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Understanding the Tourism Product

The aim of this paper is to propose a marketing-oriented definition of the tourist product as well as a classification system of its components based on an extensive review and analysis of tourism marketing literature. Tourist products satisfy the tourist needs and are the objects of the transactions between tourists and businesses. Determining the tourist products is most helpful for social scientists interested in understanding the aforementioned transactions and the benefits derived by consuming these products. This proves to be a challenging task, though, due to the lack of a common understanding among the authors who have explored this issue as well as due to the different levels of tourist products and their complex nature. For instance, tourist products can be determined on two distinct levels: ➢ The total tourist product comprises a combination of all the elements, which a tourist consumes during his/her trip. ➢ The specific products are components of the total tourist product and can be sold as individual offerings such as accommodation, transport, attractions and other facilities for tourists. This paper focuses on the total tourist products, that can be understood as bundles of tangible and intangible components, based on an activity at a destination. It is the consumption of such a bundle that allows engaging in specific activities at the destination(s) and that creates the travel experience of each individual. Thus, the tourist product can be equated with the total travel experience. Tourist products are characterised by their complex nature. They consist of numerous components ― most of which constitute products themselves ― with each one playing a distinct functional role in this “amalgam of tangible and intangible elements”. These components complement each other, i.e. they are functionally interdependent as each one provides only a part of the total sum of benefits sought by tourists.

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The in-depth analysis of a destination’s performance is a prerequisite for effective tourism planning and for efficiently using available marketing funds. Decisions concerning issues such as marketing strategy, market segmentation and product development, should be based on the actual situation that a destination faces. By making decisions according to well-documented facts, the risk of unsuccessful policies is minimised. However, not all destination marketing organisations (DMOs) are competent to successfully conduct these kinds of analysis. Their insufficiency may be attributed to the lack of destination marketing know-how and/or the availability of necessary data. An overview of the destination performance in the case of Rhodes, one of Greece’s major tourist destinations, has revealed, among others, the deficiencies in situation analysis characterising the island’s DMOs. These deficiencies are reflected in the marketing activities conducted and funded by those organisations and the poor market performance of Rhodes in recent years. Based on the situation analysis of Rhodes, a Destination Performance Analysis Tool is proposed to support decision making for the destination marketing and planning task with the necessary data. This tool reflects the requirements of destination marketing and planning at the local and regional level. Recommendations about the collection of tourism statistics and other performance data are also made. KEYWORDS: destination performance analysis, tourism marketing efficiency, Rhodes, DMO evaluation, tourism statistics, seasonality, benchmark

Corporate Rivalry and Market Power: competition …

"This paper examines the relations between tour operators and resort hotels and the latter’s competitive environment. The focus is on the Mediterranean, a destination that would not have developed so rapidly over the last 50 years without the tourist flows generated by tour operators. The example of Greece is used to illustrate this relationship. The basis of the European holiday market is the inclusive tour (or package tour) provided by tour operators. Greek resort hotels are predominantly orientated towards the inclusive tour market as they secure 60 per cent of their clientele through tour operators. Most of these hotels actually outsourced their marketing function to tour operators, thus lacking the ability to market themselves in an efficient way on the international marketplace. This hasn’t been a problem for decades, as tour operators supplied a steady flow of business to resort hotels. However, the recent drop in Greece-bound inclusive tour traffic and the increasing pressure applied by tour operators to lower room rates is now forcing Greek hoteliers to explore other markets and distribution channels. Despite the growing market influence of tour operators and the recent decline in Greece-bound inclusive tour traffic, hotels working with the major operators such as TUI, Thomas Cook, Rewe and MyTravel, appear to achieve better results than the average hotel according to the aforementioned survey. These hotels also evaluate their cooperation with the tour operators more positively and are more optimistic in their expectations regarding tour-operator generated business in the near future when compared to the sample’s average hotel. However, the outlook in regard to inclusive tours is one of growing competition among Mediterranean destinations combined with a clear cost disadvantage in the case of Greek resort hotels."

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An industry is characterized by a generic product and production process. For tourism to be considered an industry, it is necessary to show that such a genetic product and process exist. This paper argues that they do exist, and presents a model that describes the product as consisting of five elements: the physical plant, service, hospitality, freedom of choice, and involvement. The generic production begins with raw inputs, progresses through intermediate inputs and outputs, to final outputs, or the tourist's experience. The model is a potentially important contribution in the debate about tourism as an industry; it also formalizes the intuitive notion of many authors that tourism products are fundamentally experiences. R~sum~: Tourisme: le produit. Une industrie se caractErise par un produit et un processus de production gEn6riques. Pour que le tourisme soit considErE une industrie, il faut dEmontrer qu'il existe un produit et un processus g6nEriques. L'article soutient que ces deux ElEments existent bien pour le tourisme. Le produit comprend cinq ElEments: b~timents et materiel, service, hospitalitE, libert6 de choix et engagement. La production commence par des consommations brutes et progresse par des Echanges Economiques intermEdiaires jusqu'au point final de production , c'est-~t-dire l'expErience du toutiste. Le module pourrait bien Stre une contribution impor-tante au dEbat du tourisme somme industrie; il formalise aussi l'idEe intuitive que les produits du tourisme sont en comme des experiences. Mots-cl~s: produit, industrie, offre, processus de production, cbtE Economique du toutisme, definition.

Tour operators are a major source of tourist traffic for a large number of destinations including large European cities. The latter have been witnessing a steady rise in city breaks during recent years with a significant portion of visitors travelling on inclusive tours assembled by tour operators. Tourist authorities of these cities are, therefore, aiming their marketing efforts also at tour operators offering city breaks programmes. Properly understanding a destination’s standing in those programmes is a prerequisite for efficiently promoting the destination to tour operators. Analysis of tour operator catalogues has long been employed by both hotels and destination marketing organisations as a tool to benchmark one’s own position against the competitive set. Such a brochure analysis has yielded a wealth of information relevant to strategic marketing planning when it was applied in the case of Athens. This analysis, conducted in late 2008, clearly indicated the position of Athens in the city breaks programmes of tour operators. The method of content analysis was applied to the city breaks catalogues of eight of Europe’s largest tour operators headquartered in Germany and the UK. Comparisons were made between Athens and its competitive set as defined in previous research. Aspects that were reviewed included scope and depth of the presentation of each city, local activities and services offered to tourists in each city, characteristics of hotels on offer, proposed events and itineraries etc. Shortcomings of Athens compared to its competitive set were clearly identified. The final outcome of this research has been a series of practically oriented policy recommendations to the tourist authorities of Athens as to how to market the city more efficiently to tour operators selling city breaks. These recommendations especially focus on product development, sales promotions and web-based activities aimed at tour operators with city breaks programmes. CITATION: Prountzou, E. and Koutoulas, D. (2009). Tour Operator Catalogue Analysis as a Marketing Planning Tool for City Breaks Destinations: The Case of Athens. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Tourism Development and Management organized by the Leeds Metropolitan University, the Cyprus University of Technology and the Croatian Institute of Tourism, Kos Island, Greece, 11-14 September 2009 [ISBN: 978-9963-9799-0-5]

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Assessment and Forecast of Domestic Tourism Consumption in Russia

• INDUSTRIES AND INTERINDUSTRY COMPLEXES
• Published: 04 April 2023
• Volume 34 , pages 132–141, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• E. G. Leonidova 1 &
• M. A. Sidorov 1  

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The article proposes an approach to determining the volume of domestic tourism in Russia and evaluates its dynamics from 2009 to 2020. Based on the use of intersectoral modeling, the economic effects of a twofold increase in the number of trips across the country planned by 2035 are determined. To achieve this indicator, a number of measures are required to increase tourist consumption within the country. In conclusion, directions are formulated that contribute to the activation of demand for domestic tourism.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction. The government of the Russian Federation has recently paid special attention to supporting domestic consumer demand. This is due to the need to restore the economy after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the introduction in 2022 of unprecedented economic sanctions in the European Union and the United States.

The issues of stimulating consumption remain acute, both because of the low level of income and the saturation of the domestic market with high-quality goods and services produced domestically. In particular, in May 2022, the President of the Russian Federation pointed out that the reduction in domestic consumer demand in 2020–2022 had a negative impact on economic dynamics in general, which required the development of measures to support it. Footnote 1 Thus, due to the colossal sanctions pressure, the decline in the country’s GDP in April 2022 amounted to 3% compared to the same period last year. Footnote 2 The negative dynamics of the indicator was largely influenced by the reduction in consumer demand; the volume of retail trade, public catering and paid services decreased over the same period by 6.7 pp.

The task of supporting consumption as one of the factors stimulating economic growth has not lost its urgency in recent decades. The solution to this problem as a whole is relevant not only for Russia, but also for other developing countries. Thus, according to researchers’ forecasts, the African region will become regional locomotives of global consumption in the near future due to the low base effect, as well as a group of developing countries in South and East Asia due to steady population growth, intensive urbanization and an increase in household incomes [ 1 ].

Since 2008, China has followed the domestic consumption model. In the 14th five-year plan and the program of the country’s long-term development goals until 2035, within the framework of the “double circulation” strategy, emphasis is placed on the growth of its level, based on the diversification of types, patterns and formats of consumption, and the strengthening of supply chains [ 2 ].

The importance of expanding consumption in the Russian economy is pointed out by many researchers. Experts call the main obstacle on this path the low level of incomes of the population [ 3 – 7 ] and the high level of their differentiation, the decrease of which, according to Shirov, “even if their general level is maintained, it can increase domestic consumer demand and positively affect the dynamics of GDP” [ 8 ]. It is emphasized that in addressing the issue of income growth, it is necessary to focus not only on reducing the number of poor people, but also on creating conditions that ensure investment in human capital [ 9 – 11 ].

The Russian government is pursuing a policy to support domestic consumer demand. Among the most effective ways for stimulating it is the introduction of preferential mortgages for the purchase of housing, launched in 2020 as an anticrisis measure during the pandemic and continued the next year. Analysts note that the result of the program was both an increase in demand for new housing [ 12 , 13 ], as well as an increase in prices for it. Footnote 3 The effectiveness of implementation can be judged by the growth in housing construction, which amounted to 6% in 2020–2021.

In the current difficult geopolitical conditions, the development of the domestic market and its saturation with high-quality goods and services is becoming a key task. As promising measures to stimulate demand, directions with a high multiplier effect are considered. As such, the development of gasification, which has a high potential for consumption in the domestic market, is called [ 14 , 15 ], the expansion of housing construction, the development of transport infrastructure and the agro-industrial complex. Footnote 4

Tourism has the highest multiplier effect among service industries. Stimulating the consumption of tourism services as a measure to revive consumer demand has proven to be effective in 2020 as a result of the introduction by the Government of the Russian Federation of partial compensation for the cost of buying tours in Russia, Footnote 5 the so-called tourist cashback, which continued in 2021–2022. This program to support domestic tourism, despite some “roughness,” is generally recognized as effective by both the tourist industry and the Government of the Russian Federation. For the period from 2020 to 2021 tour sales increased from 6.5 to 34 billion rubles, and the number of tourists using the program increased from 394 thousand to 1.7 million people.

It should be noted that the expansion of demand based on the growth in the consumption of tourism industry services is very promising, especially for the population with low incomes. As the results of studies show, “with an increase in incomes of less well-off groups, additional consumption will be least met by imports” [ 16 ]. According to the input–output tables published by Rosstat, the share of imports in the value of consumption of tourism services is minimal. In this regard, the intensification of demand for domestic tourism will contribute to the consumption of domestically produced products.

The increase in the consumption of tourism services is planned as part of the implementation of the national project “Tourism and Hospitality Industry” by ensuring the availability of travel for large groups of Russians, improving the infrastructure of the industry and increasing the efficiency of its management. In 2022, as part of supporting domestic tourism, the Government of the Russian Federation allocated subsidies to the regions in the amount of 3.5 billion rubles, on the development of tourism infrastructure, which implies an increase in the number of tourist centers in the country and an increase in supply. It should be noted that measures to support the tourism industry have been provided before, but the small amount of its funding did not allow us to talk about a significant impact on the growth of tourist activity of Russians. Footnote 6

Thus, the recent growth of state efforts to develop the industry requires an assessment of the parameters of the dynamics of its functioning and their clarification.

It should be noted that the official methodology for calculating the gross value added (GVA) of the tourism industry by country and regions, its share in GDP and GRP, approved by Rosstat in 2022, does not take into account the entire volume of output of tourism goods and services. The indicator is the difference between its cost and intermediate consumption and is calculated on the basis of the totality of production units classified as “Tourism” in the OKVED-2 classifier. Footnote 7 According to experts, Footnote 8 in addition to the types of economic activity directly related to tourism (hotels, travel agencies, museums, etc.), it also includes those types of economic activities, the goods and services of which are consumed not only by tourists, which leads to an overestimation of indicators, but also affects the quality of industry management.

From this point of view, the study of the volume of tourism output generated by domestic consumption seems to be relevant, clarifying its impact on economic indicators and making it possible to predict the dynamics in the context of meeting the industry performance indicators set in strategic documents, which determined the purpose of this study.

Methodology for estimating the volume of output by the tourism industry. In world practice, one of the tools to assess the impact of the industry on economic performance is the satellite (or auxiliary) tourism account (TSA), which is linked to the system of national accounts [ 17 ]. The basis for TSA data are the results of surveys of households, tourism organizations, and tourists. Currently, types of economic activities are drawn up on a regular basis in Canada, the United States, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries.

Researchers note that the introduction of TSAs is associated with a number of difficulties, including the lack of construction of regional accounts, the lack of information on tourism expenses and consumption proportions [ 18 – 20 ], as a result of which such accounts are not compiled in the Russian Federation.

Among the countries of the post-Soviet space, the leader in the implementation of the TSA is the Republic of Kazakhstan, in which it began to be developed in 2003 [ 18 ] Footnote 9 .

The calculation of the volume of the final output of tourism generated by domestic consumption is based on the tools proposed in studies [ 21 – 23 ], expanded by refining statistical data. The growth forecast for its volume is based on the use of an intersectoral model of the Russian economy.

The study assumes the assumption that the structure of spending on recreation for domestic tourists in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation is similar due to socioeconomic, cultural and mental proximity. This assumption is based on information obtained from sociological surveys, as well as the Tourism Satellite Account of Kazakhstan ( Figs. 1, 2 ), according to which Russian and Kazakh tourists traveling within the country spend approximately the same on the main items of expenditure on recreation.

Source. Kazakhstan Tourism Satellite Account 2021.

Fig. 2. Spending structure of domestic tourists in Russia in 2021.

Source: sociological survey of the travel and travel service Tutu.ru. https://travelvesti.ru/news/skolko-rossiyane-tratyat-na-puteshestviya-i-kak-raspredelyayut-byudzhet-poezdki.html. 9

The following information was used to estimate the volume of tourism output in the Russian Federation:

— Sociological survey data Footnote 10 of tourists about the amount of spending by Russians on one trip and their distribution.

— Data from the Tourism Satellite Account of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the cost structure of domestic tourists traveling for personal and business purposes.

— EMISS information characterizing the production and shipment of goods, works and services.

Determination of the volume of tourist output in the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of the algorithm presented in Fig. 3 .

Fig. 3. Scheme for determining the volume of output of domestic tourism

in the economy of the Russian Federation.

Source: compiled by the authors.

Thus, in accordance with the presented algorithm, the volume of output of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation is calculated by isolating from the types of economic activity presented in the Russian qualifiers, the share that is due to the consumption of domestic tourists and their subsequent aggregation in the economic activity “Tourism.”

The calculation of domestic tourism output is determined at constant prices.

Results of approbation of the proposed approach to determining the volume of tourism output in the Russian economy. Based on the proposed approach, the dynamics of tourism output in the country from 2009–2020 is determined ( Fig. 4 ).

Fig. 4. Dynamics of domestic tourism output in the Russian Federation, % to the level of 2009.

Source. Calculated by the authors .

As follows from the results of the calculations, for 2009–2019, the indicator increased in comparable prices by 2.1 times, which indicates that the contribution of tourism enterprises in the country’s gross output has increased. During the analyzed period, a twofold increase in the indicator was noted in the period from 2015–2019, which is probably due to the popularity of recreation within the country, due, among other things, to the inclusion in 2014 of the Republic of Crimea—the center of beach recreation in the Russian Federation, as well as the closure in 2015 of the entry of tourists to Egypt and Turkey, both mass foreign destinations.

This is confirmed by statistical data characterizing the demand for tourism and transport infrastructure services. According to them, an increase in the number of air passengers by 1.4 times was noted on the indicated segment on domestic airlines ( Fig. 5 ).

Fig. 5. Dynamics of the number of passengers transported by air on domestic airlines of the Russian Federation.

Source. EMISS data.

Since 2014, there has been a steady positive trend in the number of Russians using the services of accommodation facilities ( Fig. 6 ). From 2014–2019 indicator has doubled.

Fig. 6. Dynamics of the number of Russians settled in collective accommodation facilities.

Similar dynamics are observed when analyzing the demand for tours in Russia, for 2014–2019, the volume of sales of vouchers also grew comparably ( Fig. 7 ).

Fig. 7. Dynamics of the number of Russians sent on tours in Russia.

From 2013–2016, there was a significant reduction in the outbound tourist flow; the number of Russians sent abroad by travel agencies decreased by 2.3 times ( Fig. 8 ).

Fig. 8. Dynamics of the number of Russians sent on tours abroad.

According to the results of the prepandemic 2019, the number of Russians sent on tours abroad did not reach the level of 2013. According to some estimates, only from 2014 to 2015, the number of tour operators sending tourists abroad has decreased by three times. Footnote 11

Thus, we can state an upward trend since 2014 towards domestic destinations and a weakening position of outbound tourism.

The coronavirus pandemic and the associated restrictions on the movement of people have greatly affected the performance of the industry in Russia. Its turnover fell 2.5 times to 1.5 trillion rubles at the end of 2020. Footnote 12 This correlates with the values obtained as a result of the calculations. According to the data received, the reduction in the volume of the final output of tourism for 2019–2020 amounted to 2.6 times, falling to the level of 2010.

For the analyzed period, the highest value of the indicator, amounting to 795 billion rubles, was noted in 2019.

As the calculation results showed, the share of tourism enterprises in the structure of output of goods and services is low, and for 2009–2019, increased slightly from 1.1 to 1.6% ( Fig. 9 ).

Fig. 9. Dynamics of the contribution of domestic tourism to the country’s economy:

— the share of tourism output in service industries; - - - share of tourism in total output.

Source. Calculated by the authors.

However, in the output of service industries, the contribution of the tourism industry is more significant—over the specified time interval, its value varied from 4 to 4.5%.

Thus, the calculations using the proposed tools made it possible to quantify the contribution that tourism directly makes to the national economy.

The implementation of the national project “Tourism and Hospitality Industry” assumes an increase in the number of trips in Russia by 2.1 times by 2030 Footnote 13 . Based on the tools used, calculations were made of the effects on the economy as a result of changes in domestic tourism consumption in the indicated volumes ( Table 1 ).

As follows from the calculations, the increase in gross output will be 2.9%. In particular, in tourism it will grow by 2.1 times, in the public sector, by 10.9%, in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, whose products are actively used in the industry [ 24 ], by 3.7%, in the closely related with tourism, hotel industry and financial activities due to the accumulation of financial resources within the country, by 3.4%. To ensure the projected volume of output, an additional 1174 thousand employees and an increase in the wage fund by 760 billion rubles may be required.

The largest increase in the number of employees from a doubling of output in the tourism sector, in addition to itself, will fall on the public sector, the real estate sector, which also includes the rental of multiapartment buildings, residential buildings and apartments, the operation of hotels, campsites, etc., as well as trade due to growing consumer demand. A significant increase in the wage fund (by 230 billion rubles) is noted in the public sector.

Thus, the results of the calculations showed exactly how the effects of the growth of domestic tourism consumption will be distributed in the context of types of economic activity. The calculations performed demonstrate the importance of pursuing an economic policy aimed at increasing the tourist activity of Russians within the country.

On the prospects for stimulating domestic demand based on the growth in consumption of domestic tourism services. The results of the study made it possible to conclude the following:

1. Identified on the basis of the proposed tools since 2014, a steady growth trend in the final output of domestic tourism in Russia is mainly due to the reorientation of Russians to domestic holidays due to restrictions on their travel to popular countries (Turkey, Egypt), as well as rising prices for foreign tours. Footnote 14

2. The proposed approach to estimating the volume of determining the output of domestic tourism in Russia makes it possible to take into account the share caused by domestic tourism consumption in the total volume of output, as well as to calculate the potential effect of a twofold increase in demand for tourist trips within the country.

3. The obtained values of the effects for the economy from the growth of domestic consumption of tourism services determine the importance of increasing the tourist flow within the country.

4. Approbation of the proposed approach to determining the volume of output of the final product of domestic tourism showed the limitations of its application at the regional level, since the indicators of shipment of goods, works and services used for calculations by regions are associated with the place of registration of organizations, resulting in significant discrepancies that cannot be explained logically. The same shortcoming has the gross value added of the tourism industry calculated by Rosstat by regions, the methodology of which is based on information from the forms provided by enterprises.

Thus, based on the results obtained, we can conclude the following:

1. Stimulation of consumer demand on the basis of domestic tourism services is promising for the national economy, which is reflected in the growth of gross output and other economic parameters, but requires additional measures to increase its volume. It seems that the current efforts to enhance domestic tourism trips on the demand side (cashback, subsidizing programs for domestic commercial charter air transportation of passengers), although they contribute to the growth of sales of tours in the country and the opening of new destinations for tourists, but to a greater extent perform the functions of supporting the industry in times of crisis. They attract to travel within the country that part of the population that has made tours before, including abroad. This is indirectly confirmed by the data of sociological surveys, according to which, despite the high level of awareness, only 2% of respondents took advantage of the tourist cashback program, and the proportion of those who have not gone on vacation to other regions of the country over the past five years remains quite high (52%). Footnote 15 In this regard, it is advisable to expand measures to stimulate tourist trips around the country, aimed primarily at increasing the proportion of travelers among low-income groups of the population. Thus, “the gap in spending on recreation between the tenth and first decile groups is 35 times” [ 8 ], which significantly limits the ability of this part of the population to consume tourism services. This requires a significant reduction in the level of income differentiation. Therefore, with the onset of favorable conditions for the development of outbound tourism, it is possible to reduce the consumption of tourism services within the country due to the reorientation of the more affluent part of the population to outbound destinations, which were previously replaced by holidays in Russia.

2. It is promising to continue the policy of subsidizing tourist trips within the country in relation to certain categories of the population, including at the regional level. So, in 2022, within the framework of the national project “Tourism and the Hospitality Industry,” some constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide for subsidizing travel for schoolchildren in grades 5–9 in their region. Footnote 16 An interesting initiative of the Government of Moscow to subsidize tours for people of the older age category. Footnote 17 It seems that the dissemination of such experience is promising in other regions of the country.

3. It is necessary to accelerate the development of tourism infrastructure in the regions of the country to redistribute the domestic tourist flow, since at present the main demand falls on the cities. Moscow and St. Petersburg and the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory and Crimea. Footnote 18 According to research by analysts based on the analysis of depersonalized card transaction data, the regions of Russia have a very high potential for increasing the flow of tourists. Thus, a group of territories with the effect of a “high base” is distinguished, in which a high growth rate of tourist flow is noted Footnote 19 .

4. The study showed the importance of improving statistical information characterizing the development of domestic tourism, especially at the regional level. The indicators used to assess the contribution of the industry to the economy need to be revised, as they do not take into account the share of domestic tourism consumption. In this regard, it is possible to adapt the methodology of the tourism satellite account to the Russian conditions in Russia or conduct large-scale statistical studies to study the consumption of tourism services by households, clarify the structure of their spending on tourism, take into account domestic tourist flows, determine the volume of output generated by domestic tourism, without reference to place of business registration. The expansion of such studies contributes to a more objective reflection of the scale of tourism activity, which in a crisis can become the basis for developing effective measures to support the tourism sector of the economy [ 25 ].

The implementation of these areas will increase the volume of sales of tourism services consumed within the country by its residents, which contributes to the growth of the industry’s profitability and, given its multiplier effect, the economy as a whole.

Putin proposed to increase domestic demand, based on the experience of targeted assistance during the pandemic. https://www.c-inform.info/news/id/102292 .

On the current situation in the Russian economy June 1, 2022. https://economy.gov.ru/material/file/7d5070f1a58a5b2eeab6464865f0ad4e/ 20220601.pdf .

The preferential mortgage program is one year old: Key facts. https://realty.rbc.ru/news/60828c4a9a7947f9bac7988e .

The Great Reset of Russia. A study by experts from the Institute for Economics of Growthim. P.A. Stolypin. https://stolypin.institute/research/our/bolshaya-perezagruzka-rossii.

On the implementation of the domestic tourism support program. http://government.ru/news/40177/ .

Russian tourism: Achievements, problems, support measures during the coronavirus pandemic. https://dcenter.hse.ru .

https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/met%2036_25.01.2022.pdf .

Point of view: Tourism statistics in Russia are still destined to be “inflated.” https://www.tourdom.ru/news/tochka-zreniya-statistike-turizma-v-rossii-po-prezhnemu-suzhdeno-byt-dutoy.html .

The study, conducted in the form of an online questionnaire, involved 1200 people who go on trips at least once a year

Sociological survey of the travel and travel service Tutu.ru. https://travelvesti.ru/news/skolko-rossiyane-tratyat-na-puteshestviya-i-kak-raspredelyayut-byudzhet-poezdki.html .

The closure of Egypt and Turkey has led to an increase in independent tourism. https://www.atorus.ru/news/press-centre/new/33793.html .

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The article was prepared in accordance with the state task for the Vologda Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences on the topic of research work no. FMGZ-2022-0012 “Factors and methods of sustainable socio-economic development of territorial systems in changing conditions of the external and internal environment.”

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Leonidova, E.G., Sidorov, M.A. Assessment and Forecast of Domestic Tourism Consumption in Russia. Stud. Russ. Econ. Dev. 34 , 132–141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700723010124

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Received : 13 July 2022

Revised : 27 July 2022

Accepted : 02 August 2022

Published : 04 April 2023

Issue Date : February 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700723010124

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