
• element defines a hot-spot region on an image, and optionally associates it with a hypertext link. This element is used only within a <map> element."> <area>
• element represents a self-contained composition in a document, page, application, or site, which is intended to be independently distributable or reusable (e.g., in syndication). This could be a forum post, a magazine or newspaper article, a blog entry, an object, or any other independent item of content. Each <article> should be identified, typically by including a heading (<h1>-<h6> element) as a child of the <article> element."> <article>
• element represents a section of the page with content connected tangentially to the rest, which could be considered separate from that content. These sections are often represented as sidebars or inserts. They often contain the definitions on the sidebars, such as definitions from the glossary; there may also be other types of information, such as related advertisements; the biography of the author; web applications; profile information or related links on the blog."> <aside>
• element is used to embed sound content in documents. It may contain one or more audio sources, represented using the src attribute or the <source> element; the browser will choose the most suitable one."> <audio>
• element specifies the base URL to use for all relative URLs contained within a document. There can be only one <base> element in a document."> <base>
• ) establishes a default font size for a document. Font size then can be varied relative to the base font size using the <font> element."> <basefont>
• <bgsound>
• ) makes the text font size one size bigger (for example, from small to medium, or from large to x-large) up to the browser's maximum font size."> <big>
• ) is a non-standard element causing the enclosed text to flash slowly."> <blink>
• Element (or HTML Block Quotation Element) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation. Usually, this is rendered visually by indentation (see Notes for how to change it). A URL for the source of the quotation may be given using the cite attribute, while a text representation of the source can be given using the <cite> element."> <blockquote>
• Element represents the content of an HTML document. There can be only one <body> element in a document."> <body>
• Element represents a clickable button."> <button>
• Element can be used to draw graphics via scripting (usually JavaScript). For example, it can be used to draw graphs, make photo compositions or even perform animations. You may (and should) provide alternate content inside the <canvas> block. That content will be rendered both on older browsers that don't support canvas and in browsers with JavaScript disabled."> <canvas>
• Element (or HTML Table Caption Element) represents the title of a table. Though it is always the first descendant of a <table>, its styling, using CSS, may place it elsewhere, relative to the table."> <caption>
• ) is a block-level element that can contain paragraphs and other block-level and inline elements. The entire content of this element is centered horizontally within its containing element (typically, the <body>)."> <center>
• ) defines a column within a table and is used for defining common semantics on all common cells. It is generally found within a <colgroup> element."> <col>
• ) defines a group of columns within a table."> <colgroup>
• element is used inside of Shadow DOM as an insertion point. It is not intended to be used in ordinary HTML. It is used with Web Components. It has now been replaced by the <slot> element."> <content>
• ) contains a set of <option> elements that represent the values available for other controls."> <datalist>
• element (or HTML Description Element) indicates the description of a term in a description list (<dl>)."> <dd>
• ) represents a range of text that has been deleted from a document. This element is often (but need not be) rendered with strike-through text."> <del>
• element is used as a disclosure widget from which the user can retrieve additional information."> <details>
• ) represents a directory, namely a collection of filenames."> <dir>
• element (or HTML Document Division Element) is the generic container for flow content, which does not inherently represent anything. It can be used to group elements for styling purposes (using the class or id attributes), or because they share attribute values, such as lang. It should be used only when no other semantic element (such as <article> or <nav>) is appropriate."> <div>
• element (or HTML Description List Element) encloses a list of groups of terms and descriptions. Common uses for this element are to implement a glossary or to display metadata (a list of key-value pairs)."> <dl>
• element (or HTML Description Term Element) identifies a term in a description list. This element can occur only as a child element of a <dl>. It is usually followed by a <dd> element; however, multiple <dt> elements in a row indicate several terms that are all defined by the immediate next <dd> element."> <dt>
• Element represents an integration point for an external application or interactive content (in other words, a plug-in)."> <embed>
• element is used to group several controls as well as labels (<label>) within a web form."> <fieldset>
• element represents a caption or a legend associated with a figure or an illustration described by the rest of the data of the <figure> element which is its immediate ancestor, which means <figcaption> can be the first or last element inside a <figure> block. Also, the HTML Figcaption Element is optional; if not provided, then the parent figure element will have no caption."> <figcaption>
• element represents self-contained content, frequently with a caption (<figcaption>), and is typically referenced as a single unit. While it is related to the main flow, its position is independent of the main flow. Usually this is an image, an illustration, a diagram, a code snippet, or a schema that is referenced in the main text, but that can be moved to another page or to an appendix without affecting the main flow."> <figure>
• ) defines the font size, color and face for its content."> <font>
• element represents a footer for its nearest sectioning content or sectioning root element. A footer typically contains information about the author of the section, copyright data or links to related documents."> <footer>
• element represents a document section that contains interactive controls to submit information to a web server."> <form>
• is an HTML element which defines a particular area in which another HTML document can be displayed. A frame should be used within a <frameset>."> <frame>
• is an HTML element which is used to contain <frame> elements."> <frameset>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h1>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h2>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h3>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h4>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h5>
• is the most important and <h6> is the least. A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically."> <h6>
• element provides general information (metadata) about the document, including its title and links to its scripts and style sheets."> <head>
• element represents a group of introductory or navigational aids. It may contain some heading elements but also other elements like a logo, a search form, and so on."> <header>
• Element (HTML Heading Group Element) represents the heading of a section. It defines a single title that participates in the outline of the document as the heading of the implicit or explicit section that it belongs to."> <hgroup>
• element represents a thematic break between paragraph-level elements (for example, a change of scene in a story, or a shift of topic with a section). In previous versions of HTML, it represented a horizontal rule. It may still be displayed as a horizontal rule in visual browsers, but is now defined in semantic terms, rather than presentational terms."> <hr>
• element (or HTML root element) represents the root of an HTML document. All other elements must be descendants of this element."> <html>
•  represents a nested browsing context, effectively embedding another HTML page into the current page. In HTML 4.01, a document may contain a head and a body or a head and a frameset, but not both a body and a frameset. However, an <iframe> can be used within a normal document body. Each browsing context has its own session history and active document. The browsing context that contains the embedded content is called the parent browsing context. The top-level browsing context (which has no parent) is typically the browser window."> <iframe>
• element represents an image in the document."> <img>
• is used to create interactive controls for web-based forms in order to accept data from the user. How an <input> works varies considerably depending on the value of its type attribute."> <input>
• Element (or HTML Inserted Text) HTML represents a range of text that has been added to a document."> <ins>
• is an obsolete HTML element that puts a text field in a page for querying the document."> <isindex>
• element exists to facilitate generation of key material, and submission of the public key as part of an HTML form. This mechanism is designed for use with Web-based certificate management systems. It is expected that the <keygen> element will be used in an HTML form along with other information needed to construct a certificate request, and that the result of the process will be a signed certificate."> <keygen>
• ) represents a caption for an item in a user interface. It can be associated with a control either by placing the control element inside the <label> element, or by using the for attribute. Such a control is called the labeled control of the label element. One input can be associated with multiple labels."> <label>
• Element (or HTML Legend Field Element) represents a caption for the content of its parent <fieldset>."> <legend>
• element (or HTML List Item Element) is used to represent an item in a list. It must be contained in a parent element: an ordered list (<ol>), an unordered list (<ul>), or a menu (<menu>). In menus and unordered lists, list items are usually displayed using bullet points. In ordered lists, they are usually displayed with an ascending counter on the left, such as a number or letter."> <li>
• element specifies relationships between the current document and an external resource. Possible uses for this element include defining a relational framework for navigation. This Element is most used to link to style sheets."> <link>
• ) renders text between the start and end tags without interpreting the HTML in between and using a monospaced font. The HTML 2 standard recommended that lines shouldn't be broken when not greater than 132 characters."> <listing>
• element represents the main content of  the <body> of a document or application. The main content area consists of content that is directly related to, or expands upon the central topic of a document or the central functionality of an application. This content should be unique to the document, excluding any content that is repeated across a set of documents such as sidebars, navigation links, copyright information, site logos, and search forms (unless the document's main function is as a search form)"> <main>
• element is used with <area> elements to define an image map (a clickable link area)."> <map>
• element is used to insert a scrolling area of text."> <marquee>
• element represents a group of commands that a user can perform or activate. This includes both list menus, which might appear across the top of a screen, as well as context menus, such as those that might appear underneath a button after it has been clicked."> <menu>
• element represents a command that a user is able to invoke through a popup menu. This includes context menus, as well as menus that might be attached to a menu button."> <menuitem>
• element represents any metadata information that cannot be represented by one of the other HTML meta-related elements (<base>, <link>, <script>, <style> or <title>)."> <meta>
• Element represents either a scalar value within a known range or a fractional value."> <meter>
• element (HTML Navigation Element) represents a section of a page that links to other pages or to parts within the page: a section with navigation links."> <nav>
• element prevents a text from breaking into a new line automatically, so it is displayed on one long line and scrolling might be necessary. This tag is not standard HTML and should not be used."> <nobr>
• is an HTML element which is used to supporting browsers which are not able to support <frame> elements or configured to do so."> <noframes>
• Element defines a section of html to be inserted if a script type on the page is unsupported or if scripting is currently turned off in the browser."> <noscript>
• represents an external resource, which can be treated as an image, a nested browsing context, or a resource to be handled by a plugin."> <object>
• Element (or HTML Ordered List Element) represents an ordered list of items. Typically, ordered-list items are displayed with a preceding numbering, which can be of any form, like numerals, letters or Romans numerals or even simple bullets. This numbered style is not defined in the HTML description of the page, but in its associated CSS, using the list-style-type property."> <ol>
• element  creates a grouping of options within a <select> element."> <optgroup>
• element is used to create a control representing an item within a <select>, an <optgroup> or a <datalist> HTML5 element."> <option>
• element represents the result of a calculation or user action."> <output>
• element (or HTML Paragraph Element) represents a paragraph of text."> <p>
• Element (or HTML Parameter Element) defines parameters for <object>."> <param>
• ) renders everything following the start tag as raw text, without interpreting any HTML. There is no closing tag, since everything after it is considered raw text."> <plaintext>
• element (or HTML Preformatted Text) represents preformatted text. Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional ("monospace") font exactly as it is laid out in the file. Whitespace inside this element is displayed as typed.'> <pre>
• Element is used to view the completion progress of a task. While the specifics of how it's displayed is left up to the browser developer, it's typically displayed as a progress bar. Javascript can be used to manipulate the value of progress bar."> <progress>
• element (or HTML Script Element ) is used to embed or reference an executable script within an HTML or XHTML document."> <script>
• element represents a generic section of a document, i.e., a thematic grouping of content, typically with a heading. Each <section> should be identified, typically by including a heading (<h1>-<h6> element) as a child of the <section> element."> <section>
• element represents a control that presents a menu of options. The options within the menu are represented by <option> elements, which can be grouped by <optgroup> elements. Options can be pre-selected for the user."> <select>
•  element is used as a shadow DOM insertion point. You might use it if you have created multiple shadow roots under a shadow host. It is not useful in ordinary HTML. It is used with Web Components."> <shadow>
• element specifies multiple media resources for either the <picture>, the <audio> or the <video> element. It is an empty element. It is commonly used to serve the same media content in multiple formats supported by different browsers."> <source>
• is an HTML element which is used for inserting white spaces to web pages. It was created by NetScape for achieving same effect as a single-pixel layout GIF image, which was something web designers used to use to add white spaces to web pages, without actually using a GIF. However <spacer> is not supported by any major browser and same effects can be created with various CSS rules. In Mozilla applications, support for this element was removed in Gecko 2.0. Therefore usage of <spacer> is unnecessary."> <spacer>
• element (or HTML Strikethrough Element) places a strikethrough (horizontal line) over text."> <strike>
• element contains style information for a document, or part of a document. By default, the style instructions written inside that element are expected to be CSS."> <style>
• element is used as a summary, caption, or legend for the content of a <details> element."> <summary>
• represents tabular data —that is, information expressed via a two-dimensional data table."> <table>
• ) defines one or more <tr> element data-rows to be the body of its parent <table> element (as long as no <tr> elements are immediate children of that table element.)  In conjunction with a preceding <thead> and/or <tfoot> element, <tbody> provides additional semantic information for devices such as printers and displays. Of the parent table's child elements, <tbody> represents the content which, when longer than a page, will most likely differ for each page printed; while the content of <thead> and <tfoot> will be the same or similar for each page printed. For displays, <tbody> will enable separate scrolling of the <thead>, <tfoot>, and <caption> elements of the same parent <table> element.  Note that unlike the <thead>, <tfoot>, and <caption> elements however, multiple <tbody> elements are permitted (if consecutive), allowing the data-rows in long tables to be divided into different sections, each separately formatted as needed."> <tbody>
•  defines a cell of a table that contains data. It participates in the table model."> <td>
• is a mechanism for holding client-side content that is not to be rendered when a page is loaded but may subsequently be instantiated during runtime using JavaScript. "> <template>
• element represents a multi-line plain-text editing control."> <textarea>
• defines a set of rows summarizing the columns of the table."> <tfoot>
• defines a cell as header of a group of table cells. The exact nature of this group is defined by the scope and headers attributes."> <th>
• defines a set of rows defining the head of the columns of the table."> <thead>
• element defines the title of the document, shown in a browser's title bar or on the page's tab. It can only contain text, and any contained tags are ignored."> <title>
•  defines a row of cells in a table. Those can be a mix of <td> and <th> elements."> <tr>
• element is used as a child of the media elements—<audio> and <video>. It lets you specify timed text tracks (or time-based data), for example to automatically handle subtitles. The tracks are formatted in WebVTT format (.vtt files) — Web Video Text Tracks."> <track>
• ) produces an inline element displayed in the browser's default monotype font. This element was intended to style text as it would display on a fixed width display, such as a teletype. It probably is more common to display fixed width type using the <code> element."> <tt>
• element (or HTML Unordered List Element) represents an unordered list of items, namely a collection of items that do not have a numerical ordering, and their order in the list is meaningless. Typically, unordered-list items are displayed with a bullet, which can be of several forms, like a dot, a circle or a squared. The bullet style is not defined in the HTML description of the page, but in its associated CSS, using the list-style-type property."> <ul>
• element to embed video content in a document. The video element contains one or more video sources. To specify a video source, use either the src attribute or the <source> element; the browser will choose the most suitable one."> <video>
• ) renders text between the start and end tags without interpreting the HTML in between and using a monospaced font. The HTML2 specification recommended that it should be rendered wide enough to allow 80 characters per line."> <xmp>

• Web Development

Fixing the iOS Toolbar Overlap Issue with CSS Viewport Units

One of the most exciting aspects of web development in recent years has been the continued growth and improvement of CSS. Flexbox and grid revolutionized how we build webpage layouts. Custom properties (aka, CSS variables) opened up new possibilities for theming. Newer selectors like :has() , :is() , and :where() have lead to more powerful and concise CSS. Container queries are now a reality and looking ahead, native CSS nesting is on its way ( decisions concerning its syntax notwithstanding).

But all of these new and upcoming features means that CSS is becoming increasingly complicated. Inevitably, then, some new features might fall through the cracks and get overlooked. (Which is why I’m of the opinion that “full-time CSS engineer” ought to be a thing, but that’s a topic for another post.) Speaking personally, I’m still pretty ignorant concerning the benefits of newer color formats like hwb() and lch() . Which brings me to viewport units.

Put simply, viewport units allow you to size a page’s elements relative to the size of the browser’s viewport , which contains everything that is currently visible on a webpage. (The viewport is basically the browser window minus any UI elements like the navigation and search bar.)

Consider this very simple example:

The vh stands for “viewport height,” so an element set to 100vh will be 100% of the viewport’s height. If that element’s height is set to 50vh , then it’ll be 50% of the viewport’s height, and so on. The 100vh is often used when you want an element to fill up the entire browser window. For instance, I use this technique on special features (like my recent David Zindell post ) to make their headers fill up the entire viewport with a splashy image. This gives them some extra visual oomph that sets them apart from my “normal” posts.

Not All Viewports Are the Same

This approach works well except for one pretty prominent scenario. If you’re viewing such a layout in Safari on an iOS device, that 100vh element fills up the viewport, but its bottom portion is then covered by a toolbar that includes the next/previous navigation and other controls. (See Figure A.)

Note: Although I’m focusing on iOS Safari, this issue also occurs in iOS Chrome. It doesn’t occur in other iOS browsers like Brave, DuckDuckGo, Firefox, and Opera. (More on that in a moment.) I haven’t tested this in any Android browsers.

In other words, Safari doesn’t seem to take its own UI into consideration when drawing its viewport. Thus, a 100vh element doesn’t behave the way it seems like it should, i.e., filling up the space between the URL bar and the bottom toolbar. (Remember that a browser viewport is the browser window minus any UI elements.)

There are, of course, reasons for why Apple opted for this approach. And reading the developer’s explanation  — the viewport’s height changes dynamically because any toolbars disappear or minimize when you scroll — they seem perfectly valid. But that doesn’t mean I liked how it looked. It was hard to believe that this was still an issue the Year of Our Lord 2023.

Various Google searches returned different solutions, including some JavaScript-based workarounds . Using JavaScript to fix visual layout issues, however, always feels hack-y to me. Call me old-fashioned, but I like to keep my CSS and JavaScript nice and separate, and reserved for those things that they do best (e.g., CSS for layout, JavaScript for interactivity).

That aforelinked article also pointed me to Matt Smith’s article about -webkit-fill-available , which seemed promising at first. Unfortunately, it wasn’t applicable to my situation. I didn’t want the post header to simply fill up the entire available space because I also needed to take into account the height of my site’s header, which contains the logo, nav, and search.

Here’s what my original CSS looked like:

The site header is 6 rems high, so I use the calc function to subtract that from the 100vh to dynamically calculate the post header’s new height. But, as pointed out before, iOS doesn’t respond to 100vh the way you might think it would. What I really needed was a new type of CSS unit — and fortunately, I found it.

New Viewport Units

Back in November, Google’s Web.dev blog covered three new viewport units: the “large,” “small,” and “dynamic” viewport units . These units were created specifically to work with viewports whose size might change due to dynamic toolbars —  which was the exact problem I was facing .

• The “large” viewport units assume that any dynamic toolbars (e.g., Safari’s bottom bar) are retracted and hidden , and calculate the viewport’s size accordingly. (This is akin to Safari’s aforementioned default behavior.)
• The “small” viewport units assume that any dynamic toolbars are expanded and visible , and calculates the viewport’s size accordingly.
• The “dynamic” viewport units sit in-between the “large” and “small” units, and react automatically to the dynamic toolbar’s behavior.

At first glance, a “dynamic” viewport unit seemed like the solution. After all, who doesn’t like a web design that automatically responds, all on its own, to a given situation? With that thought in mind, I updated my CSS:

In addition to the original selector, I added a feature query via @supports that basically says if the browser recognizes and supports the height: 100dvh declaration, then run the following CSS. (This is an example of progressive enhancement , i.e., starting with the basics and then adding on more advanced code that modern browsers will recognize.) That CSS is virtually identical to my original CSS, except I’m now using 100dvh instead of 100vh . (The dvh stands for “dynamic viewport height.”)

The first time I loaded the page, the problem seemed to be solved: the post header now filled up the space between Safari’s toolbars without anything cut off or hidden. But then I scrolled a little bit.

When you scroll down in iOS, the browser’s toolbars disappear or reduce in size, thus increasing the height of the browser’s viewport. Conversely, scrolling back to the top causes the toolbars to reappear or return to their original size, thus decreasing the viewport’s height. This behavior caused some distracting (IMO) changes to the post header: the background image expanded while the text shifted down in response to the additional height.

Interestingly, this “dynamic” approach is the behavior employed by the iOS versions of Brave, DuckDuckGo, Firefox, and Opera. In other words, toolbar overlap appears to be a non-issue for them, at least as far as Opus is concerned.

So after giving it some more thought, I replaced 100dvh with 100svh  — i.e., the “small” viewport height — which assumes that any toolbars are always expanded.

Here’s my final code:

You can see the results — that is, the entire post header — in Figure B. Upon scrolling, the post header doesn’t take advantage of the increased viewport height, so it’s not a truly “full-height” element. However, it doesn’t have any weird shifting, either, but looks the same all the time. And I always prefer such stability in my web designs.

For what it’s worth, Firefox, Brave, et al . ignore the 100svh setting altogether, and instead, always stick with the “dynamic” handling of the viewport and post header heights. That’s a little frustrating, but since they represent a relatively minuscule amount of Opus ’ overall traffic, I’m not going to sweat it.

Final Thoughts

Along with the aforementioned color formats, viewport units are one of those aspects of CSS that has always felt rather abstract to me. (Then again, I still have trouble wrapping my mind around how srcset works, and that’s used all the time for responsive images.) The problems they seek to address have often seemed rather niche to me, compared to the issues that I’m trying to solve 95% of the time.

Of course, now I have to eat a little crow because I found myself in just such a “niche” situation. Which is to say, I’m glad that really smart people have spent time thinking through these situations, rarefied as they might seem, to find and propose potential solutions.

I’m also glad that browser makers are quick to implement them; browser support for these new viewport units is pretty good, with Opera being the only major holdout. (Which means that I’ll probably remove the @supports feature query in the not-too-distant future and use the 100svh as the default CSS.)

Finally, while Safari’s behavior was initially frustrating, I do believe they made the better choice concerning how to handle dynamic toolbars and viewport heights now that I’ve seen how Firefox et al . handle them. I’d rather have part of the design covered up by default (but fixable, if needed, with the right CSS) then see the page rearrange itself as you scroll. The latter behavior is unexpected and thus distracting, two things that can create a poorer user experience — which is something I try to avoid in every aspect of my designs.

BR Spacing - Line Height

I am having problems styling my <br/> tag. I would like the line height to be the same as a new paragraph.

<p> Line One <br/> Line Two </p> Line Three <br/> Line Four

I want each line to have the same line spacing. Is this possible?

First question that needs to be answered is “Why are you using breaks?”

If each of those is a new line (essentially a new paragraph) then you should be using p elements and not breaks.

Then you can just set the margin on the p elements.

(If it’s a list of things then you should be using a list anyway).

You should never use breaks to make space but they would be used in something like a poem or an address (or forms) to break each line. Other than that there is rarely a need to use breaks as other elements are more semantic and fit the bill much better.

Setting the height of a break is quite awkward and best avoided. You would need to control font-size, line-height margins and height.

Assuming they are <p>'s they have approximately 1em worth of spacing. I’d set the line-height and height to 0 and then put a bottom margin on each.

Thanks for replying and I understand your point, however the html is user generated.

I have an html editor on my website and i need to style what the user has inputted. Some users like to use BR instead of P, therefore i need to style BR to look like P.

Is there no way to style BR then?

Ive just tried it and it is not working.

Text 1 <br/> Text 2

I just need to know how to increase the spacing between Text 1 and Text 2. Setting Line-Height to BR do not work.

Then just set a height. Set a margin/padding. All 3 of them do not work??

Nope. Margin only works in Firefox and not IE7.

Only Firefox allows you to add a margin to the break. All other browsers (opera, Safari and IE) ignore it.

You can’t really do anything consistent I’m afraid. You would have to trap your users input and turn the breaks into paragraphs.

Historically breaks just apply a newline without adding any extra space and therefore some browsers don’t allow them to be styled.

So what i am having to achieve is impossible to work for all browsers?

Yes I think that is what Paul is saying :(.

As far as I know (and as far as tests indicate) then it doesn’t seem possible I’m afraid. The br was never meant to be styled but just create a new line in the text.

Thanks for help. Is there any other tag i can replace it which will allow me to style it? I can do find and replace.

I suppose the most foolproof method would be to replace the breaks with a classed span as follows.

Thank you for your time Paul. You have been great help.

Does Safari 15 finally fix viewport height?

Written by Luke Channings on June 11, 2021

The design for Safari 15 has been very controvercial, and has changed significantly since the beta that this article was based on Sadly, one of the casualties of the evolving design was the main thrust of this article: env(safe-area-inset-bottom) is no longer dynamically the height of the address bar in the final release.

TL;DR : No , but if you subtract env(safe-area-inset-bottom) from 100vh you'll get what you want .

Safari 15's UI is a radical departure from the previous version — and from web browsers in general — but does it fix the viewport height problem?

What is the viewport height problem again?

Mobile Safari has had problems related to 100vh not behaving like web developers expect 1 2 pretty much since the beginning. The main crux of the issue is that Mobile Safari's UI Chrome shrinks when you scroll, and expands again when you activate it. That means 100vh ("100% the height of the viewport") can't be a static number.

Let's start by understanding the definition of the vh unit 3 :

vh is defined as Equal to 1% of the height of the initial containing block . — Anthony Frehner

And here's the best explanation of the 100vh issues in Mobile Safari that I've seen so far,

The core issue is that mobile browsers (I’m looking at you, Chrome and Safari) have a “helpful” feature where the address bar is sometimes visible and sometimes hidden, changing the visible size of the viewport. Rather than adjusting the height of 100vh to be the visible portion of the screen as the viewport height changes, these browsers instead have 100vh set to the height of the browser with the address bar hidden. The result is that the bottom portion of the screen will be cut off when the address bar is visible, thus defeating the purpose of 100vh to begin with. — David Chanin , Avoid 100vh On Mobile Web

Let's put this new Safari to the test

I have a simple HTML page based on the example given in David's article. It has a header at the top and a button at the bottom, all wrapped in a 100vh container.

Safari's new floating address bar is displayed above our test button, which is more-or-less exactly the same behaviour as iOS 14.

So - Safari 15 does not change the behavour of 100vh 😢.

So what's the solution then?

It makes sense to me that the WebKit team wouldn't change the behaviour of the viewport unit, it's already well defined.

Do you remember when Apple introduced env() and safe-area-inset so that web developers could avoid their content being shown behind the notch 4 ?

Well in Safari 14, safe-area-inset-bottom is 0px whether the UI chrome is active or inactive, which is something that has annoyed me for a while.

safe-area-inset-bottom is 0px when the UI chrome is inactive in Safari 15 on iOS, and then the height of the collapsed chrome minus the height of the expanded chrome when the bar is expanded.

That means that to get a button to float at the bottom of the page, always above the UI Chrome, all you have to do is use calc(100vh - env(safe-area-inset-bottom)) .

Wrapping up

So not only does safe-area-inset-bottom work in Safari 15, it's animated !

I've been hoping that something to remedy the viewport height bug was coming since Jen Simmons (who joined the Safari / WebKit team in June 2020) was asking for feedback regarding viewport height issues.

Hey everyone who’s been frustrated that VH units in CSS don’t do what you need… can you describe your usecase? What layout are you creating? With which layout mechanism? What do you need? Screenshots & sample code appreciated. — Jen Simmons ( @jensimmons ) May 15, 2021

Have a feeling I’m going to be talking about Environment Variables a lot this week. They are really cool & supported! https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/env() https://caniuse.com/css-env-function padding-bottom: calc(1rem + env(safe-area-inset-bottom)); -or- height: calc(100vh - env(safe-area-inset-bottom)); — Jen Simmons ( @jensimmons ) June 7, 2021

• https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=141832 ↩
• https://css-tricks.com/the-trick-to-viewport-units-on-mobile/ ↩
• https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/4329 ↩
• https://webkit.org/blog/7929/designing-websites-for-iphone-x/ ↩

• SnippetsDB.com
• HTML & CSS

How to change BR height in CSS

In most cases, I don’t recommend using too many <br> elements. You can replace them with much more flexible <div> elements.

However, they are useful, and sometimes you may be willing to change their height.

As long as it’s a bit of an untypical wish, you can do this in some ways.

Here is how I suggest you do that:

Specify in CSS how big margins do you want to use.

• Department of Tourism

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BR Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary

Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple (BRT) Wildlife Sanctuary takes its name from the ancient Ranganatha Swamy Temple that sits at the edge of a precipice and has an extent of 539.52 sq km. The Biligirirangana Betta (hill) is at a height of 5,091 feet above the sea level and stretches from north to south for about 16 km. It is considered to be the wildlife corridor that connects the Eastern Ghats to the Western Ghats which in turn facilitates the gene flow between the population species inhabiting both the mountain ranges. The hills are covered with a variety of species of plant life, including scrub, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, shola forests, and montane grasslands. It provides shelter to many species of wildlife like mammals, reptiles, and a variety of butterflies. The forests also teem with over 250 species of birds.

Why visit BR Hills

• Dodda Sampige Mara (a large Michelia Champaka tree): A unique attraction is the Dodda Sampige Mara (a large Michelia Champaka tree), believed to be over 2000 years old and worshipped by the Soliga tribe. Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra located here displays preserved tribal information and the biodiversity of the region. There are many trekking trails here, including one that leads up to Honnametti, the highest point of the range. Another attraction here is the Honnametti Kallu – a boulder on the hilltop. A unique aspect is that it gives a metallic clang when stuck. The local Soliga tribes living here believe that the rock has gold inside.
• Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple : Another attraction of the Biligiri Ranganatha Hill is the famous Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple from which the hill takes its name. The deity in the temple is actually Lord Venkatesha, popular as Ranganatha. Figures of Ramanuja and Alvars are placed in the temple. Kanakadasa cave, Brindavana, and other shrines in the range are of religious interest. There are ruins of an old fort called Kanchikote, stated to have been built by the Gangaraja of Shivanasamudra (during the 15th-16th centuries).
• Forest Safari: Jungle Lodges & Resorts Ltd . in coordination with the forest department operates jeep safari into the BRT wildlife sanctuary twice a day (6 AM to 8 AM and 4 PM to 6.30 PM). Elephants, Sloth Bears, Gaurs, Malabar giant squirrels, wild dogs, and deers are common animals seen during forest safari, with the potential to spot tigers. 
• Bird watching: BR hills are home to over 250 species of birds.
• Elephant bathing: Local Mahouts (caretaker of elephants) give a bath to the elephants under their care in a pond located near the JLR K Gudi campus. Visitors can get a close look.
• Viewpoint: A sunset viewpoint offers a great view.

BR Tiger Reserve Timing: Entry is allowed only between 6 AM and 6 PM. 

Overview Guide

Best Season To Visit

October - May

The sanctuary is home to Tigers, Gaurs ( the largest bovines ).

Places To Stay

The best place to experience BR Hills is the River Tern Lodge, a property of Jungle Lodges & Resorts and opens up an opportunity for you to get up close and personal with nature

How To Reach

Mysore Domestic Airport is the closest airport located 79 Kms away.

The nearest railway station is Mysore Station ( 89 Kms ).

One can drive from Bangalore to BR Tiger Reserve which is about 195Kms.

Nearby Places

Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple ( 18 Kms ), BR Hills ( 17 Kms ) are some of the attractions that can be visited along with BR Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary.

Tour Location