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Searching for biblical mt. sinai.

The case for Har Karkom in the Negev and the case for Saudi Arabia

Where is Mt. Sinai? At a 2013 colloquium in Israel, an international group of scholars debated the question. At the center of the debate was Har Karkom, a mountain ridge in the Negev Desert that archaeologist Emmanuel Anati believes to be the Biblical Mt. Sinai. Or could Mt. Sinai be in Saudia Arabia, where Moses was thought to have fled after escaping Egypt? In “ Where Is Mount Sinai? The Case for Har Karkom and the Case for Saudia Arabia ” in the March/April 2014 issue of BAR , Hershel Shanks examines these candidates.

Emmanuel Anati stands before Har Karkom, a ridge in the Negev that he believes inspired the Biblical Mt. Sinai. Photo: Hershel Shanks.

Biblical Mt. Sinai has never been identified archaeologically with any scholarly consensus, though several sites have been considered. According to Shanks, none of the scholars who attended the colloquium in Israel discussed the traditional location of Mt. Sinai—the mountain called Jebel Musa looming over St. Catherine’s Monastery in the southern Sinai. Jebel Musa’s identification as Mt. Sinai developed in the early Byzantine period with the spread of monasticism into the Sinai desert. Curiously, no Exodus-related archaeological remains have been recovered in the Sinai Peninsula—through which the Israelites must have traveled out of Egypt—dating to the traditional period of the Exodus, around 1200 B.C.E.

FREE ebook: Ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus .

Having conducted more than 30 years of archaeological work on and around Har Karkom—a 2,700-foot ridge in the southern Negev—Emmanuel Anati is convinced that he has found the Biblical Mt. Sinai. At Har Karkom, Anati discovered 1,300 archaeological sites, 40,000 rock engravings and more than 120 rock cult sites. Between 4300 and 2000 B.C.E.—what Anati calls the Bronze Age Complex—Har Karkom was a religious center where the moon-god Sin was apparently worshiped. Rock art depicting ibexes, animals with crescent-shaped horns that may have symbolized the moon, are abundant. Even more intriguing, Anati believes Biblical motifs are represented on some of the rock art.

An abundance of rock art can be found at Har Karkom, including some that Emmanuel Anati interprets as Biblical motifs. A rectangular grid divided into ten spaces suggests the Ten Commandments Moses received on Mt. Sinai. In other rock art pictured in BAR , vertical and curvy lines may represent a staff and snake, recalling the story of Moses’ brother Aaron turning a staff into a snake as he stood before Pharaoh. Photo: Emmanuel Anati.

It was Har Karkom, Anati suggests, that the Biblical authors envisioned when they referred to Mt. Sinai. One major obstacle to this conclusion, Shanks notes, is that the religious center at Har Karkom flourished at least 800 years earlier than the traditional date of the Exodus. Emmanuel Anati prososes that the Exodus should be re-dated to the late third or early second millennium—if the Exodus, as described in the Bible, occurred at all. Anati believes the Biblical authors had been inspired by Har Karkom regardless.

Watch Emmanuel Anati’s lecture “ Har Karkom: Archaeological Discoveries on a Holy Mountain in the Desert of Exodus ” and other full-length lectures from the Out of Egypt: Israel’s Exodus Between Text and Memory, History and Imagination conference, which addressed some of the most challenging issues in Exodus scholarship. The international conference was hosted by Calit2’s Qualcomm Institute at UC San Diego in San Diego, CA.

Shanks proposes that we reexamine another theory: the “Midianite Hypothesis.” According to this theory, Mt. Sinai was not in the Sinai Peninsula, but in Midian in northwest Saudi Arabia. In the Bible, Moses fled to Midian after escaping Egypt (Exodus 2:15). While tending to the flock of Jethro, the priest of Midian who became Moses’ father-in-law , Moses came to “the Mountain of God” (Mt. Horeb–one of two names for the Mountain of God in the Bible) and there received God’s call to take the Israelites out of Egypt (Exodus 3:1,17). In contrast to the archaeologically empty Sinai during the traditional date of the Exodus, the region of northwest Saudi Arabia was thriving in the 12th century—as attested by the proliferation of Midianite ware, pottery associated with the Midianites. This distinctive painted ware had even made its way north to an Egyptian temple at Timna in the Negev Desert—but not into the Sinai.

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The location of Mt. Sinai continues to be debated in scholarship. Subscribers: Read more about the evidence at Har Karkom and in Saudi Arabia in the full article “ Where Is Mount Sinai? The Case for Har Karkom and the Case for Saudia Arabia ” by Hershel Shanks as it appeared in the March/April 2014 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review .

This Bible History Daily feature was originally published on February 14 2014.

Related reading in Bible History Daily:

The exodus: fact or fiction, exodus in the bible and the egyptian plagues, who was moses was he more than an exodus hero.

Akhenaten and Moses

All-Access members, read more in the BAS Library :

Mt. Sinai—in Arabia?

Has Mt. Sinai Been Found?

Where Is Mount Sinai? The Case for Har Karkom and the Case for Saudi Arabia

What Really Happened at Mount Sinai? Four biblical answers to one question

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53 Responses

Martin: If the Bible intimates that the Israeli host were already away from capture by the Pharaoh’s hosts in pursuit of them at the time of the first ascension up the mountain by Moses, then the place where they sojourned or languished was East of the Nile. Whether the modern boundaries are those identifiable by scholars as having been those known to the chroniclers and later corroborated by scientists, the biblical account of the travelling host out of Egypt suggests the absence of any more threat by the Egyptian pharaoh! The Israeli host included the live stock and the humans, both subject to the will of God! Forty years in the wilderness would have necessitated the means for sustenance of both. How else but by the Will of Almighty God could such provision be supplied? I rest my case, but remain open to “the truth”! M November 17, 2018, 0045, 24-hour clock.

I believe what I just read above. God have mercy on those who don’t trust and believe in u Lord God. Especially the Eaties who do not believe in u. Have mercy on them Lord.

Bill, Ron Wyatt was a total fraud. Please do your homework. Your making us Christians look stupid by falling for such schticks.

And I butchered the English language in my first post. I meant “you’re.”

Seems pretty likely to me that the “original” Mt. Sinai was an erupting volcano. Burning bush, covered in smoke and fire, Israelites marching toward it following a pillar of smoke/fire in the distance, etc.

I think Ron Wyatt was right when he found it in Saudi Arabia in 1979. He said it was Jabal al Lawz. He found the altar Moses built to worship God, the one Aaron built for the golden calf worship, the rock Moses split to bring forth water, the 12 pillars Moses built for each tribe, the boundaries Moses built to keep the masses away from the mountain. There is enough grasses there to feed animals and water, it all makes sense. Also on the mountain was the cave of Elijah. The top of the mountain is all black, while the bottom is not as if blackened by fire. You split the rocks and they are only black on the outside, not inside.

#3 Jonathon you are correct. More people need to see their evidence….once you see the barb wire, and the warning signs it pretty much down hill from there.

Exodus 19:1,2: In the third month of the Going Out, Of the sons of Israel From the land of Egypt – In this very day – They Have Come, Into the Wilderness of Sin. And they Journey, From Rephidim – And they Enter, the Wilderness of Sin – And they Encamp, In the Wilderness; And Israel Encampeth – There, Before the Mount.

This, is on the 60th day after Crossing Over of the muddy branch of the Nile in the Delta – Which surrounds – With its splitting into the four main threads of the time – What the confederation of oppressed Canaanites Tribes viewed to be, the northern part of the land of Cush. The land symbolized by the bee, and by the cow, and by the serpent…

Immediately after Passover, is when the windy season generally begins, in Egypt.

I always look to the Akkadian, for the nuances of Hebrew word meanings…

For Rephidim?

Rapasu(m), in Akkadian, refers to wideness; expanses. It also refers to beating; threshing. Also, to become broad; to expand; be wide; great; broad; extended.

Rappasu, is very wide.

Rapadu(m), is to roam, to wander – Especially in the outback – The desert.

Don’t you see?

Yes, Rephidim, is a place. For it is the plural, of the wide, expansive places –

Which are the Desert of the Moon, and the deserts and mountains beyond it.

Just saying…

60 days past the Sea of Reeds, the wandering in the desert, takes you to where?

Midian, is a journey of about 425 miles, using the easiest route out of the Delta and along the coast toward the Dead Sea, then southward, into Midian. As sheep graze at about 5.6 miles per day?

This would be about 76 days, if the sheep were left to just graze along…

But if you were cutting across the desert, below the Promised Land, west of the Negev?

You would shorten this journey, to about 345 miles – About 62 days, at 5.6 miles per day.

Anyway – It all works, for me…

Make of it, what you will.

If you really want to know where Mt Sinai is just google “Dr Kim and Jebel lawz.Scroll down and watch the video. You will be amazed!!!

So amazing to me.. how quickly people will chose to not believe the Bible.. Simply because they “don’t have enough evidence..”? If the first verse is true, then how come so many have such a hard time with the rest of it? Lol, and as far as “evidence”, there is so much, for so much of what has been written.. time would fail me here.. Wow it’s a complete miracle for instance, that anyone here, evem knows a Jewish person.. The Bible is so amazing awesome 🙂 I love it how it’s always showing itself correct in all ways.. over all decades.. it will only continue to do so 🙂

Not being an archaeologist this may seem ignorant. I disagree with the man that said that Mount Sinai was in Arabia just because Paul said so. Remember that when he wrote this, Arabia did indeed lay claim to the Sinai….until 106 AD which was during Paul’s life time. Median on very old biblical maps did lay claim to the eastern areas of the Sinai from Ezion Geber to the southern tip of the Sinai…an area maybe 30-45 miles wide. Personally I will go with Jebel el Tarif…it is the right distance from the starting point, and the right number of days to get to Kadesh.

The huge promotion of Ron Wyatt as a legitimate archaeologist in the comment sections of this website is great proof of how easily non-discerning Christians are fooled by cons.

Follow the highway from Magna to AlBad & the next intersection up to the left you will see a symbol to the left in Araibic & if you click on that I believe those are the Midian tombs. It used to say it in English but not now. But there are over 32 pictures. If anyone can translate they can confirm if it says Midian Tombs in Araibic script.

Look for Magna and the Well of Moses in Saudia Arabia to the north east is AlBad and somewhere near there are the Midian Tombs and to the right you can see the black topped mountains and where it looks like a great deal of water flowed once.

The evidence for the mountain in Midian is overwhelming if you do a Google map search. Look for where there are Midian graves and Well of Moses where Palm trees grow. This represents where the people complained about the water being bitter. In the book Mountain of God, there are pictures showing a mountain not far off with a cave (Elijah went into a cave on the Mountain if Moses) & a rock that looks split and evidence of water having flowed. This mountain is called Moses’ mountain by the locals. I will come back with name of towns close by so you can find it yourself in Saudia Arabia through Google Map 🙂

Well said Cheri.

It amazes me that so many Supposed learned people, dismiss men like Wyatt, who happened to have FOUND MT. Sinai , and focus instead on his lack of pedigree! When your argument is weak discredit a mans charactor? MWhat ever the reason, you find humility, self funding and using Scripture as completely accurate distasteful. It doesn’t, however, change the fact that Mr Wyatt did find Mt Sinai, along with Noah’s ark, and quite a few other sites that others “in the field” are still denying exist or are still hunting for.

Since most archeologist who hold a degree set out with the predisposed thinking of the Bible being crap, I for one find it refreshing to have someone go against the mainstream and think outside their BOX! This man nor his family have gained anything in their search except the satisfaction of knowing Yahovah’s Word is accurate and elitist men have been made foolish by the humble. ( paraphrase of Proverbs). Almost 20 years after his death the “REAL” archeologists are just now figuring out what this man knew to be true. Give men, any man the credit his lifes work is due. Don’t begrudge another his reward because you failed at his task. Blessing and peace.

A pharaoh of Egypt went to Mount Sinai and engraved his named there! In December 2013, two years after our book EXODUS was first published, an inscription made by a King of Egypt was found at Mount Gharib, which I have proposed as Mount Sinai. And more than a hundred years ago, a hieroglyphic inscription (stele) was found in the East Nile Delta, also made by a king of Egypt, describing an expedition to a location the scholars have hotly debated. But the location is now confirmed, for the same king made both inscriptions, and he found something there that only Israel could have left. This stele coupled with the inscription of the king of Egypt at Mount Gharib takes it out of the area of theory, plausibility, and circumstantial, and puts it in the arena of evidence.

Exodus by G. M. Matheny, now available on Amazon.com, Ebooks (Kindle etc.) are not available until Oct. 12th.

Saudi arabia is not 3 days from egypt through the land of the philistines. Therefore it must be in israel. The real question is where is egypt. The answer is jerusalem. 3 days north is mount meron.

And one more thing to the responder named ralph:

All that I can say is…Wow! The sixties were good to you!

I am astonished that people are still arguing about where Mt. Sinai is!!! Response # 3 and 4 are absolutely correct. Only someone with an agenda or an ignorant fool would try to deny the OVERWHELMING evidence that is to be seen in Saudi Arabia at Jabel el Lawz. This Mt. has been explored and photographed by at least three different expeditions as are mentioned previously in the above stated responses. So for the responder that said that there isn’t, “a shred of evidence” for the claims of Ron Wyatt, you are either a fool or a liar…or both!

Ron Wyatts claims are well documented by Bob Cornuke, Jim & Penny Caldwell, and Dr.David Kim. It angers me that people call Ron Wyatt a con man. Inspite of all of the evidence that he and others have brought forth they act like it is invalid because it hasn’t been “officially” documented and therefore it doesn’t count somehow and is not real. Hogwash!

It’s like, if I look out my window and see my next door neighbor’s house on fire and I call to report it, the operator telling me that because I am not a qualified fire marshall then I am not qualified to make such a report and that the house isn’t really on fire until a “qualified” fire marshall investigates to determine if indeed my neighbors house is on fire.

Gimme a break! Anyone with half a brain and a little common sense can see that the house is ablaze! And anyone who takes an honest look at Jabel el Lawz and compares it to what is described in God’s Word can plainly see that it fits the description to a tee.

Ron Wyatt was a sincere, humble, and honest man. He was interviewed on his deathbed and stuck to his story and never made even enough to cover his expenses for his work off of any of his books or dvd’s. It is easy to see that his motivation was NOT fame and fortune. It seems to me that it is just like the devil to try to discredit and invalidate Mr. Wyatt for the very reason that everything that he did say that he discovered is the truth.

Shame on anyone who speaks against this man’s reputation without doing some honest investigation because if you do you will see that when Mr. Wyatt said he found Mt. Sinai, or Noah’s Ark, or the Red Sea Crossing, or the Ark of the Covenant, etc., then that is what he found! And if any of it turns out to be incorrect ultimately it will not be because of dishonesty. It seems perfectly fitting that God would use such a lowly and humble man to find these things at a time that seems to be leading up to the fulfillment of God’s plan here on this earth.

First STOP with the e at the end…there IS NO ERA and while i am at it you egg heads can also STOP with the miscalculated calendar. WE ARE IN THE 20th CENTURY NOT THE 21st! Jesus walked the earth 33 years not a hundred.

The Jabal Haylan volcano http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/haylan.html is the only volcano in that area known to have been active around 1200…800 BC. The only problem is that it is literally far fetched: The distance is about 1850 km (1200 miles) from Eilat. There are some interesting aspects: According to Exodus 19:1 it took 60 days for Israel from Egypt to Sinai: that might be possible for the front group of that caravan. (I assume that the exodus population was far less than 600,000 men others – probably they did not use our 10-based numerical system for census. Maybe total max 30,000 people as they camped near Jabal Haylan?) And for Elijah it took 40 days to get there in 1 Kings 19:8, but he was a man in a good shape (1 Kings 18:42-46). Jabal Haylan is near Sana’a (=Sinai??). The town of Maʾrib is near, it was capital of the Sabaean kingdom from the early iron age onwards and has some Jewish and Ethiopian connections.The Maʾrib dam is near it and the first dam was built in the Middle Bronze age. Wadi Ḥarīb is near, and it sounds like Horeb. This area might be worth of some preliminary surface survey. I just wonder could archaeologists find remains of an encampment or settlement there that existed around 1200 BC and had more than average of Egyptian items? Also the eruption time of that Volcano should be double-checked with the modern methods.

Mount sinai has to be in israel. Since it is written that “the israelites didnt travel to the way of the philistines although it was closer.” Therefore it has to be past the philistines north. Perhaps the biggest miss understanding is the location of egypt. In hebrew it is written that mitzraim (egypt) had several sons. So when we are talking about the nation of egypy this includes the philistines. They israelites dwelt in egypt 430 years. Isaac was born in grar of the philistines since his time the israelittes dwell in egypt. So i beleive egypt is one of the other brothers of the philistines who dwelt near by. In jerusalem. 3 days journey from philistines grar to mount moriah. Moses says that he will travel 3 days journey to worship god. I beleive moriAh and sinai are the same.. another obvious point is the name sinai corrresponds to one of the sons of canaan. I beleive sinai and moriah and bet el are all the same mountain in israel. The garden of eden where gos choose to establish his name. Mount meron northern israel is the only mountain that can claim two of jacobs pillars that he built in bet el. Rachel was burried after they left bet el. Nahal amud is the pillar of rachel. The gilead happens to also be called gilgal rephaim or rujm el hiri and matches the description of being west of the gilgal in deuteronomy 11.

When Moses ran out of Egypt after killing the guard he fled into Midian .For the land of Egypt included the Sinai .So when the Israelite came out of Egypt they crossed the red sea into Midian were Moses got married and worked the land ,as he knew the land well there.

You are all wrong. Ex 15. Now the lord led them not by way of the philistines although it was closer. If they were coming from egypt to sinai or even saudi arabia neither way is closer if they passed the philistines who dwelt in by the western sea. Therefore mount sinai must be north of philistines. In otherwords in canaan. This is the riddle nobody can figure out. Mount meron is the real mount sinai. Arizukertorah.wordpress.com

[…] is Mt. Sinai? The investigation and study of Har Karkom has been the life work of Emmanuel Anati, an 83-year-old Italian archaeologist who has been documenting finds at the site for more than 30 […]

If we read the Bible, that is if we read the Bible, then Mt. Sinai has to be in the Land of Midian. Where is the land of Midian? Check your map, it is in Arabia. As for Mt. Karkom, yes! I believe the Hebrews were there 100% and that it is the true Kadesh Barnea.

Thanks for listening! vom

In 1985 Ron Wyatt and Dave Fasold were searching for Mt Sinai in Arabia. They thought Jabel el Lawz was the biblical Mt Sniai because the high peak of the mountain range was distinctly black. It looked as if it was solid coal . The very top portion of the entire range had been evenly scorched.. EX 19:18 And Mt Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire.. At the foot of the mountain Ron Wyatt found columns similar to the large Egyptian columns in Egypt. These were markers for a fence or border. Each was 18 ft. diameter . In Ex 19 ti tells of how a border should be put to be sure no one crossed to step on the mountain or they would die. The columns were buried only the tops showed . The Saudis do not want tourists nosing around so they could only dig around one to see what it was.. They told a Soudi Archeologist about some rock drawings of Egyption cattle.. Right after that the Saudis built a guard station and put a fence all around so no one would explore. The Saudi Bedowins call it the mountain of Moses.

The Israelites crossed the Red sea and went into Midiam .

-No, they did not.

It is not really a mystery that Mt. Sinai is in Arabia.

-‘Cause borders never change, right, John? @ralph -You may be right about the horned altar. You are incorrect about Sinai.

Har Karkom is NOT a volcano as the Bible expressly indicates.

-Nobody in all Iron Age Judah ever saw a volcanic eruption. Sometimes, a thunderstorm is just a thunderstorm.

-E. Harding, author of the Against Jebel al-Lawz site.

Like my own, reports of God’s death have been greatly exaggerated.

I heard that God was killed in tribal warfare.

The Exodus of the Children of Israel is my favorite Bible story. The story is so wonderful and I truly want to believe it occurred just as it is described in the scriptures. Yet no matter how much we search for its certain archaeological evidence it alludes us. What then are we left to conclude? Does no archaeological evidence exist? If so, then why? Was it simply because the footsteps of a pastoral people quickly disappeared in the harsh environment? Or perhaps evidence still exists that is yet to be discovered. And if evidence does still exist what could it be to substantiate such a great story to everyone’s satisfaction? My take is that after all this time if we cannot even agree on where Mt. Sinai is then we may never be able to prove that the Exodus as described even occurred at all. But I’m hoping for the miracle discovery because I want to believe. Personally I still believe in the traditional location at Jebel Musa.

[…] Searching for Biblical Mt. Sinai: The case for Har Karkom in the Negev and the case for Saudi Arabia… […]

P.S. That image of rock art is actually a Judaic horned altar. It is blocks of stone making a cubic shape, surmounted by the standard ‘horns’ that appear on the corner of all Judaic altars.

For Jonathan, The Old Midianite Hypothesis is not new, and such scholars as George Mendenhall, Larry Stager, P. Kyle McCarter Jr., and the late Frank Moore Cross Jr., have long argued for it being the most reasonable view.

See H. St. John Philby, The Land of Midian (London: Ernst Benn, 1957). M. C. A. MacDonald, “Along the Red Sea,” in Jack Sasson, et al., eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols. (N.Y.: Scribner’s Sons, 1995), 2:1350.

The solar boar of Nuah (ie: Nu) at Mt Sinai (ie: the Great Pyramid). http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jzOLtCnfZ2w/SwXUxUr0xPI/AAAAAAAAA9c/mtlMag_c-Is/s1600/Giza+-+Solar+Boat.jpg

The dove as an image of the flying Sun-disk. The Phoenix. St Peter’s Rome. http://puzzles-games.eu/data/media/30/Alabaster-Window-with-Dove-in-Cathedra-Petri-Basilica-Saint-Peter-Vatican-Rome-Italy-Close-up.jpg

. As to Noah’s Ark, that too is at the Great Pyramid.

Beside the Great Pyramid are the two great Solar Boats that rode the celestial waters of Nu (ie, Nuah). There were two boats, one for the day, one for the night (in pairs, you see). In Egyptian mythology, these boats searched for the Primaeval Mound that appeared in the chaotic waters of Nu. And the mound broke open to reveal the Phoenix, the flying Sun-disk, just as Christian iconography portrays the dove as being an image of the Sun.

. The final proof that Mt Sinai is the Great Pyramid, is the story of the wanderings for 40 years. This is not possible in reality, because 2 million people cannot live in the Sinai for 40 years. So what does this reference to 40 mean?

Actually, it is a reference to the Great Pyramid, because the GP is a 40 times copy if Pi.

If you had been initiated into the mysteries of the GP, you attached the number 40 to your story – 40 days in the wilderness, 40 years in the wilderness, or 40 years reign length. etc: etc:

The Torah account is all true, but not in the manner you expect. Ralph

. There is only one mountain that conforms to all the descriptions of Mt Sinai.

Mt Sinai was said to be: A sacred mountain of god. The tallest mountain, but small enough to be cordoned off, sharp and difficult to climb, on the edge of a desert, and with a cavern inside it. Finally, it had a black pavement at the base, that looked like the night sky. So what mountain conforms to all these points? Easy.

The Great Pyramid. And the black pavement is the black basalt pavement at the base of the GP.

See Tempest & Exodus. Ralph.

I received newsletters from Ron Wyatt from when he first started looking for Biblical things. He found chariot wheels with rims of gold and they can be found in a museum in Egypt.. He always told the Archeology people from each country what he found. Noahs Ark was found in Turkey and the Turkish Govt . was going to make it a tourist place but because of wars could not do it..Archeologists in Turkey know where it is and they tested the place..

A not-so-gullible Christian responds: Wyatt should not be considered an archaeologist. He’s a showman, and a rather poor one at that. To bring the discussion back to archaeology, we need to understand there are two approaches. One is a traditional approach that will allow for the miraculous provision of many Israelites living and traveling through a place with very few sources of water or food. This would put Jebel Musa back on the map. The other approach insists the myth of Mt. Sinai is either complete fabrication or at least something heavily exaggerated. This idea demands a naturalistic approach: the Israelites could have survived in NW Arabia easily enough, if they could get there. But before settling on one approach or the other, let’s stop pretending the argument can be settled by dismissing miraculous accounts as poo, just because we think we’ve seen it all. What lies at the heart of locating Mt. Sinai isn’t just scientific curiosity, after all.

An appeal to Ron Wyatt is counter-productive and this fellow claimed to have discovered, not only Mount Sinai, but also Noah’s ark, the ark of the covenant, the blood of Jesus, and Sodom and Gomorrah. Yet he never had a single shred of proof for any of his claims. What he did do is to sell a bunch of DVD’s to gullible Christians.

As to the Saudi Arabian proposals for a location to Mount Sinai, none of them explain why the Israelites subsequently attempted to enter the Promised Land via Kadesh Barnea and only then had to circumnavigate around the land of the Edomites in order to approach the land of Moab.

The Wilderness of Sinai The harsh conditions found in the Sinai Peninsula are vividly portrayed in the Bible account of Israel’s wanderings. (Deuteronomy 8:15) So, could a whole nation assemble at the base of Mount Sinai to receive God’s Law and later withdraw to stand “at a distance”? (Exodus 19:1, 2; 20:18) Is there a place large enough to allow for such movement of a crowd estimated to have numbered three million? A 19th-century traveler and Bible scholar, Arthur Stanley, visited the area of Mount Sinai and described the sight that confronted his party on climbing Ras Safsafa: “The effect on us, as on every one who has seen and described it, was instantaneous. . . . Here was the deep wide yellow plain sweeping down to the very base of the cliffs . . . Considering the almost total absence of such conjunctions of plain and mountain in this region, it is a really important evidence to the truth of the narrative, that one such conjunction can be found, and that within the neighbourhood of the traditional Sinai.” http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/Rbi8/1984/0 http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1001061223?q=Mt . Sinai&p=par http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200275350

Har Karkom is NOT a volcano as the Bible expressly indicates. Neither is it in Midian where Moses began his journey and ended it with the Israelites. Just because a Roman women thought it might be in Sinai “scholars” have simply accepted her choice as fact. The north-western arm of the Red Sea is a – if not THE – Reed Sea. Why scholars should ever have thought (if they troubled to do that at all) that the Israelites in flight would have stayed in Sinai within Egyptian territory rather than go to a country – Midian – OUTSIDE Egyptian control. It was here that Moses worked and lived, had his family and connections and more importantly, knew the territory.

The description of Mt Sinai in Exodus is similar to ancient descriptions of erupting volcanos. We should be looking for an ancient volcano.

Read up on Ron Wyatt’s web site, wyattarchaeologicalresearch.com. He was there in 1984 and claims that in Saudi Arabia at Jabel el Lawz (the mountain of God) that all the things described in Exodus are found there. I have read both accounts ,the one in Negrev desert and I think Ron Wyatt was correct.

[…] Searching for Biblical Mt Sinai: Where is Mt. Sinai? At a recent colloquium in Israel, an international group of scholars debated […]

Saudi Arabia location has already been explored by Ron Wyatt, Bob Cornuke, and Jim & Penny Caldwell through the past 50 years. Why are the bigger organizations just now getting to it? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1VKIyNSbUk&feature=share&list=PLjSdjA_31Wszi2MTlhW-MMqVmCIfY9a6u&index=1

In the book of Exodus it says that Moses fled to Midian ( which is in Arabia ) .The Israelites crossed the Red sea and went into Midiam . Moses new the land for he spent allot of time there before he returned to Egypt . (Exodus 2:11 ) .

It is not really a mystery that Mt. Sinai is in Arabia. Paul told us that in Galatians 4:25 — “Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem, because she is in slavery with her children.” (NIV)

Plus, as mentioned in the article above, Moses fled to Midian. Every Bible map I’ve ever seen places Midian in Arabia.

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Real Mount Sinai Visitor’s Center

The split rock at horeb - exodus 17:6.

RealMountSinai.com is your Visitor's Center ,  your first stop on your journey to explore the historical and archaeological information available on the Biblical Exodus and the Real Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia.

As you will discover the Real Mount Sinai is in the Jabal al-Lawz Mountain range, in the ancient land of Midian, located in the far north-west corner of Saudi Arabia, only 130km or 80 miles east of the traditional site at Saint Catherine in the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.  This places the Exodus of the Hebrews going "out of Egypt" and the Wandering in the Wilderness in the current land of Saudi Arabia.  The Real Mount Sinai is locally called Jabal Maqla (the Burned Mountain) and Mount Horeb is called Jabal al-Lawz (the Mountain of Almonds), which is the highest mountain in the area of Al Bad, Saudi Arabia.

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Watch for FREE (USA & Canada) Patterns of Evidence - Film 1 & 2 Now available to watch for free (with ads) is the acclaimed film 1 and 2 of Patterns of Evidence.

• Patterns of Evidence - Exodus
• Patterns of Evidence - The Moses Controversy
• Interactive Map
• The Red Sea Crossing
• The Real Mount Sinai
• The Explorers
• The Researchers
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Featured Websites: ♦ DiscoveredSinai.com ♦ DoubtingThomasResearch.com ♦ SplitRockResearch.org ♦ PatternsOfEvidence.com ♦ TheExodusCase.org ♦ AncientExodus.com ♦ WritingOfGod.com

RealMountSinai.com is contributed to by those who have first hand working experience with the body of evidence surrounding the Exodus in Saudi Arabia.  Having an inside track to many more details than are publicly available gives us a perspective to be able to highlighting the best of the best of publicly available research, videos, products, and materials.

New and Interesting

• David Rohl's New Egyptian Chronology places the Exodus at 1446 BC with stunning accuracy.
• Ryan Maruo's Documentary : " Mountain of Moses" (included in the Introductory Videos above).
• Ryan Maruo's Timeline , Historical Accounts of Sinai in Arabia.
• Joel Richardson's New Book : "Mount Sinai in Arabia" [ download free ]   Purchase on Amazon.com .
• Patterns of Evidence: The Moses Controversy - Feature Film completed its debut March 14, 16, and 19 across movie theaters in the United States. See more information, videos, and interviews on our page: Exodus Media (Film,TV, Docu) . AVAILABLE NOW: Purchase on DVD at Amazon.com ( also Director's Edition ). Watch Online at YouTube , Amazon Prime , iTunes , Vimeo , Christian Cinema .

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APRIL SALE:   Book now and get   up to 60% off!

Saudi Explorer: Across the Arabian Peninsula

• In-depth Cultural
• Fully Guided

• Introduction
• Day 1 Start in Riyadh
• Day 2 Ushaiger Heritage Village and souks of Al Qassim; drive to Buraydah (breakfast)
• Day 3 Buraydah Camel Market; drive to Hail via Faid and Al-Hutaymah Crater (breakfast)
• Day 4 Unesco rock art at Jubbah; drive to AlUla (breakfast,dinner)
• Day 5 Dadan and Old AlUla (breakfast,dinner)
• Day 6 Hegra Unesco World Heritage site; drive to Medina (breakfast)
• Day 7 Medina; train to Jeddah (breakfast)
• Day 8 Jeddah, including Al-Balad Unesco World Heritage site (breakfast)
• Day 9 Drive to Taif and the Sarawat Mountains (breakfast)
• Day 10 To Al Baha; Thee Ain village (breakfast)
• Day 11 Thee Ain and Sheda Mountain (breakfast)
• Day 12 Fly to Dammam; to the Unesco-listed Al Ahsa Oasis (breakfast)
• Day 13 Explore Hofuf and Al Ahsa Oasis (breakfast)
• Day 14 Riyadh city tour (breakfast)

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Reviews About This Operator

• Tour Operator Exodus Travels 4.4
• Katherine · 10th April 2024 A wonderful Guide and good food and an interesting itinerary
• Hal · 13th February 2024 This was a great tour. The guide and staff were absolutely outstanding. It was a well-paced tour with solid but not... Show more
• Edward · 26th January 2024 Great trip. Lam was a fantastic leader!

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• Upcoming departures
• October 2024
• November 2024
• December 2024
• Get Instant Confirmation Thursday 24 Oct, 2024 Wednesday 6 Nov, 2024 English Filling Fast Multiple Room Types €5,760 0% Interest Instalments Confirm Dates Hold space for 72h
• Get Instant Confirmation Sunday 24 Nov, 2024 Saturday 7 Dec, 2024 English Filling Fast Multiple Room Types €5,760 0% Interest Instalments Confirm Dates Hold space for 72h
• Get Instant Confirmation Thursday 19 Dec, 2024 Wednesday 1 Jan, 2025 English Filling Fast Multiple Room Types €5,760 0% Interest Instalments Confirm Dates Hold space for 72h

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Good to Know

• Currency ر.س Saudi Riyal Saudi Arabia

As a traveller from USA, Canada you will need an adaptor for types C, E, F, G. As a traveller from England you will need an adaptor for types A, B, C, E, F. As a traveller from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa you will need an adaptor for types A, B, C, E, F, G.

• These are only indications, so please visit your doctor before you travel to be 100% sure.
• Typhoid - Recommended for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 2 weeks before travel.
• Hepatitis A - Recommended for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 2 weeks before travel.
• Hepatitis B - Recommended for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 2 months before travel.
• Rabies - Recommended for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 1 month before travel.
• Meningococcal meningitis - Recommended for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 3 weeks before travel.
• Yellow fever - Certificate of vaccination required if arriving from an area with a risk of yellow fever transmission for Saudi Arabia. Ideally 10 days before travel.
• Unfortunately we cannot offer you a visa application service. Whether you need a visa or not depends on your nationality and where you wish to travel. Assuming your home country does not have a visa agreement with the country you're planning to visit, you will need to apply for a visa in advance of your scheduled departure.
• Here is an indication for which countries you might need a visa. Please contact the local embassy for help applying for visas to these places.
• For any tour departing before 25th July 2024 a full payment is necessary. For tours departing after 25th July 2024, a minimum payment of 25% is required to confirm your booking with Exodus Travels. The final payment will be automatically charged to your credit card on the designated due date. The final payment of the remaining balance is required at least 90 days prior to the departure date of your tour. TourRadar never charges you a booking fee and will charge you in the stated currency.
• Some departure dates and prices may vary and Exodus Travels will contact you with any discrepancies before your booking is confirmed.
• The following cards are accepted for "Exodus Travels" tours: Visa, Maestro, Mastercard, American Express or PayPal. TourRadar does NOT charge you an extra fee for using any of these payment methods.
• Your money is safe with TourRadar, as we only pay the tour operator after your tour has departed.
• TourRadar is an authorised Agent of Exodus Travels. Please familiarise yourself with the Exodus Travels payment, cancellation and refund conditions .
• Insurance Unless otherwise mentioned, TourRadar does not provide travel insurance. We do however recommend purchasing it through our tried and trusted partner, World Travel Nomads .
• Accessibility Some tours are not suitable for mobility-restricted traveller, however, some operators may be able to accommodate special requests. For any enquiries, you can contact our customer support team , who are ready and waiting to help you.
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O ur V ision

Exodus Paths is an independent travel agency that specializes in tourism to Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia and the related Exodus sites in the NEOM region and Jordan. In our times, and especially in the West, the faith of many has been challenged by unbelief and skepticism. At Exodus Paths, we think that the religious significance of these recently rediscovered sites will strengthen the faith of those who visit and help to reopen the dialogue about the historicity of the Exodus among scholars and skeptics. Exodus Paths aims to assist anyone who wants to walk the Way of Moses through NEOM and Jordan. However, we plan to have special tours for clergy and the ability to support church groups as well as small groups, couples and individual adventurers. Exodus Paths is pleased with the care the Saudi government has taken to open up these sites to tourism, which we believe will encourage and inspire everyday people from around the world and from all faith traditions.

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1754 Woodruff Road #158

Greenville, SC 29607

©2023 Exodus Paths Travel

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Saudi Explorer: Across the Arabian Peninsula

• Best price guaranteed
• No booking fees
• COVID-19 protected
• duration 14 days
• tour type Small group
• age requirement 16-95 yrs
• max group size 18
• guiding method Fully guided
• Tour Code BM-40184

• Starts Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• Ends Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• Explore the Nabatean ruins at Hegra
• Witness the largest camel market in the world
• Soak up history and tradition in Al Ahsa Oasis
• Glimpse Medina, the second holiest Islamic city
• Delve into the historic Al Balad district of Jeddah
• Ponder ancient rock art at Jubbah
• Journey through the Shada Mountains
• Day 1: Start in Riyadh
• Day 2: Ushaiger Heritage Village and souks of Al Qassim; drive to Buraydah
• Day 3: Buraydah Camel Market; drive to Hail via Faid and Al-Hutaymah Crater
• Day 4: Unesco rock art at Jubbah; drive to AlUla
• Day 5: Dadan and Old AlUla
• Day 6: Hegra Unesco World Heritage site; drive to Medina
• Day 7: Medina; train to Jeddah
• Day 8: Jeddah, including Al-Balad Unesco World Heritage site
• Day 9: Drive to Taif and the Sarawat Mountains
• Day 10: To Al Baha; Thee Ain village
• Day 11: Thee Ain and Sheda Mountain
• Day 12: Fly to Dammam; to the Unesco-listed Al Ahsa Oasis
• Day 13: Explore Hofuf and Al Ahsa Oasis
• Day 14: Riyadh city tour
• All accommodation (except final night in Riyadh)
• All breakfasts and two dinners
• All transport and listed activities
• Tour leader throughout
• Travel insurance
• Single accommodation (available on request)
• Visas or vaccinations
• Optional stargazing in Al
• Earn US$ 252+ in travel credits.
• Best price guaranteed.
• No credit card or booking fees.
• 100% financial protection.
• Carbon neutral tours.
• 25,000+ trip reviews, with an average rating of 4.8 out of 5.
• Read more reasons to book with Bookmundi less Read less

No additional cancellation fees apply for this Saudi Explorer: Across the Arabian Peninsula tour. You can cancel the tour up to 93 days prior departure and avoid paying the full amount, but your deposit paid is non-refundable. No refund applies for cancellations within 92 days of departure.

For any tour departures within 27 July 2024, full payment is required. For tours that depart later than 27 July 2024, a deposit of 25% is required to confirm this tour, and the remaining balance will be charged 92 days before trip departure.

Saudi Explorer: Across the Arabian Peninsula tour requires that you have adequate and valid travel insurance covering medical and personal accidents, including repatriation costs and emergency evacuation. World Nomads offers travel insurance for independent travelers and intrepid families.

For this Saudi Explorer: Across the Arabian Peninsula tour getting the required visa(s) is the responsibility for each individual traveller, as visa requirements vary depending on your nationality. We recommend to check with your local embassies representing the countries that you are traveling to, as part of this itinerary.

This trip incorporates the following COVID-19 measures:

• This tour has received the World Travel and Tourism Council’s ‘Safe Travels’ stamp, which provides travellers with assurance that COVID-19 health and hygiene protocols have been adhered to.
• Group sizes are kept small to maintain a low risk ‘small group bubble’, with an average of 10 guests in each group.
• Hygiene safety measures and distancing will be followed in transportation, accommodation and meal venues.
• Several COVID-19 distancing measures have been adopted on this package tour to keep travellers safe.
• All travellers will be required to be fully vaccinated no less than two weeks prior to travel.

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Saudi Arabia Explorer with Exodus Travels / Exodus Tours

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Who is Exodus Travels Saudi Arabia?

They focus on light adventure – not hiking – but more active and challenging holidays for the thinking person.  A focus on culture and realistic local experiences.  Real people.  Real local guides.  The highlights you need to see, but done differently.    Having run tours in this way for over 50 years, they have built a solid reputation for a quality tour and authentic experiences.

Pricing for their tour dates in 2024 and 2025 are in the graphics above. Ranging from USD$7050 to $7200 per person twin share  Single Supplement is approx USD$1875 

We can add extra hotel days before or after your tour – and will arrange any additional touring you may need, as well as transfers for you if you wish (or give you the tips on how to get an Uber or Taxi to and from the airport if you are more independent).

Exodus Saudi Explorer – Land Only Itinerary

The adventure begins in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. We meet at the hotel. Check-in is available from mid-afternoon and we have a welcome briefing this evening, our first chance to meet as a group.

Accommodation: Hayat Al Riyadh (or similar)

We start early today and begin our journey (250mi/400km) by road to Buraydah, stopping on the way. The highlight of the day is Ushaiger Heritage Village, one of the oldest settlements in the region, which has stunning traditional Najdi architecture.

Following time at Ushaiger, we continue, passing the villages of Al Mithnab (a traditional fortified village) and Al-Ghat.

In the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, Buraydah is the capital of Al-Qassim province and lies equidistant from the Red Sea to the west and the Persian Gulf to the east. The climate is typical of the desert, with hot summers, cold winters and low humidity. Agriculture is still the cornerstone of the economy here, where crops include traditional oasis produce such as dates, lemons, oranges and other fruits. The area is also known for having fine traditional mudbrick architecture. The beautifully restored Souq Musawkaf in Unaizah is one of the best examples and comes to life in the evenings.

We visit Al Bassam Heritage House in Unaizah, about 25 minutes from Buraydah. The house was built in 1955 using traditional Najdi ventilation and lighting techniques. It features 30 rooms on two floors, including bedrooms, guestrooms and storage rooms. Inside, enjoy ancient crafts, traditional foods, folk tales, poems, and ancestral heritage and history.

We head back into the city to stroll through the date market to pick up some tasty treats before check-in at the hotel. Our visit to the city includes the Women’s Souq and Al Jerredah Souq, which specialise in arts and crafts.

We drive about 250mi (400km) today.

Accommodation: Radisson Blu Buraydah (or similar)

Meals included: Breakfast

Early this morning, we visit Buraydah Camel Market – the market is one of the largest in the world! Here, thousands of camels, goats and sheep are bought and sold, along with saddles and other accessories. Some days there is more to see than on others, but there are always camels to see.

After, we leave Al-Qassim province and head further into the desert. We pause at the pre-Islamic city of Faid, a stopover on old caravan routes. On our three-hour drive, we notice a change in terrain from dunes and oases to the imposing granite formations of Jebel Aja near the city of Hail. We take a 4×4 tour in the Jebel Aja mountains this afternoon.

We drive about 175mi (280km) today.

Accommodation: Holiday Villa Hail (or similar)

We begin the day by heading to Jubbah, which lies on an ancient lake. Several ancient human settlements from the Middle Paleolithic period have been found here, around the margin of the paleolake. Jubbah is surrounded by large sandstone outcrops filled with ancient petroglyphs and inscriptions, which form part of a Unesco World Heritage site. The inscriptions depict animals such as aurochs, cheetahs and lions, which were present when the region had a wetter, savannah-like climate.

After our visit to Jubbah, we drive to AlUla. The journey passes through Nefud Al Kabir, which literally means the great extent of dunes. It is 180mi (290km) long and 140mi (225km) wide. We arrive into AlUla early evening and check into our beautifully located permanent desert camp, our base for the next two nights.

We drive about 300mi (480km) today.

Accommodation: Sahary Resort (or similar)

Meals included: Breakfast, Dinner

AlUla is an ancient oasis that has been inhabited for the last 7,000 years, evidenced by ancient carvings.

In the morning, we visit the ancient city of Dadan, among the most significant discoveries in AlUla. It was the capital of both the Dadan and Lihyan kingdoms and dates to between the late ninth and early eighth century BCE (Dadan kingdom) and fifth to second century BCE (Lihyan kingdom). During the first millennium BCE, the city developed thanks to a strategic location on the frankincense trade road. The Nabatean people from Petra settled 19mi (30km) north of Dadan in Al-Hijr, where they built monumental tombs similar to those in Petra.

We have time for lunch in the centre of AlUla, where there is a good choice of restaurants, then continue to the Old City of AlUla. The city had nearly 900 houses and five town squares and the remains of some of the original stone and mudbrick buildings can still be seen today. In the 12 th century, Old AlUla became an important settlement along the pilgrimage route from Damascus to Mecca.

In the late afternoon we’ll visit Elephant Rock, and finally return to our hotel.

Please note – the order of visits today and tomorrow can vary depending on ticket availability at the main sights. Also, we may sometimes be divided up into two groups for the Old AlUla tour.

We begin our day with a visit to the Unesco World Heritage site of Hegra (Madain Saleh). Hegra is the southernmost major city of the Nabatean Kingdom, which flourished thanks to the caravan trade between the second century BCE until the Roman conquest in 106 CE. It is the second richest Nabatean city in terms of monumental tombs with more than 130 decorated funeral monuments including some of the most vibrant and well-conserved architectural achievements of the Nabatean builders. We explore this fascinating site and the secrets of its tombs, ancient inscriptions, stone structures and more.

In the afternoon, we drive to the holy city of Medina. We’ll make a short stop on the way at an old train station on the Hejaz railway which once ran from Damascus to Medina.

We drive about 205mi (330km) today.

Accommodation: La Meriden (or similar)

This morning, we visit some of the outer parts of Medina. While NON MUSLIM tourists are strictly forbidden from visiting Mecca, we can see some parts of Medina, Islam’s second holiest city and a major pilgrimage site. We view the vast Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Prophet’s Mosque) from the outside – the striking Green Dome rises above the tombs of the Prophet Muhammad and early Islamic leaders Abu Bakr and Umar. The Masjid al-Qiblatain (Qiblatain Mosque) is known as the site where the Prophet Muhammad received the command to change the direction of prayer to Mecca. We also see some of the seven mosques from a distance. We visit the Dar Al Madina museum, which showcases the heritage and history of Medina through different archaeological collections, visual galleries and rare images. We visit the city edges, avoiding the pilgrimage areas, and conclude the day with a short walk near Mount Uhud.

In the afternoon, we travel by high-speed train to Jeddah, covering more than 250mi (400km) in less than two hours. On arrival in Jeddah, we are taken to our hotel for the night.

Accommodation: Frontel Hotel (or similar)

We start our tour with a visit to Abdul Raouf Khalil Museum, which presents local and Arabian heritage, and then continue to old Jeddah. We enjoy a walk in Al-Balad, the old part of the city and another Unesco World Heritage site. While visiting Al-Balad, we see Beit Nassif (from the outside only), one of the prominent renovated structures in the old city, which dates to the mid-1800s. The five-storey building provides a rare opportunity for visitors to experience the blend of traditional architecture with modernity. We also visit Gabel Street. We’ll visit Jeddah fish market and can see the local catch and then have our choice of fish cooked for lunch.

Later in the day, we drive to Jeddah Corniche, a 19mi (30km) Red Sea resort with a coastal road, recreation areas, pavilions and large-scale civic sculptures.

We start our journey driving up the Sarawat Mountains, which spread along the western side of the Arabian Peninsula from Yemen to Jordan. Once we have passed the crest, peaking at nearly 6,560ft (2,000m) above sea level, we descend the eastern side towards the city of Taif.

Taif, thanks to its location above 5,250ft (1,600m), benefits from cooler weather, especially in summer when people travel there for its greenery, lower temperatures, beautiful scenery and relaxed atmosphere. Our tour starts with a drive to enjoy the majestic panoramic view of Al Hada mountain. If the weather is good, we’ll make a stop at a cable car which those who are interested can take (payable locally, approximately US$32 per person). We’ll stop for lunch at a rose shop where rose perfumes are on sale. Our tour finishes at the Sharif Museum.

We drive about 125mi (200km) today.

Accommodation: Iris Boutique Hotel (or similar)

We start our journey to Al Bahah this morning, a city in the Hejaz area of western Saudi Arabia. Surrounded by more than 40 forests and with a pleasant climate, the capital of the Al Bahah region is one of the prime tourist attractions in the kingdom. As we approach Al Baha, we’ll start to see the ruins of traditional stone houses typical of the southern mountains of Arabia. This region is cooler than where we’ve been earlier in the trip as it is at 6,560ft (2,000m) above sea level.

Our first stops will be at Al Atawla Heritage village and Al Shamlany Museum. We’ll then make a stop to take in the views at either Raghadan Forest Park or Karirah Forest park (these are more recreation areas rather than forests). We then continue to the city of Baljureshi. There is a small market here and an old section (parts under restoration) which is interesting to explore before we head to our hotel in the city of Al Baha.

We drive about 155mi (250km) today.

Accommodation: Cloud City Hotel / ex Swiss Spirit (or similar)

Today is likely to be one of the highlights of our trip. We begin the day by taking a winding road downhill from Al Baha to the Marble Village of Dhee Ayn. It’s an amazing place, showcasing the quality of ancient construction. The village was named after the water that flows from the nearby mountains and the area is famous for banana and other fruit plantations. The village dates back about 400 years and has witnessed battles between the Ottoman Turks and its inhabitants.

Later, we get into 4x4s and drive to Sheda. Nestled halfway up the peak of Jabal Mussala Ibrahim, this hidden village offers dramatic views across the green cliffs and valleys of the Sarawat Mountains. As we venture up, the air becomes much cooler and drier, which has allowed rare plants such as the white capparis cartilage flower (sometimes called cartilage caper) and the dendrosicyos tree (also known as the cucumber tree) to grow. Along the picturesque drive up the slopes, we pass ancient stone houses on the roadside, offering a glimpse of a time and community past. To complete the picture-postcard view, a nearby natural spring provides water to a lush oasis surrounding the bottom of the hill. The village was named after a water spring ( ayn in Arabic) that flows continuously from the nearby mountains to several reservoirs.

This morning, we fly from Al Baha to Dammam on the Persian (or Arabian) Gulf. If we have time, we will make a short stop at the Ithra Museum which is an impressive modern building funded by Saudi Aramco.

We drive from Dammam to Hofuf, and will make a stop in the way at Half-Moon Bay on the Persian/Arabian Gulf. On arrival we’ll have an evening wander around the souq.

Accommodation: Garden Plaza, Hofuf (or similar)

The city of Hofuf sits in the Al Ahsa Oasis, a Unesco World Heritage site. We’ll visit a view point above the city to appreciate the size of the oasis.

We visit Ibrahim Fort and its mosque, then Jebel Qarah, a limestone outcrop with caves and canyons that offers a viewpoint over the huge palm tree cultivations. We also make a short stop at the historic mosque of Jawatha.

In the afternoon, we take to 4x4s to travel through the dunes to a viewpoint over Yellow Lake, which is named after the colour of the surrounding dunes. This landscape of flat ground, rich with water in between dunes, is typical of the Eastern Province and is called sabkha .

In the evening, we’ll take a high speed train from Hofuf to Riyadh. The journey takes about two hours.

We start our tour of Riyadh with a visit to the National Museum, with exhibits on Saudi heritage and culture, giving an overview of Arabian civilisation from prehistory to the modern era.

We pass Riyadh Tower, a 99-storey skyscraper, which overtook the 875ft (267m) Faisaliah Tower as the tallest tower in Saudi Arabia in 2002. We continue to Masmak Fort and its museum, which depicts the history of the conquest of Arabia by the Al-Saud family. The palace was built during the reign of Abdullah bin Rashid in 1895 to serve as a military garrison for the Abdullah bin Rashid army. King Abdulaziz, the father of the nation today, captured the fort in 1902 making it the birthplace of the third Saudi Kingdom. We can have lunch at one of the traditional restaurants in the city. We visit Dira Souq and learn about Saudi traditional clothing and the way in which it is made. In the evening, we visit Diriyah for a sound-and-light show at the ruins.

As most flights depart very early tomorrow morning, we need to check-out of our rooms this morning, but we can leave our luggage at the hotel. If you would like your own room for tonight, this is possible at additional cost, please let us know at the time of booking.

There’s a transfer to the airport very late tonight.

Accommodation

Sahary resort – a desert camp resort.

We spend 11 nights in hotels and two nights in a desert resort in AlUla.   The rooms are hotel style with aircon and bathrooms – some of the dining options may be inside, and others (like the dinner at the resort) may be “under the stars”. Hotels are mostly modern and usually deemed four-star standard.

Sahary Resort, AlUla The desert resort has 80 rooms. All with proper beds, private bathrooms and air-conditioning.

Watch this video from Exodus Travel / Exodus Tours about their style of touring you can expect from Exodus Saudi    click HERE

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JABAL MAQLA

Elim: The Desert Oasis

After the episode at Marah , where the bitter springs were turned into drinkable water, Moses and the Israelites traveled to a place named Elim. It is described as having 70 palms (trees) and 12 wells, a fitting coincidence allowing one well for each of the 12 tribes of Israel.

According to Exodus 15:27 and Numbers 33:9-10, the Israelites come to at Elim and camp “near the waters,” presumably referring to the Red Sea. Therefore, Elim should be near where the Israelites arrived after crossing the Red Sea, but to the north or south so they'd still be by the Red Sea. Elim must also be to the west of a mountainous area referred to as the "Wilderness of Sin," which the Israelites pass through on their way to Mount Sinai.

In  The Antiquites of the Jews , Josephus describes Elim :

And now removing from thence they came to Elim; which place looked well at a distance, for there was a grove of palm-trees; but when they came near to it, it appeared to be a bad place, for the palm-trees were no more than seventy; and they were ill-grown and creeping trees, by the want of water, for the country about was all parched, and no moisture sufficient to water them, and make them hopeful and useful, was derived to them from the fountains, which were in number twelve: they were rather a few moist places than springs, which not breaking out of the ground, nor running over, could not sufficiently water the trees. And when they dug into the sand, they met with no water; and if they took a few drops of it into their hands, they found it to be useless, on account of its mud. The trees were too weak to bear fruit, for want of being sufficiently cherished and enlivened by the water.

Both Josephus' and the Biblical description indicates it is a small area, as it only had 70 palms and 12 wells, with adequate campgrounds adjacent to the spot. The Hebrew root word of “Elim” (alternatively spelled “Elyim”) is “Eloth” or “Elath,” meaning a small group of trees, or a grove.

If Saudi Arabia’s Jabal Maqla mountain is Mount Sinai, then this would mean that Elim is located near the northwestern coast of Saudi Arabia bordering the Gulf of Aqaba. The famous 1st century historian Josephus wrote that Elim could still be located during his time. He confirmed the existence of trees and wells at the location.

Possible Site in Saudi Arabia: Tayyib al Ism

About 6 miles from the Gulf of Aqaba, there is a small city within a valley named Tayyib Al Ism. It is widely referred to as the "Wells of Moses" and "Waters of Moses" by local Saudis. When our researchers visited the area, a couple of Saudis explicitly confirmed it as Elim when asked. Saudis from the eastern side of the country were visiting the area to see where they believed Moses walked.

Below we have two maps detailing where we believe Elim was located.

The possible crossing point from Egypt’s Nuweiba Beach into Saudi Arabia would have brought the Israelites into wadis (valleys) formed in a north-south direction. This possible match for Elim is located close to where three wadis meet; two north-south wadis and one east-west wadi. The topography explains why the Israelites would have walked in the direction described in Exodus.

There is a collection of dozens of palm trees and, to this day, 12 wells, which are now reinforced with concrete. Proponents of this site as Elim argue that the 70 palms would have increased in number over time.

If this is the correct location, then the Israelites traveled southwards from the Red Sea Crossing landing point using the north/south valley. Upon intersecting with the east-west valley, they'd reach Elim, drink from the 12 wells and camp nearby to the west by the waters within the east-west valley.

Alternative Sites

A short distance southeast of Tayyib Al Ism is the town of Magna on the coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. There are reportedly a dozen wells at this location, as well as a collection of palm trees. Indeed, on Google Maps, there is a marker for the "12 Springs of the Prophet Moses."

19th-century English geographer and Biblical critic Charles Beke identified the Caves of Jethro near Magna as Elim. In a letter to the editor of the London Times , dated January 28th, 1874, Beke wrote:

"This most interesting spot, which requires to be more closely examined, is especially important to me, because I now see that here, at Madian, and not at Ayunah (Aynunah), must have been the ' Encampment by the Red Sea,' of the Israelites. Its proximity (half a day's journey) to Maghara Sho'eib, or Jethro's Cave, which I identify with the Elim of the Exodus, and the fact that the stream of running water must have some of its sources at or near that spot, explain why it should not have been mentioned in Exodus, XV. 27, xvi. i, as a separate station, much more satisfactorily than I attempted, in page 38 of my pamphlet, Mount Sinai a Volcano, to explain the apparent discrepancy in the two statements of Scripture. The ' Encampment by the Red Sea,' was simply a continuation of that at Elim, with its ' twelve wells of water and three score and ten palm trees,' the two together stretching down the valley, with its living water, from Maghara Sho'eib, or ' Jethro's Cave ' to this ' Praying-place of Moses,' at Madian.

When we traveled to this site, and to the caves of Jethro, we did not see 12 wells and palms at the site of the caves. However, in future trips, we plan to further examine the area as we work to more definitively identify which site may be Elim.

Another proposed site is just north of the Gulf of Aqaba, near the modern Israeli city of Eilat. Rabbi Alexander Hool, in his book  Searching for Sinai: The Location of Revelation , claims that the journey from Marah, which he claims was the Great Bitter Lake, took seven days across about 270 kilometers.

In chapter thirteen of the book, he claims that the prefixes of many sites in this area indicate that Elim was here: Eilat, Eil Paran, and Eilot. He also mentions that since shortly after Elim the Israelites camp by the Red Sea, that it must be a short distance away.

We disagree with Rabbi Hool's identification for Elim because such a long distance between Marah an Elim does not align with the rest of the documentation of the Exodus account. Each campsite from Egypt to Mount Sinai was carefully documented by the author of the book of Exodus and Numbers. If the journey between Marah and Elim took seven days as Hool proposes, why are no other campsites noted?

The Israelites greatly slowed down their travels after they crossed the Red Sea. The implicit assumption that there was no documented campsite between Marah and Elim, if separated by 270 km, does not fit with the rest of the narrative.

Last updated June 25, 2019.

6 thoughts on “Elim: The Desert Oasis”

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It’s encouraging to see a site of such quality devoted to the Exodus. I totally agree with the Nuweiba Beach crossing identification. I personally believe that Elim is to be identified with Al Bad, but I don’t want to quibble.

I also favor the Red Sea crossing at Nueva; I’m stmped, however, by the distance from Goshen to Nueva, a distance of 200 miles, as the crow flies, and more on the ground. How long would it take that many people to go that far?

Hello, Logan with the research team here. We feel the best estimates for rate of travel are provided by Dr. Glen Fritz in his thesis/book, “The Lost Sea of the Exodus.”

Based on the fact that the Israelites traveled day and night from Egypt to the sea, led by the Pillar of Cloud and Fire, and taking into consideration different documented rates of travel for people and animals, Dr. Fritz believes the Israelites could have reached Nuweiba Beach within 15-20 days, traveling at about 15 miles per day. See Chapter 5 of his book for details on this.

We feel this is a good timeframe and is further substantiated by the fact that Mount Sinai was reached by the Israelites in the 3rd month after they had departed from Egypt (i.e. 2 months later).

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Assessing The Exodus Of Big Fights To Saudi Arabia

Boxing’s traditional arenas – in Las Vegas, London, etc. – are now darker more often because of the emergence of major fight cards in Saudi Arabia.

And while few live experiences can rival watching a boxing match in person, the payoff of seeing events like the upcoming undisputed heavyweight and light-heavyweight title fights over a two-week stretch is worth it, the panelists on Tuesday’s episode of ProBox TV’s “Deep Waters” said.

“I’d rather watch a great card of matchups on TV than a live, dull one,” analyst and former welterweight champion Paulie Malignaggi said. “I don’t need to be there live.”

As part of a strategy to brand Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as a global destination, the oil-rich nation, headed by Turki Alalshikh, have recruited sporting celebrities, former rival promoters and elite fighters to further its promotion.

On May 18, unbeaten three-belt heavyweight Oleksandr Usyk seeks to become a two-time undisputed champion versus unbeaten WBC champion Tyson Fury in Riyadh.

Then, on June 1 in Riyadh, unbeaten Russian light-heavyweight champions Artur Beterbiev and Dmitrii Bivol fight for undisputed supremacy in that division.

The Beterbiev-Bivol card includes a unique “tournament” undercard in which former bitter rival U.K. promoters Eddie Hearn and Frank Warren have each selected five fighters for a “5 versus 5” competition that includes a point system of one point for a victory by decision, two points for a knockout triumph and double points for a captain’s victory.

The “5 versus 5” undercard offers former heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder vs. China’s Zhilei Zhang, top-10 heavyweights Filip Hrgovic vs. Daniel Dubois, WBA super-featherweight champion Raymond Ford vs. Nick Ball, middleweights Hamzah Sheeraz vs. Austin “Ammo” Williams and British light-heavyweights Craig Richards vs. Willy Hutchinson.

“We’ve talked about how competitive the fighters are … the promoters are competitive, too,” former 140-pound champion Chris Algieri said on “Deep Waters.” “These guys don’t want their guys to lose.”

Hearn, who famously labored years ago to create a fight for his then champion Anthony Joshua against then-champion Deontay Wilder, has selected Wilder as his captain for this contest, hoping for a four-point gain against China’s Zhang, while Warren has designated Sheeraz his captain against the unbeaten Williams.

“They’re setting up these [teams] to win – the rules are cool, there’s a strategy to this,” Algieri said.

Alalshikh has spoken of bringing a Riyadh showcase card to London in September, and then returning to his nation in December for another major event.

A potential December card could pit unbeaten former super-middleweight champion David Benavidez versus the Beterbiev-Bivol winner – a bout that otherwise would be bound for Las Vegas.

“There’s a barrier to entry in going to fights now,” Algieri said. “I’m not going on a plane to Saudi Arabia to watch a fight … but there is another option. Everything is right here.” Algieri said that while holding up his phone.

“Now, there’s so many ways to see fights and see your favorite fighters,” he said. “And the ability to watch them with more eyes watching [boxing] is good for the sport.

“Ultimately, we’re not going to have that experience of going to the fights, but we don’t live in that world anymore, especially after [the pandemic of] 2020. Things have changed. I can be on a train, on a plane or right here, and I get to watch a fight.”

• Artur Beterbiev
• Oleksandr Usyk
• Dmitry Bivol
• Turki Alalshikh

Peter McGrail Certain That KO Shock Is In The Past, Fully Focused On Leach

Is august in l.a the best card ever it is in the running, jaron ennis says he is ‘most definitely’ crawford’s toughest opponent, oscar duarte vs. joseph diaz could steal the show in fresno, predicts garcia, ferreira: winning a world title and olympic gold in the same year would be extraordinary, jojo diaz hoping career revival starts against duarte, dream cards now closer to reality, ndembo passes away from injuries sustained in apr. 5 bout, fundora fight might come ‘a little bit later’ for bohachuk, undefeated prospect bryan acosta signs with sampson boxing, load more stories, haney vs. garcia, regis prograis: devin haney’s perfect record was everything to him, ‘pitbull’ cruz unimpressed by ryan garcia, but says, ‘i want to fight him’, gervonta davis tells garcia to retire despite win over haney, canelo vs. munguia, canelo alvarez uninterested in golf career: ‘i need to be true with myself’, kiss the ring: munguia says alvarez fight was earned with respect, something benavidez hasn’t done, timothy bradley to canelo alvarez: 'when are you going to stand up', ryan garcia, de la hoya snuffs out haney’s calls for garcia rematch, ryan garcia predicts haney would beat tank davis.

Annual 150m Tourists Influx: Saudi Arabia Projects 320,000New Hotel Rooms By 2030

S audi Arabia is projected to have 320,000 new hotel rooms by 2030 as the Kingdom ramps up efforts to accommodate an annu­al influx of 150 million tourists, domestic and international, according to a report by global property consultancy Knight Frank.

This massive expansion of the hospi­tality sector is central to achieving Saudi Arabia’s goal of increasing the travel and tourism industry’s contribution to the economy from nearly 6% to 10% by the end of this decade, the report stated.

The analysis comes on the heels of re­cord tourism numbers for Saudi Arabia in 2022, with visitor spending reaching $23.2bn in the first half of 2023 alone – a 132% jump from last year. International arrivals surged 142% year-on-year to 14.6 million in the first six months.

While nearby Gulf nations like Bah­rain, Kuwait and Egypt emerged as top source markets, Saudi authorities are ex­ploring strategies to attract visitors from further afield, said Turab Saleem, Knight Frank’s head of hospitality and tourism advisory for the Middle East.

“This includes developing cultural and entertainment offerings nationwide to complement existing attractions like the Jeddah F1 Grand Prix and numerous ‘Entertainment Seasons,’” Saleem added.

Notable projects include theme parks like Boulevard World and Qiddiya in Ri­yadh, and Saudi Arabia’s successful bid to host the 2030 World Expo, which is expect­ed to draw 40 million visitors and inject $94.6 billion into the local economy.

The report highlights that 67% of the projected 320,000 new hotel rooms will be upscale or luxury properties, typically requiring one to two staff members per room. This suggests between 232,000 and 387,000 hospitality workers may need ac­commodation as the sector expands rap­idly.

Knight Frank expects Marriott Interna­tional to overtake Accor as Saudi Arabia’s largest hotel operator by 2030, with 26,200 rooms under its management compared to Accor’s projected 25,400 rooms.

“Provision of quality housing for hos­pitality staff will be essential to ensure the success of Saudi’s tourism ambitions,” said Faisal Durrani, Knight Frank’s head of research for the Middle East.

The holy cities of Mecca and Medina are set for a significant hotel boom, with 221,000 new rooms announced, planned or under construction to cater to religious tourists – expected to reach 30mn annually by 2025 and 50mn by 2030.

Knight Frank estimates around $104bn will be required for construction costs alone to realize the 320,000 new hotel rooms nationwide, with $70bn dedicated to the religious tourism hubs of Mecca and Medina.

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Footsteps of the Israelites Exodus Route Cruises & Tours

Visit the sites of the Exodus in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, and Israel!

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Why a Living Passages Biblical Archaeology Tour?

The foundational narrative of the Exodus, as outlined in the second book of the Torah of Yahweh, contains some of the most vital and momentous accounts in all the Old Testament. The quest to uncover the archaeological and geological evidence of the Israelites’ liberation from Egypt, Moses’ revelation at Mt. Sinai, and the nation of Israel’s ensuing desert wanderings have captured the hearts and minds of some of history’s most brilliant scholars and explorers. Cartographers, archeologists, scientists, adventurers, historians, and disciples of all backgrounds have sought the genuine locations depicted in ancient manuscripts.

Living Passages has the best team assembled and the most experience in this destination of any other tour operator. Check out our client testimonials and see for yourself. Traveling with Living Passages you are assured we have the permits and authorities to travel to these precious areas of antiquity. Also, see here for the many newspaper articles that have been written about our journeys.

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Israel, saudi arabia & jordan 2024 | archaeological & bible study | tim remington & eli shukron.

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SAUDI ARABIA

Arabia has ONLY begun to divulge its buried secrets. Most recently it was debated by Patterns of Evidence and many other scholars to have been host to the Most magnificent miracle of all the Exodus. Once there, our visit will include Jabal al-Lawz (Mount Sinai), the Split Rock of Horeb, Elim, the Exodus crossing site both Nuweiba and Tiran Island, the Valley of Moses, Aaron’s Altar to the Golden Calf, and a bitter-sweet final destination at the graveyard of the 3,000 who were slain by the Levites on Mount Sinai plus so much more.

PETRA & JORDAN

Our visit to Petra will provide evidence of God’s second miracle of supplying water for the Israelites. The water source would have sent water down the world-famous 1+ meter siq that we will personally walk. You will see and touch the channels that today still run, although dry, along the siq walls. This water flowed from its gushing source at Wadi Must throughout the entire siq. These channels have been abandoned for over a thousand years. The channel and the siq are still known today as The Wadi of Moses. The Quran’s written and ancient tradition also refers to it as Wadi Musa—the Wadi of Moses.

The Bible’s Exodus timeline further evidence that En-mishpat (Petra) is Kadesh. Our Petra expeditions are expanded to include Basta and Beidha so that we can open up the last 38 years before the Hebrews crossed into Israel without Moses and Aaron.

Our Jordan tours also include the burial site of Aaron at Mount Hor, the location of Mount Nebo, gazing upon the Holy Land from the viewpoint of Moses himself, and of course, En-mishpat, which is Kadesh.

And they returned, and came to En-mishpat, which is Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazezontamar. Genesis 14:7  

We will travel around this mountain on this expedition, just as the Israelites had to do. Mount Seir – important for the generations of Edomites and of its Biblical importance.

MOUNT PARAN

Our jeep expedition will lead us to the departure point of the spies into the Promised Land.

And the children of Israel took their journeys out of the wilderness of Sinai, and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran. Numbers 10:12  

And as they sent the spies out: And they went and came to Moses and to Aaron and to all the congregation of the children of Israel unto the wilderness of Paran to Kadesh, and brought back word unto them and unto all the congregation, and showed them the fruit of the land. Numbers 13:26  

A Few Kind Words About Living Passages' Exodus Cruises & Tours

“We have been treated like royalty everywhere, Living Passages have taken care of and thought of everything down to the littlest details of our trip. What an amazing and wonderful experience.”

“This trip has been life-changing in a lot of ways. To see the cave drawings and know, I’m not looking at a text book. I’m looking at the real thing.”

“It’s nothing like we thought it was going to be. I think going to Mount Sinai and spending time there was a profound thing in our life and I don’t think we were expecting how much it would impact us. -Tom Doyle

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